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1、P1:FJP/FKEP2:FJP/FGBP3:FJP/FGBQC:ANJ9August199915:19CHAP-01SECTION1INTRODUCTORYREVIEWG.McMillanFromthemid-1970stothemid-1990s,thehiringofengineersandtechniciansdwindledtonewlows.Technicaltrainingwasreplacedwithmanagementtrainingprograms.Fast-trackemplo
2、yeesaspiredtobemanagersratherthantechnicalleaders.This,combinedwiththeearlyretirementofmostoftheexperiencedengineersandtechnicians,ledtoahugegapinageandexperienceintheareaofprocess/industrialinstrumentationandcontrol.Companieshaveattemptedtoreplenishth
3、eirtechnicalcapabilityinthepastfewyears,butthenewhiresaretypicallynotgivenamentor,accesstoatechnicaltrainingprogram,andtechnicalsupport.Noraretheygiventimetodeveloptheirskillsonprojectsofincrementalcomplexity.Oftentheyarethrownimmediatelyintosomeverydi
4、fficultsituations.Tohelpaddressthisnewneed,theemphasisofthenewmaterialinthehandbookhasshiftedfromoperatingprinciplestoapplicationguidance.Newfeaturesandprocessconditionsthatareimportantconsiderationsforsuccessfulinstallationsarediscussed.Selectionrating
5、s,keypoints,andrulesofthumbareoffered.Thisupdateprovidesthereaderwithaperspectiveandappreciationforwhatisimportantforimplementationfromauthorswithdecadesofexperience.Plantshavealsosufferedfromneglect.Inattempttoimprovethereturnonequity,capitalwasnotmad
6、eavailabletoreplaceoldequipment.Meantime,thesurgeintheeconomymeansplantsarerunningat200%ormoreofname-platecapacity.Asaresult,equipmentispushedbeyonditsnormaloperatingregion.Thishasincreasedthebenefitsfromprocesscontrolimprovementtogetthemostoutofaplant.
7、Section10hasbeenaddedtoprovideacomprehensivetreatmentofthisimportantopportunity.Thebiggestnews,ofcourse,isthemovetosmartinstrumentation,theWindowsNTplatform,andFieldbus.DistributedControlSystemsandField-BasedSystemsinSection3,Knowledge-BasedOp-eratorTr
8、aininginSection8,InstrumentMaintenanceCostReductioninSection10,andanOverviewoftheISA/IECFieldbusStandardinSection11provideinformationessentialtogetthemostoutofthesemajorshiftsintechnology.Finally,standardshavebeenrecentlydevelopedtoaddr
