托福听力真题高频短语

《托福听力真题高频短语》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在教育资源-天天文库。

ᡲ
ὃ⚪⚣1.achangeofpace⁚ᣚYoucan'tdothesechemistryexperimentsalldaylong.Youcertainlyneedachangeofpace.2.afarcryfromThepublishedbookisfarcryfromtheearlymanuscript.3.andhowḄAShe

1AI'vejustseentheX-raysandyourteethlookjustfine,BIsee.Thenthereisnothingtoworryaboutafterall.11.allergicto-I......."2Ohman!Somethinginthisroomismakingmyeyesitch.Imustbeallergictosomething.12.atsb'sservice34567Iamatyourserviceatanytime.13.aroundtheclock248'9Marthastudiedaroundtheclockformanagementexam.14.asfarasIknow:ᡃᡠ=15.athomewith-.....?@៉Sheisathomewithproblemslikethis.16.backout1⌨CAWasn4Bertsupposedtosingtonight?BYes,buthebackedoutatlastminute2'DEShefinallybackedoutofherpromise.17.becutoutforᜩG〉ᔠI'mnotcutouttobeahero.18.beabsorbedinShehasbeenabsorbedinahorrorfiction.Ican'ttearheraway.

219.beaddictedto-...KLShehasbeenaddictedtodrugsforyears.20.beattachedto-...ᨵNOAI'mamazedthatyouarestilldrivingthatoldcarofyours.Ithoughtyouwouldhavegottenridofityearsago.BItrunswellandI'veactuallybeenquiteattachedtoit.21.backup1)PQThesubwayisrunningbehindschedule,andtrafficisbackedupforblocks.Idon'tknowifwe'11makethe630show.2)RᢝI'llbackitup.22.beboundforᑮ...ᙢUThebusisboundforNewEngland.23.be(feel)myselfVᑮWᡃI'mfeelingmyselfagain.24.beburnedupGXShewasreallyburnedupatthenews.25.behardupforI'mhardupforclothes,butIhavealotofbooks.1.becutoutforᜩG〉ᔠI'mnotcutouttobeahero.

32.beabsorbedinShehasbeenabsorbedinahorrorfiction.Ican'ttearheraway.3.beaddictedto-..KLShehasbeenaddictedtodrugsforyears.4.beattachedto-..ᨵNOAI'mamazedthatyouarestilldrivingthatoldcarofyours.Ithoughtyouwouldhavegottenridofityearsago.BItrunswellandI'veactuallybeenquiteattachedtoit.5.backup1)PQThesubwayisrunningbehindschedule,andtrafficisbackedupforblocks.Idon'tknowifwe'llmakethe630show.2)RᢝI'llbackitup.6.beboundforY..ᙢUThebusisboundforNewEngland.7.be(feel)myselfVYWᡃI'mfeelingmyselfagain.8.beburnedupGXShewasreallyburnedupatthenews.9.behardupforI'mhardupforclothes,butIhavealotofbooks.

410.beheadandshouldersaboveZ[\Incalculus,Joeisheadandshouldersabovehisclassmates.ll.beinthedarkℳᙠ_`ADoyouhaveanyideawhathisnoticeisabout?BI

5Tomjustcalledforyou.B,⚜wTheforecastcallsforheavyrainagaintonight.Aren'tyougladwe'11begettingawayfromthisforaweek?C,It'sprobablyinthenewpartoftown.We'11havetocallfordirections.5.callitaday:xyzArmreallygladourclubdecidestoraisemoneyforthechildren'shospital,andmostofthepeoplewe'vephonedseemedhappytocontribute.BYeahIagree.Nowwe'vegonethroughallthenumbersonourlistnow,soIguesswecancallitaday.6.cashthecheckᐟ|RἠHaveyoursistercashedherpaycheck?7.clearoffᦈ᦮ᳮIt'sabouttimeweclearoffthedesk.8.comedown
M,ᩭTheheavyrainiscomingdown,now.9.comeinfirstintheraceNotonlydidJillcomeinfirstintheracebutshealsohadherbestrunningtimeoftheseason.

610.comewhatmay'᪵We'11pickyouuptomorrowateight,comewhatmay.11.costsomebodyanarmandalegADidyouseethediamondringBillgavetoLinda?BIsuredid.Itmusthavecosthimanarmandaleg.12.cutitoutᘂItoldyoutocutitout.13.becutoutforGᩭ...ḄDr.Hamiltondoesn'tfeelLarryiscutoutforthemedicalprofession.14.departmentchairIdidn'twritethatmemotothedepartmentchair.1.dirtcheapAYou'vealreadyfurnishedyourapartment?Brvefoundsomeusedfurniturethatwasdirtcheap.2.dowithᵨ....ᔠ;dowithoutᨵ...EYoucandowithyourgirlfriend.Youcandowithoutyourgirlfriend3.fallbackonAWereyouabletounderstandthatFrenchnovelwithoutanyhelpfromtheteacher?BIdidprettywell,butIhadtofallbackonmydictionary

7occasionally.4.fillaprescriptionᢥᜐUᢕ¡Wouldyoupleasefillthisprescriptionforme?5.fillinfor¢£¤¥¦fillone'splace(position,shoes);taketheplaceof;takeoverSay,Dave,canyoufillinformetonightattherestaurant?I'dliketogooutoftown.6.foodforthought§5¨ὃḄ©ª;¥¦thought-provokingThereisalotfoodforthoughtinwhathehadtosay.7.fornothing«¬Topaytoseethatmoviewouldbefoolish,whenyoucanseeitonTVfornothing.8.fromtoptobottomKᑮAMaybeyoulostyourwalletinthisroom.Brvesearcheditfromtoptobottom.......9.getofonthewrongfoot®¯°O:┯cIgotoffonthewrongfoot,andIdon?thaveanyideawhichwaytoturnnow.10.getalotoutofsomething..²ᑮ?\Thetrainingprogramwasdifficult,butshegotalotoutofit.11.getat³´DoyouunderstandwhatVmgettingat?12.getawaywith-....᤮ῃ·¸

8ADidyouknowthatBobisleavingforhometonight?Heisn'tplanningtotakehisfinalexams.BHecan'tgetawaywiththat13.getgoing¹ºE»¤¥¦getmovingAItlookslikewewon'thaveenoughtimetodoallwewantedto.BWhosayswewon't?let'sgetgoing1.getonone'snerve¼½45¾¿cAWhydidyoucometothemeetinglate?Ileftamessagewithyourroommateaboutthetimechange.BShehasaveryshortmemoryanditreallygetsonmynervesometimes.2.getstartedon®¯Weshouldgetstartedontheproject.3.gettimeofffromworkÀÁÂÃOh,soshewasabletogettimeofffromthework.4.givecredibilitytoÄAdidyouhearaboutJim?BIwouldn'tgivethatrumoranycredibility.5.goeasyonÅÆ-ÇWell,sinceit'syourfirstandonlyticket,thejudgewillprobablygoeasyonyou.

96.goinoneearandouttheotherὡᩏÊὡᩏCWell,youknowMike,everythingJsinoneearandouttheother.7.gojoggingËÌÍAreyoureadytogojogging?8.gotoone'shead45WÎAHaveyounoticedhowJohn,schangedsincehebecamestudentgovernmentpresident?BIthinkthewholethinghasgonetohishead,andheusedtobesosociableandopen.9.gotthetimeÏÐcAGotthetime?BIt'salittleafterten.10.graduationannouncementsÑÒᐺÔÕÖHaveyouorderedyourgraduationannouncements?11.graonabout×ឌHowcomeMichael?salwaysgroaningaboutsomething?12.guestlecturerÙÚᦟᣴTheonlypersonwhounderstoodtheguestlecturerwastheprofessor.13.hand-me-down〈Ḅ©ªAWhatagorgeousjacket.Itmusthavecostafortune.

10BNotatall.It?sahand-me-down.14.handdown᧕᝞àáLeewonthechessmatchhandsdown.15.haveawaywithâãBonniereallyhasawaywithwords.16.havehaditwithᜐäI'vehaditwithbeingsickinbed.I'vereadmostofthesemagazinestwice.17.headandshouldersaboveC[\Incomputerprogramming,Susanisheadandshouldersabovetherestofus.18.hitthespotsᱯæZThislemonadesurehitsthespots.19.holdthegrudgeçèAIwishIhadn'thurtMary'sfeelingslikethat.YouknowInevermeantto.BThegreatthingaboutMaryisthatshedoesn'tholdthegrudge.20.Ihavenoideawhichwaytoturnᡃ'=⍝êëì1.Ihaveseenworseᡃí"îïḄinadvanceð*;¥¦beforehand,aheadoftimeIt'sareallyniceapartment.Buttheownerswanttwo-monthrent

11inadvanceandIjustdon'thaveit.2.incase
,Let'stakeoursuitsalongincasethesuncomesout.3.innexttonotimeñKAAreyougoingtobeusingthecopyingmachinelong?Br11bethroughinnexttonotime.4.intheredòóà¦intheblack5.intheworksôᙠõᜓ▤øAnadvancedcourseintheoreticalchemistryistheworks.6.keeptooneselfI'mamazedthatyoustillhaven'tgottentoknowyourneighbors.7.killtimeù¬Gosh,whatcanwedotokillthenext10hours?8.leave,•,uptosomebodyWe'11havetoleavethedecisionuptohim.9.letterofrecommendationú₞Ä;letterofreferenceú₞Ä10.lookonthebrightsidesofthingsü°ᱥḄᐝÿ☢nokidding
ᔳ11.onthetipofone'stongueᙠAAreyousureyoucan'trememberthenameofthatrecord?BIt'sjustonthetipofmytongue!14quittingtime

12rmgladit'salmostquittingtime.12.takeitoverDonfailedphysicsandhadtotakeitover.13.thannecessaryḄ⌕Thelabwascoolerthannecessary.14.That'seasersaidthandone.ᩭ᧕ᩭ15.Thereisnothingtoit.!"#᧕Icanrunthisprojector.There'sreallynothingtoit.16.withflyingcolorsᡂ%AHowdidEllendoonherAmericanHistoryexam?BShepassedwithflyingcolors.17.Youcanbetyourlife&ᯠAWillProf.Smithcometoclassontime?BYoucanbetyourlife.ᡲ)*+,-./Ḅ01231.apickyeaterᔛ5ᢧᒆ892.appleofone'seye:᰿89<ᡈᱥ?,AB3.thecoldshoulderCD9E4.aslipofthetongueFG5.abitterpilltoswallowHIJ6.anappleadaykeepsthedoctorawayKᜩKMNJ"
ᵨP

13QR<-ᔛSJᨵUᏉW?7.apieceofcake᧕ḄX<
Yᔿᮞ8+?8.asfitasafiddle\-ᏉW9.abigappetite]F#^10.anadventurouseaterᜧ`Ḅab11.bringhomethebaconᢳdef12.biteoffmorethanyoucanchewghiᔛ

146.eatlikeahorseᔛª#h7.gotopiecesẚ«"¬"®«8.goDutchᔜ°ᔜḄd9.gettheaxe:s±²,s◀10.goinoneearandouttheother*v´
᯿¶"·ὡᩏº»ὡᩏ.11.getcarriedawayª¼¦½"ᜫ¿ᳮÁ12.givesomebodyaringÂD9ᡭᵯÅ13.givesomebodyahandÆÇD914.haveyourcakeandeatitÈÉÊË̪15.holdyourhorsesÍ᠒"ÏKÏ16.highanddryÐD9◍ᐭÓ᛻17.hitthehay¿ṑÖ18.behotandbotheredᯖ⇋"
Ù19.haveone'shandsfull#20.havecoldfeetÚÛ1.hittheroof#RÜ2.HisnameringsabelÝÞ*ßᩭ#à3.haveaheartofgold®^"^94.inthewinkofaneyeKḰ£%â"#ã5.tojumpthegunäåmæ"ç┯G6.keepastraightface᤮.êᾓ☢ì.îï


157.keepone'sfingerscrossedðñᢣ"òó^ô8.keepaneyeonsomeoneᶇ®"ᶇ¼9.tokickthebucketö10.toknockyourteethoutᡭ911.lookforaneedleinahaystack÷ᜧøù┐K᪵Ó12.toletthecatoutofthebagü☄þÿ13.toletone'shairdown
,14.theleastofmyworries⌕Ḅ᫕15.eatone'swordsᦈḄ16.afishoutofwater᝞ᨵᨵ!17.tofacethemusic"ᦢᙢ☢&'(18.makeamonkeyoutofᘀ*+*19.makeeyesat〈-./0120.makeone'smouthwater23ᚖ5678ᔛ21.makeorbreak:;ᡂ=Ḅᐵ?@A22.musictoone'searsBὡḄDEFG23.makehaywhilethesunshinesHIᡭK;@LM24.makesometimeNO@PᢴO@P25.meeteachotherhalfwayRSTUᔜWX26.MylegshavefallenasleepYZ[ᩈ27.makeanightofit]^_

1628.makeheadsortailsofit*`a*bcdeᵨᙠhiḄjklᡲnὃpqrsᜓuvbreakone5sbackwxyzbeallears{ὡ|qbealleyes}~awetblanket3Ḅ3twothumbsupYᡂabreathoffreshair23ὡ}Ḅ3Achilles'heelឋḄᴟchipin=contributemoneyᣎpullone'sleg=teasesomeone3goforasong=besoldverycheaplyᓬabigshot=animportantpersonᜧΊᜧselllikehotcakes=sellverywellorveryquicklyᵹ├getbutterfliesinonefsstomach=getnervous!betheappleofone?seye=beveryprecioustosb.¡¢twenty-fourseven=24hoursaday,7daysaweek=allthetime£¤¥backroomboys¦§¨©beyondcompareª«ḄᨬḄbreakeven®¯

17bythebook᯿±²asclearasabell`acleartheair³◀µMcometoterms¶ᡂU·cutcorners¸ᣩºdo'sanddon't's»¼½facethemusic☢&¿Àcastlesinthesky/airÁÂÃ▁castacloudoverÅÆÇℳÉ▢ËshedcrocodiletearsᎷÍÎÏᎷ᠄Ñbelowthemark=notmeasureupÒÓᔠÕbucketdown=rainveryheavilyÖÅᜧ×fairandsquareØᜧᐝbḄaknockoutÚ3Û}arainyday᝞ÜḄÝÞasmodassb.ß3᪵@áatone'sfinger'stipsâ᝞ᢣäatsixesandsevensåæLḄbackseatdriverᢣᑜèḄ3biteone'sheadoffᜧéêëblacksheepìÞ᝕gettheballrolling2îïéð

18firstthingsfirstᐜò⌕ḄamanoffewwordsóôõöḄ3allthumbs÷÷èḄ;ùúḄantsinone'spants(skirt)ᙶü!forgiveandforgetýþÿ
blowone'stop᝼breaktheiceᡭẚ;ᡭẚbringdownthehousebuyyourstoryḄcallitadayᜩᑮcoldfish⏙"#Ḅ$capitalidea%&'daylightrobbery()*ᑮ+,darkhorse-.;/dirtydogᓧ⎟2$dearJonesletter34breakone'sneck5ᡭ67;89:;?@burnaholeinone'spocketA)᝞CDflattireEFᡭGfromAtoZHᜮᑮJgoonthehorseK6Lᔳ

