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AnalyticalWriting:"Argument”TaskTopicsThispagecontainstheArgumenttopicsfortheanalyticalwritingsectionoftheGREGeneralTest.Whenyoutakethetest,youwbepresentedwithoneArgumenttopicfromthispool.Thewordingofsometopicsinthetestmightvaryslightlyfromwhatispresentedhere.Therefore,readyourtesttopiccarefullyandrespondtothewordingasitappearsintheactualtest.Discusshowwellreasonedyoufindthisargument.ArecentstudyshowsthatpeoplelivingonthecontinentofNorthAmericasuffer9timesmorechronicfatigueand31timesmorechronicdepressionthandopeoplelivingonthecontinentofAsia.Interestingly,Asians,onaverage,eat20gramsofsoyperday,whereasNorthAmericanseatvirtuallynone.Itturnsoutthatsoycontainsphytochemicalscalledisoflavones,whichhavebeenfoundtopossessdisease-preventingproperties.Thus,NorthAmericansshouldconsidereatingsoyonaregularbasisasawayofpreventingfatigueanddepression.ThefollowingistakenfromtheeditorialsectionofthelocalnewspaperinRockingham.”lnordertosaveaconsiderableamountofmoney,Rockingham'scentury-oldtownhallshouldbetorndownandreplacedbythelargerandmoreenergy-efficientbuildingthatsomecitizenshaveproposed.Theoldtownhallistoosmalltocomfortablyaccommodatethenumberofpeoplewhoareemployedbythetown.Inaddition,itisverycostlytoheattheoldhallinwinterandcoolitinsummer.Thenew,largerbuildingwouldbemoreenergyefficient,costinglesspersquarefoottoheatandcoolthantheoldhall.Furthermore,itwouldbepossibletorentoutsomeofthespaceinthenewbuilding,therebygeneratingincomeforthetownofRockingham."ClaitownUniversityneedsbothaffordablehousingforitsstudentsandawaytofundthebuildingofsuchhousing.Thebestsolutiontothisproblemistocommissionafamousarchitectknownforexperimentalandfuturisticbuildings.Itiscommonknowledgethattouristsarewillingtopaymoneytotoursomeofthearchitect'sbuildings,soitcanbeexpectedthattouristswillwanttovisitthisnewbuilding.Theincomefromthefeeschargedtotouristswillsooncoverthebuildingcosts.Furthermore,suchabuildingwillattractnewstudentsaswellasdonationsfromalumni.Andeventhoughsuchabuildingwillbemuchlargerthanourcurrentneedforstudenthousing,partofthebuildingcanbeusedasofficespace.Thefollowingappearedinabusinessmagazine."Asaresultofnumerousconsumercomplaintsofdizzinessandnausea,Promofoodsrequestedthateightmillioncansoftunabereturnedfortestinglastyear.Promofoodsconcludedthatthecansdidnot,afterall,containchemicalsthatposedahealthrisk.ThisconclusionisbasedonthefactthatthechemistsfromPromofoodstestedsamplesoftherecalledcansandfoundthat,oftheeight

1chemicalsmostcommonlyblamedforcausingsymptomsofdizzinessandnausea,fivewerenotfoundinanyofthetestedcans.Thechemistsdidfindthatthethreeremainingsuspectedchemicalsarenaturallyfoundinallotherkindsofcannedfoods/*Thefollowingappearedinalocalnewspaper."PeopleshouldnotbemisledbytheadvertisingcompetitionbetweenColdexandCold-Away,bothpopularover-the-countercoldmedicationsthatanyonecanpurchasewithoutadoctor'sprescription.Eachbrandisaccusingtheotherofcausingsomewell-known,unwantedsideeffect:ColdexisknowntocontributetoexistinghighbloodpressureandCold-Awayisknowntocausedrowsiness.Butthechoiceshouldbeclearformosthealth-consciouspeople:Cold-AwayhasbeenonthemarketformuchlongerandisusedbymorehospitalsthanisColdex.Clearly,Cold-Awayismoreeffective."Afolkremedy*forinsomnia,thescentinlavenderflowers,hasnowbeenprovedeffective.Inarecentstudy,30volunteerswithchronicinsomniaslepteachnightforthreeweeksonlavender-scentedpowsinacontrolledroomwheretheirsleepwasmonitored.Duringthefirstweek,volunteerscontinuedtotaketheirusualsleepingmedication.Theysleptsoundlybutwakenedfeelingtired.Duringthesecondweek,thevolunteersdiscontinuedtheirmedication.Asaresult,theysleptlesssoundlythanthepreviousweekandfeltevenmoretired.Duringthethirdweek,thevolunteerssleptlongerandmoresoundlythanintheprevioustwoweeks.Thisshowsthatoverashortperiodoftimelavendercuresinsomnia.