徐绽,范猛考研英语阅读理解总结

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deᦔþÿ஺ᱯὃ⚪ᙠ☢Ḅឋᨬ஺ᦻḄ᦮ᳮ!᝞#$%&'(஺᝞)*⚪ὅ!ᢥᦻᑁ./0*⚪1&'23!45஺6ᜧ89ᵨ;<=%&'>?☢ḄḄ▅Aᳮ⚪஺It'saroughworldoutthere.Stepoutsideandyoucouldbreakalegslippingonyourdoormat.Lightupthestoveandyoucouldburndownthehouse.Luckily,ifthedoormatorstovefailedtowarnofcomingdisaster,asuccessfullawsuitmightcompensateyouforyourtroubles.Orsothethinkinghasgonesincetheearly1980s,whenjuriesbeganholdingmorecompaniesliablefortheircustomers?misfortunes.Feelingthreatened,companiesrespondedbywritingever-longerwarninglabels,tryingtoanticipateeverypossibleaccident.Today,stepladderscarrylabelsseveralincheslongthatwarn,amongotherthings,thatyoumight—surprise!—falloff.Thelabelonachild,sBatmancapecautionsthatthetoy“doesnotenableusertofly”.Whilewarningsareoftenappropriateandnecessary—thedangersofdruginteractions,forexample—andmanyarerequiredbystateoffederalregulations,itisn,tclearthattheyactuallyprotectthemanufacturersandsellersfromliabilityifacustomerisinjured.About50percentofthecompanieslosewheninjuredcustomerstakethemtocourt.Nowthetideappearstobeturning.Aspersonalinjuryclaimscontinueasbefore,somecourtsarebeginningtosidewithdefendants,especially1314569755.docPage14of20incaseswhereawarninglabelprobablywouldn,thavechangedanything.InMay,JulieNimmons,presidentofSchuttSportsinIllinois,successfullyfoughtalawsuitinvolvingafootballplayerwhowasparalyzedinagamewhilewearingaSchutthelmet."We'rereallysorryhehasbecomeparalyzed,buthelmetsaren'tdesignedtopreventthosekindsofinjuries,“saysNimmons.Thejuryagreedthatthenatureofthegame,notthehelmet,wasthereasonfortheathlete'sinjury.Atthesametime,theAmericanLawInstitute—agroupofjudges,lawyers,andacademicswhoserecommendationscarrysubstantialweight—issuednewguidelinesfortortlawstatingthatcompaniesneednotwarncustomersofobviousdangersorbombardthemwithalengthylistofpossibleones.Importantinformationcangetburiedinaseaoftrivialities,“saysalawprofessoratCornellLawSchoolwhohelpeddraftthenewguidelines.Ifthemoderateendofthelegalcommunityhasitsway,theinformationonproductsmightactuallybeprovidedforthebenefitofcustomersandnotasprotectionagainstlegalliability.[390words▅A—〉46.5!—11.5]

