新高考2023年高考英语二轮复习高频考点解密 阅读理解 解密04 猜测词义（分层训练学生版）.docx

《新高考2023年高考英语二轮复习高频考点解密 阅读理解 解密04 猜测词义（分层训练学生版）.docx》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在教育资源-天天文库。

阅读理解解密04猜测词义（分层训练）分层练A1.【河北省张家口市部分学校2022-2023学年高三上学期期中】ProfessorSmithwasteachinghisclass.Allthestudentsintheclasswerelisteningtothelecturewithgreatinterest.Butamongthosestudents,therewasNick,whowassittingquietlyandinabadmood.TheprofessortooknoticeofNickonthefirstdaybutdidnotsayanything.Butwhenthiswentonforaweek,hecalledNickinhisofficeaftertheclassandasked,“Youaredepressedallthetime.Whatisthematter?”Nicksaidwithsomehesitation,“Sir,somethinghashappenedinmypast,duetowhichIremaintroubled.Idon’tknowwhattodo.”ProfessorcalledNickathishouseintheevening.WhenNickarrived,theprofessorwenttothekitchenandstartedmakinglemonade.Hedeliberatelyputmoresaltinthelemonade.ThenhegaveaglassoflemonadetoNick.AssoonasNicktookasip,duetothetasteofexcesssalt,hismouthbecamesour.Seeingthis,theprofessorasked,“Whathappened?DidyounotliketheLemonade?”“Nosir,thisisnotthecase.Justalittleexcesssaltinthedrink.”Nicksaid,“Hey,nowgivemetheglass.Iwillthrowitaway.”TheprofessorreachedouttogetthedrinkfromNick.ButNickrefused,saying,“Nosir,justsaltismore.Ifyouaddmoresugar,thetastewillbefine.”Uponhearingthis,theprofessorbecameseriousandsaid,“Youareright.Nowsee,thislemonadeislikeyourlife.Justassaltcannotbetakenoutofthelemonade,similarlythosebadexperiencesalsocannotbeseparatedfromlife.Butbyaddingmoresugaritcanchangethetasteoflemonade.”Nicknoddedandsmiledinrelief.1．WhydidNickfailtofocusontheclass?A．Hewasdisturbedbythepast.B．Hewastoonervoustoconcentrate.C．ProfessorSmithwastoodemanding.D．Thelecturewasboringandhardtounderstand.2．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“excess”inParagraph3probablymean?A．Rare.B．Toomuch.C．Poisonous.D．Smelly.3．WhichofthefollowingwordscanbestdescribeProfessorSmith?A．Determinedandinspiring.B．Cleverandbrave.C．Wiseandcaring.D．Generousandlovely.4．WhatcanwelearnfromNick’sstory?A．Letitgoandliveinthepresent.B．Lifewithoutaimislikedrinkwithoutsalt.C．Nothingismorepleasantthanawarmingword.D．Allthegoodandbadexperiencesareunavoidable.2.【湖北省宜城一中、枣阳一中等六校2022-2023学年高三上学期期中】BJustastheshinybrochurepromised,fromthemomentIsetfootontheHarvardcampuslastfall,Iwasexposedtoanexcitingandenlighteningnewworld.Iwasbornandraised1,500milesaway,inasmallapartmentinJackson,Mississippi.Iamtheonlychild,somymotheroverpoweredmewithherlove.Forsomeonewhoseessomuchbeautyintheworld,sheworkedawfullyhardtoprotectmefromit.Television,rapmusic,andevenbasketballwiththekidsontheblockwas学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 beyondconsideration.Itleftmeabitbitterasateenager,butIgrewtoappreciateherenormoussacrifices(牺牲)—walkingmetothelibraryeveryafternoon,laboringatmultiplejobstokeepfoodonthetable,andtellingmestorieslateintothenight.WhenIannouncedthesummerbeforemysenioryearofhighschoolthatIhaddecidedtoapplytoHarvard,Inoticedherhesitantlookbeforeawarmsmileenvelopedherface.Ipretendednottosee,butIwasneverabletoforgetit.Itriedtoexplainmyreasonsforwantingtoleave-toproveIwassmartenough,fearoftakingthepathofleastresistance,theclassicteenagefeelingofbeingtrapped—butthewordsjustmademesoundshallowandungrateful.Nevertheless,Ibegantoworkonthecollegeapplications-anearlyoneforHarvardandroughlyadozenothersstandingby.IknewthechanceofgettingintoHarvardwasnotinmyfavor.Tomyjoy,IwasinformedofmyacceptanceintoHarvardthreedaysbeforemybirthday.Thatnight,afterallofthecelebratorytextsandhugs,Isatinmyroomandbegantocryuncontrollably.Overthecourseofthisyear,IhavechangedinwaysIneveranticipated.IthinkIknownowwhymymotherletmego.Harvardhasforcedmetogrowandtakeafairlookattheworld,andatmyself.Needlesstosay,Iwouldnottradetheexperienceforanything.1．