*Afolkremedyisusuallyaplant-basedformoftreatmentcommontotraditionalformsofmedicine,onesthatdevelopedbeforetheadventofmodernmedicalservicesandtechnology.Typically,aspeopleage,theirbonemassdecreases,makingthemmorevulnerabletobonefractures.ArecentstudyconcludesthatthemosteffectivewaytoreducetheriskoffracturesinlaterlifeistotaketwicetherecommendeddoseofvitaminDandcalciumdaily.Thethree-yearstudyfollowedagroupofFrenchwomenintheireightieswhowerenursing-homeresidents.ThewomenweregivendailysupplementsoftwicetherecommendeddoseofvitaminDandcalcium.Inaddition,thewomenparticipatedinalightweightliftingprogram.Afterthreeyears,thesewomenshowedamuchlowerrateofhipfracturesthanisaveragefortheirage.ThefollowingappearedinaletterfromadepartmentchairpersontothepresidentofPierceUniversity."SomestudiesconductedbyBronstonCollege,whichisalsolocatedinasmalltown,revealthatbothmaleandfemaleprofessorsarehappierlivinginsmalltownswhentheirspousesarealsoemployedinthesamegeographicarea.Therefore,intheinterestofattractingthemostgiftedteachersandresearcherstoourfacultyandimprovingthemoraleofourentirestaff,weatPierce

2Universityshouldofferemploymenttothespouseofeachnewfacultymemberwehire.Althoughwecannotexpectallofferstobeacceptedortobeviewedasanidealjoboffer,themoneyinvestedinthiseffortwillclearlybewellspentbecause,iftheirspouseshaveachanceofemployment,newprofessorswillbemorelikelytoacceptouroffers."Forthepastfiveyears,consumersinCaliforniahavebeenwillingtopaytwiceasmuchforoystersfromthenortheasternAtlanticCoastasforGulfCoastoysters.ThistrendbeganshortlyafterharmfulbacteriawerefoundinafewrawGulfCoastoysters.Butscientistshavenowdevisedaprocessforkillingthebacteria.OnceconsumersaremadeawareoftheincreasedsafetyofGulfCoastoysters,theyarelikelytobewillingtopayasmuchforGulfCoastasfornortheasternAtlanticCoastoysters,andgreaterprofitsforGulfCoastoysterproducerswillfollow.ThefollowingappearedinamemofromthemarketingdirectorofBargainBrandCereals."Oneyearagoweintroducedourfirstproduct,'BargainBrand'breakfastcereal.Ourverylowpricesquicklydrewmanycustomersawayfromthetop-sellingcerealcompanies.Althoughthecompaniesproducingthetopbrandshavesincetriedtocompetewithusbyloweringtheirprices,andalthoughseveralplantointroducetheirownbudgetbrands,notoncehaveweneededtoraiseourpricestocontinuemakingaprofit.Givenoursuccesssellingcereal,BargainBrandshouldnowexpanditsbusinessandbeginmarketingotherlow-pricedfoodproductsasquicklyaspossible."TheMozartSchoolofMusicshouldobviouslybethefirstchoiceofanymusicstudentawareofitsreputation.Firstofall,theMozartSchoolstressesintensivepracticeandtraining,sothatstudentstypicallybegintheirtrainingataveryyoungage.Second,theschoolhasamplefacilitiesandup-to-dateprofessionalequipment,anditsfacultyincludessomeofthemostdistinguishedmusicteachersintheworld.Finally,manyMozartgraduateshavegoneontobethebestknownandmosthighlypaidmusiciansinthenation.Thefollowingisamemorandumissuedbythepublisherofanewsmagazine,Newsbeat,inthecountryofDinn."Ourpoorest-sellingmagazineissuesoverthepastthreeyearswerethosethatfeaturedinternationalnewsstoriesontheirfrontcovers.Overthesameperiod,competingnews-magazineshavesignificantlydecreasedthenumberofcoverstoriesthattheydevotetointernationalnews.Moreover,thecostofmaintainingourforeignbureaustoreportoninternationalnewsisincreasing.Therefore,weshoulddecreaseouremphasisoninternationalnewsandrefrainfromdisplayingsuchstoriesonourmagazinecovers."

