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1、AcidRain14AcidRain:AdiscussionofsourcesandeffectsCE221–IntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineeringKatrinaL.GibbonsNovember7,2001ProfessorKneyAcidRain14I.IntroductionWhenyouseeasmokestackspewingblackpollutionintotheairoraflareburningandreleasingnoxiouschemicalsintothe
2、atmosphere,doyoueverwonderwhateffectitishavingonourenvironment?Ifso,yourconcernisnotunfounded.Thoseemissionsareresponsibleforthemoderndayphenomenonknownasacidprecipitation,morecommonlyreferredtoasacidrain.Acidrainisresponsiblefortheacidificationoflakesandotherbo
3、diesofwater,damagingvegetationandman-madestructureswithitscorrosiveeffects,andadverselyaffectingareawildlife.Asaresult,thebalanceoftheecosystemisupset.Theseeffectscanbelongtermandfar-reaching.Thepurposeofthispapertoistoprovideinformationonthemanyaspectsofacidrai
4、n.First,adefinitionofexactlywhatacidrainiswillbeprovided,includinghowitisformedandthebasicchemistrybehindit.Therestofthepaperwilldiscussthemanynegativeeffectsacidrainhasonallaspectsoftheecosystem.Finally,abriefcasestudyofSudbury,Ontario,aCanadiancitythatformerly
5、sufferedveryseriousacidrainproblemsandhasmanagedtodrasticallyrecoverwillbepresented.II.DefinitionandBackgroundThesourceandchemistryofacidrainisnotparticularlycomplicated.Whencoal,oil,andotherfossilfuelsareburned,sulfurdioxide(SO2)andnitrogenoxides(NOx)arerelease
6、d.Thesecompoundsthenreactintheatmosphereandareoxidizedtoformsulfuricandnitricacids.Theformationoftheseacidsisgovernedbythefollowingequations,aspresentedbyB.J.Mason(1992)inhisbookentitledAcidRain:SulfuricAcid-GaseousreactionsinadryatmosphereSO2+OH+MàHSO3+MHSO3+O2
7、àHO2+SO3SO3+H2OàH2SO4NitricAcid–GaseousreactionsinadryatmosphereNOisoxidizedrapidlyinsunlightbyO3toformNO2NO+O3àNO2+O2AndthisreactswiththeOHradicaltoformnitricacidvaporNO2+OH+MàHNO3+MAcidRain14Where:Mdenotesathirdnon-reactivemolecule,suchasN2SulfuricAcid–Liquid-
8、phasereactionsincloudsandrain2S02+2H2OàSO3-+HSO3-+3H+HSO3-+H2O2àHSO4-+H2ONitricAcid–Liquid-phasereactionsincloudsandrainN2O5+H2O(liq)à2HNO3Next,theacidwillfalltoearth