TheunderlinedwordinParagraph2mostprobablymeans________.A．madeadifferencetoB．madepeacewithC．tookadvantageofD．tookcontrolof2．Whatwasthemother’sfirstresponsetotheauthor’sdecision?A．Shewasworriedaboutit.B．Shelaughedatit.C．Sheapprovedofitimmediately.D．Sheturnedadeafeartoit.3．WhatdidtheauthorsayabouthisadmissiontoHarvard?A．Itdeservedabigcelebration.B．Itservedasalatebirthdaypresent.C．Itwasbeyondhisexpectations.D．Itwasafavorheowedhismother.4．Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A．LifelongLearninginHarvardB．ReflectionsontheRoadtoHarvardC．WhatHarvardMeanstoMyMotherandMeD．HowHarvardShapesMyTeenageYears3.【辽宁省葫芦岛市协作校2022-2023学年高三上学期第二次考试】CJewelWhite,a15-year-oldstudent,gathersherbooksandsignsherselfoutofaroutinemorningmathclass.Sheisnotleavingschoolfortheday,butisofftotrysomemorechallengingequations.ThispracticeisnotuncommonatWestmountSecondarySchoolinHamilton,Ontario,Canada,whereanunconventionallearningapproachisprevailing.Westmountisoneoftheeightregularschoolsinthecountrywherestudentsworkattheirownpaceandsettheirowndirection,spendingasmuchoraslittletimeastheyneedonsubjects.Teachersactasadvisers.Withthe学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 classroomteachers’permission,studentscansignoutofaclasstoworkonothermaterialsorwalkintoanotherclasstocatchuponanothersubject.Andeverytwoweekstheymakeplansfortheirownlearningtime,withsupportfromtheiradviser.Atatimewhenashrinkingstudentpopulationiscausingboardstocloseschools.Westmountsitsat30percentovercapacitywith1,500students.Itsburstingnumberlededucationofficialstoconsiderexpandingtheprogramtootherlocations.“Ifstudentsareinterested,wearegoingtodoourbesttoprovidethatsortofprogramming,”saidToddWhite,chairoftheHamilton-WentworthDistrictSchoolBoard.WhenstudentslikeJewelarenotinaclassroom,theycanusuallybefoundintheschool’slearningcommons,astudyareaforallstudents.Thereareteachersavailabletohelp,butgenerallystudentsareworkingontheirownassignmentsorprojects.JewelsaidWestmount’sself-pacedstylecaughtherattentionwhenshewaslookingathighschools.Westmountisnottheschoolclosetoherhome.Shesaidatelementaryschoolshewouldoftencausetroubleinclassbecauseshewouldcompleteherworkearlyandnothavemuchelsetodo.“IfindthiskindofacademicenvironmentinWestmountisalotbetterforme,”shesaid.“Ilikethethoughtofbeingabletoworkfasterorslowerifneeded.”1．Whatdoestheword“prevailing”underlinedinparagraphImean?A．Catchingon.B．Givingway.C．Slowingdown.D．Causingtrouble.2．Whichofthefollowingwordscanbestdescribetheschool’slearningapproach?A．Complexbutfamiliar.B．Flexibleandefficient.C．Traditionalandcommon.D．Difficultbutinteresting.3．WhatisToddWhite’sattitudetoWestmount’sstyleoflearning?A．Tolerant.B．Doubtful.C．Positive.D．Unconcerned.4．WhatdidJewelthinkofherelementaryschool?A．Itwasaschoolclosesttoherhome.B．Itprovidedtoomuchhomeworkforstudents.C．