3ThefollowingrecommendationwasmadebythepresidentandadministrativestaffofGroveCollege,aprivateinstitution,tothecollege'sgoverningcommittee.nWerecommendthatGroveCollegepreserveitscentury-oldtraditionofalI-femaleeducationratherthanadmitmenintoitsprograms.Itistruethatamajorityoffacultymembersvotedinfavorofcoeducation,arguingthatitwouldencouragemorestudentstoapplytoGrove.Buteightypercentofthestudentsrespondingtoasurveyconductedbythestudentgovernmentwantedtheschooltoremainallfemale,andoverhalfofthealumniwhoansweredaseparatesurveyalsoopposedcoeducation.Keepingthecollegeall-female,therefore,wimprovemoraleamongstudentsandconvincealumnitokeepsupportingthecollegefinancially."ThefollowingappearedinalettertotheschoolboardinthetownofCenterville."Allstudentsshouldberequiredtotakethedriver'seducationcourseatCentervilleHighSchool.InthepasttwoyearsseveralaccidentsinandaroundCentervillehaveinvolvedteenagedrivers.SinceanumberofparentsinCentervehavecomplainedthattheyaretoobusytoteachtheirteenagerstodrive,someotherinstructionisnecessarytoensurethattheseteenagersaresafedrivers.AlthoughtherearetwodrivingschoolsinCenterville,parentsonatightbudgetcannotaffordtopayfordrivinginstruction.Thereforeaneffectiveandmandatoryprogramsponsoredbythehighschoolistheonlysolutiontothisseriousproblem."ThefollowingisamemorandumfromthesalesdirectortothepresidentoftheHealthy-and-Goodfoodcompany."ArecentstudyindicatesthatVenadial,anewmargarinecurrentlyproducedonlyinthecountryofAlta,actuallyreducescholesterollevels.Derivedfromtheresinofpinetrees,Venadialworksbyactivatingametabolicresponsethatisnotyetwellunderstood.However,cholesterollevelsfelltentofifteenpercentamongparticipantsinthestudywhoconsumedVenadialdaily,andtheriskofheartattackbyone-third.Inaddition,thenewmargarineissopopularthatstoresinAltaareunabletokeepitontheirshelves.Therefore,ifourcompanyobtainstheexclusiverighttosellVenadialinternationally,ourprofitsaresuretoincreasesubstantiallywithinaveryshorttime.',ThefollowingisaletterthatrecentlyappearedintheOakCityGazette,alocalnewspaper."MembershipinOakCity'sCivicClub—aclubwhoseprimaryobjectiveistodiscusslocalissuesshouldcontinuetoberestrictedtopeoplewholiveinOakCity.PeoplewhoworkinOakCitybutwholiveelsewherecannottrulyunderstandthebusinessandpoliticsofthecity.Itisimportanttorestrictmembershiptocityresidentsbecauseonlyresidentspaycitytaxesandthereforeonlyresidentsunderstandhowthemoneycouldbestbeusedtoimprovethecity.Atanyrate,restrictingmembershipinthiswayisunlikelytodisappointmanyofthenonresidentsemployedinOakCity,sinceneighboringElmCity'sCivicClubhasalwayshadanopenmembershippolicy,andonlytwenty-fivenonresidentshavejoinedElmCit/sClubinthelasttenyears.0

