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1、CooperationinTacklingtheBluefinTunaOverfishingProblem—RobertKeohane'sTheoreticalExplanationsandSolutionsIntroductionFournewspaperarticlespublishedbetweenJune2007andMarch2010showedusthegraveenvironmentalproblemofthedepletionofmajorfishstocksintheworldoceans,bluefintun
2、ainparticular.Theperformancesoftheinternationalsocietywithregardtothisproblemarepoor:countriesaccuseeachother,tryingtoshifttheblametoothers;EuropeanUnionandJapanstillallowillegalindustrialfishingandturnablindeyetoviolations;effortstodealwiththeproblemareslowandsegreg
3、ated.Howtoexplainthissituation?Whyisitdifficulttocontrolit?Howtosolveit?InlightofthetheoreticalargumenthepresentedinAfterHegemony,wecansummarizeRobertKeohane'sexplanationsofthisproblemintwopoints.First,itisbecauseofthecollapseofU.S.hegemonyafter1970s.Noimpellingpower
4、candominatesuchinternationalissue.Second,becauseoftheabsenceofcooperationandthemalfunctionsoftheexistinginternationalorganizationsinthe"afterhegemony"era,somecountriesandinterest-groups,facingaPrisonersDilemmaandfallingintotheproblemofCollectiveaction,alwaysviolateru
5、lestoseektheir"myopicself-interests"(p.98).Facingsuchproblem,Keohanewouldprobablyrecommendtostrengthenmultilateralcooperationthroughtheadjustmentandintegrationoftheexistinginternationalregimes,soastoprovidelegalliability,reducetransactioncosts,providesymmetricinforma
6、tionandfacilitatecreationofreputation,which,hethinks,willbeafeasiblesolution.Finally,theauthorwillgivehiscommentonKeohane'splanfromrealisticconsiderations.BodyⅠ.ExplanationsfortheoverfishingproblemFirstofall,Keohaneadmitsrealists'threebasicassumptions.theyare:anarchy
7、ofinternationalsystem;nationsareallrational;nationsareselfish.Ashesaid,"OnthisRealistfoundation,Ibuildaninstitutionalistedifice"(p.X,prefacetothe2005edition).Hence,Keohaneacceptstherealisticexplanationthatcountriesaredrivenbytheirnationalinterests.While"asinglefishca
8、nfetchtensofthousandsofdollarsasdemandgrowsfordisheslikesushi"(NYtimes,25June2007),thereisnodoubtthatthousandsoffishingfleetswouldr