19Godknowsᜩ᧽OgonewiththewindPQRSgreatmindsthinkalike!TUᡠWᶍY஺happygolucky[ᜩ\haveabigmouth]Ḅ$haveitbothwaysᩗ⊝`a☢havetimeoffcᎷhavewordswithsb.eghitoftheshow⊤ijᨬFlḄ6mhitthehighspotsnᑮoDphitthesackṑrgoodfornothings"ᵨᜐḄholdone'stonguevᢝI.O.U=Ioweyouᡃy
z{inhotwater⍗ᑮ}~inthehole⍗ᑮinthelongrunHᩭ;inthesoap⍗ᑮ}~keepone'shead╋keepone'sshirtonᡭkeeppunchingkickoff;<

20knockitoffletthecatoutofthebagletnaturetakeitscourseᐸᯠKnockonwood.¢Ἥ¤
¥¦§¨ᔡᑭ.killtwobirdswithonestone6¬®lousycliches▰°±²makeahit³Qᜮoffcolor´µ¶masterkey·¸¹ᓇ;ᐵ¼neckandneckᑖ¾nosweatE¿⚪;ᵨᑈÂoddsandendsÃÄḄÅÆmakemymouthwaterÇᡃᚖÉonpinsandneedles᝞ᙶ┐Ìneedother'sshoulderÍÎOᑮ;$ḄÏ᠚Nomoney,nohoney.Eᨵ)ÒÓᨵ᰿#onceinabluemoonÕÖO;3"×ᨵpackedlikesardinesØᢴOÚÛÜÝÞᜮ6᪵likeacatonhotbricksà┡¾Ḅ⇪⇩likeaturtleonitsbackä<#å"æpastmasterᢈèFéḄ$pipecourseê᧕ḄìíᡈÅÆ

21pullalongfaceïῊñrainorshineòᨒôsidemoney᜛öKsecondsight÷$Ḅ⚜Wputsb.inthering;$ù6úrowinoneboatH<Y<û;Y9üroyalroadê᧕ýOᡂÿḄᣩrunofthetownḄsaltoftheearth/worldshoeisontheotherfoot᧖painintheneck᩽Ḅᡈᱥplainsailing—;᧕!potcallingthekettleblack"ᓝ$%&$sixthsense'()talkbig*ᜧ,sugarreport-.slowlybutsurely/0/ᡭspillthebeans☄34steponone'stoes5᝼7Sundaydressᨬ9Ḅ⊟;takeFrenchleave<=speakthesamelanguage>⍝ᔠ

22standonone'sownfeetABDEtakeabackseatᜐGHHIJḄᙢLtakeone'shatoffto⊤NOPQ;takethingsastheycomeRᩭᑣUTakeitorleaveit.=VWVXYYZ[\]stayoutO.P.B/otherpeople'sbusiness⌕_=Ḅ`!talkofthetownabcdḄeftalkthroughone'snoseghDᜧtallstoryijklḄᦑ!bethespiritnᨵ⍝ᳮ.throwcoldwateronrstTom,DickandHarryuḄ;vwḄturnthetablesxyz{underthesun|}~ᙢvisitJohn~ᔓᡠwalkingdictionaryḄwelcometothepartyᙠ\What'sthecatch?\WheninRomedoastheRomansdoᐭ[whitelieᗐḄwithopenarmswithoutfail

23yes-man¡¡¢¢Ḅbeallwet£ᐰ┯getnosayIᩗ§,gotmetherei¨ᡃleavesb.inthecold.ª«7¬ᐶThat'syourstory!®\¯Ḅstickwithsb°±Ḽ7putoneselftogether!³´µIt'sano-no!¶¶·Suitmefine!ª〉ᔠᡃTimewilltell!¹º»ᑗsameoldstory½®ᝅBoyswillbeboys!¿ឋiÁEasycomeeasygo!ᩭḄÂ᧕ÃÄÅ!beGreektosb.7£ᐰsmallpotatoÇᱥbigpotatoᜧᱥwinanameÈÉwasteone'sbreathÊËᖃÍweighone,swordsÎÏÐÑwheelswithinwheels┯ÒÓᩖᳮᵫwindowdressingÖ×ÖØ

24wishfulthinking᝞ÚworntoashadowÛÜÝupsanddownsᨵ×ᨵÞcouchpotato᦮ᕆᙠáâ~ãᵯåḄwaitonhandandfootæçḄIèéwatchone'sP'sandQ'sêÇ⁚Xᨵìíwin/losebyaneckjèÇî◅ð/òóunderoneJsbreathôõöfollowsuit÷øùÍúù᪵ügaingroundᨵýþbreakalegᜧÿᐰ
turnadeafearᳮtitandtatᱛᱛthat'sthatᓃstaythecourseᢝᑮturntheclockbackᐝ᎔secondtononeᨬḄsecondthoughtsὃ⇋safeandsoundᯠឫrootandbranch!ᐰᙢ#$᪷&◀readbetweenthelines()ᐸ+᜜-.overanddownwithᑮ/0#12

25underone'sthumbᙠ5678-9shouldertoshoulder:;<=ᙢsetone,sjaw>?ᱛᐵ#ᢝᑮseetheworldABC☢#AEFGsixofoneandhalfadozenoftheotherHIJKᡲMN=OPᩞᧇSTUVWXYWZ[⁐(Arkansas):᜻^V(WonderState);_`-a(LandofOpportunity)Zbc(Alaska):ᓤefg□-a(LandofMidnightSun);ᨬiḄjᶢ(theLastFrontier);HlV(PeninsulaState)᰿n₹(Idaho):p┠V(SpudState);┡sV(PanhandleState);tuV(GemState);vwtuV(GemoftheMountain)ᓅnyz(NorthDakota):᤯|V(FlickertailState);ὁ~ᙢV(OldColonyState);V(SiouxState)ᓅᓱᩭ(NorthCarolina):ὁᓅV(theOldNorthState);ᯖV(TarHeelState)᜛(Pennsylvania):uV(KeystoneState)⃬c(Texas):V(LoneStarState)(Ohio):᪛V(BuckeyeState)b₹(Oklahoma):V(SoonerState)ᑄ(Oregon):V(BeaverState)¡¢n(Florida):□ᐝV(SunshineState)

26¡ℳᱯ(Vermont):☘vV(GreenMountainState)¦ᔡ(Virginia):¨©Ḅª«(MotherofPresidents);¬ᐷV(CavalierState);ὁ®¯V(theOldDominionState)ᝰ((Wyoming):±²V(EqualityState)³´µ(Washington):¶·V(ChinookState);¸☘V(EvergreenState)ᑭM(California):º»V(GoldenState)¼⃬c(Kansas):p½V(WheatState);¾᝖ÀÁV(JayhawkState);ᔣÃℛV(SunflowerState)ÅÆÇÈ(Connecticut):ÉÊV(LandofSteadyHabits);ËV(ConstitutionState);ᾙÍÎV(NutmegState)ybE(Colorado):ÏÐÑÒV(CentennialState);ÓV(SilverState)[ᛞ(Kentucky):⃉₝×V(BluegrassState)Ø᧕c(Louisiana):ÚÛV(CreoleState);ⅅÝV(SugarState);ᛢßV(PelicanState)l(PhodeIsland):p(LittleRhody)¢ᐲ(Maryland):ὁØáV(OldLineState);®ᵫV(FreeState)⃬ãä(Massachusetts):ὁ~ᙢV(OldColonyState);åæV(BayState)

27ℳᜧè(Montana):téV(TreasureState);vêV(MountainState)ë¢(Missouri):YìᡃV(Show-MeState)ëîîï(Mississippi):ᩈᐲV(MagnoliaState)ë᡻(Michigan):òóV(WolverineState)ôõ(Maine):ö᪛V(PineTreeState)(n(Minnesota):ᓅ᩽V(NorthStarState);øùV(Landof10000Lakes);»úûV(GopherState)ᓭnyz(SouthDakota):þÿ(CoyoteState);□ᐝ(SunshineState)ᓭᓱᩭ(SouthCarolina):(PalmettoState)ᑁ(Nebraska):ᾙ(BeefState);᳝(CornhuskerState)ᑁ(Nevada):ᡊ(Battle-BornState);₝(SagebrushState);(SilverState)(NewYork):!(EmpireState)ᱯ(Delaware):#$(BlueHenState);M%(FirstState);&'(DiamondState)ᵪ)(Tennessee):*+(VolunteerState),-(Utah):⇾/(BeehiveState)012(Wisconsin):3(BadgerState))4ᔡ67(WestVirginia):8(MountainState)

28:0ᜱ(Hawaii):<=>?Ḅᜩᚪ(ParadiseofPacific);CDE(AlohaState)FGHI(NewHampshire):JKL(GraniteState)FM)N(NewMexico):OPQ(LandofEnchantment);RPS(CactusState)FT)(NewJersey):JU(GardenState)7VW(Alabama):XJ(CottonState);Y┴(YellowHammerState);[)Ḅ\](HeartofDixie)7ᑭ᫃`(Arizona):ᜧbc(GreatCanyonState);de(SunsetState)fC(Iowa):gh(HawkeyeState)iᑭj(Illinois):᪍lḄᦑQ(LandofLincoin);₝n(PrairieState)op(Indiana):qᜧ(HoosierState)rs7(Georgia):ᓭt!(EmpireStateoftheSouth);᪻(PeachState)v᪵ᨵᱯ⁐Ḅz!{|}Ḅ~{qḄᡲᩞᧇᜧ◤⌕%⌕v~Ḅᑮᙠᑮ{Ḅ᎛}¡ᙢt£¤¥¦ᡃ¨©ᜧḄª«஺z!®{¯~{C°ᦦ(Allentown):²³(CementCity)C´°(Arkron):µ¶·¸¹º(RubberCapitaloftheWorld);

29»¼(TyreCity)½¾¿(Birmingham):ᓭtÀº(PittsburghoftheSouth)ÁÂÃ(Boston):Ä(Beantown);ÅÆÇ\(HuboftheUniverse)È(Buffalo):É(BisonCity)ÊIÃ(Charleston):Ë(PalmettoCity)ÌN(Chicago):ÍÎ(WindyCity)(Dallas):ᜧD(BigD)ÏÐ(Denver):%ÑÒ(MileHighCity)ÓᱯÔ(Detroit):ÕÖ(MotorCity;Motown)Eᱯ×(Hartford):Ø◅(InsuranceCity)ÚH(Hershey):µ¶Ûܹº(ChocolateCapitaloftheWorld)ÝD(Hilo):ᐲº(OrchidCapital)qßà(Hollywood):µ¶áº(FilmCapitaloftheWorld)ᓺopÁᑭ(Indianapolis):ãä(RailwayCity)ᓱWἔ(Kalamazoo):æç(CeleryCity)Ü᜻l(Ketchikan):é굶(WorldofTotems)ßÜ2Ã(Lexington):z!ëᵫḄᙢ(BirthplaceofAmericanLiberty)¾6CÁᑭᙛØ(Minneapolis_St.Paul):î(TwinCities)

30ïðI(Mobile):ñò(GulfCity)HóI(Nashville):ôõ(MusicCity)FᝍI÷(NewOrleans):Fᨴ(CrescentCity)(NewYork):ᜧùú(BigApple)ᝍ×(OldTown):ûᩈý(CanoeCity)þᱯÿ(Paterson):
(SilkCity)(Philadelphia):᰿(CityofBrotherlyLove)ᓛᐻᚽ(Pittsburgh):(SteelCity)(Reading):ᬀ(PretzelCity)ᙛᨽ(SanFrancisco):(CitybytheGoldenGate)ᙛ᧕(St.Louis):ᡝ(GatewaytotheWest)⃬(Suffolk):!"(PeanutCity)ᡲ$%(Toledo):&'₝(GrassCapitaloftheWorld)ᩰ*(Youngston):+(SteelValley)ᡲ,-./01234ᜩᦻ789:;<=>?@AḄCD8EFGH஺ᙠKLM(telescope)NOP<=>?@AḄQRSTᾙVḄWX஺ᡃZ9[ᨵᜩᙊᙢ_<`ᑣᨵ9bcᜩᦻ7dᡲef(Ptolemy)ghḄᙢi_஺ᙠᓝk&l

31Qpi_ᙠ!ᦟᜐᑛḄᦑ{=0஺ὃᑮᨵᐵTᜩᦻ7Ḅ⚪<ᨽ▁£᜜ὃ¥Ẇ§ui¨©ὃ"✌ᐜ¬®¯°astronomy±cosmology²³´ᓫ¶஺ᜩᦻ7(astronomy)ᢣḄtẆ§@A¸¹ᜩ}ஹ@AḄ»᪀±N½Ḅ7<ᑁ¿ᒹÁᜩ}Ḅ᪀⌼ஹឋıÅÆÇÈ஺`@A7(cosmology)ᢣḄt8᦮}ḄÊËᩭẆ§@AḄ»᪀±ÍᓄḄᜩᦻ7ᑖÐ7஺ÑÒ<ᜩᦻ7ḄᭆÔÕÖ<@A7tᐸᑖÐ7஺ᜩᦻ7Ẇ§Ḅᜩ}(celestialbody)ᒹÁឤÙ(star)ஹÚÙ(planet)ÛᐸÜÙ(satellite),ÝÚÙ(asteroids)ஹÞÙ(comet)ஹßÙ(meteor)ஹ◄á(meteorite)â஺²ãᜩ}äåᡂQÙç(galaxy)ஹÙè(starcluster)>Ùé(asterism)஺ᡃ>êëì៉ḄtᙢᳫᡠᜐḄï□ç(solarsystem),²t=ñòóôõö÷W|ḄÙç<`ï□çøtᵫúᦪឤÙçåᡂḄüýç(milkywaygalaxy)uḄþÿᕒ஺□ᑖᡂᑖ(1)□ᒹᐝᳫ(photosphere)ஹ⁐ᳫ(chromosphere)ᑋ(solarcorona)oᐝᳫᓽᡃᑮḄ□ᙊ☢;⁐ᳫᢣḄ%&'ᐝᳫḄᜧ);ᑋ%□ᜧ)Ḅᨬ᜜஺ᙠᐰ.(solareclipse)/0ᡃᑮ⁐ᳫᑋ஺ᡃ12⍝04ᱥ67☠□஺□Ḅ9:;ᙢᳫḄ=>?@Aᜧ஺□BᙢᳫCDEFᐝF0□ᜧ)/Ḅ□GH(sunspot)>ὀᦿ(solarflare)K(solarprominence)9:LM□NᜧᜧOP0QR=>ᙢᳫḄSTUᜩWᜓḄY@Z[஺