Itslearningatmospherewasnotverysatisfying.D．ItsstudentsdidnotworkasfastasWestmount.4.【河南省TOP20名校2022-2023学年高三上学期12月调研考】PhineasTBarnumisthebest-knowncircusbusinessownerofthenineteenthcentury.Heexcelledasashowman,andthroughouthiscareerintheentertainmentbusiness,hepromotedmanydifferentformsofattractions.Barnum’sfirstindustrywasasanewspaperowner.Healsoworkedasawriterandpublisher.Hisenduringfame,however,isasashowman.Barnumconsideredthistobehismaintalentandheneverchangedthisviewofhischaracter.T.Barnum’sentertainmentinterestscoveredmuseums,travelingdancetroupes(团),andeventhemid-centuryUStourbyJennyLind,theSwedishsinger.Hewas,bynature,arisk-taker,andusuallygainedsuccessfromthe学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 mostunlikelyenterprises.Barnumwaswillingtoadoptanytacticthatpublicizedhisbusinesses.HisAmericanMuseuminNewYorkincludedhoaxesandfreaks(恶作剧和怪物),bothhumanandanimal.Thiswasnotunusualbythestandardsofthetime,butevenhefelttheneedtoprovehishoaxesfair,asadvertisingtricks.Barnum’sunboundedself-confidencemeantheneverdoubtedhisabilitytomakeasuccessofanybusiness.HeopenedAmerica’sfirstaquarium(水馆)andopenedatheaterinNewYorkthatwasthelargestandmostmoderninthecity.Heaimedtochangethepublicknowledgeoftheaters,andinthis,helargelysucceeded.Hemadetheater-goingrespectable.DeterminationandhardworkfeaturedmajorlyinthequalitiesthatBarnumdisplayed,andhefrequentlyspokeaboutthenecessityofboth.Hebelievedsuccessonlycametothosewhoworkedforitandknewtheyhadtheself-determinationnecessary.Healsostatedthenecessityofunderstandingthebusinessthatapersonwasrunning.KnowledgeandexperiencecountedformuchinBarnum’slife,andhecertainlyknewtheentertainmentbusiness.Successinlife,accordingtoBarnum,couldonlybeachievedwhenapersonisingoodhealth.Headvisedthatgettinghealthyandmaintainingahealthybodyandmindwouldleadtohappinessaswellassuccess.1．WhatdidBarnumthinkwashismostsuccessfulcareer?A．Awriter.B．Apublisher.C．Ashowman.D．Anewspaperowner.2．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“tactic”inparagraph4mean?A．Media.B．Strategy.C．Support.D．Opportunity.3．WhydoestheauthormentionBarnum’ssuccessinopeningtheaquariumandtheater?A．ToshowBarnum’sfirmbeliefsinhisowncapacity.B．Totelluschancesareimportantforanybusiness.C．Toexplainwhatkindofbusinesswassuccessful.D．Toindicatehowbadpeople’slifewasatthattime.4．WhichofthefollowingcanbestdescribeBarnumandhisbusiness?A．Eventful.B．Adventurous.C．Unsteady.D．Outstanding.5.【辽宁省名校联盟2022-2023学年高三12月联考】Itisbecomingmoreapparentnowthatstudentsdomoreonlinelearningthantheyeverhavebefore.Thereareplentyofwaysthateducatorscanusetechnologytocreateonlinelessonsanddeliverinstructionsremotely.Youmaythinkthattheonlywaytorunanonlineclassissynchronouslythroughwebconferences,inthesamewaythatphysicallearningdoes—withallofthestudentsandtheteacherpresentatthesametime.Inmostcases,thatwon’tbeverypractical,sincetheprobabilitythatallofthelearnersandtheeducatorbeingalltogetherwithlive,stableInternetconnectionsisrelativelylow.Themostcrucialthingtokeepinmindisthatonlinelearningdoesnotneedtotakeplaceatthesametimeasonlineteaching.YoucreateacourseinyourLMS(LearningManagementSystem)tobeaseriesofmodules(模块).Thenyouaskyourlearnerstotakethemodulesoneafteranother,becauseeachbuildsonthelast.Eachmodule学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 