atomic structure review：原子结构的研究进展

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1、AtomicStructurereviewI.AtomicTheoryA.Matter-Anythingthathaslength,widthandheight.1.Allmatteriscomposedofatomsand/ormoleculesa.Atom:Smallestparticleofanelement,containingthepropertiesofthatelement.i.Element:mattercontainingonlyonekindofatomII.AtomicStruct

2、ure-HistoryA.TheGreeks:Atomos-indivisible.B.AntoineLavoisier-“LawofConservationofMatter”-Mattercan’tbecreatedordestroyed,canchangeshape.C.JJThomson-ELECTRONS.a.Provedtheatomcouldbedivided.b.Raisin-CookiedoughmodelD.ErnestRutherford-goldfoilexperiment.Mos

3、talphaparticlespassedthrough,someweredeflected,afewbouncedback.a.Conclusion:Atomsaremostlymadeofspace.ProposedNeutron:b.Theneutronwasdifficulttoprove,becauseofitsneutrality.E.NeilsBohr-SolarsystemmodelIII.AtomicStructureB.Structure:1.Nucleus:Centralcoreo

4、ftheatom.Comprises99.996%ofthemass.a.Proton:Positivelychargedsubatomicparticlehasanatomicmassof1.b.Neutron:Neutrallychargedsubatomicparticle,massof1.2.ElectronCloud(Shell):Regionaroundthenucleuswhereelectronsaremostlikelytobefound.a.Electron:Anegativelyc

5、hargedsubatomicparticle.IV.AtomicMassA.Sumofprotonsandneutronsinthenucleus.B.Isotope-Atomswhosenucleicontainthesamenumberofprotons,butadifferentnumberofneutrons.1.Example:Carbon:6P,6N(Carbon12)6P,8N(Carbon14)V.IonsA.Atomsthathaveeithergainedorlostelectro

6、nsB.Atomswithanetpositiveornegativeelectricalcharge,