4ThefollowingappearedintheannualreportfromthepresidentoftheNationalBrushCompany."Inordertosavemoney,weattheNationalBrushCompanyhavedecidedtopayouremployeesforeachbrushtheyproduceinsteadofforthetimetheyspendproducingbrushes.Webelievethatthispolicywillleadtotheproductionofmoreandbetterbrushes,willallowustoreduceourstaffsize,andwillenablethecompanyfactoriestooperateforfewerhours——resultinginsavingsonelectricityandsecuritycosts.Thesechangeswillensurethatthebestworkerskeeptheirjobsandthatthecompanywillearnaprofitinthecomingyear."ThefollowingisamemorandumwrittenbythedirectorofpersonneltothepresidentoftheCedarCorporation."ItwouldbeamistaketorehiretheGood-TasteCompanytosupplythefoodinouremployeecafeterianextyear.Itisthesecondmostexpensivecatererinthecity.Inaddition,itspriceshaverisenineachofthelastthreeyears,anditrefusestoprovidemealsforpeopleonspecialdiets.Justlastmonththreeemployeescomplainedtomethattheynolongereatinthecafeteriabecausetheyfindtheexperience'unbearable.'OurcompanyshouldinsteadhireDiscountFoods.Discountisafamily-ownedlocalcompanyanditoffersavariedmenuoffishandpoultry.IrecentlytastedasamplelunchatoneofthemanycompaniesthatDiscountservesanditwasdelicious—anindicationthathiringDiscountwillleadtoimprovedemployeesatisfaction."ThefollowingisarecommendationfromthepersonneldirectortothepresidentofAcmePublishingCompany."ManyothercompanieshaverecentlystatedthathavingtheiremployeestaketheEasyReadSpeed-ReadingCoursehasgreatlyimprovedproductivity.Onegraduateofthecoursewasabletoreadafive-hundred-pagereportinonlytwohours;anothergraduaterosefromanassistantmanagertovicepresidentofthecompanyinunderayear.Obviously,thefasteryoucanread,themoreinformationyoucanabsorbinasingleworkday.Moreover,EasyReadcostsonly$500peremployee—asmallpricetopaywhenyouconsiderthebenefitstoAcme.Includedinthisfeeisathree-weekseminarinSpruceCityandalifelongsubscriptiontotheEasyReadnewsletter.Clearly,AcmewouldbenefitgreatlybyrequiringallofouremployeestotaketheEasyReadcourse."Fromalettertotheeditorofacitynewspaper."Onerecentresearchstudyhasindicatedthatmanyadolescentsneedmoresleepthantheyaregetting,andanotherstudyhasshownthatmanyhighschoolstudentsinourcityareactuallydissatisfiedwiththeirownacademicperformance.Asawayofcombatingtheseproblems,thehighschoolsinourcityshouldbeginclassesat8:30A.M.insteadof7:30A.M.,andendtheschooldayanhourlater.Thisarrangementwillgivestudentsanextrahourofsleepinthemorning,thereby

5makingthemmorealertandmoreproductive.Consequently,thestudentswillperformbetterontestsandotherassignments,andtheiracademicskillswillimprovesignificantly."ButterhasnowbeenreplacedbymargarineinHappyPancakeHouserestaurantsthroughoutthesouthwesternUnitedStates.Onlyabout2percentofcustomershavecomplained,indicatingthat98peopleoutof100arehappywiththechange.Furthermore,manyservershavereportedthatanumberofcustomerswhostillaskforbutterdonotcomplainwhentheyaregivenmargarineinstead.Clearly,eitherthesecustomerscannotdistinguishmargarinefrombutter,ortheyusetheterm'butter'torefertoeitherbutterormargarine.Thus,toavoidtheexpenseofpurchasingbutter,theHappyPancakeHouseshouldextendthiscost-savingchangetoitsrestaurantsinthesoutheastandnortheastaswell.ManyemployeesofmajorUnitedStatescorporationsarefearfulthattheywilllosetheirjobsinthenearfuture,butthisfearislargelyunfounded.Accordingtoarecentstudy,amajorityofcompaniesexpectedtomakenewhiresinthecomingyear,whilefewercompaniesexpectedtolayoffemployees.Inaddition,althoughitisverydisturbingtobelaidoff,theproliferationofprogramsandofworkshopsdesignedtoimprovejob-findingskillshasmadebeinglaidofffarlesspainfulthanitoncewas.IntheBayheadPublicLibrary,booksthatarerarelyborrowedcontinuetotakeupshelfspaceyearafteryear,whilepeoplewhowanttoreadarecentnovelfrequentlyfindthatthelibrary'sonlycopyischeckedout.Clearly,thelibrary'splantoreplacebooksthatareborrowednomorethanonceayearwithsufficientcopiesofmorerecentbookswillsolvethisproblem.Theprotestwehaveheardsincethisplanwasmadepublichascomefromasmall,andthusunrepresentative,groupofsomethirtypeopleandsoshouldthereforebeignored.ThefollowingappearedinaletterfromtheowneroftheSunnysideTowersapartmentbuildingtoitsmanager.“Onemonthago,alltheshowerheadsonthefirstfivefloorsofSunnysideTowersweremodifiedtorestrictthewaterflowtoapproximately1/3ofitsoriginalforce.Althoughactualreadingsofwaterusagebeforeandaftertheadjustmentarenotyetavailable,thechangewillobviouslyresultinaconsiderablesavingsforSunnysideCorporation,sincethecorporationmustpayforwatereachmonth.Exceptforafewcomplaintsaboutlowwaterpressure,noproblemswithshowershavebeenreportedsincetheadjustment.Clearly,restrictingwaterflowthroughoutallthe20floorsofSunnysideTowerswillincreaseourprofitsfurther.'1ThefollowingisarecommendationfromthedirectorofpersonneltothepresidentofProfessionalPrintingCompany.

6"Inarecenttelephonesurveyofautomobilefactoryworkers,olderemployeeswerelesslikelytoreportthathavingasupervisorpresentincreasestheirproductivity.Amongworkersaged18to29,27percentsaidthattheyaremoreproductiveinthepresenceoftheirimmediatesupervisor,comparedto12percentforthoseaged30orover,andonly8percentforthoseaged50orover.Clearly,ifourprintingcompanyhiresmainlyolderemployees,wewillincreaseproductivityandsavemoneybecauseofthereducedneedforsupervisors.HThefollowingappearedaspartofanarticleinahealthmagazine."AnewdiscoverywarrantsadrasticchangeinthedietsofpeoplelivingintheUnitedStates.Twoscientistshaverecentlysuggestedthatomega-3fattyacids(foundinsomefishandfishoils)playakeyroleinmentalhealth.Ourancestors,whoatelesssaturatedfatandmorepolyunsaturatedfat,includingomega-3fattyacids,weremuchlesslikelytosufferfromdepressionthanwearetoday.Moreover,modernsocieties—suchasthoseinJapanandTaiwan—thatconsumelargequantitiesoffishreportdepressionrateslowerthanthatintheUnitedStates.Giventhislinkbetweenomega-3fattyacidsanddepression,itisimportantforallpeopleintheUnitedStatestoincreasetheirconsumptionoffishinordertopreventdepression."Anewreportsuggeststhatmenandwomenexperiencepainverydifferentlyfromoneanother,andthatdoctorsshouldconsiderthesedifferenceswhenprescribingpainmedications.Whenresearchersadministeredthesamedosageofkappaopioids—apainker—to28menand20womenwhowerehavingtheirwisdomteethextracted,thewomenreportedfeelingmuchlesspainthanthemen,andtheeasingofpainlastedconsiderablylongerinwomen.Thisresearchsuggeststhatkappaopioidsshouldbeprescribedforwomenwheneverpainmedicationisrequired,whereasmenshouldbegivenotherkindsofpainmedication.Inaddition,researchersshouldreevaluatetheeffectsofallmedicationsonmenversuswomen.ThefollowingisarecommendationfromthedeanatFoleyCollege,asmallliberalartscollege,tothepresidentofthecollege."Sincecollege-boundstudentsareincreasinglyconcernedaboutjobprospectsaftergraduation,FoleyCollegeshouldattempttoincreaseenrollmentbypromisingtofinditsstudentsjobsaftertheygraduate.ManyadministratorsfeelthatthisstrategyisawayforFoleytocompeteagainstlargerandmoreprestigiousschoolsandtoencouragestudentstobeginpreparingforcareersassoonastheyentercollege.Furthermore,astudentwhomustchooseacareerpathwithinhisorherfirstyearofcollegeandwhoisguaranteedajobaftergraduationismorelikelytosuccessfullycompletethecourseworkthatwillpreparehimorherforthefuture.1'ThefollowingisalettertotheeditoroftheGlenvilleGazette,alocalnewspaper.

7"Overthepastfewyears,thenumberofpeoplewhohavepurchasedadvanceticketsfortheGlenvilleSummerConcertserieshasdeclined,indicatinglackofcommunitysupport.Althoughtheweatherhasbeenunpredictableinthepastfewyears,thiscannotbethereasonforthedeclineinadvanceticketpurchases,becausemanypeopleattendedtheconcertseveninbadweather.Clearly,then,thereasonforthedeclineisthechoiceofmusic,sotheorganizersoftheconcertshouldfeaturemoremodernmusicinthefutureandshouldbesuretoincludemusiccomposedbyRicherts,whoserecordingsGlenvilleresidentspurchasemoreoftenthananyothercontemporaryrecordings.Thisstrategywillundoubtedlyincreaseadvanceticketpurchasesandwillincreaseattendanceattheconcerts."ThefollowingisaletterfromaprofessoratXanaduCollegetothecollege'spresident."Thedevelopmentofanextensivecomputer-basedlong-distancelearningprogramwenhancethereputationofXanaduCollege.Thisprogramwouldallowmorestudentstoenrollinourcourses,therebyincreasingourincomefromstudenttuition.Traditionalcoursescouldeasilybeadaptedfordistancelearners,aswasshownbytheadaptationoftwotraditionalcoursesforourdistancelearningtrialprojectlastyear.Also,byusingcomputerprogramsandtapedlectures,facultywillhavefewerclassroomobligationsandmoretimetoengageinextensiveresearch,therebyenhancingthereputationofXanadu."ThefollowingisalettertotheeditoroftheRosevilleGazette."DespiteoppositionfromsomeresidentsofWestRoseville,theargumentsinfavorofmergingthetownshipsofRoseveandWestRosevilleareoverwhelming.First,residentsinbothtownshipsareconfusedaboutwhichauthoritytocontactwhentheyneedaservice;forexample,thepolicedepartmentinRosevereceivesmanycallsfromresidentsofWestRoseville.Thissortofconfusionwouldbeeliminatedwiththemerger.Second,thesavingsinadministrativecostswouldbeenormous,sinceserviceswouldnolongerbeduplicated:wewouldhaveonlyonefirechief,onetaxdepartment,onemayor,andsoon.Andnojobsincitygovernmentwouldbelost—employeescouldsimplybereassigned.Mostimportantly,themergerwillundoubtedlyattractbusinessinvestmentsasitdidwhenthetownshipsofHamdenandNorthHamdenmergedtenyearsago.1'TheDepartmentofEducationinthestateofAttrarecommendsthathighschoolstudentsbeassignedhomeworkeveryday.Yetarecentstatewidesurveyofhighschoolmathandscienceteacherscallstheusefulnessofdailyhomeworkintoquestion.InthedistrictofSanlee,86percentoftheteachersreportedassigninghomeworkthreetofivetimesaweek,whereasinthedistrictofMarlee,lessthan25percentoftheteachersreportedassigninghomeworkthreetofivetimesaweek.YetthestudentsinMarleeearnbettergradesoverallandarelesslikelytoberequiredtorepeatayearofschoolthanarethestudentsinSanlee.Therefore,allteachersinourhighschoolsshouldassignhomeworknomorethantwiceaweek,ifatall.