maybeavideothatyoucreatedregardingthecontent,accompaniedbyaPDF,somerelevantdocumentsandthird-partylinks,etc.Learnerscanlogintothevirtualclassroomwhenevertheywant,evenduringtheearlyhoursofthemorning,toaccesseachmoduleintheorderyouhavedesigned.Youcanalsolayoutsomeessentialrulesforthecourse,likethefrequencyandtypesofassessmentsandmore.AsfarasI’mconcerned,whilemostofthetimeonlinelearningsavesthelearningcostandprovidesdiversestudyingmaterialsandinstructionsfromeducators,allowingyourlearnersthefreedomtodotheircourseworkaccordingtotheirschedulesiswhatmakesonlinelearningdistinctive.Ithelpsboostengagement,teachyourlearnershowtoplanforthemselvesandberesponsible,andimprovetheiroveralllives.1．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“synchronously”inparagraph2probablymean?A．Atthesametime.B．Inthesameplace.C．Onvariousconditions.D．Throughdifferentchannels.2．Whyarelearnerssupposedtofollowthemodulesinacertainorder?A．Everymodulehasessentialrules.B．Themodulesdealwithvarioustopics.C．Eachmoduleisbasedonthepreviousone.D．Themodulesaredesignedindifferentforms.3．Whatmakesonlinelearninguniqueaccordingtotheauthor?A．Flexiblelearningtime.B．Easyaccesstoteachers.C．Abundantlearningresources.D．Affordableeducationfee.4．Whoarethetargetreadersofthetext?A．Students.B．Parents.C．Officials.D．Teachers.分层练B1.【江苏省决胜新高考2022-2023学年高三上学期12月大联考】Thearrivalofspringhasseeminglyunchangeableresults-lengtheningdays,blossomingplantsandagreatincreaseinbees’activity.Butnewresearchfindsthatmanyspeciesofbirdsarenestingandlayingeggsnearlyamonthearlierthantheydidacenturyago.Thesespecies,includingbluejays,yellowwarblersandfieldsparrows,arenowlayingtheirfirsteggs25daysearlier,onaverage,thantheywere100yearsago,theresearchhasfound.Theheatingoftheatmosphere,duetotheburningoffossilfuels,isseeminglychangingaprocessthatlongappearedunshakeable.Thestudy,publishedintheJournalofAnimalEcology,drewuponrecordsofbirds’eggsgatheredduringaperiod,fromabout1880to1920,whenpeoplecouldrampantly(猖獗的)collectthemfromnestswithoutpunishment.Theserecords,largelyconsistingofboxesofeggswithhand-writtenlabelsdescribingthetypeofbirdandwhentheeggswerecollected,werecomparedwithmodernnestingdatacheckedbyresearchers,whoused学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 mirrorsmountedonlongpolestoobservehigh-upnests.Amodelbuiltbytheresearchersrevealedthatbirdsmovingtheirnestingdatesforwardhasbeencloselycorrelatedwithrisingcarbondioxidelevelsintheatmosphere,aleadingdriverofrisingglobaltemperatures.Birdschoosewhentonestinlinewithotherdevelopmentsinspring,suchasthebudding(发芽)ofplantsandtheincreaseininsectnumbers.Theseinteractionsofnaturearebeingunpickedbyclimatechange—intheUSbearsareemergingfromhibernationearlierandcherry,peach,pear,appleandplumtreesareblossomingweeksearlierthantheyoncedid.IntheUK,plantsfloweredafullmonthearlierbetween1987and2019thantheydidbefore1986,recentresearchfound.“Ifyou’reabirdandyounestearlier,youputyourselfatriskofthesecoldsnaps(寒流)thatcanstillarriveinspring,whichthenaffectstheplantsandinsects,”saidBates.“Thatthenimpactsthereproductivesuccessofthebirds.Springsarebecomingmorevolatile(反复无常)andthatistakingitstoll.”1．Whatmightberesponsibleforthebirds’earliernestandlayingeggs?A．Lengtheningspringdays.B．