隧道施工注意事项

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1、重庆交通大学管理学院学生作业工程管理目录一、岩石分级·······························································1二、项目部组成·····························································1三、量测监控指标···························································1四、隧道矽肺病，粉尘分类，预防措施·······

2、··································2六、噪声致聋噪声分类标准预防措施···········································3七、振动病的预防···························································3八、洞口开挖注意问题（滑坡坍塌）············································4九、洞口段洞顶偏压处理（斜进洞）···········

3、·································6十、洞口段泥石流多发地段的处理·············································9十一、洞口端墙墙背回填要点及注意问题·······································10十二、地质罗盘仪···························································10十三、GPS······················

4、············································12十四、Q值法：数据、评估方法···············································14一、岩石分级松土、普通土、硬土、软土、次坚石、坚石二、项目部组成三、量测监控指标（必做选作）拱脚水平净空变化临界值，拱顶下沉临界值，开挖工作面上围岩岩体结构特征（层理、节理裂隙、断层、破碎带宽度、），侧壁围岩岩体结构特征（层理、节理裂隙、断层）稳定性，地下水铁路隧道监控量测紧接开挖、

5、支护作业，按设计要求进行布点和监测，并根据现场情况及时进行调整量测的项目和内容。量测数据应及时分析处理，并与工程类比法相结合，及时调整支护参数或施工决策。围岩稳定性和支护、衬砌可靠性的信息。二次衬砌合理的施作时间为施工中调整围岩级别、修改支护系统设计和变更施工方法提供依据监控量测必测项目序号监测项目测试方法和仪表测试精度备注1洞内、外观察现场观察、地质罗盘  2衬砌前净空变化隧道净空变化测定仪（收敛计、隧道激光断面仪、全站仪）0.1mm全站仪采用非接触观测法3拱顶下沉水准测量的方法，水准仪、钢尺1

6、mm一般进行水平收敛量测4地表下沉水准测量的方法，水准仪、塔尺1mm浅埋隧道必测（H0≤2b）5二次衬砌后净空变化隧道净空变化测定仪（收敛计）0.01mm 6沉降缝两侧底板不均匀沉降三等水准测量1mm沉降缝两侧底板（或仰拱填充层面）沉降7洞口段与路基过渡段不均匀沉降观测三等水准测量1mm洞口底板（或仰拱填充层面）与洞口过渡段的沉降注：H0—隧道埋深；b—隧道最大开挖宽度。  监控量测选测项目序号监测项目测试方法和仪表测试精度备注1地表下沉水准测量的方法，水准仪、塔尺1mmH0＞2b时2隧底隆起水准

7、测量的方法，水准仪、塔尺1mm 3围岩内部位移多点位移计0.1mm 4围岩压力压力盒0.001MPa 5二次衬砌接触压力压力盒0.001MPa 6钢架受力钢筋计0.1MPa 7喷混凝土受力混凝土应变计10με 8锚杆杆体应力钢筋计0.1MPa 9二次衬砌内应力混凝土应变计0.1MPa 10爆破振动观测爆破振动记录仪爆破振动记录仪 临近建筑物11围岩弹性波速度弹性波测试仪  注：H0—隧道埋深；b—隧道最大开挖宽度。四、隧道矽肺病，粉尘分类，预防措施矽肺病矽肺是一种严重危害劳动人民健康的职业病，主要

8、是由于长期吸入含游离的二氧化硅粉尘，引起的以肺间质纤维化，及矽肺结节为主的疾病，严重者可影响肺功能，丧失劳动能力，甚至发展为肺心病、心衰及呼吸衰竭。此病多见于矿工，尤其是掘进工人，以及有大量石英、陶瓷和耐火材料等粉尘接触史者，发病一般较为缓慢，一般为5~10年，长者可达20年。解放40余年来，随着科学的进步，劳动环境、劳动保护条件的改善，其发病率已大大下降。　　预防　　患者都有密切的矽尘接触史及详细的职业史，引起矽肺的工种很多，长期接触各种金属、煤粉、耐火材料、石粉、水泥、玻璃、陶