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1、CriticalApproachestoLiterature(ExamplesrefertoAndrewMarvell’s“ToHisCoyMistress,”apoemyoureadanddiscussedlastyear.Beforeyoureadthroughthesedescriptions,rereadthepoemattheendofthishandout.)1.TraditionalApproaches–Theworkofliteraturetakesabackseattobackgroundmaterial.B
2、iography,history,orsomeotherbranchoflearningisemphasizedmorethanthetext.Thisapproachwasoncethedominantmethodofteachingliterature;nowitisregardedasbeingoutdated.TheNewCritics“revolutionizedthestudyofliterature”bymovingthefocusofliteraturetothetextitself(17).Adeptread
3、ersandteacherscombinethetwoapproaches.Therearetwotypesoftraditionalapproaches,namelyhistorical-biographicalandmoral-philosophical.a.Thehistorical-biographicalapproach“seesaliterarywork,chiefly,ifnotexclusively,asareflectionofitsauthor’slifeandtimesorthelifeandtimeso
4、fthecharactersinthework”(22).b.Themoral-philosophicalapproachasserts“thatthelargerfunctionofliteratureistoteachmoralityandtoprovephilosophicalissues.[It]interpret[s]literaturewithinacontextofthephilosophicalthoughtofaperiodorgroup”(25).c.Anadditionaltraditionalappro
5、achisthetextualapproachwherebyoneverifiestheauthenticityofthetext.TraditionalApproachesto“ToHisCoyMistress”:Historical-BiographicalMarvell’sallusiontoGreekmythology,courtlylove,andtheBible,hisspeaker’slogicalargument,andtheplayfultoneinwhichtheyarepresentedcanallbee
6、xplainedbythefatthatMarvellwastheeducatedsonofanAnglicanpriestwhoreceivedaclassicaleducationthatfocusedonclassicalmodesofthought,literature,andlogic.Theopeningsectionofthepoempresentsaspeakerwhowooshisladyinaccordancewiththeconventionsofcourtlylove.ThepoetalludestoB
7、iblicalevents(Noah’sflood,theconversionoftheJews,Joshua’sbattleagainsttheAmorites)andmythological(“Time’swingedchariot,”Kronosdevouringhischildren,Zeus’trystwithAlcmene)throughoutthepoem.Healsoutilizesmetaphysicalconceits(“Myvegetableloveshallgrow”)(30-32).Moral-Phi
8、losophicalApproachMorallyandphilosophically,thepoemisacarpediempoemthaturgesthecoyladyto“seizetheday”(32).Thepoemalsoreflectsthepoliticala