Globalwarming.C．Blossomingplants.D．Theincreaseinbees’activity.2．Howdidtheresearchersgettheirfinding?A．Byreferringtopreviousresearches.B．Bymonitoringbirds’behaviour.C．Byinvestigatingbirds’habitats.D．Bycomparingdatafromdifferentperiods.3．WhyarebearsandplantsmentionedinPara.6?A．Toexplainarule.B．Toclarifyaconcept.C．Toproveastatement.D．Tomakeaprediction.4．Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“takingitstoll”inthelastparagraphmean?A．Upsettingbalanceofnature.B．Shapinglandscape.C．Receivingattention.D．Causingloss.2.【江苏省南京市第一中学2022-2023学年高三上学期9月质量检测】DianaGoldenwastwelveyearsoldwhenshehadcancer.Shewaswalkinghomeonedayafterplayinginthesnowwhenherrightlegsimplygaveout.Doctorsdiagnosedtheproblemasbonecancer.Theyrecommendedremovingherlegabovetheknee.WhenDianaheardthenews,sheaskedtheonlyfirstquestion:“WillIbestillabletoski?”“Whenthedoctorssaidyes,”shelaterrecalled,“Ifigureditwouldn’tbetoobad.”Losingalegwouldcausemostchildrentoloseconfidenceandhope,butDianarefusedtodwellonthenegative.“Itisnothing.Abodypart.”she’dsay.Mostofall,Dianawasnotdiscouraged.Shelovedskiingandshehadbeenonskissincetheageoffive.Aftertheoperation,Dianaworkedhardtogetbacktothemountainnearherhome.“IalwaysskiedandIintendedtokeeponskiing.Ineverdoubtthat.”shedeclared.Dianamethergoal.Shewasbackoutontheslopes.学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 Withjustoneleg,Dianamadethebestofit.Inhighschool,Dianabecameamemberofherschool’sskiracingteam.Andin1979,whenshewasjustseventeen,shejoinedtheUSDisabledSkiTeam.Afterhighschool,DianawentontoDartmouthCollege.Determinednottobeleftbehind,DianacontinuedhertrainingwiththeDartmouthteam.“Ihadoneleg,whichmeantIhadtodoitdifferently.”shelaterexplained.In1982,Dianaenteredherfirstinternationalskirace.ShewontheworldHandicappedChampionshipinNorway.In1986,DianawontheBeckAwardgiventothebestAmericanracerininternationalskiing.Andin1988,shewasnamedSkiRacingMagazine’sU.S.FemaleSkieroftheYear.Withhercourageanddetermination,Dianahaschangedhowpeoplelookatdisabledathletes.“Everyonehassomekindofdisability,”Dianasays.“It’swhatwedowithourabilitiesthatmatters.”In1990,Dianaretiredfromracingforgood.1．Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“dwellon”probablymeaninparagraph4?A．Putaway.B．Thinkabout.C．Leavebehind.D．Hangover.2．WhichofthefollowingisthecorrectorderoftheeventshappeningtoDiana?a.Dianaenteredherfirstinternationalskirace.b.Dianawasdiagnosedwithbonecancer.c.Shepracticedskiingattheageoffive.d.DianabegantrainingwiththeDartmouthteam.e.ShebecameamemberoftheUSDisabledSkiTeam.A．bcade.B．cbdae.C．cbeda.D．bceda.3．Thewriterprobablywrotethistextto___________.A．informthereadersaboutdisabledskiersB．describetheeventsininternationalskicompetitionsC．tellaboutthedisadvantagesofbeingadisabledskierD．inspirethereaderswithDiana’scourageandresolution4．Whatwouldbethesuitabletitleofthistext?A．GoforthegoldB．LosealegC．SkitothelastminuteD．Competeforthedisabled3.【浙江省慈溪市2022-2023学年高三上学期12月适应性考试】Fromcowboyhatsandcattletobarbecueandfootball,Texasisknownformanythings.OnethingtheLoneStarStateisnotknownfor,however,iswinterweather.ThatchangedinFebruarylastyear,whenwinterstormburiedTexasiniceandsnow.Itragedforatotalofeightdays,23hours,and23minutes,whichwasoneofthemostimpactfulwintereventsinrecenthistory.AccordingtoTexasTVstation,winterstormLandonwassoextremethatitcausedtreesacrossnorthTexasto“explode”,fillinglocalcommunitieswithboomsthatsoundedmorelikegunshotsthantreebranches.Thephenomenonof“explodingtrees”isn’tasunusualorasterrifyingasitsounds,accordingtoJanet,whosaystreesoftenfreezeandburstasaresultofrapidtemperatureshifts.