411.Whatwerethingslikein1980swhenaccidentshappened?[A]Customersmightberelievedoftheirdisastersthroughlawsuits.Injuredcustomerscouldexpectprotectionfromthelegalsystem.[C]Companieswouldavoidbeingsuedbyprovidingnewwarnings.[D]Juriestendedtofindfaultwiththecompensationscompaniespromised.2.Manufacturersasmentionedinthepassagetendto[A]satisfycustomersbywritinglongwarningsonproducts.becomehonestindescribingtheinadequaciesoftheirproducts.[C]makethebestuseoflabelstoavoidlegalliability.[D]feelobligedtoviewcustomersTsafetyastheirfirstconcern.3.ThecaseofSchutthelmetdemonstratedthat[A]someinjuryclaimswerenolongersupportedbylaw.helmetswerenotdesignedtopreventinjuries.[C]productlabelswouldeventuallybediscarded.[D]somesportsgamesmightlosepopularitywithathletes.4.Theauthor'sattitudetowardstheissueseemstobe[A]biased,indifferent.[C]puzzling.[D]objective.ᫀ᪆ᙠ#ᵨ11⊤#$ᵨ12⊤1¡Ḅ#¢ᵨজ⊤#=¢ᵨঝ⊤1஺1.o¥⁚⚪஺112টঠ"§¨ḄᎷ᝞ª«Ḅ¬®¯ᡈ᮱ᮤ;³ᨵµ¶·¸¹º»¼½Ḅᓻ¿ÀÁ2ºÂøÄÅÆᡭÈ2ºÉÊËÌÂÍ⊡¹ᡠ¼½Ḅп஺Ñ20ÒÓ80ÔÕÖÂᩭØÙÚᡂᕒÝÞßàáḄâÆãᐸåæᡠ¼½Ḅ!§ç'èéê஺”º“½ëḄìíὅºîÊᑮ'èᑴḄñò”óô஺[A]!õᦻ³ᨵö“4÷'è¸ÄºÂøùúûᡠ½Ḅü”üý'øùḄ஺[C],[D]ᙳÿᦻ
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43[C]productlabelswouldeventuallybydiscarded.[D]somesportsgamesmightlosepopularitywithathletes.4.Theauthor,sattitudetowardstheissueseemstobe[A]biased,indifferent.[C]puzzling.[D]objective.᝞æ⚪â]´ᨵᐵãä᝞åWhichofthefollowingistrue?ç⌕~⌱⚗]êëᑮḄäì஺íîï⌱⚗ᜮᾯ]ᶇzᐵãäḄòóôõ~ᦻ
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44Fewcreationsofbigtechnologycapturetheimaginationlikegiantdams.Perhapsitishumankind*slongsufferingatthemercyoffloodanddroughtthatmakestheidealofforcingthewaterstodoourbiddingsofascinating.Buttobefascinatedisalso,sometimes,tobeblind.Severalgiantdamprojectsthreatentodomoreharmthangood.P&ឋ58.5E¨8.7©Bজé"ê⚪“ëìíî”஺ঝïðñíîḄò஺ঞôᢚ஺টfoY“r÷ëìíîøᜧyᑭ஺”§3Exceptionalchildrenaredifferentinsomesignificantwayfromothersofthesameage.Forthesechildrentodeveloptotheirfulladultpotential,theireducationmustbeadaptedtothosedifferences.P&ឋ45E¨10.9জ⚪“”஺ঝ“ᐙᑖḄ!"Ḅᦟ$%&〉(!"Ḅᱯ*”஺+4MoneyspentonadvertisingismoneyspentaswellasanyIknowof.Itservesdirectlytoassistarapiddistributionofgoodsatreasonableprice,therebyestablishingafirmhomemarketandsomakingitpossibletoprovideforexportatcompetitiveprices.Bydrawingattentiontonewideasithelpsenormouslytoraisestandardsofliving.Byhelpingtoincreasedemanditensuresanincreasedneedforlabour,andisthereforeaneffectivewaytofightunemployment.Itlowersthecostsofmanyservices:withoutadvertisementsyourdailynewspaperwouldcostfourtimesasmuch,thepriceofyourtelevisionlicencewouldneedtobedoubled,andtravelbybusortubewouldcost20percentmore.Andperhapsmostimportantofall,advertisingprovidesaguaranteeofreasonablevalueintheproductsandservicesyoubuy.Apartfromthefactthattwenty-sevenactsofParliamentgovernthetermsofadvertising,noregularadvertiserdarepromoteaproductthatfailstoliveuptothepromiseofhisadvertisements.Hemightfoolsomepeopleforalittlewhilethroughmisleadingadvertising.Hewillnotdosoforlong,formercifullythepublichasthegoodsensenottobuytheinferiorarticlemorethanonce.Ifyouseeansrticleconsistentlyadvertised,itisthesurestproofIknowthatthearticledoeswhatisclaimedforitclaimedforit,andthatitrepresentsgoodvalue.AdvertisingdoesmoreforthematerialbenefitofthecommunitythananyotherforceIcanthinkof.ThereisonemorepointfeelIoughttotouchon.RecentlyIheardawell-knowntelevisionpersonalitydeclarethathewasagainstadvertisingbecause

45itpersuadesratherthaninforms.Hewasdrawingexcessivelyfinedistinctions.Ofcourseadvertisingseekstopersuade.Ifitsmessagewereconfinedmerelytoinformation-andthatinitselfwouldbedifficultifnotimpossibletoachieve,forevenadetailsuchasthechoiceofthecolourofashirtissubtlypersuasive——advertisingwouldbesoboringthatnoonewouldpayanyattention.Butperhapsthatiswhatthewell-knowntelevisionpersonalitywants.S360wordsVWឋY49.8[\Y11.5ᦻ`⚪ab஺cdᦻ`eᯠgᙠijklᙠimk஺nkopkḄᑁrḄstYabuᩭoᡠxᨵḄᱥ{|Ḅ}ᜐḄ஺pkS4ஹ5k⚪!abḄᵨab⌕஺2.k⚪STOPICSENTENCE◀᪗d`Ḅ᜜᪗ᔜkḄ⚪᪵⌕஺jkᨵjkḄ¡ᨵ¢£kᜧ¥ஹk¦§¨¨஺⚪ὃª*«¬⚪®¯Ḽk±²Ḅ஺³´⚪gµᨵᑭ·³´ᦻ`¸ᨵᑭW¹º⁚⚪¼½⚪Ḅ³´▅WḄᐵÀ஺⚪Ḅᱯ*Y1ÁijᏔÃᨬjkÅÆ஺2Ç*SgÈᑏ/ËஹgÌÍ஺VÎὅḄÇ*¡VÎ!ḄÇ*஺3nÇ*VÎὅÐ᎝Ḅ¡VÎὅᐸ!ḄÇ*┯ÔḄ/ÕÖḄ¨¨஺4ὅḄÇ*×Îᨵj஺⚪×Îᨵjᐸ!ḄᑁrØË/ÙÚᵨ஺5ᐹᨵÜÝឋஹᭆßឋஹàáឋ¨ᱯ*஺+1Andyet,themythofcontrollingthewaterspersists.Thisweek,intheheartofcivilizedEurope,SlovaksandHungariansstoppedjustshortofsendinginthetroopsintheircontentionoveradamontheDanube.Thehugecomplexwillprobablyhavealltheusualproblemsofbigdams.ButSlovakiaisbiddingforindependencefromtheCzechs,andnowneedsadamtoproveitself.SVWឋY68.6[\Y7.8QYWhatisthemythconcerninggiantdams?[A]Theybringinmorefertilesoil.Theyhelpdefendthecountry.[C]Theystrengtheninternationalties.[D]Theyhaveuniversalcontrolofthewaters.

