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1、ApplicationFundamentalsAndroidapplicationsarewrittenintheJavaprogramminglanguage.ThecompiledJavacode—alongwithanydataandresourcefilesrequiredbytheapplication—isbundledbytheaapttoolintoanAndroidpackage,anarchivefilemarkedbyan.apksuffix.Thisfileisthevehiclefordistributingtheapplicationandinstallin
2、gitonmobiledevices;it'sthefileusersdownloadtotheirdevices.Allthecodeinasingle.apkfileisconsideredtobeoneapplication.Inmanyways,eachAndroidapplicationlivesinitsownworld:1.Bydefault,everyapplicationrunsinitsownLinuxprocess.Androidstartstheprocesswhenanyoftheapplication'scodeneedstobeexecuted,andsh
3、utsdowntheprocesswhenit'snolongerneededandsystemresourcesarerequiredbyotherapplications.2.Eachprocesshasitsownvirtualmachine(VM),soapplicationcoderunsinisolationfromthecodeofallotherapplications.3.Bydefault,eachapplicationisassignedauniqueLinuxuserID.Permissionsaresetsothattheapplication'sfilesa
4、revisibleonlytothatuserandonlytotheapplicationitself—althoughtherearewaystoexportthemtootherapplicationsaswell.It'spossibletoarrangefortwoapplicationstosharethesameuserID,inwhichcasetheywillbeabletoseeeachother'sfiles.Toconservesystemresources,applicationswiththesameIDcanalsoarrangetoruninthesam
5、eLinuxprocess,sharingthesameVM.ApplicationComponentsAcentralfeatureofAndroidisthatoneapplicationcanmakeuseofelementsofotherapplications(providedthoseapplicationspermitit).Forexample,ifyourapplicationneedstodisplayascrollinglistofimagesandanotherapplicationhasdevelopedasuitablescrollerandmadeitav
6、ailabletoothers,youcancalluponthatscrollertodothework,ratherthandevelopyourown.Yourapplicationdoesn'tincorporatethecodeoftheotherapplicationorlinktoit.Rather,itsimplystartsupthatpieceoftheotherapplicationwhentheneedarises.Forthistowork,thesystemmustbeabletostartanapplicationprocesswhenanypartofi
7、tisneeded,andinstantiatetheJavaobjectsforthatpart.Therefore,unlikeapplicationsonmostothersystems,Androidapplicationsdon'thaveasingleentrypointforeverythingintheapplication(nomain()function,forexample).Rather,theyhaveessentia