“Ourwidetemperatureswingsmeanthat学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 treesmaynotbecompletelydormant(休眠的)orpreparedforthecold,”Janetsaid.“Treeshaveseveralmechanismstheyusetopreventfreezing.Theytakecuestogetadaptedandreadyforthefreeze.”Intreesthataren’tcompletelyinactive,coldweathercausestreesaptofreeze.Whenthathappens,thesapexpandsbeyondwhatthetree’sbarkcancontain.Andso,thetreesplitsinplacesthatcan’tcopewiththepressure,creatingcracksknownas“frostcracks”.Althoughtreesdonotactuallyexplodeintopieceswhenfrostcrackshappen,theremaybeloudnoisesandvisiblefractures(折断),andheavybranchescanfalltotheground.“Treesexplodeincoldweatherbecausethewatercontentinthecellsandtissuesfreezes,”MacKenziesaid.“Frommidwintertoearlyspringthiscanoccurwhenthetemperatureswings,snowmeltsandwarmsun,coldnightsworkinharmony.Itisusuallynothingtobetooconcernedabout;thetreewillstarttohealjustasquickly.Ihavebeenawakenedmanycoldwinternightshearingthetreesexplode.”1．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“That”referto?A．TexasisrelatedtoAmericanfootball.B．Texasislittleknownforitswinterweather.C．Texasisasuitableplaceforraisingcattle.D．Texashasafamoushistoryofcowboys.2．WhatdoesJanetthinkcausesthetreestoexplode?A．Theoccurrenceofthewinterstorm.B．Thefragiletreebranchesinwinter.C．Thesuddenchangeoftemperatures.D．Thetrees’preparationforthecold.3．Whatdoesthefifthparagraphmainlytalkabout?A．Theeffectofcoldweatheronplants.B．Waystohelptreespreventfreezing.C．Theroleofsapinwinter.D．Thereasonwhytreesexplode.4．WhatdoesMacKenzieimplyinhiswords?A．Treeexplosionisanaturalphenomenon.B．Meltingsnowcanleadtotreeexplosion.C．Treesmayexplodeeveninwarmnights.D．Peopleshouldbecarefulaboutexplodingtrees.4.【浙江省舟山市2022-2023学年高考首考模拟英语试卷（二）】Ifyou’rereachingforthelastpieceofpizzaataparty,andmeanwhileseeanotherhandgoingforit,yournextmoveprobablydependsonhowyoufeelandwhomthehandbelongsto.Yourlittlesister—youmightjustgrabthepizza.Yourboss—youprobablywillgiveup.Nowresearchershavemadeprogressinunderstandinghowmammals’brainencodessocialrankandusesthis学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 informationtoshapebehaviors—suchaswhethertofightforthelastpizzaslice.Theydiscoveredthatanareaofthebraincalledthemedialprefrontalcortex(mPFC)wasresponsibleforrepresentingsocialrankinmammals;changestoamouse’smPFCaffecteditsdominancebehavior.ButitwasunknownhowthemPFCrepresentedthisinformationandwhichneurons(神经元)wereinvolvedinchangingdominancebehaviour.Inthenewstudy,ProfessorKayTyeletgroupsoffourmiceshareacage.Somemicebecamemoredominantandothersmoresubordinate.Assoonasthemicewerepairedup,hediscovered,theactivityoftheirmPFCneuronscouldpredict—with90percentcertainty—therankoftheiropponent.“Weexpectedanimalsmightonlysignalrankwhentheyareinacompetition,”saysco-researcherNancy.