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高三英语总复习基础部分——语法讲解篇
12.4 高中英语常用语法—— 名词性从句一、基本知识与基本概念什么是名词性从句?请看下表:根据从句在句子中的功能分根据从句的性质分定语从句形容词性从句主语从句名词性从句宾语从句表语从句同位语从句状语从句副词性从句
2引导名词性从句的连接词1.主语从句主语从句在句子中作主语。有时本身出现在主语的位置上,也有时出于句子结构的考虑退到句子的尾部,前面用形式主语it代替。从句作主语时,谓语动词一般为单数形式。连接词:that(不可省略),whether(不能用if),wh-疑问词e.g.Thathishairwasturninggreyworriedhimabit.{连接词that,if,whether连接代词who,whom,what,whose,which,whichever,whatever,whoever连接副词when,where,how,why,wh-ever
3Whetherthenewnovelwillbewellreceivedremainstobeseen.Whenandwherethegovernmentwillbuildacitysquareisunderdiscussion.Itisprettyannoyingthatasmallpartofthemachineismissing.2.宾语从句在句子中作宾语的从句就是宾语从句。宾语从句也有自己的特殊情况,如介词的宾语、形容词的宾语、宾语从句提前和并列的宾语从句等现象。
4连接词:that(可省略),whether(能用if,但后面有ornot则必须用whether),wh-疑问词e.g.Weassumedthattherewouldbemorethan100guests.Thatwilldependonwhethertheycangetthechanceornot.IamnotsureatthemomentifIwillhavethetime.Hetoldthepoliceindetailwhathesawandheard.3.表语从句表语从句应该出现在系动词的后面。
5连接词:that(最好不要省略),whether(不用if),asif,wh-疑问词e.g.Theonlyquestionleftishowoftentheworkersarepaid.Hisideaforthecomingweekendisthatwegoskating.4.同位语从句同位语从句主要出现在一个名词的后面,起着解释说明的作用。有点像定语从句。这个点是许多学生容易混淆的地方。但是,只要我们能把握住关键,即:定语从句的先行词在从句中必须作一个成分,也就是说,定语从句必须缺少成分。
6而同位语从句前面的名词在从句中是不作成分的。况且,也不是所有的名词后面都会跟同位语从句,只有那些“有内容的名词”才需要解释。如fact,news,idea,truth,hope,problem,information,belief,thought,doubt等。连接词:that,whether(不能用if),wh-疑问词e.g.Peopleignoredthefactthatthepolicemandidn’tfireatthemanatall.Doyouhaveanyideawhatisgoingonintheclassroom?
7Thepossibilitythatwecanworkathomemakeseverybodyexcited.二、考点分类解析考点一:语序问题名词性从句的语序问题:陈述句语序。即名词性从句中不会出现助动词提前的现象。e.g.Canyoutellmewhatsizeshoesyouwear?Idon’tknowwhatiswrongwithhim.对比:Whoheisdoesn’tmatter.(正)Whoishedoesn’tmatter.(误)
8Idon’tknowwhathisnameis.(正)Idon’tknowwhatishisname.(误)考点二:that和what的区别问题what在从句中作成分,如主语、宾语或表语。而that只是一个“连接词”,既不作什么成分,也没有什么意义。e.g.Whatyoudidisdifferentfromwhatyoupromised.(此时what在从句中作宾语。)Wedon’tknowwhatiswrongwithhim.(此时what在从句中作主语。)
9Ithinkthatyourcompositionisnobetterthanhis.(此时that连接一个宾语从句。)Thatyoufailedtheexamisnotmybusiness.(此时that连接一个主语从句。)考点三:that和whether的区别问题它们之间最大的区别在于“意义”。即that在从句中既不作成分,也没有自己的意义;而whether虽然不在从句中作什么成分,但是它有意义,即“是否”。这就能够左右从句的意思,使从句所表达的意思变成一个还没有确定的因素。
10e.g.Idon’tknowwhetherhecanjoinusornot.I’msurethathecanjoinus.考点四:if和whether的区别问题二者在引导宾语从句时都有“是否”之意,但并不是永远可以互换。如从句后有ornot,则只可用whether连接。一般认为,二者可以互换的环境也只有在宾语从句中。e.g.Hedidn’tgiveusexplicitreplywhether/ifhewillattendourweddingceremony.(注意:在介词的宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句以及和不定式搭配的结构中等,习惯上只能用whether。)
11考点五:nomatterwh-和wh-ever的区别问题二者都有“无论……”之意,但是,nomatterwh-只能引导状语从句,不能引导名词性从句。wh-ever则二者兼收。因此二者同时出现而必选其一时,答案肯定是wh-ever。e.g.Whoeverbreakstheruleswillbepunished.(主语从句)Whoever/Nomatterwhobreakstherules,he/shewillbepunished.(状语从句)Don’tbelievewhateverhetellsyou.(宾语从句)Don’tbelievehim,whatever/nomatterwhathetellsyou.(状语从句)
12考点六:名词性从句中的虚拟语气问题先看宾语从句的虚拟语气。一般说来,如果从句作的是表示说话人某种观点、态度或要求等语气的动词的宾语时,从句中要求用should+动词原形的虚拟语气(should经常可以省略)。这些动词常见的有:desire,demand,require,request,order,propose,command,advise,suggest等。e.g.Heinsistedthatshe(should)spendmoretimestudying.Hedemandedthatwe(should)beontime.
