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时间:2018-05-04
《高三英语阅读训练十五篇之(四)》由会员上传分享,免费在线阅读,更多相关内容在应用文档-天天文库。
1、英语阅读(四)AForsometimepast,ithasbeenwidelyacceptedthatbabies—andothercreatures—learntodothingsbecausecertainactsleadto“rewards”(报酬),andthereisnoreasontodoubtthatthisistrue.Butitusedalsotobewidelybelievedthateffectiverewards,atleastintheearlytime,hadtobedirectlyconnect
2、edtosuchbasicphysiological(生理的)“drives”asthirstorhunger.Inotherwords,ababywouldlearnifhegotfoodordrinkorsomesortofphysicalcomfort,nototherwise.Itisnowclearthatthisisnotso.Babieswilllearntobehaveinwaysthatproduceresultsintheworldwithnorewardexceptsuccessinsight.Papo
3、usekbeganhisstudiesbyusingmilkinthenormalwayto“reward”thebabiesandtoteachthemtocarryoutsomesimplemovements,suchasturningtheheadtoonesideortheother.Thenhenoticedthatababywhohadhadenoughtodrinkwouldrefusethemilkbutwouldstillgoonmakingthelearnedresponse(反应)withclearsi
4、gnsofpleasure.Sohebegantostudythechildren'sresponsesinsituationswherenomilkwasprovided.Hequicklyfoundthatchildrenasyoungasfourmonthswouldlearntoturntheirheadstorightorleftifthemovement“turnedon”somelights—andindeedthattheywereabletolearnsomemoreturnstobringabout(产生
5、)thisresult,forexample,twoleftortworight,oreventomakeasmanyasthreeturnstooneside.Papousek'slightexperimentwasplaceddirectlyinfrontofthebabiesandhemadetheinterestingobservationthatsometimestheywouldnotturnbacktowatchthelightcloselyalthoughtheywould“smileandspeak”whe
6、nthelightwason.Papousekconcludedthatitwasnotthesightofthelightswhichpleasedthem.Itwasthesuccesstheywereachievinginsolvingtheproblem,inmasteringtheskill,andthenthereisabasichumannaturetomakesenseoftheworldandbringitundercontrol.1.Accordingtothewriter,babieslearntodo
7、thingswhich____.A.willsatisfytheirsurpriseB.willmeettheirphysicalneedsC.aredirectlyconnectedtopleasureD.willbringthemafeelingofsuccess2.Papouseknoticedinhisstudiesthatababy____.A.wouldmakelearnedresponseswhenitsawthemilkB.wouldcontinuethesimplemovementswithoutbeing
8、givenmilkC.wouldturnitsheadtorightorleftwhenithadenoughtodrinkD.wouldcarryoutlearnedmovementswhenithadenoughtodrink3.InPapousek'sexperimentbabies
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