32□NᢣḄ%□]^_ḄᵯHa0bcdef▭ᱥh(interplantarymatter)□ᙠ□NᙢᳫijḄkl[ᵨ/no6pqḄ᩽ᐝ(aurora)஺(2)ᑁ□ᒹtᙢefufஹvfஹᙢᳫஹwfxᐸzf{ef|(asteroidbelt)஺{ef|%}~wfᩈf⍝d0ᵫ4⚩ᜧ{Ḅ{efᡂ஺ᨬᜧḄ%f(Ceres),b%Ḅef(dwarfplanet)஺{ef|ḄbᨵḼ?@Ḅ0ᨽ▁᜜ὃẆ/ὃ6ᡲὃᢣᓭ/ᨵᐵ~Ḅᜩᦻ¤Ḅlecture,¥¦᜻Ḅ¨©ªᳮ(Bode'sLaw)஺(3)/□ᒹ¬⚩tᩈefᩈfஹfஹᜩ®fஹ®fxᐸzf¯°±f஺ᡃLᑮ±f²Ḽ77Ḅ³´0µ%¶B±f·⌕ᵫᢵឋḄ»ᡂ0¼½ᐭᑁ□¿0À□ḄÁÂLÃÄᐸ»Å⊤☢ḄᱥhᓣÈᵯÉ0o6±(coma)²Ê_ᵫ)ËÌÍᡂஹᾙÏnÐḄ±³(tailofcomet)o(4)᜜□bc[᜜®fÑ0ᙠÒÓÔB□Ḅ{ᜩË஺RᡃÕ2ḄÖᜧef/Ḅ×®f(Pluto)ØÙÚÛÜBef(dwarfplanet),ÝbᙠÒÑÞ/஺ßᜧefᢥ᯿É□âÉᵫÂᑮã᣸ᑡBuf(Mercury),vf(Venus),ᙢᳫ(Earth),wf(Mars),ᩈf(Jupiter),f(Saturn),ᜩ®f(Uranus),®f(Neptune)஺Pæ×®f0ç᜜Ḅ{èéL᪷ëÒìíᩭïðÒñefḄ᣸ᑡòóMyveryexcellentmotherjustsentusninepizzas.ôᓫöḄö✌Yø%ᔜefúûḄ✌ûü஺ᙠ

33/ç0efḄýú·⌕%᪷ëþeᩭḄ0Rÿ
ḄᩭḄ஺ḄᦻMercuryᩭḄὅᑭ("#Ḅ$ὡ&)஺(ᐰᜩ◀,□ᨴ/᜜ᨬ/Ḅ23456789:;<=>(Aphrodite)?⊤᰿BCḄ᝕2E6ᑣ789GH&(Venus),?⊤C஺IJ⁐LM2NᑮP?⊤ᡊḄRMars஺ᩈJupiterḄᩭTUVWḄ2XYUḄZ&[eus)஺\Ḅ7ᩭḄ]^V⃬`ab&(Saturnus)஺ᜩWḄ7ᩭ5ḄᜩcVdef&஺gWḄhij(Neptunus)239hijg(klḄgmno)2ᡠᦻq9gW஺rstuvrᡲxyz{|{}|1vᡃ⌕ὃP2Ḅ2k஺ᡃᙠ2ᢣ஺ᡃḄyz2ᡃḄὁᡲyP2ᡠᨵ¡Ḅ¢k£P2ᒹ¥BARRONஹDELTAஹOG஺§ᙠ2ᡃ£ᕖ©ª«ᕖ©ᵨᩞᧇ¯°R±ᕖ©}1v(1)Ḽὃ³2ὃV´ᙠ£Ḽ2§ᙠµᯠ◤⌕£¸᝞º»§ᙠ⍝£2½¾»ḄV´ḄᜓὃÀᙠ|⚪஺(2)ÂÃὃÄḄ6ÅᜓὃḄ6ḄÆÇ⌱

34ÊᩞᧇḄË2¯ÌÊ«ÍḄË2E—11ஹ᝱ḄË஺᝞º»ÑᨵRÒᨴὃ2Ó»ḄÔz¯ᜧ2ᢗᐭḄ◤⌕¯Ø¸᝞º»ÑᨵÙÒᨴÚὃ2Ó»ḄÔz¾ÛᨵᓽÝὃḄ6ᜧ2EÞRßàᨵ³áâᡈáäå஺æEçVv«ÍR᪵2ᩞᧇR᪵2☢êὃḄ6RßëÅìᜓḄ6⌕¯⁚ᑴå2¯ïð³2¯bz஺(2)³᎛ὃ»óôPḄ2»bzḄḼញᡈöᨵᵨḄ¸᪵Ḅ÷zøὃùóôḄ2»úḼញᓾbzüý÷zᨵᵨḄ(3)»ḄὁᡲyP©ªyḄ©yÿᑮ◍ᑮ⊡ᔩ⌕⌕Ḅᨵ(4)!"Ḅ#$%&'&Ḅ()*ᫀ,-.ᑖ᪆⚪23ᦻ5(5)᝞8Ḅᩞᧇᵨ<ᡂḄᨵᡠ?@ABB◤⌕DEᜓGH᝞8ḄᩞᧇB(&IJ?KLBMNOPQ&ᩞᧇḄ2ḄRᑮSJTᑮU2WᡃYᱯ᠒'\]^_Ḅ`a1ஹ2deᑏgᩭi`aᜧᭆ4dᯠ)mᦻᯠDndᯠᑏop`……n᦮dDstnduvwxwyRᡃ3ஹ4{

35}v᪷t]ᨵᙢ)Ḅ{⁚᠒,ᨵRᡃᑏyn&⚪e&nḄᡃ&⚪Ḅv᎛ᡃ""wyw☢Ḅ☢ḄegḼ{wḄU⚪ᜩ#ᑏ#ᩭᔩ,◤⌕Ḅ#$ᕖḄv᎛ᡃᡃ¡(ὡᩏᓄ¥n¦☘¨©ᜫ«……*2W(1)BḄᨬ⌕ḄU⚪e`an®Bwᡃ¯y8°RW±²³ᜫ´஺U⚪ᩭ¶·BḄᑁ¹(ºgn»»Ḅ¼½ᡠ8BḄᜧᾯ%e(¿ᳮÁ?n»»Ḅ¼½gḄᓫÃᑁÄ஺(2)n`ÅÆÇᑏᩭḄeᙠÉÊBḄ¹ËḄ஺ÌBḄὡᩏnឋÄÎ`aÏÐḄᑁÄ᪵BÒy8ÓÔ{`aÒÕ¿ᳮÁÇ஺(3)ᑏ⌕Ḅ3/4{}vBᑏÐÖᑁÄᑏn{஺ᑏ⌕Ḅe3/4{}vḄ×Bᑮ◍,⌕Ḅᙠ{v³Ù×BnÚᙠÛBᙠÜÝᙢÞᾯa×ß¼½àᩭÒá៉¼½3ᜐᳮ`aäá஺U3WᑏvYåPᙢ“#çè”åêå“ëê”᪵ᑏḄv³åìiíÐî&ïyðyñឋW#v%#çèGòᜐWv³ìióåôõ

36ö÷øuvóᯠùᨵú&ᑏ)ûüḄᦔ᳛ü஺ᡃÿ᪵᦮3஺ᑏḄ᎛ᑏ஺ᑏḄ᎛ḼḄ!ᐸ#ᜧ%Ḅ&஺ᡠ(ᨵ*⌕ᙠᑏḄ᎛-./012Ḅ3!4ᑮḄ67஺ᨬ9⌕Ḅᵨᾯ<=>?@ᳮBCD஺ECFGᢥIJ!=K?LMḄNCD@☠ᳮPḄ>?ᑏQK?QḄRᑖ!B᪵ECECḄᩭ/012UVWXC<ᳮ஺YᑏZP![=X\]஺^4_ᨵ``aaEbᨴὃe!f^ᨬgh0ijᡲlpart-Cᑏ3ᨵ20mnᔳ!OGBpᜩrst஺ᜧ%uᜩᑏmnivwxὃeḄ!yz{g|᣸ᕖ4(1)EbᨴḄᵨḄ!⌕12BEbḄ0஺Fᔣ!b`3ᡈὅᩞᧇ஺(2)ᑏn@9⌕!ᐵ⊡67Xunᦻ¡¢3£g஺(3)OGpᜩt!BᢣḄ¥⚪§tᔩ஺B᪵ᦔª«஺ᡠ¬Ḅtz{ᑏt!@ᨵᡠ¢஺

37^5°ᜮ_ᨵBgᩞᧇ(!Eᜩ²Eᜩ!ᓫ§´>[ᑏ?ᡃfᏕ¸!#ᙠ(3!¹º§´>Ḅ»◤⌕/Ḅ஺5½1¿ᑏÀḄÁE⌶ÃĽ2¿#À3=ᦻḄÇÈÉḄÊᢕᑮ3=§ÉᨵᵨḄ´>3஺½3¿ᑏ⌕uᜩ*Í⌕/ḄÄᡠ¬fᏕ¸ᐸ#ᨬᜧḄᏕ¸஺Î12ᙠᏕ¸Ḅ᎛ÏÐÐḄv12“ᡃᙠᏕ¸”Ó#!ᙠÔÕÖ×Ø⌱ÚᏕ¸Ḅ᎛!12@Û⍝Ḅ஺ÝÞ!ᨵ᎛Ïßàá12“ᡃᙠᏕ¸”ஹ“ᡃ(ᨵᏕ¸”஺ᡠ⌕4ᔜäåæᑏḄçè3஺½4¿§´>EbḄêë!ᙠuì§⚪Ḅ᎛&íᢵEïðᑏ=ñòᑁô!§´>íᢵḄ᜜ô஺¹º!uìᑏ!FGP⌕ᑏQoutline½»´>¿!@=hý!9þÿ
ᑏ஺ᑗᑁ6ᡃ!!"ᑏᡠ$%&'()*+ᑏ,ᜩ"./ᦻ1ᔠ〉45678ᡲ:Ḅ<=>ᡃ?@A⌕CឋE7ḼGḄ>HIJ78ᔩ4ᡃ%&᪵'M=NᡈPQR'

38)TUV$WXYὁ[ᦟ]^ᭆ`abcdINᜧf⌕gj=Nkl᝞noVᕖ4qqᵫ6IN7stᦻḄ>Huvwx=4y6(1)!}~"ᑏḄᜩ,/$஺,/'⁎)Ḅ஺56+ᑏὅᡈὅ<Ḅ+YὅᩭWḄᑏᩭ<dḄ᝞ᐝ,᦮/ᦻ1(ᡲ:parte)ᑏᩭᢝl1/2lb஺'M&Vᑏ,(78)Ḅb¡ᵨ£¤2lb¥dᐸ§ᡃ¨©ᜧf¥dª஺(2)5678᝞«?@=>ªAḄ¬7Ḽ8®£ᩞᧇ8±²³´78஺µ᜜78Ḅª·X¸¹ºḄᳮ¼TU=N஺56=>j=N᝞noVḄ⚪¾ᐸ§ᙠḄª·XÀᯠᯠḄoV஺Âò78,ÄkÄḄÅÆÇ,È,᜛ḄÅÆ஺7ᡃᑏËc,lᨴÍÎQ⚣RPÐ<ÑÒÓ'Ô஺ὁᡲ:Ḅb᎛PÐ,l⚪ᨵ,×ØᐵÚ⌕ḄÛÜV'ÝÞ,Äᑏ¬ᩭᨵßàMḄáÜnÄRã⍝åᙠæçᑏ¬ᩭḄRèéḄ.l'êᓫḄẚí஺ᡃ&VîáÜ56ᡃᩭïðs᦮Ü᦮ÜḄᢞᣵ᪵óôõḄü=ᩭóô5áÜḄö÷

39<$ý5,×ᓫíஹÛ=Ḅõ<4µ᜜ᡃ%&<ÿ
▅ᨵᐵḄᩭᔠᙠᙠᙠᦻ!"#$%ᨵ&'஺)7+(1)ᵫ01234Ḅ“᪗7”9ᙠ:;Ḅ<⚪ᡠ?@A,12ᡠCḄ%ᑏḄ᪗7
EF%ᑏḄ᪗79ᙠ:;ḄGHIJKLMNOᨵḄ1%ᑏḄPQRᑮḄTᓄIᜧḄWX஺YZ[——%ᑏ]ᨵ^ᔠEFḄ%ᑏ᪗7Iᔠ_Ḅ%ᑏI`%ᑏ஺ᙠabc%ᑏ[defghi:j<⚪+“ᡃMNO⌕%ᑏm”oIpqMNO⌕%ᑏḄrstI᝞I%ᑏ஺(2)wx:yz{Ḅ%ᑏ[|᝞}QR~Ḅthᨵ?P+A+WᩭḄ஺B+Ḅ%ᑏI^ᔠ᪗7஺C+aᑨ~ᔲᨵ%ḄTᓄḄ᪗79ᙠ<⚪஺(3)]ᨵ<⚪w:%9ᙠ<⚪Ḅ3⌕:஺z⍳¡:j¢ᱥ(Ḅ%)¤¥TᓄḄ¦§——¡¨©b஺ᙠᦻḄª«⍝®ᑗ°ញ²ᜩ´ḄCµ¶CḄ·¸%Cµ¶%ᑏḄᦻ¹º»஺¼½Ḅ¾~ᯠYᯠÀᡠÁ"ḄTᓄ஺Âᙠ]ᨵᡠÁ"ḄTᓄ[dIᝠ~ÄↈᡈὅÈZÉÊXM⌕ḄTᓄÁ"ḄÁ"ḄTᓄ]ᨵIË⊤]

40ᨵTᓄ!(4)ιIÏIÐÑḄÒÓ஺ÔᳮKḄÖ×ØᐵÙ஺ᳮKØÀÚÏÛḄÜÝាាXMḄᳮK<⚪⌼ᡂáâãÏйᑏᩭHjÑÔ஺ᡠ?ä▅:ᦻᡈὅ»:ᦻåæ$᦮è:ḄéêëᐸÑḄíᩖḄÔ஺Cᑮääᑖ᪆äñὃÔ½óḄ¾ᨵᜐᳮÔḄwõ|ᨬ|á÷øᑮt%ᑮÑÔ¾᝞øᑮᡈὅùᓫÔ:᪵஺tὁ⍝ᳮ+ýþÿ+
⊡(5)ᦻḄᦔ᝞ᦻᦻᜧ஺ᦻḄᑮᜧᭆ◤⌕!Ḅ"#ᦻ$!%&"'(ᐰ*+,-ᩭ஺#/01"23ᔠḄ567$8ᦻ஺ᐸ:"'0,Ḅ;<=">ᯠᨵA᎛CDḄE0FḄᜧᾯ"HᨵFḄᘂJ8KᡃMᡲOᦻPᑏ$Rᑖ$"TUPᑏDELTAVWHXYᔛ[Ḅᕖ]DeltaḄᦻ00_`a]b8K(1)PᑏcdḄP[ᩞᧇᨵᔛ[ḄgXh0_ijḄ"8kᩞᧇlᐵ"Un3ᩞᧇḄJ⚪"ᡈὅrstᩞᧇh0ាvḄ஺w᝞,ᡃykAz{ᡭ}~ᳫ"ᡃhAᙠᡃkBz{ᡭ}~ᳫ"ᡃᓾt$B,kBᡭ}~ᳫ_D஺Wᙠ:(ᡃᢈ᝞B)☢"ᡃy3Ḅ0s"jBᡭ}~ᳫ"sᨵkB8