13Thebossrequiredthatallwaiters(should)keepstandingalldaylong.Theschoolsuggestedthatallthestudents(should)stayathome.其中有两个特例,那就是suggest和insist。它们俩后面的宾语从句是否用虚拟语气还要根据词语本身意思决定。e.g.ThedoctorsuggestedthatIhadacold.(这个suggest的意思是“解释,说明”,后面不用虚拟语气。)ThedoctorsuggestedthatI(should)stayinbedforafewdays.(这个suggest的意思是“建议”,后面用虚拟语气。)
14Theyoungmaninsistedthathewaswellenoughtoserveinthearmy.(这个insist坚持的是一个事实而不是一种观点,后面不用虚拟语气。)Thatyoungmaninsistedthatheshouldbesenttothefront.(这个insist坚持的是一种观点,即“他应该被派往前线”,后面用虚拟语气。)另外,在下面这几个特殊的句型中,后面的主语从句也用虚拟语气。
15(1)Itisimportant/necessary/natural/essential(必要的)/suggestedthat...(should)do...e.g.Itisimportantthatyou(should)beontime.(2)Iwishthat...did...e.g.IwishIwereabird.(3)I’dratherthat...did...e.g.I’dratheryoudidityourself.考点七:it在名词性从句中的作用问题it在名词性从句中作形式宾语和形式主语的用法。作形式主语:
16e.g.Itoccurredtomethatshemighthaveforgottenthedate.Itwasn’tcleartoanyonewhyhedidn’tcome.作形式宾语:e.g.IfinditnecessarythatweshouldspendmoretimepractisingspokenEnglish.Ithinkitimportantthatweshouldkeepcalm.Don’ttakeitforgrantedthatyourparentsshoulddoeverythingforyou.
17考点八:主语从句和强调句型的混淆问题从表面上看,it作形式主语的主语从句有时候和强调句型有些相似。e.g.Itisimpossiblethatwecanpersuadehimtojoinus.(主语从句)ItiswithTom’shelpthatwecansolvetheproblem.(强调句型)其实,强调句型很简单,即“Itis/was+要强调的部分+that+句子其他部分”。
18注意:判断一个句子是否是强调句的步骤:去掉Itis/was及that,调整语序后,看句子是否还成立。e.g.Itisagoodideathatweclimbthemountain.Itisagoodideathatheputsforward.第一句中,去掉Itis及that后,句子为:Agoodideaweclimbthemountain.语序不论如何调换,句子皆不成立,即此句不是强调句型。第二句中,去掉Itis及that后,句子为:Heputsforwardagoodidea.此句成立,即为强调句。
19名词性从句专项练习一、用whether,how,that,what填空。1.Theteachertoldusthesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.2.HewassurprisedatIsaid.3.Itisprobablehehastoldhereverything.4.DoyouallknowthetruthColumbusdiscoveredAmericain1492?5.IthappenedAlicewasouttheotherday.6.Theywantedtoknowtheycouldgetthereontime.thatwhatthatthatthathow/whether
207.Areyousurehewillsucceedintheend?8.theydoitornotmattersmuchtous.9.Theteachercameinandaskedwasthematterwithus.10.Nowwehavelearntheatis.二、句型仿写。1.例句:ThereisnodoubtthatJohn’squickthinkingandthefirstaidskillssavedMr.Brown.仿写:毫无疑问,自行车是一种非常便捷又环保的交通工具。WhetherthatwhatwhatThereisnodoubtthatbicycleisaveryconvenientandenvironmentallyfriendlymeansoftransport.
212.例句:ThefactisthatIearnedmypassagebyworkingasanunpaidhand,whichaccountsformyappearance.仿写:事实上我经常在作文中使用我所学的短语和句型,这就是我的英语作文总是得高分的原因。3.例句:That’swhytheyarecalledtheWinterOlympics.仿写:最近他遭受了打击,这就是他为什么考试再次失利的原因。ThefactisthatIalwaysmakefulluseofvariousphrasesandsentencepatternsIhavelearnt,whichisthereasonwhyIalwayshavehighmarksinEnglishcompositions.Hesufferedalotrecentlyandthatwaswhyhefailedtheexamagain.
22三、翻译句子。1.我不同意你在会议上所说的话。2.他是一个有钱人的事实整个城镇都知道。3.我同桌问我是否能借他一支笔。4.玛丽问约翰他那时正在干什么。5.问题是我们缺乏资金。Idon’tagreewithwhatyouhavesaidinthemeeting.Thefactthatheisarichmanisknowntoallinthecity.MydeskmateaskedmewhetherIcouldlendhimapenornot.MaryaskedJohnwhathewasdoingthen.Theproblemisthatweareshortofmoney.
236.他没有来的原因是他病了。7.最后离开的人要关灯。8.我是否应该接受这个礼物不关你的事。9.我不明白的是,为什么他要改变想法。10.我非常爱我的母校,在那里我学到了很多东西。Thereasonwhyhedidn’tcomeisthathewasill.Whoeverleavestheroomlastshouldturnoffthelight.Itisnoneofyourbusinesswhether/ifIshouldacceptthegift.WhatIdon’tunderstandiswhyhewantstochangehismind.Ilovemymotherschoolverymuch,whereIlearnedalot.
24四、单句改错。1.ThereisafactthatEnglishisbeingacceptedasaninternationallanguage.2.Thereasonwhyhehasbeensuchasuccessisbecausehenevergivesup.3.Chinaisbecomingstrongerandstronger.Itisnolongerwhatitusedtobeing.将There改为It将because改为that将being改为be
254.Theproblemisthatwhowillgo.5.Wecouldseethetowerclearlyfromwewerestanding.6.Thereislifeonanotherplanetisalmostimpossible.7.Thedemandwhichtheworkersaskforhigherwagesseemedreasonable.去掉that在from后面加上where将There改为Thatthere将which改成that
268.Thatisannounced,alltheschoolswillreopensoon.9.Nobodyknowswheredoeshecomefrom.10.IthassaidinthenewspaperthattheJapaneseMinisterwillarrivenextMonday.将That改成As将does去掉,再将come改为comes将has改为is