46ë᪆Y⚪জ“íᑴnïkðñḄòóᯠôõḼ஺”ö☢Ḅøpù+øË⚪஺ᡠú[D]“!"ᨵïûðñḄüᐰíᑴᩗ”ÿ஺2Youcanbegintothinkofyourselfastrulyintelligentonthebasisofhowyouchoosetofeelinthefaceoftryingcircumstances.Thelifestrugglesareprettymuchthesameforeachofus.Everyonewhoisinvolvedwithotherhumanbeingsinanysocialcontexthassimilardifficulties.Disagreements,conflictsandcompromisesareapartofwhatitmeanstobehuman.Similarly,money,growingold,sickness,deaths,naturaldisastersandaccidentsarealleventswhichpresentproblemstovirtuallyallhumanbeings.Butsomepeopleareabletomakeit,toavoidimmobilizingdepressionandunhappinessdespitesuchoccurrences,whileotherscollapseorhaveanN.B.D.Thosewhorecognizeproblemsasahumanconditionanddon'tmeasurehappinessbyanabsenceofproblemsarethemostintelligentkindofhumansweknow;also,themostrare.()*ឋ:51.40121L1451.Intheparagraph,theauthortellsusthat[A]difficultiesarepartofeveryone'slife.depressionandunhappinessareunavoidableinlife.[C]everybodyshouldlearntoavoidtryingcircumstances.[D]goodfeelingscancontributetoeventualacademicexcellence.2.Accordingtothepassage,whatkindofpeoplearerare?[A]Thosewhodon'temphasizebookishexcellenceintheirpursuitofhappiness.Thosewhoareawareofdifficultiesinlifebutknowhowtoavoidunhappiness.[C]ThosewhomeasurehappinessbyanabsenceofproblemsbutseldomsufferfromN.B.D.'S.[D]Thosewhoareabletosecurehappinessthoughhavingtostruggleagainsttryingcircumstances.ᑖ᪆2জ?@⚪B“D⍝᝞G☢I⌮᛻LMNOḄQRS஺"ঝ'ঢWᢝ@⚪B2ঝঞটঠ\“I]ᡠᨵSᩭ\a0bcdMSeḄf)ghḄiᑖ”஺ডlᨵmSᡂoᙢghqfrstᨵmSᓾvwxy஺ঢzᵭ@⚪B஺“|m}~ᑮa0MSeᯠᙠḄᱥsfᨵa0ᩭ⊝៝ᔲsMᨬQRḄSsMḄS஺”ᫀ2L[A]2.

473.⚪⌱⚗Ḅᐵ*ὃ⚪sὃ⚪¡¢ᐵs£ḄM¤ὃḄM¥¦sὃᦻ¨Ḅ©ª«ஹ©ªB஺Ḅᐵᒹ¯⚪z⌕Ḅ±²³ᡈµᨵ³s¶·ஹ¸Ḅᨬ¹4sº»⌱⚗¼½ஹ¼¾ᡈὅ¼ᐵᑁ·஺ᙠÁmᐵḄᢣÃÄÅ¡IÆḄBÇᡈ«È஺ᨵḄÉ᎛ᐵ)MᔜÌÍsÎ◚Ðs◤⌕ÎÒLÓ¡ᑮ஺1514569755.docPage16of201“Ihavegreatconfidencethatbytheendofthedecadewe'11knowinvastdetailhowcancercellsarise,“saysmicrobiologistRobertWeinberg,anexpertoncancer.“But,"hecautions,“somepeoplehavetheideathatonceoneunderstandsthecauses,thecurewillrapidlyfollow.ConsiderPasteur.Hediscoveredthecausesofmanykindsofinfections,butitwasfiftyorsixtyyearsbeforecureswereavailable.”()*ឋ:57.30129.65Q:TheexampleofPasteurinthepassageisusedto[A]predictthatthesecretofcancerwillbedisclosedinadecade.indicatethattheprospectsforcuringcancerarebright.EC]provethatcancerwillbecuredinfiftytosixtyyears.[D]warnthatthereisstillalongwaytogobeforecancercanbeconquered.(Þὃß⚪5à᪆2PasteurMᐵsᙠᦻ¨ᐜ¡ᑮPasteur·᧕sÁ᪵ä¤qᡠὃḄ«È஺ᵫ]æçᡠ▲séᦻêᨵÃëᡠᨵḄ«È(ìíî1994ïᐰñòὃß⚪Passaged஺ó*ᐰᦻsᜧõö÷ªøùöᑮÁÌúûḄüᜐḄ஺OᳮàÿᑮPasteurḄᐵ⍝ៜ⌕஺ᡠᫀ![D]஺%2CarsaccountforhalftheoilconsumedintheU.S.,abouthalftheurbanpollutionandonefourththegreenhousegases.Theytakeasimilartollofresourcesinotherindustrialnationsandinthecitiesofthedevelopingworld.Asvehicleusecontinuestoincreaseinthecomingdecade,theU.S.andothercountrieswillhavetodealwiththeseissuesorelsefaceunacceptableeconomic,health-relatedandpoliticalcosts.ItisunlikelythatoilpriceswillremainattheircurrentlowlevelorthatothernationswillacceptalargeandgrowingU.S.contributiontoglobalclimaticchange.ABឋ47.47FG12IJ