41᪵Ḅᡭᳫᙢᡃ஺ᡠ+"BḄᳫᡭwᡃ"0ᡃ_ᐶ¢Ḅ£"#s¤!¥ᢚ#U§Jᡃ¨©Ḅᦟ«஺(2)FXdeltaPᩭYᔛ[ḄsᨵKA¬B®¯°C±MᡲO²³ᦻWᨵ´ஹᨵ¶·D®¯¸¹$°Ḅº»¼½ᡈ¾[⁐À_ÁḄÂ1(3)WÃiὃÅḄÆP[ᦻÇÈFᩭÉᑮÊ0H0]ᨵËᨵÌ°º»¼½]8ᨵFᙠὃÍbP[Ḅ᎛ÎÏ⍝஺WᜓὃḄ᎛ÒÓÔᨬÖḄᡭ"×ᨬØÙḄ*ឋ,ᨬØÙḄÛÜᐰRᙠᜓὃḄÝ޸߫àáᜓ-஺(4)ᑗãPäåÇæᩞᧇçᵨ&Ḅgé஺æᨵæḄ᪗á஺Ò±ᨵḄᔛëộíîÎgX_ᥛ"#ᨵḄᔛëộHË⛳஺⌕ᵨåḄ᪗áᩭᢚñòó஺ᜓὃ0FòóḄ£"F◤⌕Ï⍝0KP[ᦻ¸"ôõ0ᨵ*ÇFḄ᪀ᡂøùḄᐗûKA.®¯ḄᡈὅᦻḄüÇÈFý[àþ2[ḄøùB.¬FÈFÿ
ᳮ
ḄCஹᨵḄD.ᦻ᪀Ḅ៉ᳮḄE.ᦻ!⚪ᑁ$Ḅ%&'(ḄᜓὃḄ+,ᐸ./0123Ḅ+,4596ᨵ7ᜧ9:ᑖ<=ᡃ?@ABᜧᭆDᑏFᩭBᜧᭆDH0I

42KᦻḄL᎛NOP0IKᦻ9Q9᪵DHSTUVD2᪵?@ᔩX00AᑏḄL᎛9Y⌕K[\ᙢᑏ^ᩭᕖX`96(1)AᑏḄL᎛9Y⌕K<9[TᙢᑏFᩭ஺?@AFVBᜧᭆ/b+2B<=஺9B<=ḄᜧᭆḄcdᨵef?gឋ6A.AᑏὅjkldjkmnVBᜧᭆDop.qrs

43Ï23஺(3)⌼ᡂ<=ᑏᐰḄ¶Óf?gឋ6jkÔdᑏÕÖ¦FᩭḄᓫ஺ᨵḄu×ØldᡃÙ⍝0ᖽVDÛᨵÜ⌕É¿ÀᑏFᩭÝ4ᐸ.DᑏFᩭḄÞᜐ06A.áâ9^jk⍝ḄBB.áâ9^jkḄäᑏ@åææç஺(4)ᨵḄu×ᱯºêᑏF3ë៉ḄDìí0îïLð஺ᐸ.ÞÞññD᝞tḄäᑏ7Ḅ!DᑏFᩭ2B/òóôḄLð஺ាា<=ᳮæöD÷ø\ùúᑏḄL᎛D7$᧕/⍡ýV2?ᩭ5)A⌕ᙠBᳮDᦻF1GH1IJ⌱LᳮDMNᨵᵨḄQR!B1஺(2)TUVᩩXᑣ3Z[◤⌕\Ḅ]^]஺ᡠ`a*"121b"⚪Ḅ-᎛/0cdᶇᙠ121%⚪$☢gᡲiᨵjklᦋn121஺oGa⌕1p)121%qrḄ᪷tuᵫwxḄ஺ᡠ`⌕ᦋᗐḄᡈὅᜧ}ᑖ]⌕ᢗᐭḄ)\Ḅ

44]^]஺᝞\Ḅᦔ᳛\ḄᳮDᦔ᳛஺(3)᜜3៉ᔜj(ᙠ1I8)ᡃḄᔊᨵ▲Ḅᨵ-1ᩭ¡7¢£lB¤¥aḄ¦1◀8¨©ªḄ]Ḅ^]«\¬0Ḅ®¯°±¬Ḅ-᎛3²°³Ḽ¬µµ¶^]ᨵᐵḄ“¹ឋᢣ᪗”u◤⌕ᐹᜓ«ÀÁÂÃÄÅḄÆ1Ḅᙢk0]஺%ᩭ©iᑖ᪆ẆÊḄ஺,ḄᦻF⌕Bᑖ᪆⍝⚪b⚪QRḄᱯÍÎÏ⚪Ð,u,┯ᑮ;ᫀQRḄᱯÍ3µiᑮ8ÔᩭᐸÖᦻF×`ØᵨḄ®¯——Ú⍝1IḄ0]஺(4)1215Ü8%ᑁ᜜ÞßNḄàᔠâᵨḄ⚪¤¥\aḄ¦1ᔳ஺ὡäᵨᦔåæç]^]«è⌕ç¶éêëìᑏçíᢝᑮïð4ᦔ஺11)ñòóᑏḄ-᎛ôt$õ/bᩭᔲâᐜ¶éêëø-ù!ᑏ:;11)(1)xᑗ1)ᐜᑏ!¶é஺ᑏᨵᑏḄÐḄ¶éᨵ¶éḄÐḄ஺¶éḄÐḄ/G8ᑏ0ᑏ$ÂᙠḄ஺ûü¶éḄÐḄoGᑏᑏ/$ÂᙠḄ஺ᡠ`/0oGᑏbᩭḄᑁý

45þÂÿ
ᑏ᪵Ḅ
ᑏᑏᩭ஺ᯠ᪵ḄᑏᩭᙠḄᩞᧇᑁ#$Ḅ%'()*៉஺᪵,-./0123Ḅ4⚪஺ᑗ7ᑏ3Ḅ89:;
Ḅ<᎛89᪵.>?@A@ᐜ
ᑏC(2)᝞Hᙠ-.I>
ᑏJḄᜧL124⚪MNOA.ᐜRᵨTᓫVḄᩞᧇ
ᑏ஺B.ᙠ
ᑏXYZḄ<[$\]^_`ᜧLḄ\^_஺a᝞bᜩᵨ2/3Ḅ
ᑏfg<[\^_ᶇ1/3Ḅ<[ᵨj^_klḄ
ᑏ஺mnopqᨵᦋᗐ஺C.vwx
ᑏḄᑁ#?yz{ᢝ]^_஺}fὅᑗ7@⌕ញHḄ⌕ᨵὊ஺412᝱⚪┯9:12᝱⚪ᡠὃᐸHIᡲḄ@ZNᙠᳮḄ¡Ạ3ᐵ¤ᙠj⌕(1)carefullyo(2)ᙠ
ᐰᦻḄ<᎛jᦻJᨵ°ᱯ᝱Ḅᙢ³a᝞%´ஹ%¶ஹ%·Ḅ¸ᓄḄᙢ³xºm»¼
Ḅ<᎛`3ᐰ½Ḅᳮ8ᑨ¿᝱ÀYÁÂV஺(3)᝞ᨵ<[\mVÃᡲḄÄÅ஺NO\2002ÇkḄ⚪,Àᐸ2003Ç8ᨴ]2004Ç1ᨴÄÅm»᝱

46Ḅᑨ¿஺413
ᑏA@AËÌ
@ᑏᕖᨬÏᱯ2ÐᑏÑÒ
ᑏḄÓÔ3⌕ὃÕ.13(1)ᐝ
@ᵨ
ᑏM×
ᑏ:Ø:mÙ⌕ÚÛ3ᑏᐝ
ḄᡃÝqÞßᑏàáâᡃÝ
Ḅ<᎛ÞßḄᨬãḄ³äåæ<᝞Ìᐝ
ᡃÝ?çèqéêéêëìḄᨵ<᎛ᡃÝíîïð
ᩭḄñò#᧕ôõéêyzöÓ஺ᡠË÷øùᒕZûüýþ
ÿ
ᑏḄ——
஺(2)⌕ὃᑏᑏ஺(3)ᱯḄᐜ!"#$%ḄᡈὅṑḨḄ*+Ꮥ-ᩭᵨᵨ0ὃ12⊡஺4ᡲ6789:;<₞⌕>?4ᡲ69᝞ABCDEFᡲᙠᢈIJᙠK9LMNOAPᜫR஺STUVM9DW⍝஺iBTḄ9Y3Z7ᑖ\ὁᡲ6ᨬYḄ_4ᑖ\`aḄbcdefghijᫀ஺᝞A᜜mnopqrstuvwxyz{Ḅᡲ69|}⚪ᢝ2ᨴᦈᦔᜧ஺yB|{஺Dᩭᨵᨴᜧᑖyz{஺ᝰ᪵D-

47ᩭḄ⌕ᢝᑮ¡¢஺b£¤¥Ḅ¦§ᩭ¨◤⌕ªᜩ¬®¯3°*஺<₞±ᨵᦔ9:;ᔳ³1ஹScientificAmericanMagazineḄPodcastoETSµj¶·_¸¹▅»ᦻ½ᩭ"£¾7Ḅ¿Àᦻ½஺ÁᐸDÃᢈÄḄ஺⌕ÅÆ▅»Ḅ¦§ÇyzÈ஺JÉyzd〉ËᙠÌÍ▅»஺<₞Îᜩ°*Ḅᦻ½ÏÐ!noÑÒ஺ÓnoÑxDtçÔᐵḄ஺ᨵᜧwḄç§ÖÔᐵuv஺×ØÙᨎ஺ᱯḄÛ஺ÎÒ-4Ḅ⁚Ý஺ᨬÞyßḄDyzLàá{Ḅyzâã஺▅»7ᙬ³http:஻www.sciam.comæ☢ᑖÄḄ"#ᢧḼánoᙢᙬ³http://www.sciam.com/podcast/?ref=p_houseᨬëScientificAmericanMagazineḄPodcast<-4⁚Ý.60secondsscience.¸ì஺Cᨵ1ᑖ\,Ôbî᧕ð஺2ஹNPR,NationalPubicRadio,Ûññ஺|nò×ØÙᨎᑁîÑôõöḄ஺rs÷Ñᓱ஺<₞ùᵨRealonePlayer,RealonePlayerúᢝûÒ஺pᑖüyzý஺WindowsMediaPlayerþ஺ᡠ
₞ᵨRealonePlayero᪗஺ᙬwww.npr.orgᑮ᪗NPRProgramStream,⌱ᵨ!"#ᘤ⌱RealonePlayer!

483.'☢)!*ᨬ,₞Ḅ஺.☢/0!᪷2Ḅ3456⌱7஺CNNḄᙠ9:"஺;ᓱ஺=>ᨎ஺ᙢᙬhttp://www.cnn.com/audio/radio/winmedia.html᝞B⌕DE"#ḄFG/!Hᑴᑮ"#ᘤᙢᙬJKhttp://www.cnn.com/audio/radio/liveaudio.asxLMᵫWindowMediaPlayerᙠwww.cnn.com'O6PQᵯSTU᝞BḄVWXYZḄF6[[஺Oᨵ]^VOA(VoiceofAmerica)ᙢtilhttp://kinocommunications.com/surfnet/surfnet/voice.asxHᑴ/!ᑮḄ"#ᘤK_`஺᝞Bᔣ'⚓ḄF*http://www.voice.voiceamerica.com/"#Jᙠ⚓⚔d/!ḄRealOneᵨ;ᡂ஺fCNN᪵஺RealOneḄhijM5ᵨ;ᡂ஺PS:/'☢Oᨵ=kᦻmkᦪ5*TU஺o▅q5*rsḄ஺_*WXᨵt᠒஺ᡲwxyz{|}~^*~Ḅ⌕⊤F⚪ὃ6.!☢ḼਭḄkᡃEkḄᨵ`(pop

49music)>᩟(countrymusic)>᤯£(rockandroll)>¤¥(folkmusic)ஹ᱃©(jazz)ª஺«¬ᩭ®E;kḄᨵ¯ᒓ(opera)ஹ±²(symphony)>³´µ(concerto)ஹ´¶µ(sonata)ஹ·¸µ(serenade)ª஺᪷2¹´ᘤḄ;º6ᑖ,¼(windmusic)f½(stringmusic)o᪷2¹ᖛᡈ¹´Àᦪ6ᑖ,Á´/Áᖛ(solo)^Ãᖛ/´(duet)ஹÄᖛ/´(trio)ஹÅᖛ/´(quartet)>Æᖛ/´(quintet)ªª஺¥'ᩭᑖᨵÇᐺ(classicalmusic)fÉ(modernmusic)஺Çᐺ:Ê'ᩭ®ᢣḄ_*ÌÍÇᐺÎÊ'ᩭ®ᢣḄ*1750—1820Ï/Ð¥ḄÑÒÓÔÕÖ5×ÇᐺØÙÚஹÛÜᱯfÞkß*/!ØḄÉ⊤Àᱥ஺Çᐺᨵᔜᔜ᪵;ºḄâã'ᦻäåᑮḄ±²(ᜧç¼½ᝅµéêëÅ!m)ஹ³´µ(ᵫíᡈkíÁ´ᘤî¼½ï«ðñ´,óôõᐸ!ឋøᢈúḄᜧçᘤᝅµ)ஹ´¶µ(ᢣûüµḄᘤᔠ´ᝅµ)þÿᐸ(ᝅcycleᵫᔠᡂḄᜧᘤᡈsuiteᵫᐹᨵឋḄᘤᡂḄ஺)ਭᘤ(musicalinstrument)%&Ḅ'ᘤᨵ()(flute)ஹ+)(piccolo),ᓫ-'(clarinet)>⃬/0'(saxophone)>1-'(oboe)ஹ23(trumpet)ஹ+3(comet)>ᙊ3(horn)ஹ(3(trombone)>ᜧ3/673(tuba)஺%&Ḅ8ᘤᨵ29ᴊ(violin)ஹ9ᴊ(viola)ஹᜧ9ᴊ

50(cello)>;ᴊ(harp)ஹᔡ=(guitar)ஹ>ᴊ(piano)?஺(>ᴊ@A8ᘤ)ᙠCDEFGᜧḄH%Iᨵ(movement),᝞K(prelude)ஹL(epilogue)஺ᜧMNO(orchestra)ḄCDGᢣᢵ(conductor)RḼT%U⌕ḄWᵨGYZ[\]Ḅᮣ_஺ਭ7`9⏨bᜧὃdG┐ὃfὃd7`Ḅghijk◤mᶇᙠo៉qrGsᵨὡᩏvwxᡠzḄ\{|7`ᓽYG~T%ᐭghqᱥ஺ὃfḄḄTᙠfḄgh஺J.JosephHaydn(1732-1809)ᝍᙢᑭW`GᐸWᦪq஺ᱯW.A.WolfgangAmadeusMozart(1756-1791)ᝍᙢᑭW`GᐺḄ¡⊤qᱥ£஺¤¥LudwigvanBeethoven(1770—1827)¦§7`G¨©@ᙛ஺ᾠ¬FryderykFranciszekChopin(1810-1849)ᐲ7`W`G¡⊤Wᨵ¯°ἔᓱ³´ஹ¯ᙊ³´ஹ¯µ¶·¸´ஹ¯☩º»¼´?஺½0ᱯFranzLiszt(1811.10.22—1886.7.31)ᒼᱛÀ1W`ஹ>ᴊ`ஹᢣᢵ`Á7ÂÃ`GÄÅÆÇ7ḄÆ⌕¡⊤qᱥ£஺ÈÉRichardWagner(1813-1883)ÆÊËᒓÍ7ÎᡂᨵÏḄ᦮ÑGMNÒḄÓÔ\Ëᒓ⊤ÕḄÆ⌕Ö×஺