“Butitturnsoutanimalswalkaroundwiththisrepresentationofsocialrankallthetime.”WhentheresearchersnextaskedwhethertheactivityofthemPFCneuronswasassociatedwithbehaviour,theyfoundsomethingsurprising.Thebrainactivitypatternswerelinkedwithslightchangesinbehaviour,suchashowfastamousemoved,andtheyalsocouldpredict—afull30secondsbeforethecompetitionstarted—whichmousewouldwinthefoodreward.Thewinnerwasnotalwaysthemoredominant,buttheoneengagedinawinningmindset.Justasyoumightsometimesbeinamorecompetitivemoodandbemorelikelytosnatchthatpizzaslicebeforeyourboss,asubordinatemousemightbeinamorewinningmindsetthanamoredominantmouseandendupwinning.TheareasofthemPFCassociatedwithsocialrankandwinningmindsetarenexttooneanotherandhighlyconnected.Signalsonsocialrankimpactthestateofthebraininvolvedinwinningmindset.Inotherwords,asubordinatemouse’sconfidenceandwinningmindsetmaypartiallydecreasewhenfacedwithadominantone.“Thisisfurtherevidencetosuggestthatweareindifferentbrainstateswhenwearewithotherscomparedtowhenwe’realone,”saysTye.1．Whatisthepurposeofthefirstparagraph?A．Toprovidebackgroundinformation.B．Tostatetheimportanceofsocialrank.C．Togivereadersanexampleofsocialrank.D．Tointroducethetopicofthereadingpassage.2．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“they”inparagraph5referto?A．ThemPFCneurons.B．Theresearchers.C．Thebrainactivitypatterns.D．Thechangesinbehaviour.3．Whatcanwelearnfromthenewstudy?A．Brainactivitiescaninfluencesocialrank.B．Dominantopponentsboostwinningmindset.C．Socialrankandwinningmindsetaffectbehaviour.D．Animalsonlyexhibittheirrankincompetition.4．Whatcanweinferfromthepassage?A．Winningmindsetestablishesdominance.B．Socialrankguidescompetitivebehaviour.C．Asubordinatemousecanneverbeenawinner.学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 D．Awarenessofdifferentpeoplearoundyoumakeyourbrainusedifferentneurons.5.【河南省TOP20名校2022-2023学年高三上学期12月调研考】Thenextbigstage,theimprovementfromautomatictotrulyautonomoustrains,isalreadyhere.Itwilltaketrainautonomytothenextlevel,beyondtheautomatedperformanceonclosedloops(圈；环)suchasautomaticraillinestodayandontothevastexpanseofinternationalrailways.Thatwillmeanthatthenextgenerationoftrainswillbeabletolocatethemselvesintheirenvironmentandinteractwithothertraintrafficwithouthumanassistance.Theywillhavetheabilitytodetectandmanageontheirownallelementsoftheirenvironment,designedbyaconnectedtrafficmanagementsystem.Thetransitiontowardtrainautonomyisspeeding,saysKaiTaylor,ThalesMarketing&CommunicationsDirectorMainLineRailSignalling,andforareasonthatcanbesummedupinoneword:digitalisation.“Thekeytosuccess,”saysKaiTaylor,“isinfactwhatisin‘theThalesDNA’—thedigitaltechnologiesacrossThalesbusinessunits-aerospace,space,transportation,defenceandsecurity.”“Thesetechnologiesrepresentthepiecesofthepuzzletoachieverealtrainautonomy.Theyareartificialintelligence,bigdata,connectivity,includingtheinternetofthingslinkingtrainstointelligentrailwayswitches,andwithnetsecuritybuiltin.Wehavesensorsforobstacle(障碍)detectionfromThalesdefence,safeandprecisesatellitepositioningfromourspaceandavionics(航空电子设备)division,IoTconnectivityfromourrecentpurchaseGemalto,cybersecurityfromtheThalessecuritysectorandthetrustedexplainableandapprovableartificialintelligenceledbyThalesforsafedecisions.Takentogether,theywillprovidethetrainwithtrueautonomyforsafeandefficientoperations.”Ofcourse,allthesetechnologiesareatthebaseoftheThalesgroundandairtransportationsector’scurrentofferingsforefficient,safeandreliabletravelintheairorontheground.KaiTaylorexplains,“We’reuniqueinhavingtheexperienceandtheexpertiseinallaspectsofmobility,includingThalesgloballeadershipinairandtrainmanagementsystemswhichareassuringrailandairtravelforairlinesandrailoperatorsallovertheworld.”1．