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1、A07-IntroductiontoCompositeMaterials13IntroductiontoCompositeMaterialsReferences·AERO304notesandIntroductiontoAerospaceStructuralAnalysis,AllenandHaisler·PrinciplesofCompositeMaterialMechanics,R.F.Gibson,McGraw-Hill,1994·MechanicsofCompositeMaterials,Robe
2、rtM.Jones,McGraw-Hill,1975·IntroductiontoCompositeMaterials,S.W.TsaiandH.T.Hahn,TechnomicPublishingCo.,1980IntroductionandTerminologyStructuralmaterialscanbedividedinto4basiccategories:·Metals·Polymers·Ceramics·CompositesA07-IntroductiontoCompositeMateria
3、ls13Composites,whichconsistoftwoormoreseparatematerialscombinedinamacroscopicstructuralunit,aremadefromvariouscombinationsoftheotherthreematerials.TherelativeimportanceofthefourbasicmaterialsinahistoricalcontexthasbeenpresentedbyAshby(Technologyofthe1990s
4、:AdvancedMaterialsandPredictiveDesign,M.F.Ashby,PhilosophicalTransactionsoftheRoyalSocietyofLondon,A322,393-407,1987)andisshownschematicallybelow(figuretakenfromGibson):A07-IntroductiontoCompositeMaterials13A07-IntroductiontoCompositeMaterials13Mankindhas
5、usedcompositessinceearlytime;forexample,straw-reinforcedclaybricksusedbyIsraelites(thebookofExodusintheOldTestament),plantfiber-reinforcedpottery,etc.Theyknewfromdailyusethatfiberreinforcementofamaterialisveryeffectivebecausemanymaterials(butnotall)aremuc
6、hstrongerandstifferinfiberformthantheyareinbulkform.Forexample,Griffithfoundthatasglassrodsandfibersgotthinner,theygotstronger.Hefoundthatthatforverysmalldiametersthefiberstrengthapproachedthetheoreticalcohesivestrengthbetweenadjacentlayersofatoms,whereas
7、forlargediametersthefiberstrengthdroppedtonearthestrengthofbulkglass.Fibersallowonetoobtainthemaximumtensilestrengthandstiffnessofamaterial,buttherearedisadvantages.Fibersalonecannotsupportlongitudinalcompressiveloadsandtheirtransversemechanicalproperties
8、aregenerallynotasgoodastheA07-IntroductiontoCompositeMaterials13correspondinglongitudinal(fiberdirection)properties.Thus,thereisoftentheneedtoplacefibersindifferentdirectionsdependingupontheparticularloadingapplicat