51—ÙᱯFranzSeraphicusPeterSchubert,(1797.1.31—1828.11.19)ᝍᙢᑭW`஺¡⊤Wᨵ¯ᙛÚ⚚´ஹ¯Ü9᪛´ஹ¯Þß´ஹ¯2à´?¨©@“â£ã”஺åæç0JohannesBrahms(1833-1897)¦§ᐺÆÇᨬéḄW`஺ê¦ëìJakobLudwigFelixMendelssohnBartholdy(1809.2.3-1847.11.4)¦§W`ஹᢣᢵ`G\ᱯ£éᨬíîḄÒᜧïG=Ḅ7¨©@“ðñឋÄÅÆÇ”஺¡⊤Wᨵ¯òóà£ô´஺¦õöAchille-ClaudeDebussy,(1862-1918)÷§W`G7øù`GᙠúᓝüýḄþWdÿ
ᡂ“ᓺ”Ḅ
ᔜḄḄ஺ਭὃ⚪$%&ᙠ(ᐺ*+⚪,ᨵ./⚪Ḅlecture,01Ḅ2ragtimemusic(456)஺ᙠᦻ,
ὁ:01;<ḄᵫᩭஹᱯAஹBCḄDEஹ᱃GḄHHᑁJ
ᐸ,LMNḄOP஺QR;STὃUVW៉
YZ[\]DᦻḄᳮ_
`aᜧc_ᑮeḄfgRh஺iᓫᙢl
4562m19nopḄBC<஺qrs*tஹᙛv᧕xHᙢUyyz{n|}~஺ᨵᓭ,ᩭḄ:
ᙠ⌶,ᵨᢝ
`ᑭᵨᔛஹᕸᖹ✂ஹ⏀ᔳHᔜᐳᡠḄᴊ¡¢£¤¥Ḅᴊ¦஺ᵫm:§¨ᡠ©ªḄᑗᑖ<ᴊ

52ᨵQqḄ®¯
°±²³´µᢵ;·ḄᱯA
¸¹᩽»ᦔ½஺E¾
§¿;ÀÁÂ⁚¡ÄᓄÆVÁÂÇÈஹ±ÉÊËÆÌᐹḄᴊ456
ÎÏ2еÑḄÒÓ஺ᨬÕÖḄצØ2¨:S.ÙÚ᪍
ᨵ456ÜÝÜ஺ὃÞᜓ&·ᡲá\]âãäå01ὃ⚪æç,Vèµ%
·ᡲá\]ὃ+,ᨵ/⚪ḄLecture2(éêëÕ%Ḅ஺ᵫm;/⚪,ᒹíîḄïðñò
óὃḄ\]ᳮ_⌼ᡂQqḄèõ
Æ᝞½ὃ_ᐵm¾/⚪ḄQᐵRh
ᑣù⚪ᜧᨵúû஺E¾
ᦈýéὃ/⚪Ḅâãäå,ÿὃᨵᡂᙢᜓὃ஺1.⊤ᭆ⊤(AbstractExpression)ᡈ஺ᡊᑮ2060!"#Ḅ%&'()஺*+,-%./ᵨᙠ234567ᙠ1946ᵫ459:;<=ᱯ•@ᱯᐻRobertCoatesᡠCDḄ஺"⊤”*+GᵨHI%J45;ᡠKḄᜧMᢵOḄ(஺PQḄRSᡈTUᝂWᡈXY☟[\7HḄ]^⊤_`abcḄUd஺

53ᱯfgh457Ḅi⌕7ᓽlmRḄ஺nᢈp6qḄᨬs⌕Ḅtuvw7xy஺xyz{Ḅ|}~ឋmRᭆᙠᩲ•}ᙠᙢ6Ḅ(R/ᵨ஺%gh7H᰿ᱯMaxErnstḄRShḄ஺ᡠHᡂ%ᙠ⊤_45ḄUdz¡ᨵᡃ⊤£ᱯឋ஺*¤⊤¥ᐹᓄ2`¨©%ªz{«¬Ḅ45᪥®᝞ᒹ±²³ᩭᡈ7µ¶\ᨵ·¸஺Ḅ(R¹ººᐹᨵ¥»Ḅ|¼½Ḅxῃ¿|ḄᱯÀdÁ஺ᙢÂ7-%+ᵫ23ᐶbḄ45/Ä஺23ᐶbÅ45/ĤÆÇÈÉÊ⌕Ë!ÌÍᡂhÎ45ÏÐ7ᨵÑÒḄ஺¹7ᡊÓÔ45Ḅ-%+s⌕Ḅ/ÄÕᨵḄᙢÂ|Ö×஺7ᡊØÙÚÛyÜḄÝÞ᪗àḼ%+âḄÇ!Ḅᑮᩭ஺ÅḄ%ãÇ#äÓÔ!45ḄÏÐnÌÍåæᑮÈÉ஺

54!⊤ᩲ•OacksonPollock)ᨬçè*%ÚÛᙠé6`êë6Ḅᱯ£஺1947bPìᵨíᜧî(ïðñᙠᙢ6òᙠᕜôõᩭõö÷"øᧇ"ᙠ(ï6Ḅ(ë஺'(Ḅúûüýþÿ
Ḅ᦮ᙠ஺Ḩ᝱ḄḄᢗᐭ!"#$ᡂᐸ"()*+”Ḅᐵ.ᡠᙠ஺Ḅ01!23ᡂ4567#☢ஹ:;<=Ḅ>ᩩ@ABC!DEFGḄHIJᡠKḄLM▲OPḄQRSᐸᑁᙠḄIU஺VWᱯ•Z[\](RobertMotherwell)^_0`a⊤cdḄefὅ!hijklஹmIᐙoḄpqr஺sᐜiuᔊwஹxyzi!h{iᡂ|Ḅpqr஺JḼ`a⊤c~$ᡂ,Z[\]ḄHᩭᜧ1947ᑮ1948ᐹᨵḄᩖ^ឋḄ!1948h℉#r•ᝍ™(WilliamBaziotes)ஹᱯ•¡(BarnettNewman)Z¢•V£¤(MarkRothko)!¥¦§!ᡠpqi᪥஺1951C᱐ª!«BBd#r¬Ḅ01®¯«°ḄC᱐“²BBd"³*Ḅᨬsµ¶!0·ᨽᐻ•¢ᐲ(FranzKline)Ḅ01»᝞Q½¢!᪵¿À᝱

55ឋḄ஺40ÂÃ⊭À>ÅᱯÆuÇÀ#È"ḄÉÊËᑏÍ⁚ᙠÍ⁚ẆÐᓫ!ḄÒ⚪ᡈPÕᐵÖ஺1949Ḅ!ᜩᵨÙÚÛÜᜧ!5Ëᑏ¯ÝÞÞߪ{àᱯᨵḄáâãᙠÊ⁐#7å!5ᜧæçḄÉ⁐>ᩩ◀ª>ᩩÆMᐸéêᨵᐹaḄëì஺#☢ḄPÊíîᨵIḄÉ⁐ïð!R*ñòó5ôÊõ¥ᩭéᨵöᕡ஺øõḄ01»ᳮú"ûü#”ḄýïḄûᙠ01þÿᓝᑖ⌕ஹஹஹஹஹᢚஹஹ⌨Ḅᨩᔠ஺ᨵ!ᨵ"ᑮ$%Ḅ&'Ḅ(ᙠ“+,-.”Ḅ0ᑣ2$%Ḅ34Ḅ஺56ᙠ78ᑍ:;<.,=⁐?@ABCᑮDᨵEFḄG-᪵ḄGJKᕡ$%ḄMNᓝᑖOP஺QR⊤TUVW?ᑖX=YY᝞[\]᪵^_`abcᐙefghiYᑣ3DjkḄQRlm?n☟pqrs3YtuḄv⊤mᱥ஺pqrxᙠ᜜1913z{|ᩭᑮG-~;ᨵᓝ஺ḄᨵTUVḄᩭ⌲ᓫj஺ᑮ1950zᐰᐹR3,Ḅ%(ᙠ⁐Ḅ2¡¢£¤¥5¦§Ḅ¨©ª«3¬=WḄ஺Y¨c«3ᡃ§ᙠ[\]Ḅᡠ°៉Ḅ²ᑮᨵEFḄ¨5Y³´Ḅ¨µ¶µPWᣍ᥎஺⁐¹º¨Ḅ»¼ᐵ¾¥X%¨5¿ᵨ⌼ᡂYÃÄ5Åᨵ⁚ÇÇḄᾭbcÉᨎḄËÌᜐ◚◚ᙢÐѳBὊmÓᕡḄ$Ô஺

56ÕÖ•Ø¥Ùᱯ(AdReinhardt)ᙠ30zvÛÜÝᵨÞßÄà᪀âãä஺40zv?åæ(XçÝxèUVḄâᫀĨêᵨYëᵫḄâᫀ஺íâᫀîmḄïஹðñÄòó᪀âḄôᵨõᑮᨬ÷▲êùèú¦Ḅὅ5ᨵüḄý஺50zvþᵨᓫḄ⁐¹ÿ
᝞⁐Ḅஹ⁐Ḅ⁐஺60
ᵨ⁐஺
ᙠᓫ⁐ᙽᑁᙠḄ"#
$%&ᡈ()*ᝯ,-Ḅ⁐./ᡂ12Ḅ3"
45"
ᡈὅ4ᓝ8"஺9:ᱯ<=>?#⊤ABCDEᨬGᳮIḄCDE
ḄCDᐙKḼMNO,PQḄRS஺ᙠTUV⊤ḄWᦻ
ᡈὅY>"[\"
<=▊V^Ḅ_`
%aᢣCDḄ⚪ᩞᙠᨬefḄgBhi
>j⌼ḄMNlmnoᙠḄpB஺ᙠᐸḄrᦻs
ᑏ⍝v”……(CDE)$Ḅ{|ஹḄg}ᩭᨵḄᳮ
>lḄMNឋḄ᝱&Ḅ⊤஺P$Y
CDE4Ḅj⌼ὅ᪵஺ាា>`ᡂGCDE஺2.ᩲ•(JacksonPollock1912—1956)>20¡¢?#£Ḅᝈ¥m஺ḄCD
¦§G¨ᡊª¡¢£Ḅ#«஺

57ᝰ®%¯
°±²ᩝ´Ḅ¡D²᪥஺17¶·ᩭᑮ<¹
ᙠCD²ὶ»¼ᡲ¾¿•Àᱯ•ÁÂ(ThomasHartBenton)²஺Ãᓝ
ÄᑮÅSÆÇCDḄÈÉ
ÊWEËÌ¿Yv“ÎÏ•ÐÑÒÓG‘Õᜧ×’ḄÙᐳCDÛÜḄÝÞ
Pßᨵà"ᡂá᰿ãäḄOÞ஺”åæçèéêë
ìí¿¥Óî⊤ឋḄ?#£ïðÓᐙKMNñòḄóôõÞᨵö÷஺ᙠøᩭ
CDE,ùúû#üýCDE᪵þÿ
ᐵᑁᙠḄ⊤஺“
ᙠᘤ!ᡃ#ᨵᘤ%&ᩭ()ᙢ+,-./0᝞2ஹ᯿ᱏ஺ᙠᡃ6ᩭḄ789⊤
ᑁᙠ:;——ᣚ>?9⊤
@ஹABCDᐸḄᑁᙠ@F஺……
HIḄḼKL9!MNM⊤
O9PQRS஺”ᯠ/VWXYZᨬᜧḄ]9^_ᩭ`abḄc
dHIᡠfᩭḄgh஺“iᡃᓺ0ᨬkḄ”VWXlmno“9#ᐵpq`rstḄ.u஺vw.u/ᡃḄYZxyv_ᱯ{|Ḅ}8஺”~ᐜ9⊭p+,^wᡠ“ᱥ᝱”ḄP஺v_P“ᐙḄஹᧅḄஹBᱥឋḄஹ⁐ḄஹḄᱯL”஺iv_c
dHI8Ḅᡈ?Ḅ᪗⚪C⊤
“ᙠᱯ᛻OḄ”஺1947VWXḄ,|ᨵ¡ឋḄ¢ẚ,¥¦^`ᵫᝂ©Ḅ“ª|(drippainting)”஺

58¬d/vw®ᨵ¡ឋYZḄា9c
dHIᐵpqprstḄ.uᓽᡠ“±ᳮ`Bᓄ”Ḅ}8´µ஺VWXlm¶·¸¹ᐸ“ª|”Ḅ}8´µ“ᡃḄ|O9ᩭ`|º஺ᙠ8|!ᡃ»¼¥O½¾|¿஺ᡃÀÁÂÃÄᨵÅÆḄ|¿ᢞᙠÈÉḄᜋᡈ©ᙠᙢË஺ᡃ◤⌕ÈÉḄ⊤☢ᡠÏḄ᥅Ñ@஺ᙠᙢËᡃÒÓÀ`ᯠ_஺ᡃÒÓÀÔÕÀÖᡂØ|ḄÙᑖÛØvw´µÜᡃÝCÞḼߥàᕜ78âÔãᐭ,|åæ஺vçÙᓺèé}8ê|Ḅ´µ2ë஺“ᡃã©ì|#íîᵨḄ7ᐹñ|ºஹò⁐Ëஹ|óôô஺ᡃÀÁÂᵨõöஹ÷½ᑐஹùᑐஹCDªúḄûᧇᡈᤅḼêþḄÿ
ᧇஹᴻᐸᐵḄ஺“ᡃᡃᑮᡃᙠ஺!ᨵᙠ#ᡂ%&ᡃ'()ᡃ*+஺ᡃ,-./0ᓄஹ234566஺78ᨵᐸ9:Ḅ/;஺ᡃ<=>?9ᯠᕈB஺!ᨵCᡃᑖEFGH'IJKL஺MNᑗPI0QJRSTUᙢ
WஹXᣵZ[᪵9ᯠᙢ]/+஺”>ᡃ_``abᙠcdefBghijklmᨵᐵfBghino“9pᓄ”ᑏnrsḄtuvwxyzḄ%{⊤}n~Z%xyzḄnrfBghiὅḄn6M“~ᨵᑭmḄ☟ᜐᡠᯠ&ᑏnᡠ◤⌕Ḅᩭ஺9ᡠᐭpḄஹᡈ¢£¤ឋḄ

59¦᝱஺¨ᣵḄᜩ'ஹ'ª%«ᡠᨵᐸḄ'ª஺ᱞᦻ¯ᨬ±Ḅ²³wᡠ´µḄᜐᡠ᜻ᨵ஺·¸⌕¹º»¼ᨵᐜ8hḄ⚪ᩞÀ⌕¹ºᑮÁÂᦻḄÃÄÅÆ9Ç./ÈÂᦻḄÉᜮ஺”ËÌ(ÍhÎcÏᩭhifBghi♦ÐÑBghilmÒÓIÔ¯᱐Ód262⚓×xyz[Ø9ᵫᝂÛஹÜ4ḄÝ5Þßᡂ+Nàáâஹãä9ᵫḄåÒæçḄèB஺[ØᐰêḄèB+oëḄ⌼஺?ᙠí~r☢ᐙᑖðñ+ê⚨ឋóឋ஺ᐸ“ôõ”Ḅ᪀=Þß஺ᡃ_÷⍝%µḄmµµPᨵ~ù¤ᐵḄúûm-஺üᡠý“þÿḄ”ᐺ“Ḅ”☢ᨵ᪶Ḅ஺᝞ᙠ"Ḅ☢#$%&ᜫ()*)+ᡠ-☢Ḅ./ᐰᯠ)234஺☢ᦣ6)▭ᐰ☢89):஺$%);<=>?Ḅ@ᙠᓺBCD᜼ḄFGHIJṑLM.ᐸO/PQRS஺"ᙠ.TUV?ᑮXYᡠZᨵḄ[ᵫ]^஺_`ab"Ḅ$%@“cdea1911fghijklḄᑖ᪆opqrᨬtᐭvwḄxyz☢Ḅ{V|஺”}~ᱯ℉ᑢJ{Ḅ◫M#᱐276⚓஺ᐸIᡂaCᵫᡠḄaḄ¡¢£¤஺“"Ḅ¥¦§I¨©᧕Ḅ……¬I®¯°±ᔥḄ³´µ.஺”}¶·¸J"Ḅ¦§M,

