科技英语练习答案汇总

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1、Unit1MathematicsPartIESTReadingReading1(http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=what-is-russells-paradoxSectionAPre-readingTaskWarm-upQuestions:Workinpairsanddiscussthefollowingquestions.1.WhoisBertrandRussell?BertrandArthurWilliamRussell(b.1872–d.1970)wasaBritishphilosophe

2、r,logician,essayistandsocialcriticbestknownforhisworkinmathematicallogicandanalyticphilosophy.Hismostinfluentialcontributionsincludehisdefenseoflogicism(theviewthatmathematicsisinsomeimportantsensereducibletologic),hisrefiningofthepredicatecalculusintroducedbyGottlobFrege(whichstill

3、formsthebasisofmostcontemporarylogic),hisdefenseofneutralmonism(theviewthattheworldconsistsofjustonetypeofsubstancethatisneitherexclusivelymentalnorexclusivelyphysical),andhistheoriesofdefinitedescriptionsandlogicalatomism.Russellisgenerallyrecognizedasoneofthefoundersofmodernanalyt

4、icphilosophy,andisregularlycreditedwithbeingoneofthemostimportantlogiciansofthetwentiethcentury.2.WhatisRussell’sParadox?Russelldiscoveredtheparadoxthatbearshisnamein1901,whileworkingonhisPrinciplesofMathematics(1903).Theparadoxarisesinconnectionwiththesetofallsetsthatarenotmemberso

5、fthemselves.Suchaset,ifitexists,willbeamemberofitselfifandonlyifitisnotamemberofitself.Theparadoxissignificantsince,usingclassicallogic,allsentencesareentailedbyacontradiction.Russell'sdiscoverythuspromptedalargeamountofworkinlogic,settheory,andthephilosophyandfoundationsofmathemati

6、cs.3.WhateffectdidRussell’sParadoxhaveonGottlobFregg’ssystem?AtfirstFregeobservedthattheconsequencesofRussell’sparadoxarenotimmediatelyclear.Forexample,“Isitalwayspermissibletospeakoftheextensionofaconcept,ofaclass?Andifnot,howdowerecognizetheexceptionalcases?Canwealwaysinferfromthe

7、extensionofoneconcept’scoincidingwiththatofasecond,thateveryobjectwhichfallsunderthefirstconceptalsofallsunderthesecond?　Becauseofthesekindsofworries,Fregeeventuallyfeltforcedtoabandonmanyofhisviews.4.WhatisRussell’sresponsetotheparadox?Russell'sownresponsetotheparadoxcamewiththedev

8、elopmentofhistheory