48Q8Fromthepassageweknowthattheincreaseduseofcarswill[A]consumehalfoftheoilproducedintheworld.haveseriousconsequencesforthewell-beingofallnations.[C]widenthegapbetweenthedevelopedanddevelopingcountries.[D]imposeanintolerableeconomicburdenonresidentsoflargecities.K᪆ᐵMN!increaseduseofcars,OPQঞSvehicleusecontinuestoincreaseTUVWXὃZᙠ\஺ঞ“^_Qᐸa_bcdedfg⌱iVᡈὅᜐᳮnop⚪Vᡈὅ☢sdtuvḄwxஹᏉ{|}~஺”ᫀ஺ஹW⌱⚗Q┯⌱⚗ḄᱯZᙠSVWḄ⌱⚗KV┯Ḅ⌱⚗᡾⚗஺Kn⌱⚗ḄᱯZ!⌕K⚪ὅḄ஺⚪ὅ!ḄbVẆ¡¢ᳮ£Vᨵ¥¦Ḅ⚪w§V¨S_ὃ©ḄQᱯZᨵª«¬ḄK஺noᱯZV!᜜_bᡠFᐹᜓḄ஺g⚪ὅ⚪°ᑮḄ±²³p⚪!⌱ᩞ஺ᦻ¶Ḅᩭ¸¹dº!»©»ḄᦟᩞVᡈὅ½¾¿gÀḄᦟÁQÂÃ⚪஺aÄ⌕Åὃ©d᧕eᑮḄஹdÇ៉Ḅஹdw«BḄᩞᧇS⌱i஺noᩞᧇᒹË_bḄÌÍᩖÏV|ÐḄÑÒBᱥ஺⚪⌕ὃ⇋ᑮᦻ¶⌕ᨵ²XḄFGV¨ÕÖ⚪ὃ©dº×Ø©Vᯠ×Ç៉ÚdÛ஺ᦻ¶⌕ᨵ²XḄÜ᦮ឋVᓽß!Ųàáᦻ¶᤺ãᩭḄ²äᑖVᐸæÚ⌕¨çèV⌕ᨵSév஺ᯠ~!WX⚪êAὃZJV²àᦻ¶ëὃ5⍝⚪VdºᡠᨵᑁíὃVn⌕WXὃîï஺ðḄñᑣ!ᦻ¶óôFὃó஺ᱯõ!S_»©d᧕ᳮKöᜐºᡂὃZ஺«ὃḄᒹËáFḄᳮKஹøùú¡ºû|üýᡈᦻ¶ḄSév஺ὃZWXö~V!ᑏKQuÿ᡾⚗஺ὅḄᱯ᝞1.⌱⚗Ḅᱯ⌱⚗Ḅᵨᣚᡈ!?ᨵ1=⌱⚗ᜧBCᵨ.ᦻḄ3ᡈ0᪀D1Usefulashalf-sleepingmightbe,it'sonlybeenfoundinbirdsandsuchwatermammalsasdolphins,whales,andseals.Perhapskeepingonesideofthebrainawakeallowsasleepinganimaltosurfaceoccasionallytoavoiddrowning.EFឋ:56.8IJ10.1=

49QWhilesleeping,somewatermammalstendtokeephalfawakeinorderto[A]alertthemselvestotheapproachingenemy.emergefromwaternowandthentobreathe.[C]besensitivetotheever-changingenvironment.[D]avoidbeingsweptawaybyrapidcurrents.lὃn⚪᪆ঝḄᦋᑏ+.ᦻstᫀ34vw᝞tᫀ%Ḅ34l▭yᦻ%34Ḅz&!஺tᫀ஺D2Weliveinasocietyinwhichthemedicinalandsocialuseofsubstancesdrugsispervasive:anaspirintoquietaheadache,somewinetobesociable,coffeetogetgoinginthemorning,acigaretteforthenerves.Whendothesesociallyacceptableandapparentlyconstructiveusesofasubstancebecomemisuses?Firstofall,mostsubstancestakeninexcesswillproducenegativeeffectssuchaspoisoningorintenseperceptualdistortions.Repeateduseofasubstancecanalsoleadtophysicaladdictionorsubstancedependence.Dependenceismarkedfirstbyanincreasedtolerance,withmoreandmoreofthesubstancerequiredtoproducethedesiredeffect,andthenbytheappearanceofunpleasantwithdrawalsymptomswhenthesubstanceisdiscontinued.EFឋ42.4IJ12QPhysicaldependenceoncertainsubstancesresultsfrom[A]uncontrolledconsumptionofthemoverlongperiodsoftime,exclusiveuseofthemforsocialpurposes.[C]quantitativeapplicationofthemtothetreatmentofdiseases.[D]carelessemploymentofthemforunpleasantsymptoms.lὃn⚪᪆টḄᦋᑏ+.ᦻstᫀ34-0᪀vw᝞%34vᦻ%34I஺tᫀ]஺D3