60J{»M1995f5G39—40⚓஺I¼].Ḅ½%ᐙ=⁚ÀḄ[ᵫÁµᑣᙠ½8±ᙢÄḄÅ>Æ#ᶇÈÉ2஺ʱËᡂrḄIÌÍÎ᪵ÐÑᐜᐰᯠ¨ÓËrÔ᪷Ö◤⌕ÙÚ¦ᙽÜᑮ᪾#Þ஺ßàC~áâT$%ãI“µ”ᐸäåCᙠ$æᡠᕈèḄ/¨¦>ᐸIµḄ᦮ê¼]஺ÆᡂXCµḄëᡠᡂXCµḄ£¤"Ê[ìḄµíîᜫÞïᙠðñ.òóôî1956fᙠ⏅⏀Ur÷ᜫÑøù஺"ḄIᨵJᵱj᝕MJü⃩jhþÿ
Ḅᱥ

ₐ
ᨴ᝕



Ḅ
ᦟᚪ஺!"⊤$%&Ḅᐜ()20*+ᨬᨵ./0Ḅ12345)6ᐸᙠ9:;<=>ᙢ@ABᧇஹEFGHḄᢈ1J℉L)MḄNOPPᐹᨵR6SᝰḄUᯠO஺WXᡠZ⌼Ḅ\᜻ᦔ_`aMbᵨḄdeX:fgᐵi஺MḄWXjklᐰnopZNḄqr)5stu⊤v12ḄZNw஺ḄxXᨵḼz៝|Ḅ})~UᯠᑣḄᱥ5᪵ᔠᑖᑣ஺ᡠᑖ)ᑖ᦮ᐹᨵ᪵Ḅ஺ᡃH)ᔛᙢ$HḄ5ᑖ᦮

61Hᐹᨵ᪵Ḅ)ᑖ)ᜧUᯠ¢ᑮᜐᐙ¦psᑖ12஺3.§ᐻ§©§ᐻ§©(1770U1850)Wordsworth,Williamª«¬஺17704ᨴ7®¯°ᓅ᧎:ᐲ´µ©Ḅ5·¸43)18504ᨴ23®ᓨ°º»ℳᱯ஺8¾¿À஺5Á)᱄ÃÄÅÆpM஺ÃÇ〈Mᑮ3É▬tḄËÌÍ᪥ÏÐ஺1787Ñᒃ᫑ᜧÍ)Ôᙠ1790ஹ1791ÕÖ×Ø«஺ᐸÙ«ÚÛÜᑁᱯÞ◖à᰿)¯ᨵ5᝕஺1795â5ãäÇåºæçp5d⍡éê)MḄ¯ëᨵpì)íᨵpî$ïðᜧUᯠᜟòḄóô)õöö»÷øùúÉÙ஺1797¬ûü·ýþÿ
ᐳ᱐ᢔ஺1798U1799ᑮᔊ,ᙠ!"#$%&ஹ☄)*+,☄-./0!"1234,56஺180278•:;<=>஺?@/0ᐵBCDEᙠᜧ1ᯠHIJKᑮḄᓣN.OPQRS⚪2UḄVᦟXY▭[.\]័_?`aḈcVᦟ஺@ᙠd[efgh஺NᐻN),!"Ḅjk@lᙠ1797U1807஺mḼop⌲

62f[ᓣsḄ!"⌲ftᔣ⊦⌨஺ᑮ#1830sḄᡂyzKᑮ{|}~1843᪺,஺ᵫs,ᙠ-ᓅḄ180710ᨴḄ᰿ᚽᩖsᶂ,஺l,*¡¢J£ᜧ1ᯠḄ¢ᑏ¥¦[§¨18©ªḄ2U஺ᯠ«¬ᢔ/018©ªḄ,®¯°±aḄ®²³ᑮ,!"J/!#ᦻµ¶[·¸S¹,Ḅa@º஺sᢔḄ»᱐ᡠᑏḄ5½~·¸S¹ᦻµḄ¾½஺sḄ"¿Àᨵ]ÂḄÃᐚÅÆᵫ56*¸ᑖ+ᡂḄÈᳮឋ4,◚ὅ஺17704ᨴ7eÍΕNᐻN)(WilliamWordsworth)ÏᙠÐÑᐲÓḄὃÕ)஺NᐻN)᣸\ØÙ[ᨵÚÛÛÜᨵÚÝÝ*ÚÞÞ஺ᐸ᱄Úá஺NᐻN)8âãä13âã᱄å@læᙠçèéêḄëìíÜᙠîïµ᪥JᐘÞòÝᑖ/Ïó஺ôÚõö¬᱄é÷}Ḅ⍡ùS⌕£ûüýḄ8500╏Ḅÿᩗ஺ᙠ1802ᐻ☘Ḅ!"ᓝᑖ%&Ḅ஺"'!ᙢ)Ḅ*+,ᯠ.ᐝᶭᦗ2⊡4'ᙠᱥ6789:Ḅ;ᜫ=>ᐻḄ?@ḄABCDE%F஺'?,ᯠᨵḼ“⇎KḄ᰿”N,ᯠOᡂ",QḄRSTU஺VW᪥ὁZḄ[\]^ᑏ`஺

63ᐻḄb✌`deᡂf1784஺1787'gᐭᒃ᫑ᜧWᙛmnW▾Wpqr4stuvᦻWWpxᜧᑭᦻஹ{ᦻ2|}ᱛᦻ஺179021791{஺"{ᜧ☩ḄḄᐻ?☩⊤97ᔣ஺Aᒓᐻ?{ᜧ☩ᑮᜫ஺1795'2`¡¢ᙠᓅ¤¥ᙢḄ¦)Cᙠ§¨©4஺1798ᐻ7ᐳ«⊤4¬ᢔ9d®¯°1800¤`¯±᱐ᐻᑏ4³´஺¬ᢔ9d®¯°µ᱐ᐻC¶Vᑮ·¸¬³´°µ᱐¹ºᑮᢇ¼TḄ½?஺1807'Ḅᔁ¯µ᱐¿Vᑮᢇ¼ÀḄÁÂ஺Ã19ÄÅÆÇ'ᙠ`d:ḄᡂÈ⌲ÊEᑮËÌÍgÎ`᝞ᑭ•ÑᱯÓÔ'Õ⚚×ᜧ,ᯠḄØÙ`dḄ]Úὅ2⚞⋀'Ḅ`Þ418Äßà⌼âḄ`.஺ãÌÕ¬ᢔ9d®¯°äå4æçèéØ`Ḅê஺ᙠëì:ᐻ?íîஹïð2ñ᠄óᨵ[\஺1843ôõÕö“᪺ø`”Õùúᑏ4ûü`ëìᡂÈᜧ᝞஺18504ᨴ23þ஺

64ᡲ
ᓝᜧᡲ
Ḅ⚪ᩞᨵḄឋ⌕ᐺḄ!
ᜧ⚪ᩞ஺#ᦻ%ᦻ&ஹᳮ&ஹ)*+,-☢ᑖ᦮ᳮᦈ234ᐺḄ
⚪ᩞ஺ὃ)6▅89:;<ὃ=>ᨵ?@஺1.ᦻ&ABCDEFGItmayseemstrangethatwe'rediscussingmusicfromaBroadwayproductioninthisclass,"TheLionKing"especially,sinceit'sbasedonapopularHollywoodmovie.ImeanmusicpreformedforBroadwaytheaterintheheartofNewYorkcitysurelywouldseemtobeinthewesterntraditionofpopularmusicandnothavemuchincommonwiththemusicwehavebeenstudyinginthiscourse,suchasgamelanmusicofIndonesia,orZuluchantsofSouthAfrica,musicthatdevelopedoutsidethewesterntraditionofEuropeandAmerica.Butinfact,musicianshavealong-standingtraditionofborrowingfrontoneanother'scultures.Andthisproduction'sdirectorintentionallyincludedbothwesternandnon-westernmusic.Thatway,someoftherhythms,instrument,andharmoniestypicalofnon-westernmusiccontrastwithandcomplementpopularmusicmorefamiliartoaudiencesinNorthAmericaandEurope,musiclikerock,jazzorBroadwaystyleshowtunes.SoIwanttospendtherestofthisclassandmostofthenextoneonthemusic

65fromtheshow"TheLionKing"asawayofsummarizingsomeofthetechnicaldistinctionsbetweentypicalwesternmusicandthenon-westernmusicthatwe'vebeenstudying.NowtheAfricaninfluenceonthemusicisclear.ThestorytakesplaceinAfrica.SothedirectorgotaSouthAfricancomposertowritesongswithadistinctlyAfricansound.AndthesongsevenincludewordsfromAfricanlanguages.Butwe'llgetbacktotheAfricaninfluencelater.Firstlet'sturntothemusicthatwaswrittenfortheshadowpuppetscenesin"TheLionKing",musicbasedontheIndonesianmusicusedintheshadowpuppettheaterofthatregion2.ᳮ&ABCᜩᦻIInancienttimes,manypeoplebelievedtheearthwasaflatdisc.Wellover2,000yearsago;theancientGreekphilosopherswereabletoputforwardtwogoodargumentsprovingthatitwasnot.Directobservationsofheavenlybodieswerethebasisofboththesearguments.First,theGreeksknewthatduringeclipsesofthemoontheearthwasbetweenthesunandthemoon,andtheysawthatduringtheseeclipses,theearth'sshadowonthemoonwasalwaysround,theyrealizedthatthiscouldbetrueonlyiftheearthwasspherical,Ittheearthwasaflatdisc,thenitsshadowduringeclipseswouldnotbeaprefectcircle;itwouldbestretchedoutintoalongellipse.Thesecondargumentwasbasedonwhat

66theGreekssawduringtheirtravels.TheynoticedthattheNorthStar,orPolaris,appearedlowerintheskywhentheytraveledsouth,inthemorenortherlyregions,theNorthStarappearedtothemtobemuchhigherinthesky.Bytheway,itwasalsofromthisdifferenceintheapparentpositionoftheNorthStarthattheGreeksfirstcalculatedtheapproximatedistancearoundthecircumferenceoftheearth,afigurerecordedinancientdocumentssays400.000stadium,that'sthepluraloftheworldstadium.Today,it'snotknownexactlywhatlengthonestadiumrepresents,butlet'ssayitwasabout200meters,thelengthofmanyathleticstadiums.ThiswouldmaketheGreek'sestimateabouttwicethefigureacceptedtoday,averygoodestimateforthosewritingsolongbeforeeventhefirsttelescopewasinvented.3.ᦻ&ABCᦻIJḼContinuingoursurveyofthe19thcentury,let'stakealooknowatHarrietBeecherStowe.NowStoweisbestknownforhernovelUncleTom'sCabin,abookthatdetailstheharshnessofplantationlifeinthesouth.ThebookwasextremelypopularintheUnitedStatesaswellasinothercountries.Ironicallythough,foralltheattentiongiventoUncleTom'sCabin,it'sfarfromStowe'sbestwork.Shedidwriteoneothernovelaboutlifeinthesouth,butmuchofherbestworkhasnothingwiththesouthatall.Infact,Stowe'sbestwritingisaboutvillagelifeinthe

67NewEngland'sstatesinthe19thcentury.Inrecordingtothecustomsofthevillagesshewroteabout,Stoweclaimedthatherpurposewastoreflecttheimagesasrealisticallyaspossible.Sheusuallysucceeded,forhersettingswereoftendescribedaccuratelyandindetail.Inthissense,shewasanimportantforerunnertotherealisticmovementthatbecamepopularlaterinthe19thcentury.Shewasoneofthefirstwriterstouselocaldialectforhercharacterswhentheyspoke.Andshedidthisfor30yearsbeforeMarkTwainpopularizedtheuseoflocaldialect.ItmakessensethatStowewouldwriteaboutNewEnglandlife,sinceshewasborninConnecticut.Asayoungwomanthere,sheworkedasateacher.Theteachingjobhelpedleadtoherfirstpublishedwork,ageographybookforchildren.Laterwhenshewasmarried,herwritinghelpedhersupportherfamilyfinancially.Throughoutherlife,shewrotepoems,travelbooks,biographicalsketchesandchildren'sbooks,aswellasnovelsforadults.4.)*ABCLFMNI'mgradtoseesomanyofyouhere.We'vebecomereallyalarmedoverthehealthcenterbythenumberofstudentsweareseeing,whoareexperiencinghearingloss.First,Iwanttogooversomebasicabouthearing.Thenwecantakealookatourschoolenvironmentandseeifwecanfigureoutsomewaystoprotecthearing.Theleadingcauseof

68preventablehearinglossisexcessivenoise.Toomuchmoderatenoiseforalongtimeorsometypesofintensenoiseforevenashorttimecandamagehearing.Loudnessismeasuredinunitscalleddecibels.Onedecibelisthelowestsoundthattheaveragepersoncanhere.Soundsupto80decibelsgenerallyaren'tharmful.That'snoiseliketrafficonabusystreet.Butanythinglouderthan80decibels,especiallywithcontinuousexposure,mayeventuallyhurtyourhearing.Onceyouareuptoaround140decibels,that'slikeajetplanetakingoff,thenyoumightevenfeelpaininyourears.Andpainsaresuresignthatyourhearing'satrisk.Evenoneexposuretoareallyloudnoiseatcloserangecancausehearingloss.Sowhatyouneedtodoislimityourexposuretoharmfullevels.Ifyoupassalongthishandout,wecantakealookatthedecibellevelofsomecommoncampussounds.Noticehowloudthosehornsarethatpeopletaketofootballgames.Theyarereallydangerousifblownrightbehindyou.Now,let'strytogeneratealistofdamagingnoises5.ᦻ&ABCᵯMDETogetusstartedthissemesterIamgoingtospendthefirsttwoclassesgivingyoubackgroundlecturesaboutsomebasiccinematicconcepts.Onceyouarealittlemorefamiliarwithbasicfilmterminology,wewillbereadytolookatthehistoryofmoviesintheUnitedStates.You'llbeexpectedtoattendshowingoffilmsonTuesdayeveningsat7

69o'clockinJenningsAuditorium.That'sourlab.ThenduringourWednesdayseminar,we'lldiscussindepththemoviewesawthenightbefore.Wearenotcoveringsilentfilmsinthiscourse.Wewillbeginwiththefirsttalkingmotionpicture,TheJazzSinger,releasedin1927.Thenextweek,we'llbelookingatTheGoldDiggersof1933,apiecethatisveryrepresentativeoftheescapisttrendinfilmsreleasedduringthedepression.Someofthefilmswewillbewatchingwillprobablybenewtoyou,likeFrankCapra'sWhyWeFight.OthersyoumighthavealreadyseenonTVlikeRebelwithoutACausestarringJamesDeane,orStanleyCooper'sDoctor'sStrangeLove.However,Ihopeyouseeevenfamiliarfilmwithneweye.Inthelastthreeweeksofthecourse,wewillbewatchingfilmsfromthe1980sandyou'llchooseoneofthemasasubjectforanextensivewrittencritique.We'lltalkmoreabouttherequirementsofthecritiquelaterinthissemester.6.ᦻ&ABCᔊQRSLasttime,weoutlinedhowtheCivilWarfinallygotstarted.Iwanttotalktodayaboutthepoliticalmanagementofthewaronbothsides:thenorthunderAbrahamLincolnandthesouthunderJeffersonDavis.Animportanttaskforbothofthesepresidentswastojustifyfor