8Arecentstudysuggeststhatpeoplewhoareleft-handedaremorelikelytosucceedinbusinessthanareright-handedpeople.Researchersstudiedphotographsof1,000prominentbusinessexecutivesandfoundthat21percentoftheseexecutiveswrotewiththeirlefthand.Sothepercentageofprominentbusinessexecutiveswhoareleft-handed(21percent)isalmosttwicethepercentageofpeopleinthegeneralpopulationwhoareleft-handed(11percent).Thus,peoplewhoareleft-handedwouldbewelladvisedtopursueacareerinbusiness,whereaspeoplewhoareright-handedwouldbewelladvisedtoimitatethebusinesspracticesexhibitedbyleft-handers.ThefollowingisaletterfromaneditoratLiberPublishingCompanytothecompany'spresident."Inrecentyears,Liberhasunfortunatelymovedawayfromitsoriginalmission:topublishtheworksofregionalsmall-townauthorsinsteadofthoseofbig-cityauthors.Justlastyear,90percentofthenovelswepublishedwerewrittenbyauthorswhomaintainaresidenceinabigcity.Althoughthischangemusthavebeenintendedtoincreaseprofits,ithasobviouslybackfired,becauseLiberisnowinseriousfinancialtrouble.Theonlywaytoaddressthisproblemistoreturntoouroriginalmission.Ifwereturntopublishingonlytheworksofregionalsmall-townauthors,ourfinancialtroubleswillsoonberesolved."Sadly,widespreadnegativeimagesofbusinesspeoplehavebeencreatedinlargepartbytelevision.Considerthefactthat,althoughtheymakeupamere10percentofthecharactersindramaticrolesontelevision,businesspeopleareresponsibleforaboutone-fifthofallthecrimeontelevisionshows.Infact,inarecentsurveyoftelevisionproducers,only35percentofthetelevisionrolesforbusinesspeoplewereviewedaspositiveones.Thefollowingappearedaspartofarecommendationmadebyafacultymembertothepresidentofalargeuniversity."Neveronceinour150-yearhistoryasauniversityhaveweclarifiedourobjectives.How,then,canwehopetoadaptasaninstitutiontothenewchallengesfacinghighereducation.Asafirststepinthisevolutionaryprocess,therefore,weshouldsendoutquestionnairesaskingfacultymemberswhytheyteach,askingstudentswhattheywantfromthisuniversity,andaskingformerstudentswhattheygainedfromtheirowneducationhere.Whentherepliescomein,wecantabulatethemandformulateanofficialstatementofoureducationalmission.Thiswillsurelyresultinimprovedprogramsatouruniversity."Thereisageneralideathatatranslationalwaysfailstopreservesomeofthequalitiesthatdistinguishtheoriginalwork—i.e.,that'somethingalwaysgetslostintranslation.'Writers,critics,andthegeneralreadingpublicunthinkinglyacceptthiscliche.Butthisbeliefisunwarranted:translatorsaresometimesdistinguishedauthorsthemselves,andsomeauthorsmayeventranslatetheirownworks.AsthetranslatorpointedoutintheprefacetoanEnglishversionofDante'sworks,