Whatwilltrulyautonomoustrainsdo?A．Carryouttheautomatedperformanceonclosedloops.B．Communicatewithothertrainswiththehelpofhumans.C．Examineanddealwiththesituationsofthesurroundings.D．Travelautomaticallywithgreatspeedsusingsolarpowers.2．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“that”inparagraph3mean?A．Theirenvironment.B．Thetransition’speeding.C．Humanassistance.D．Theabilitytolocatethemselves.3．Whatdoesparagraph5mainlytellus?A．Howdigitalisationworksinrealtrainautonomy.B．WhatsensorsontheautonomoustrainsdealwithC．Whatwillprovidethetrainwithsafetyandefficiency.学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 D．Howobstaclesareremovedfromthepathsoftrains.4．What’sKaiTaylor’sattitudetowardsthefutureofautonomoustrains?A．Cautious.B．Concerned.C．Critical.D．Confident.6.【2023届四川省资阳市高中高三上学期第一次诊断性考试】EachyearonOctober15,GlobalHandwashingDayisobservedtostrengthenthehealthawarenessandpreventthespreadofinfectiousdiseases.Andahand—shapedrobotcalled“Pepe”,whichencourageskidstowashtheirhands,hashelpedpupilsataremoteIndianprimaryschooltodevelophabitsofpersonalhygiene(卫生).Pepewasfixedonthewallaboveahand—washingstationatWayanadGovernmentPrimarySchoolinKerala,whichhasabout100pupilsaged5and10.AsmallvideoscreenbehindthegreenplasticPepeactedasa“mouth”,allowingresearcherstotele—operatetherobottospeaktothepupilsanddrawtheirattentiontotheposteroutliningthestepsofeffectivehand—washing.Asetofmoving“eyes”helpedPepepayattentiontothechildren’sactions.Therobothelpedpupilswashtheirhandsmoreeffectively,increasingtheirratesofhand—washingby40percent.PupilsspenttwiceaslongwashingtheirhandsafterPepe’sarrival.Andmorethan95%ofthestudentscouldcorrectlydeterminewhenhand—washingwithsoaphastobedone—beforeamealandafteravisittothetoilet.Hand—washingisoneofthemosteffectivewaysagainstthespreadofdiarrheaandrespiratoryinfections.Dr.AmolDeshmukh,fromtheUniversityofGlasgow’sSchoolofComputingScience,ledtheprojectinpartnershipwithcolleaguesfromAmritaUniversity.Hesaid,“WeweredelightedbythesuccessofPepe’svisittothisprimaryschool.Thechildrenwereexcitedtointeractwiththisrelativelysimplemachine,whichwasclearlygoodforkeepingtheirhandsclean.Dr.BhavanifromAmritaUniversitysaid,”AMMACHI(AmritaMultiModalApplicationandComputerHumanInteraction)Labshavetakenmultiplanstoaddresscommonchallengesfacinglow—incomeruralcommunitiesinIndiaandworldwideusingtechnology.”1．Whywas“Pepe”fixedatthePrimarySchool?A．Towatchonpupil’actions.B．Towashchildren’shands.C．Tofreshentheenvironment.D．Todevelopchildren’shealthhabits.2．Howdidtherobotbringchangestothepupils?A．Byplayingwithpupils.B．Byprovidingknowledge.C．Byofferingpupilssoap.D．Bywashingpupils’hands.3．WhatcanyoulearnaboutPepe’svisittotheprimaryschool?A．Itwasafailure.B．Ithadnoeffect.C．Itwasasuccess.D．Itwasawasteoftime.4．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“address”inthelastparagraphmean?A．dealwith.B．writeaplaceon.C．makeaspeechto.D．speakto.学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司