70theircitizensjustwhythewarwasnecessary.In1861,onJuly4th,Lincolngavehisfirstmajorspeechinwhichhepresentedthenorthernreasonsforthewar.Itwas,hesaid,topreservedemocracy.Lincolnsuggestedthatthiswarwasanoblecrusadethatwoulddeterminethefutureofdemocracythroughouttheworld.Forhimtheissuewaswhetherornotthisgovernmentofthepeople,bythepeoplecouldmaintainitsintegrity,coulditremaincompleteandsurviveitsdomesticfoes.Inotherwords,couldafewdiscontentedindividualsandbythathemeantthosewholedthesouthernrebellion,couldtheyarbitrarilybreakupthegovernmentandputanendtofreegovernmentonearth?Theonlywayforthenationtosurvivewastocrushtherebellion.Atthetime,hewashopefulthatthewarwouldn'tlastlongandtheslaveownerswouldbeputdownforever,butheunderestimatedhowdifficultthewarwouldbe.ItwouldbeharderthananytheAmericanshadthoughtbeforeorsince,largelybecausethenorthhadtobreakthewillofthesouthernpeople,notjustbyitsarmy.ButLincolnralliednorthernerstoadeepcommitmenttothecause.Theycametoperceivethewarasakindofdemocraticcrusadeagainstsouthernsociety.7.ᦻ&ABCTUVWMovingawayfromnewspapers,let'snowfocusonmagazines.NowthefirstmagazinewasalittleperiodicalcalledtheReviewandit

71wasstartedinLondonin1704.Itlookedalotlikethenewspapersofthetime,butintermsofitscontentsitwasmuchdifferent.NewspaperswereconcernedmainlywithnewseventsbuttheReviewfocusedonimportantdomesticissuesoftheday,aswellasthepoliciesofthegovernment.Now,inEnglandatthetime,peoplecouldstillbethrowninjailforpublishingarticlesthatwerecriticaloftheking.AndthatiswhathappenedtoDanielDefoe.Hewastheoutspokenfounderofthereview.DefoeactuallywrotethefirstissueoftheReviewfromprison.Yousee,hehadbeenarrestedbecauseofhiswritingsthatcriticizedthepoliciesoftheChurchofEngland,whichwasheadedbytheking.Afterhisrelease,DefoecontinuedtoproducetheReviewandthemagazinestartedtoappearonamorefrequentschedule,aboutthreetimesaweek.Itdidn'ttakelongforothermagazinestostartpoppingup.In1709,amagazinecalledtheTattlerbeganpublication.Thisnewmagazinecontainedamixtureofnews,poetry,politicalanalysisandphilosophicalessays.8.ᳮ&ABCXYᦟ[Hi,Lynn.Isawyouatregistrationyesterday.Isailedrightthrough,butyouwerestandinginalongline.Yeah.Iwaitedanhourtosignupforadistance-learningcourse.

72Distancelearning?Neverheardofit.Well,it'snewthissemester.It'sonlyopentopsychologymajors.ButIbetit'llcatchonelsewhere.Yesterday,overahundredstudentssignedup.Well,whatisit?It'sanexperimentalcourse.Iregisteredforchildpsychology.AllIhavegottodoiswatchatwelve-weekseriesoftelevisedlessons.Thedepartmentshowsthemsevendifferenttimesadayandinsevendifferentlocations.Don'tyoueverhavetomeetwithprofessor?Yeah.AftereachpartoftheseriesIhavetotalktoherandtheotherstudentsonthephone,youknow,aboutourideas.Thenwe'llmeetoncampusthreetimesforreviewsandexams.Itsoundsprettynon-traditionaltome.ButIguessitmakessense,consideringhowmanystudentshavejobs.Itmustreallyhelpwiththeir

73schedules,nottomentionhowitwillcutdownontraffic.Youknow,lastyearmydepartmentdidasurveyandtheyfoundoutthat80percentofallpsychologymajorswereemployed.That'swhytheycameupwiththeprogram.Look,I'llbeworkingthreedaysaweeknextsemesteranditwaseithercutbackonmyclassesortrythisout.Theonlythingis:doesn'titseemimpersonalthough?Imean,Imisshavingclassdiscussionsandhearingwhatotherpeoplethink.Well,Iguessthat'swhyphonecontact'simportant.Anyway,it'sanexperiment.MaybeI'llenduphatingit.Maybe.ButI'llbecurioustoseehowitworksup.9.)*ABC\]^_ᙢabWelcometoEverglade'sNationalPark.TheEvergladeisawateryplaincoveredwithsawgrassthat'sthehometonumerousspecies

74ofplantsandwildlife.Andoneandhalfmillionacreistoobigtoseeitalltoday.Butthistourwillofferyouagoodsampling.OurtourbuswillstopfirstatTailorSlue.Thisisagoodplacetostartbecauseit'shometomanyoftheplantsandanimalstypicallyassociatedwiththeeverglade.You'llseemanyexoticbirdsandofcourseaworldfamousalligators.Don'tworry.There'saboardwalkthatgoesacrossthemarsh,soyoucanlookdownattheanimalsinthewaterfromasafedistance.Theboardwalkishighenoughtogiveyouagreatviewofthesawgrassprairie.Fromtherewe'llheadatsomeothermarshyandevenjungle-likeareasthatfeaturewonderfultropicalplantlife.Forthoseofyouwho'dlikeacloseviewofthesawgrassprairie,youmightconsiderrunningacanoesometimeduringyourvisithere.However,don'tdothisunlessyouhaveaverygoodsenseofdirectionandcannegotiateyourwaythroughtallgrass.Wehatetohavetocomelookingforyou.Youhaveagoodfortuneofbeinghereinthewinter,thebesttimeoftheyeartovisit.Duringthespringandsummerthemosquitoeswilljustabouttoeatyoualive.Rightnow,theyarenotsobothersome,butyou'llsoonwanttouseaninsectrepellent.10.ᳮ&ABCᙢᳮᑈ◅Goodmorning,class.Beforewebegintoday,Iwouldliketo

75addressanissuethatoneofyouremindedmeofafterthelastlecture.Asyoumayrecall,lasttimeImentionedthatRobertE.PearywasthefirstpersontoreachtheNorthPole.WhatIneglectedtomentionwasthecontroversyaroundPeary'spioneeringaccomplishment.In1910,acommitteeofthenationalgeographicalsocietyexaminedCommodorePeary'sclaimtohavereachedtheNorthPoleonApril6th'1909andfoundnoreasontodoubthim.ThisjudgmentwasactuallyconfirmedbyacommitteeoftheUScongressin1911.Nevertheless,Peary'sclaimwassurroundedbycontroversy.TinswaslargelyduetothecompetingclaimofDoctorFredericCookwhotoldtheworldhehadreachedthePoleafour-yearearlier.OverthedecadesPearywasgiventhebenefitofthedoubt,butcriticspersistedinraisingquestionsabouthisnavigationandthedistancesheclaimedtohavecovered.SotheNavigationFoundationspentanadditional12monthsofexhaustiveexaminationofdocumentsrelatingtoPeary'spolarexpedition.ThedocumentssupposedPeary'sclaimsaboutthedistanceshecovered.AfteralsoconductinganextensivecomputeranalysisofphotostakenbyPearyatthepole,theyconcludedthatPierreandhiscompanionsdidinfactreachthenearvicinityoftheNorthPoleonApril6th.1909.OK,todaywe'regoingtotalkaboutexplorationoftheoppositeendoftheworld,Iassumeyouallreadchapter3inourtextandarenowfamiliarwiththenames:EmersonandScott.

76ᡲ
efghDEᡲὃ=◀3◤⌕ᨵklḄ
mẠ᜜:ᔜqr⚪eḄ3stuv⌕஺wᯠὃ=yzὃ{ὃ):efgḄ3sY|}ᨵ~-☢ḄmẠ?@ᳮsᦻs⚪ᔜfguvᨵ⌕Ḅ஺DEὃ=vḄr⚪ᑖஹFGஹᦻIஹ᤬Mஹ-☢ᨵ,ᙠ~r⚪4v஺ὃ=ᜧਭMedievalTime/MiddleAgest¡ᔊQ¢Ḅ“¤ᨩ¦”¨ᜧᭆ%aᐗ«ᑮᓝ«஺®⏨ᔜ°ὃ):±ὃ=ᩭ³yz◤⌕´µ¶·¸~¹¨◤:~¹ᨵᓺ»ᨵᜧᭆḄ3sᩭ?@ᳮs¼To½ᯠᨵᐶ¿ḄrtÀÁẆÃÄ~¹fg:±3sÅ-ᦻᓄtÇᨵ?@Ḅ஺ᜐ±ᦻDᐶÉÊ˽¡ÌÍᒘÏ,ᡊÒ⚣Ôᔜ-☢RSÕ᠒×ØÙÚ஺ᦟÛÜÝÞßàᦟáᑴ3ᦟ[ᦻᓄãäTåæçè3àᦟéᑨᡠᩭìíîï஺zð&Iñòᙠ~,óôõö÷஺øᩭḄùᦻúûὅýþ~AÿᐺᦻᓄḄ“ᨩḄ”஺ḼὃḄᕡᔲḄ᝱"#ᨵᡠᦋ'஺ਭRenaissanceᦻ)*ᐶ,-./01ὃ234ᙠ6ᔊ89ᑮ;<=>?᧕ᳮB஺2C13DḄᦻ)*ᐶEFGHIJKLMNOPQRNOḄᑖTUᜧᑭIXEFḄYᙢᑮ[16#]^C

77_Jᔜᙢ஺ᙠabcdJKᙠeᢈgஹijᦻᓄkᔜl☢42[᩽ᜧḄᦋ'஺ᦻ)*ᐶEFopqᦻNOᐙᑖsqḄtᵨ஺ᵨ᪗wḄ69Rxyz{Isq|}qឋ⌕qஹqឋᦟBᩭBq3ᦻᓄஹe[ᜧᔊ8tᵨ஺ᦻ)*ᐶEF[ᦻᩲPgᩲ஺ᦻᩲᑖI(AlighieriDante),ᱯ(Petrarch)Pↈ(GiovanniBoccaccio)ᨽ▁᜜ὃẆ¡¢M£ὃ2¤¥gᩲ¦§ᐵo|©ª«᜻(LeonardoDaVinci),ᦻ)*ᐶbᨬ®]¯Ḅg°ஹ±ᛛ°ஹM³°ஹ´µ¶ஹe°ஹᦻ)ᳮ·°ஹᜧ¸°ஹ¹qஹº»°ஹP¼°஺ᨬḼ¯Ḅt½I¾¿ÀᨬÁḄÂ⚶Ä(TheLastSupper)ÆÇ¿ÀÈcᙛÊÄ(TheVirginoftheRocks)PᾠÍ¿ÀℳÏÐÑÄ(MonaLisa)஺ÒÓᨽᐸÕ(MichelangeloBuonarroti)Iᦻ)*ᐶbḄÖ¿°ஹ±ᛛ°ஹM³¶P¹qᦻ)*ᐶb±ᛛ)gᨬ6×ḄØ⊤஺ᐸᨬḼ¯Ḅ±ᛛt½ᨵÀᜧÚÄ(David),ÀGḄ᝖ÜÄ(BoundSlave),ÀÝÞßṓÄ(Pietd),Ö¿t½ᨵ_áâᦟᚪ(SistineChapel)ᜩ⚔¾¿,ᦟᚪ¾¿ÀDçèᑨÄ(TheLastJudgment)k஺ᦾë(RaphaelSanzio),gᩲᨬìíḄîᐸØ⊤tᨵï¿À_áâᙛÊÄ(TheSistineMadonna),¾¿Àðᐺ▾Ä(TheSchoolofAthens)k஺

78ਭEnlightenmentòℳEFòℳEFIᢣᙠ18ôõ1789ìö÷ᜧ☩ùcḄ.úûüýþḄbØÿᳮឋ᪀ᡂḄᦻᓄ஺Ḅℳ⌚ᔜ⚞᝞!ᯠ#$ஹ&$ஹ'ᳮ$ஹ()$ஹ*+$ஹᔊ-$ஹᦻ$ஹᦟ/$஺ℳ01ᦻ23ᐶ56789Ḅ:;<=>?஺@ABᦻ23ᐶCDEḄᑗGHICJℳKLᳮឋᐸOuvewxḄ஺TᐺuvGTklmnᔊ-Gᙛ*ᦑIuv⚪ᩞ⊤~`&ᳮe⚪`ᳮ=ᓄḄ᛻஺ᙠuvᢈjKLḄ¡ᢈe¢£¤ᝯḄ¦ᨩ⁐L©ª«¬⌼¯ᕈ~E±ᛛ³Ḅ´µeᭆ·¸¹`ºᜧḄ᪀¼¬½e¾Ḅ¿À஺TᐺwxGÇÈ(FranzJosephHaydn)ÉÊᱯ(WolfgangAmadousMozart)eÌÍÎ(LudvigVonBeethoven)IÏ⊤ᱯÐ0ÑᳮÒeÓÔḄÕÖ×ØÙḄ<=ᑁÛÜÝÞḄ2¬½ḄÕÖ

79ਭImpressionismᓺᓺᨬáB19VW5E~ᙠuvgâCᨬ¦ãḄᱯÐ0ä¼åᙢ¡uçè~hCḄéêᱏÙ⌕0⊤~ᐝe⁐Ḅᐵï஺⌕ḄᓺvðᨵÉ᜼(ClaudeMonet)>òóm(CamillePissarro)>ôõö(PierreAugusteRenoir)ஹ[÷ø(AlfredSisley)ஹùú(EdgarDegas)஺ᓺûᑮýḄwxeᦻ$஺ᓺwxḄ✌fὅ
(AchilleClaudeDebussy),ᡠḄᨴᐝ(ClairdeLune)ᙠᜧḄᵯᐝᨵ஺ਭRomanticism&Realism!"ᙠ#᧜%&"'()*&ᑁ,-./0ᢔ/2ᳮ4-.Ḅ56708ᵨ:ᝂ<Ḅ=>ஹᴮAḄ4B!ᜲDḄEFᩭᛛ⌼JB஺"KLM0NOᩭPQᙠJBRᨬᐙᑖᙢ⊤"XYḄᐺ[ᱯ]Ḅ0^_`"a஺bcdMe2fᦻhஹijkl☢^ᨵnᜧḄo஺ਭBaroquepqrpqrstuvjw'ḄNdxᜧvjsy0zXfᓝ|-}~0fᓝ-}஺ᐸᱯAஹὀ0ᨵ:஺ᙠ'ḄAḄ⛲!ஹ5Ḅ⁐08ᵨḄ☢!ᙊJ஺tuḄNḼLᜧᦟᚪ^¢pqrsy£¤⌼Ḅ0᝞¦§ὤ©ªᦟᚪ0¦§ᙛᓱ¦ᦟᚪ!ᱛᙛᙢ¯°ᜧᦟᚪ஺ਭRococoq¹¹