50Thereis,asRobertRubin,thetreasurysecretary,says,a"disjunction”betweenthemassofbusinessanecdotethatpointstoaleapinproductivityandthepicturereflectedbythestatistics.EFឋ37.8IJ12Q8Theofficialstatisticsonproductivitygrowth[A]excludetheusualreboundinabusinesscycle.fallshortofbusinessmen'santicipation.[C]meettheexpectationofbusinesspeople.[D]failtoreflectthetrueofeconomy.᪆•.ᦻstᫀ34-0᪀vw᝞1614569755.docPage17of20tᫀ34vᦻ%34ᓫ+⌕ὃ.ᦻ34ᔲᳮ஺tᫀ஺2=⌱⚗⚣Cᵨ.ᦻḄ3y0᪀ᩭ⊤7-.ᦻ8Ḅ;<+᝞Heisold.Heisnolongeryoung.0᪀>?+ᔲ>?+ὃὃ0᪀Ḅᳮ஺DExpertssuggestthatspeechstagesarereachedinafixedsequenceandataconstantage,buttherearecaseswherespeechhasstartedlateinachildwhoeventuallyturnsouttobeofhighIQ.Attwelveweeksababysmilesandmakesvowel-likesounds;attwelvemonthsheconspeaksimplewordsandunderstandsimplecommands;ateighteenmonthshehasavocabularyofthreetofiftywords.Atthreeheknowsabout1,000wordswhichhecanputintosentences,andatfourhislanguagediffersfromthatofhisparentsinstyleratherthangrammar.EFឋ73.2IJ8.0Q8Ifachildstartstospeaklaterthanothers,hewill[A]haveahighIQ.belessintelligent.[C]beinsensitivetoverbalsignals.

51[D]notnecessarilybebackward.lὃn⚪᪆জ¡¢£ᔲḄᦋᑏ+.ᦻstᫀ34vw᝞tᫀ]3⌱⚗.ᦻḄ¥¦ᡈ§¨¥¦s§¨ᡈ©ªsᱯ«Ḅᐵ⌕⊤®¯ªᱯ«Ḅ¥s+ᱯ«¯ªḄ°ឋ஺⚪±ὃ9v²ᳮ³´஺DTherearetwobasicwaystoseegrowth:oneasaproduct,theotherasaprocess.Peoplehavegenerallyviewedpersonalgrowthasanexternalresultorproductthatcaneasilybeidentifiedandmeasured.Theworkerwhogetsapromotion,thestudentwhosegradesimprove,theforeignerwholearnsanewlanguage—alltheseareexamplesofpeoplewhohavemeasurableresultstoshowfortheirefforts.EFឋ51.9IJ11.6Q:Apersonisgenerallybelievedtoachievepersonalgrowthwhen[A]hehasgivenuphissmokinghabit.hehasmadegreateffortsinhiswork.[C]heiskeenonlearninganythingnew.[D]hehastriedtodeterminewhereheisonhisjourney.lὃn⚪᪆⚪%generallyᐵ»3+-ঝ%generally8஺ঝ“½¾¿À¯½Ḅᡂ᜜ᙠḄᡂÄᡈÅᱥ+Ç᧕ÉÊs⊝BḄ”+tᫀÍÎÏᔠ“᜜ᙠ”ஹ“᧕ÉÊs⊝B”ªᱯÑ஺[A]"Ó½ᡄÕ"+Õᡄ᧕ÉÊḄஹ᜜ᙠḄ“ᡂÄ”+-“ᓣ×”Ø8:+°Ùᱯ«ḄÚÛ஺ᦑ[A]஺4⌱⚗.ᦻIḄᓫᓄ!IᡠᨵὃnÍὃḄᑁÇ஺IàᡠáIᨵâ☢Ḅ.ãA0᪀äᩖæ⊤7çèæC3I஺ᡠáéê⚪ëìíîḼIðᦻñ+¿CᵨᓫḄ0᪀ᡈ34Iðòóஹᐹ¦Ḅ!஺D1Whethertheeyesare“thewindowsofthesoul“isdebatable,thattheyareintenselyimportantininterpersonalcommunicationisafact.Duringthefirst

52twomonthsofababy'slife,thestimulusthatproducesasmile.Significantly,arealhumanfacewitheyescoveredwillnotmotivateasmile,norwillthesightofonlyoneeyewhenthefaceispresentedinprofile.Thisattractiontoeyesasopposedtothenoseormouthcontinuesasthebabymatures.Inonestudy,whenAmericanfour-year-oldswereaskedtodrawpeople,75percentofthemdrewpeoplewitheyes.InJapan,however,wherebabiesarecarriedontheirmother'sback,infantsdonotacquireasmuchattachmenttoeyesastheydoinothercultures.Asaresult,Japaneseadultsmakelittleuseofthefaceeithertoencodeordecodemeaning.Infact,Argylerevealsthattheproperplacetofocusone'sgazeduringaconversationinJapanisontheneckofone'sconversationpartner.EFឋ58.1IJ10.6Q:Babieswillnotbestimulatedtosmilebyaperson[A]whosefrontviewisfullyperceived.whosefaceiscoveredwithamask.[C]whosefaceisseenfromtheside.[D]whosefaceisfreeofanycovering.᪆þ⚪ὃটḄᳮ஺ᱯÊpresentedinprofile஺profileÿḄ
“☢"ᡠ[C]whoscfaceisseenfromtheside”☢!”"#஺%2Butmyownworrytodayislessthatoftheoverwhelmingproblemofelementalliteracythanitisoftheslightlymoreluxuriousproblemofthedeclineintheskillevenofthemiddle-classreader,ofhisunwillingnesstoaffordthosespacesofsilence,thoseluxuriesofdomesticityandtimeandconcentration,thatsurroundtheimageoftheclassicactofreading.Ithasbeensuggestedthatalmost80percentofAmerica/sliterate,educatedteenagerscannolongerreadwithoutanaccompanyingnoise9music:inthebackgroundoratelevisionscreenflickeringatthecorneroftheirfieldofperception.Weknowverylittleaboutthebrainandhowitdealswithsimultaneousconflictinginput,buteverycommonsenseintuitionsuggestsweshouldbeprofoundlyalarmed.Thisviolationofconcentration,silence,solitudegoestotheveryheartofournotionofliteracy;thisnewformofpart-reading,ofpart-reading,ofpart-perceptionagainstbackgrounddistraction,rendersimpossiblecertainessentialactsofapprehensionandconcentration,letalonethatmostimportanttributeanyhumanbeingcanpaytopoemorapieceofproseheorshereallyloves,whichistolearnitbyheart.Notbybrain,byheart;theexpressionisvital.9?@ឋB35.7FGB12I:

531.Theauthor?sbiggestconcernis[A]elementaryschoolchildren'sdisinterestinreadingclassics.thesurprisinglylowrateofliteracyintheU.S.[C]themusicalsettingAmericanreadersrequireforreading.[D]thereadingabilityandreadingbehaviorofthemiddleclass.2.Amajorproblemwithmostadolescentswhocanreadis[A]theirfondnessofmusicandTVprograms.theirignoranceofvariousformsofartandliterature.[C]theirlackofattentivenessandbasicunderstanding.1714569755.docPage18of20[D]theirinabilitytofocusonconflictinginput.V᪆B1.X⚪ὃ[\জḄᳮV஺_`ab62c
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54ὃḄᑁ⚪ᨵ!"Theauthorquotes„because„;theauthorquotes„toillustrate,,#Creativethinkingmaymeansimplytherealizationthat'snoparticularvirtueindoingthingsthewaytheyhavealwaysbeendone,“wroteRudolphFlesch,alanguageauthority,thisaccountsforourreactiontoseeminglysimpleinnovationslikeplasticgarbagebagsandsuitcasesonwheelsthatmakelifemoreconvenient:"Howcomenobodythoughtofthatbefore?vThecreativeapproachbeginswiththepropositionthatnothingisasitappears.Innovatorswillnotacceptthatthereisonlyonewaytodoanything.FacedwithgettingfromAtoB,theaveragepersonwillautomaticallysetoutonthebest-knownandapparentlysimplestroute.Theinnovatorwillsearchforalternatecourses,whichmayproveeasierinthelongrunandareboundtobemoreinterestingandchallengingeveniftheyleadtodeadends.$%&ឋ"473()"12*+Q8TheauthorquotesRudolphFleschinparagraph1because[A]RudolphFleschisbest-knownexpertinthestudyofhumancreativity.thequotationstrengthenstheassertionthatcreativeindividualslookfornewwaysofdoingthings.[C]thereaderisfamiliarwithRudolphFlesch,spointofview.[D]thequotationaddsanewideatotheinformationpreviouslypresented.$,ὃ-⚪+.᪆"0123"“5⌼ឋḄ789:;;<ᕡḼ?@ᑮᢥCDEFGᨵHIJKḄLM”OPQḄR1“5⌼ឋ78STU0᪵PWX⚪"PᑗZ[\J]⊤_`ᩭḄa᪵஺☩cde?fDghE\JiᨵP!jk஺”l0mᔠὃ⇋%pqὅᵨRudolphiJsftu•wḄᓽ5cὅyKzDEḄcjk0{|ᐰP~஺⌱⚗ḄO☢ḄWᱯὃẆḄ(஺0ᱯyḄᱯᫀᐹᨵ)ᭆឋஹឋஹyឋஹឋᳮឋ஺0ᡈ:ὃẆfHI*(Ḅ஺6=⌱⚗ᦻ¡#ᡈE,Ḅy#1

55Givenallthesedisadvantages,centralbankersseemtohavehadmuchtoboastaboutoflate.Averageinflationinthebigsevenindustrialeconomiesfelltoamere2.3%lastyear,closetoitslowestlevelin30years,beforerisingslightlyto2.5%thisJuly.Thisisalongwaybelowthedouble-digitrateswhichmanycountriesexperiencedinthe1970sandearly1980s.Itisalsolessthanmostforecastershadpredicated.Inlate1994thepanelofeconomistswhichTheEconomistpollseachmonthsaidthatAmerica,sinflationratewouldaverage3.5%in1995.Infact,itfellto2.6%inAugust,andexpectedtoaverageonlyabout3%fortheyearsasawhole.InBritainandJapaninflationisrunninghalfaPercentagepointbelowtheratepredictedattheendoflastyear.Thisisnoflashinthepan;overthepastcoupleofyears,inflationhasbeenconsistentlylowerthanexpectedinBritainandAmerica.$%&ឋ"49()"10.9*+Q"Fromthepassagewelearnthat[A]thereisadefiniterelationshipbetweeninflationandinterestrates,economywillalwaysfollowcertainmodels.[C]theeconomicsituationisbetterthanexpected.[D]economistshadforeseenthepresenteconomicsituation.$,ὃ-⚪+.᪆"mᔠÖ⚪஺0QFJ(ᨵᜧØᦪÚÛ⚪ὃÜ0ᦪÚ%Ý`HI஺Þß1àáâã᳛åᑮt2.3%;Þæ1"0$çâã᳛+èᦪéêd⚜ìḄí⌕çmᔠ0Pᑗ%ÝÖ"éï⚜ðḄ⌕ñ஺ᦑ[C]஺#2OnehundredandthirteenmillionAmericanshaveatleastonebank-issuedcreditcard.Theygivetheirownersautomaticcreditinstores,restaurants,andhotels,athome,acrossthecountry,andevenabroad,andtheymakemanybankingservicesavailableaswell.Moreandmoreofthesecreditcardscanbereadautomatically,makingitpossibletowithdrawordepositmoneyinscatteredlocations,whetherofnotthelocalbranchbankisopen.Formanyofusthe“cashlesssocietyvisnotonthehorizon-it,salreadyhere.$%&ឋ"45.3()"12*+Q"Accordingtothepassage,thecreditcardenablesitsownerto[A]withdrawasmuchmoneyfromthebankashewishes.obtainmoreconvenientservicesthanotherpeopledo.

