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1、原文：Philosophyvs.Emerson(Excerpt)“HEis,”saidMatthewArnoldofEmerson,“thefriendandaiderofthosewhowouldliveinthespirit.”Thesewell-knownwordsareperhapsthebestexpressionofthesomewhatvagueyetpowerfulandinspiringeffectofEmerson,scourageousbutdisjointedphilosophy.DescendedfromalonglineofNewE
2、nglandministers,Emerson,findinghimselffetteredbyeventhemostliberalministryofhisday,gentlyyetaudaciouslysteppeddownfromthepulpitand,withlittleornomodificationinhisinterestsorutterances,becamethegreatestlaypreacherofhistime.Fromthedaysofhisundergraduateessayupon“ThePresentStateofEthic
3、alPhilosophy”hecontinuedtobepreoccupiedwithmattersofconduct:whatevertheobjectofhisattention—anancientpoet,afactinscience,oraneventinthemorningnewspaper—hecontrivestoextractfromitalessonwhichinhisringing,glisteningstylehedriveshomeasanexhortationtoahigherandmoreindependentlife.Histor
4、ically,EmersonmarksoneofthelargestreactionsagainsttheCalvinismofhisancestors.Thatsterncreedhadtaughtthedepravityofman,theimpossibilityofanatural,unaidedgrowthtowardperfection,andthenecessityofconstantandanxiousefforttowintheunmeritedrewardofbeingnumberedamongtheelect.Emersonstartswi
5、ththeassumptionthattheindividual,ifhecanonlycomeintopossessionofhisnaturalexcellence,isthemostgodlikeofcreatures.InsteadofbelievingwiththeCalvinistthatasamangrowsbetterhebecomesmoreunlikehisnaturalself(andthereforecanbecomebetteronlybyanactofdivinemercy),Emersonbelievesthatasamangro
6、wsinexcellencehebecomesmorelikehisnaturalself.Itiscommontoheartheexpression,whenoneisdeeplystirred,asbysublimemusicoramovingdiscourse:“Thatfairlyliftedmeoutofmyself.”Emersonwouldhavesaidthatsuchinfluencesliftusintoourselves.ForoneofEmerson’smostfundamentalandfrequentlyrecurringideas
7、isthatofa“greatnatureinwhichwerestastheearthliesinthesoftarmsoftheatmosphere,”an“Over-Soul,withinwhicheveryman’sparticularbeingiscontainedandmadeonewithallother,（ThephraseoriginateswithRalphWaldoEmersoninhis1841essaybythatname）”which“evermoretendstopassintoourthoughtandhandandbecome
8、wisdomandvirtueandp