80q¹¹»syf18-}20¼½zXfF¾¿ÀÁftu0ᙠpqr»ḄÂẠ'/ÄÅᩭḄ0⌕⊤ᙠÇᑁ⛲',88ᵨᑮÊËஹÌÍ!NÎÏ஺q¹¹syḄÂÐᱯÑÒÓÔஹAÕÖஹ×ØÙÚஹÛᳲÝ0ᙠ⁐'Þßpqrsyà᪵â5,67Ḅãä!ÑÖ஺ᡲæçèéêëì²íᜧÁîLïḄᩭᔊᡈòᵫfôîᙠõö÷ä0øùú÷ᑮbûLï஺üý'☢NûᙊJ~☢NûþÿḄ
ᚖᙊᑭᡠᩤḄ஺ᙠ5▭!ᡂ#$%Ḅ&'(!)*+,-ᙢ/0ᙠ1□Ḅ34஺5)/0ᙠ67*)89ᑭ:;5)/0ᙠ<ᨌ*!>?1□@ABC)D!ABC஺EFGHIJᩭᢣ/MN▭O%Ḅ⚩&஺QRSTᑣD!“W”஺^_1□#`1□aQbᜧ&஺ᙠᡠᨵ&Q^Ḅd⍝ᨬg`ᙊhi$ᑮ1%஺QRSkD^!“1l”ᡈ“1l^”nD“op”ᡈ“qr”஺SstkDu!AphroditevACx™zst@{Q᰿}~Ḅ᝕@஺ᙠC@{Q᰿}~Ḅ᝕@IVenus,(^nD9“I”஺nSTkᩭ)&QᨬḄ⚩஺vnᨵ!^Ḅ(!^Ḅ⊤☢᝞%᝕ឋḄ᜜஺z^ḄᜩᦻᵨIḄᝢᩭ⊤஺^ḄO¡ᓄ^%ᨴᳫ᪵nᐹᨵᕜ¨ឋḄᙊ©¡ᓄvO¡ᓄz;ᵫ«^¬_ᙢᳫ1ᵨᾙ¯°±²

81/ᩭḄ஺ᐵ«^ḄO¡ᓄµ¶·ᑭᶍ¹!ºpGl»Ḅ¼½Ḅᨵ¾º¿஺ᙢᳫ¬1□Â⚩)1□aÃᙢ&QᨬᜧḄ⚩n1□aÄᜧ&&ÅÆÇÈᜧÉᨵ45ÊÅ
4.5X109஺ᙢᳫË$ÌstᡈC@QÍᑮḄÎ஺EarthÏᩭЫSÑÒÓ¼ὡÕÒ஺'Ö5ᯠᨵØᐸMÒÚḄ஺ᙠC@{Qᙢᳫ᝕@8Tellus-ÛÜḄÝᙢvstÒÁGaia,Þßᜧᙢàáz஺âᑮ16Gl»*TkNãplᙢᳫä⚩&஺å!¬1□æn1□aQçᜧ&஺(!åᙠèéQ²êᩭ⊈ì⁐ḄᡠîᙠïðîC@{QḄᡊ@òóIMarsvᡈst@{ôḄAõIAres)஺åᙠö÷*Tø¶!kÃᡠ஺ᵫ«)!1□aQkÃᨬùḄúᡠv◀ᙢᳫ᜜z)üᑮýþÿ
Ḅ᰿஺Ḅᩩ℉ḄLowell“”Ḅ“”ᐸḄ᝞Barsoomian"#᪵%᪀Ḅ஺ᙠ()*+,-./₯₯᝞.ᦑ2“₯3”஺./ᨵ5⚩78ᜩᯠ;/:.;Phobos>.;?Deimos@ABCDEḄFG஺5⚩;/H7IJKL᜻ᱯOPQᣓSḄ7T/஺UᦻWXYareo-ᢣḄ[./஺ᩈ/`a□cd⚩T/IJᨬᜧḄ⚩gᡠᨵᐸḄT/Ḅᔠjkᜧ2l@ᙢᳫḄ318lG஺ᩈ/ᜩo*cpqḄᱥs@tua□ᨴᳫ>w/xᨵy᎛./{q஺ᩈ/|}ᨬ~ḄT/஺*+()ᵨᩭ,I2-/஺ᙠ2-ᩋᱯ-

82Jupiter,*Ḅu*ḄC
Zeus஺☢Q^Canyousellyourselfintwominutes?Goforit.@Oᙠ5ᑖᑁ|ᡃ₞ᔩ¡ᜧ¢ᔳ¤GA^Withmyqualificationsandexperience,IfeelIamhardworking,responsibleanddiligentinanyprojectIundertake.Yourorganizationcouldbenefitfrommyanalyticalandinterpersonalskills.@¥ᡃḄ¦§>¨©ᡃª«ᡃ¬ᡠ®Ḅ¯°⚗²H³Qஹµ¶ஹ·¸஺ᡃḄᑖ᪆OQ>º»ᜐḄᢈ¾¬¿ᓫÁÂᨵÃÄ஺GQ^Givemeasummaryofyourcurrentjobdescription.@¬²XḄÅÆOᔲÈ°ᭆÊḄË஺GA^Ihavebeenworkingasacomputerprogrammerforfiveyears.Tobespecific,Idosystemanalysis,troubleshootingandprovidesoftwaresupport.@ᡃÌÍdḄᵯᾯÐÑᕒ஺ᐹsᙢᡃÈÔÕᑖ᪆Ö×Ø⚪ÚÛÜÝ☢ḄÞᢝ஺G

83Q^Whydidyouleaveyourlastjob?@-`àᕖ¡GA^Well,Iamhopingtogetanofferofabetterposition.Ifopportunityknocks,Iwilltakeit.@ᡃâOS«ã{äḄÅÆ᝞åæçᩭèᡃçᢕê஺GA^IfeelIhavereachedthe"glassceiling"inmycurrentjob./1feelthereisnoopportunityforadvancement.@ᡃª«²XḄÅÆë¨ìᑮ⚔ïᓽñᨵᓣóæç஺GQ^Howdoyourateyourselfasaprofessional?@᝞ôõö|÷Áøù»ᕒᕖ?A^Withmystrongacademicbackground,Iamcapableandcompetent.
úûᡃüäḄýþÿ
ᡃḄ
ᡃᨵ஺AWithmyteachingexperience,IamconfidentthatIcanrelatetostudentsverywell.ᡃḄᦟ
ᡃ!"ᜐḄ$஺QWhatcontributiondidyoumaketoyourcurrent
previousorganization?

84%&'(/*(Ḅᓫ,ᨵ-./0AIhavefinishedthreenewprojects,andIamsureIcanapplymyexperiencetothisposition.
ᡃ12ᡂ456⚗',ᡃᡃ9ᡃḄᵨᙠ<=>஺QWhatdoyouthinkyouareworthtous?%?@%&ᡃAᨵBCᕖ0AIfeelIcanmakesomepositivecontributionstoyourcompanyinthefuture.
ᡃEFᡃ&GHIJKL᩽ឋḄ./஺QWhatmakeyouthinkyouwouldbeasuccessinthisposition?%᝞-P⍝%<=0AMygraduateschooltrainingcombinedwithmyinternshipshouldqualifymeforthisparticularjob.IamsureIwillbesuccessful.
ᡃᙠẆSᡠḄUV
W>XY
Zᡃ〉ᔠ<=஺ᡃᡃᡂ]஺QAreyouamulti-taskedindividual?%^_,`abcᦪ⚗Ḅeᔩ0orDoyouworkwellunderstressorpressure?%bg>Ḅh

85ᔩ?AYes,Ithinkso.AThetraitisneededinmycurrent
orpreviouspositionandIknowIcanhandleitwell.
ᨬᜧḄᱯm^v@0AHelpfulnessandcaring.wxyezᐵ|}e஺AAdaptabilityandsenseofhumor.〉rz~஺ACheerfulnessandfriendliness.
wz᰿஺QHowwouldyourfriendsorcolleaguesdescribeyou?%Ḅᡈ`?᪵%0A
pauseafewseconds
⊤ὃ⇋஺TheysayMr.Chenisanhonest,hardworkingandresponsiblemanwhodeeplycaresforhisfamilyandfriends.}A▰ᐜ"^,Xஹ
Ḅe
}&zᐵ|஺ATheysayMr.Chenisafriendly,sensitive,caringanddeterminedperson.

86}A▰ᐜ"^,$ஹ¡ஹᐵ|}ezᨵ¢|Ḅe஺QWhatpersonalitytraitsdoyouadmire?%£¤¥kឋ¦Ḅe0A
Iadmireapersonwhoishonest,flexibleandeasy-going.Xஹ§¨©᧕ᜐḄe஺A
Ilikepeoplewhopossessthe"cando"spirit.ᨵ"X▭®"Ḅe஺QWhatleadershipqualitiesdidyoudevelopasanadministrativepersonnel?¯eᕒ
%ᨵv@᪵Ḅ⚞²³0AIfeelthatlearninghowtomotivatepeopleandtoworktogetherasateamwillbethemajorgoalofmyleadership.
ᡃEFY᝞-´eAḄL᩽ឋµ®¶ᩭ
¸᝞-¹ᔠº`Ḅ»¼½¾
^ᡃ¯Ḅ¿⌕'᪗஺AIhaverefinedmymanagementstylebyusinganopen-doorpolicy.ᡃÁÂÃḄ¯Ä
ᦋÆᡃḄ¯ÇᳮÉÃ஺QHowdoyounormallyhandlecriticism?%ÊË᝞-ᜐᳮÌeḄᢇÎ0ASilenceisgolden.Justdon'tsayanything;otherwisethesituation

87couldbecomeworse.Ido,however,acceptconstructivecriticism.Ï^Ð஺§Ñv@
ᔲᑣÔÕÖ×
§ØᡃÙÚgÛÜឋḄᢇÎ஺AWhenwecooloff,wewilldiscussitlater.ᡃÙᜧÝ☘ßᩭàá஺QWhatdoyoufindfrustratinginaworksituation?ᙠâ
v@ã%§äᐶ0ASometimes,thenarrow-mindedpeoplemakemefrustrated.æçèéḄe
ᨵaZᡃêë஺AMindsthatarenotreceptivetonewideas.
§Úg6ìíḄîKï஺QHowdoyouhandleyourconflictwithyourcolleaguesinyourwork?%᝞-ᜐᳮ!`ᙠâḄðñ§z0AIwilltrytopresentmyideasinamoreclearandcivilizedmannerinordertogetmypointsacross.
ᡃ⌕ÖòóᦻõḄÉÃ
ö÷ᡃḄøù
Z&ÉúûᡃḄm஺

88QHowdoyouhandleyourfailure?%?᪵&üḄᜫþ0ANoneofuswasborn"perfect".IamsureIwillbegivenasecondchancetocorrectmymistake.
ᡃAᜧ"ᩭ§^ᓝᐰᓝḄᡃᡃᨵᦋᡃḄ┯஺QWhatprovideyouwithasenseofaccomplishment..ᨵᡂADoingmybestjobforyourcompany.
!"#$ᦔ&஺AFinishingaprojecttothebestofmyability.'ᡃᡠ),+ᡂ,⚗.஺QIfyouhadalotofmoneytodonate,wherewouldyoudonateitto?Why?Ꮇ᝞ᨵ12345ᣎ7ᣎ8ᓫ:AIwoulddonateittothemedicalresearchbecauseIwanttodosomethingtohelpothers.
ᡃᣎ8;<Ẇ>?ᡃ⌕ABCDE஺AIprefertodonateittoeducationalinstitutions.ᡃFGᣎ8ᦟI᪀஺QWhatismostimportantinyourliferightnow?KLMNOᨬQ⌕ḄR

89ATogetajobinmyfieldismostimportanttome.SᡃᩭU)ᙠX⚞Z[ᑮ]^RᨬQ⌕Ḅ஺ATosecureemploymenthopefullywithyourcompany._`)ᙠ!"abSᡃᩭUᨬQ⌕஺QWhatcurrentissuesconcernyouthemost?.cERᨬᐵeḄAThegeneralstateofoureconomyandtheimpactofChina'entrytoWTOonourindustry..cOfghḄijkl5mOfᐭoSᡃpqrḄst஺QHowlongwouldyouliketostaywiththiscompany?ᙠu!"vw2xᕖAIwillstayaslongasIcancontinuetolearnandtogrowinmyfield.z⌕ᡃ)ᙠᡃḄqr${|}~ᡃᶇᙠX஺QCouldyouprojectwhatyouwouldliketobedoingfiveyearsfromnow?)⚜ᧇCᔩAAsIhavesomeadministrativeexperienceinmylastjob,Imayuse

90myorganizationalandplanningskillsinthefuture.ᡃᙠ,]^O,qgᡃᩭ⌕ᵨᡃᑜḄgᢈ஺AIhopetodemonstratemyabilityandtalentsinmyfieldadequately.ᡃ_`)ᐙᑖᡃᙠXqrḄ)$᠗஺APerhaps,anopportunityatamanagementpositionwouldbeexciting.ᨵᡃ¢E£ᳮ]^஺᝞¥¦§☢©Iª45UItwouldbeprematureformetopredictthis.«ᙠS¬⚪Ḅ⚜¯°±²³஺´µ¶45ᡭ¸ḄUHypotheticallyspeaking,Imightbeabletodoyourcurrentjobasadirector.ᡈCEOᡈpresidentU¦º,ᡃ)C«ᙠ»aḄ]^ᕖ¼QWhatrangeofpay-scaleareyouinterestedin?½¾¿,ÀÁÂÃÄ᪗Æ?)

91AMoneyisimportant,buttheresponsibilitythatgoesalongwiththisjobiswhatinterestsmethemost.ÁÂÇᯠQ⌕ÉX]^ÊËÌᩭḄÍaÎᔾÐᡃ஺AᎷ᝞ᨵÑḹ45UTobefrankandopenwithyou,Ilikethisjob,butIhaveafamilytosupport.ᚆÔᙢUᡃ½¾XÖ]^¦²ᡃ×Ø⌕ÙÚᡃḄÑÛ஺OtherTipsᐸÝÞßKnowsomethingabouttheorganizationyouareapplyingto.à——ᵭã]^ᓫ:ḄklDressproperly.Don'tshakehandwiththeintervieweruntilhe/sheextendshis/herhand.
äḼ⌕æjBÑçèéêëè஺Don'tsitdownuntilinvitedtodosobytheinterviewer.BÑìãᐜîᙶL஺Makeeye-contactwiththeinterviewerduringtheinterview.☢ðéKñ⌕òḼSó஺

92Listenactivelyandstaycalm.ôGõ,öᢝø☟஺Ifinvitedtoameal,beespeciallycarefulaboutyourtablemanners.ú⍸ᔛýé⌕ᱯîôG⚶
⁚஺Don'ttalkwithyourmouthfull.
ᘂᨵᱥDon'tmakemuchnoisewhileyoueat.
ᔛ⌕Don'tblowyournoseorusethetoothpickattable.⌕ᡈᵨᱛᒆᱛDon'tappeartobepushyoroverlyanxioustogetajob.
"#ᑖ⊤&ញḼ⌕)*Behonestbutnottoomodest.⌕+,-"./0Don'tputyourselfdownorcutyourselfup.ᝠ23ↈᡈ25Trytoavoiddiscussingpoliticsorreligionwithyourinterviewer.678☢:;<=>ᡈ?ᦟᙛ;ὅ2C2DὅEFFighting!!!