56[C]enjoygreatertrustfromthestorekeeper.[D]cashmoneywhereverhewishesto.$,ὃ-⚪+.᪆"÷ঝஹঞᭆúᵨᓱüᢝᓱὅᐸ
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ᜧḄ,-”ᦻ/01234᣸◀஺73Foralongperiodoftimeandinmanypartsofthecountry,atravelerwasawelcomebreakinanotherwisedullexistence.Dullnessandlonelinesswerecommonproblemsofthefamilieswhogenerallyliveddistantfromoneanother,strangersandtravelerswerewelcomesourcesofdiversion,andbroughtnewsoftheoutsideworld.STឋ:54.2Z[\10.2_`Q\Familiesinfrontiersettlementsusedtoentertainstrangers[A]toimprovetheirhardlife.inviewoftheirlong-distancetravel.[C]toaddsomeflavortotheirowndailylife.ED]outofacharitableimpulse.Sdὃf⚪`h᪆\ᜧj\klmnopqᙠstlᙢvwxὅḄᑮᩭz{|ᓫ~nḄ~⁚஺ஹlḄᩭᙠḄ⚪஺wxὅ|Ḅᩭ⍧¡¢£p¤ᩭ᜜☢§¨Ḅ,©஺ª«ᙢ¬Ḅ|S®`᝞°±²j³|Ḅ´µ¶ᡠ¸[C]஺[A]“jᦋᗐ|Ḅ⁎¼”½ᐸd“ᵫ®ÀmḄw⌶”Âᑗ஺7`⌱⚗oÆ/Ç/ᜧᡈὅÊË/ÇḄÌÍÎÏ711814569755.docPage19of20Fewpeopledoubtthefundamentalimportanceofmothersinchildrearing,butwhatdofathersdo?Muchofwhattheycontributeissimplytheresultofbeingasecondadultinthehome.Bringingupchildrenisdemanding,stressfulandexhausting.Twoadultscansupportandmakeupforeachother'sstrengths.STឋ\65.7Z[\7.7_`

57Q8Theparagraphpointsoutthatoneoftheadvantagesofafamilywithbothparentsis[A]husbandandwifecansharehousework.twoadultsarealwaysbetterthanone.[C]thefundamentalimportanceofmotherscanbefullyrecognized.[D]husbandandwifecancompensateforeachother,sshortcoming.h᪆\ÙoḄÚ⚪Û᝕ÝÞ/ßàᡈ᱄àḄâᵨ᝞äåvæçᢝ¸è⊡vḄê◍஺ª[D]“ìᝣæ⊡îï°êð”oÆ/ÇḄᭆòᔠ⚪஺[A]“ìᝣᐳ£õö÷”“øÎùnøú”û᪷ýþÿ⌼Ḅ⌱⚗ᔠᳮ⚗“┯⌱⚗Ḅᱯ”⁚[C]“Ḅ⌕ឋᑮᐙᑖ#”⊤%ᱏ☢஺)2Levinwouldnotcommentonthedebatelastweek,butthereweresignsthatthechairmanwasbackingoffhishardline-stand,atleastosomeextent.DuringthediscussionofrocksingingversesatlastmonthTsstockholdersmeeting,Levinassertedthatumusicisnotthecauseofsociety,sills”andevencitedhisson,ateacherintheBronx,NewYork,whousesraptocommunicatewithstudents.Buthetalkedaswellaboutthe“balancedstruggle“betweencreativefreedomandsocialresponsibility,andheannouncedthatthecompanywouldlaunchadrivetodevelopstandardsfordistributionandlabelingofpotentiallyobjectionablemusic.*ឋ+39.2,-+12.Q:Infaceoftherecentattacksonthecompany,thechairman[A]stucktoastrongstandtodefendfreedomofexpression.softenedhistoneandadoptedsomenewpolicy.[C]changedhisattitudeandyieldedtoobjection.[D]receivedmoresupportfromthe15-memberboard./᪆+জᵫ34ᕜ67Ḅ8᡻Levin:;<=>?@஺ঞLevinABCDEFGH:IJKLMHḄNOᑴQᔜS6TU᪗WḄ᪗X஺YᔠZ[\]^“Levin_U`abcdefghi”jk஺[A]jM᎔m┯[C]nḄo-pq`Levinrst3uᦋw᝱-yz3H{[D]|}s~஺

588jk⌱⚗ᦻᦻḄ]ᳮ)Kitcherisaphilosopher,andthismayaccount,inpart,fortheclarityandeffectivenessofhisarguments.Thenon-specialistwillbeabletoobtainatleastanotionofthesortsofdataandargumentthatsupportevolutionarytheory.Thefinalchapterinthecreationistswillbeextremelycleartoall.Onthedustjacketofthisfinebook,StephenJayGouldsays:"Thisbookstandsforreasonitself."Andsoitdoes-andallwouldbewellwerereasontheonlyjudgeinthecreationism/evolutiondebate.*ឋ+57.2,-+9.6.Q:Fromthepassagewecaninferthat[A]reasoninghasplayedadecisiveroleinthedebate.creationistsdonotbasetheirargumentonreasoning.[C]evolutionarytheoryistoodifficultfornon-specialists.[D]creationismissupportedbyscientificfindings./᪆+¶·+¸ᑗº»¼½¾Z¿À:ÁᑖnÂÃḄ?|ᡠÂkÅᨵnzG஺ÇÈÉKÊËṹ`/ÍᢝÏᓄ|ḄᔜSᦪ}UÒÓ஺ᐵ3Õ⌼|ὅḄᨬØÙHÚÛKᩭnÝ▊ß᩽áâã஺ZÁäåæçḄèé4êᵨ`ì™î.ᩲ.ðºñḄòó“ô⊤Ḅᳮឋ”஺Ḅk——᝞÷ᳮឋÕ⌼|UÏᓄ|ø8Ḅùúᑨᑗü⚪þÿ
஺ᨬᨵ᎔᪀ḄᣚᡂIfreasonweretheonlyjudgeinthecreationism/evolutiondebate,allwouldbewell.89:⌼<=ᳮឋḄᦑA஺2.C᡾⚗ḄᱯG┯I⌱⚗KLC᡾⚗KMN◍▟Q⚪ὅTUVQ⚪WXYḄZ[\M஺]┯⌱⚗Ḅᑖ᪆`abcdᩭfgA⌱⚗hᨵij஺klᙠn▭p⚪qὃspḄᜧuᑖvw᣸◀z┯I⌱⚗஺ᨵq{⚪|Uᙠ}⌱⚗~ὃs⍝ᫀᙠ}⌱⚗Uᑨ9┯Ḅ஺ḄᩭfC᡾⚗`ᑁ}☢ὃs஺ᯠ᪵ᨵḄ஺Q⚪ὅᙠ┯I⌱⚗q¡ᜧ¢£Ḅ¤¥ᨵᕖ§✌ᐜªᎷḄfᡂ¬Ḅᡠ®¯Ꮇ°¬ᐸ²¬¬ᎷᎷnnᡠ®ᣵᒹµ²ᜲᜧᐸ·ᡈ¯¹ᭆᐰ¼½ª¾¿fᡂᮣÁᝯü½ÄfᮣÁᝯÃ᪷ÆÇÈᙠ஺]C᡾⚗Ḅ]Éᨵ¯Ê7b

591.ᔠᳮ⚗ᦻÎUÏÐᑮᑭᵨsÔÕ⌼QᩭḄ⌱⚗Ö஺]Ép⚪Ç×Ø£ÙᑗÛ⌕`ᦻUÝÞß஺ᙠàáḄâãÊ“⚗Ç”஺2.9ÎæjçᵨᦻÎUQèḄ·ᡈéêḄ᪀ë⌼஺]Éì·í]Ḅîឋíï஺3.ïðw┯I⌱⚗ìᦻñò᪵ᙠóôõᜐp[÷ᦋðñï·çùiúìᦻÇàû஺]ÉüóüóµüóýÇþ⌕ÿᜧ
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60areseekingareturntotheprewaremphasisonmoraleducation.LastyearMitsuoSetoyams,whowastheneducationminister,raisedeyebrowswhenhearguedthatliberalreformsintroducedbytheAmericanoccupationauthoritiesafterWorldWarIIhadweakenedthewJapanesemoralityofrespectforparents.”ButthatmayhavemoretodowithJapaneselife-styles."InJapan,“sayseducatorYokoMuro,"it'sneveraquestionofwhetheryouenjoyyourjobandyourlife,butonlyhowmuchyoucanendure."Witheconomicgrowthhascomecentralization;fully76percentofJapan's1191914569755.docPage20of20millioncitizensliveincitieswherecommunityandtheextendedfamilyhavebeenabandonedinfavorofisolated,twogenerationhouseholds.UrbanJapanesehavelongenduredlengthycommutes(travelstoandfromwork)andcrowdedlivingconditions,butastheoldgroupandfamilyvaluesweaken,thediscomfortisbeginningtotell.Inthepastdecade,theJapanesedivorcerate,whilestillwellbelowthatoftheUnitedStates,hasincreasedbymorethan50percent,andsuicideshaveincreasedbynearlyone-quarter.(¶·ឋ34.9ºG12»)1.IntheWesterner'seyes,thepostwarJapanwas[A]underaimlessdevelopment,apositiveexample.[C]arivaltotheWest.[D]onthedecline.2.Accordingtotheauthor,whatmaychieflyberesponsibleforthemoraldeclineofJapanesesociety?[A]Women'sparticipationinsocialactivitiesislimited.Moreworkersaredissatisfiedwiththeirjobs.[C]Excessiveemphasishasbeenplacedonthebasics.[D]Thelife-stylehasbeeninfluencedbyWesternvalues.3.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtotheauthor?[A]Japaneseeducationispraisedforhelpingtheyoungclimbthesocialladder.Japaneseeducationischaracterizedbymechanicallearningaswellascreativity.

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