9theviolinandthepianomakedifferentsounds,buttheycanplaywhatisrecognizablythesamepieceofmusic.Thereisageneralideathatwaitersandwaitressesaremorelikelytoreceivelargergratuitiesfromlargegroupsofpeople.Arecentresearchstudysuggeststhisisnottrue.Theresearchersexaminedtherelationshipbetweenthesizeoftipsinrestaurantsandthenumberofmealschargedonthebill.Theyfoundthat,whilemosttipswerearound15percent,theminimumpercentageconsideredappropriate,peoplediningalonetippedconsistentlymore(19percent)andthosediningingroupsoffourormoretippedconsiderablyless(13percent)thanthis15percentstandard.Theseresultsstronglysuggestthatpeopledininginagrouparelesslikelytofeelpersonallyresponsibleforleavinganadequateorgeneroustip.Statisticscollectedfromdentistsindicatethatthreetimesmorementhanwomenfaintwhilevisitingthedentist.Thisevidencesuggeststhatmenaremorelikelytobedistressedabouthavingdentalworkdonethanwomenare.Thus,dentistswhoadvertisetoattractpatientsshouldtargetthemaleconsumerandemphasizeboththeeffectivenessoftheiranesthetictechniquesandthesensitivityoftheirstafftonervousorsufferingpatients.ThecitizensofForsythehaveadoptedhealthierlifestyles.Theirresponsestoarecentsurveyshowthatintheireatinghabitstheyconformmorecloselytogovernmentnutritionalrecommendationsthantheydidtenyearsago.Furthermore,therehasbeenafourfoldincreaseinsalesoffoodproductscontainingkiran,asubstancethatascientificstudyhasshownreducescholesterol.Thistrendisalsoevidentinreducedsalesofsulia,afoodthatfewofthehealthiestcitizensregularlyeat.HumansarrivedintheKalikoIslandsabout7,000yearsago,andwithin3,000yearsmostofthelargemammalspeciesthathadlivedintheforestsoftheKalikoIslandshadbecomeextinct.Yethumanscannothavebeenafactorinthespecies'extinctions,becausethereisnoevidencethatthehumanshadanysignificantcontactwiththemammals.Further,archaeologistshavediscoverednumeroussiteswherethebonesoffishhadbeendiscarded,buttheyfoundnosuchareascontainingthebonesoflargemammals,sothehumanscannothavehuntedthemammals.Therefore,someclimatechangeorotherenvironmentalfactormusthavecausedthespecies*extinctions.Thefollowingappearedinanewspaperfeaturestory."Atthesmall,nonprofithospitalinthetownofSaluda,theaveragelengthofapatient'sstayistwodays;atthelarge,for-profithospitalinthenearbycityofMegaville,theaveragepatientstayissixdays.Also,thecurerateamongpatientsintheSaludahospitalisabouttwicethatoftheMegavillehospital.TheSaludahospitalhasmoreemployeesperpatientthanthehospitalinMegaville,and

10therearefewcomplaintsaboutserviceatthelocalhospital.Suchdataindicatethattreatmentinsmaller,nonprofithospitalsismoreeconomicalandofbetterqualitythantreatmentinlarger,for-profithospitals."Thefollowingappearedasalettertotheeditorofafarmingpublication.“Withcontinuingpublicityabouttheneedforhealthfuldiets,andwithnewresearchabouttheharmfuleffectsofeatingtoomuchsugar,nationwidedemandforsugarwillnodoubtdecline.Therefore,farmersinourstateshouldusethelandonwhichtheycurrentlygrowsugarcanetogrowpeanuts,afoodthatisrichinproteinandlowinsugar.FarmersintheneighboringcountryofPalingreatlyincreasedtheirproductionofpeanutslastyear,andtheirtotalrevenuesfromthatcropwerequitehigh."ThefollowingappearedinarecommendationfromthepresidentofAmburg'sChamberofCommerce."LastOctoberthecityofBellevilleinstalledhighintensitylightinginitscentralbusinessdistrict,andvandalismtheredeclinedalmostimmediately.ThecityofAmburghasrecentlybegunpolicepatrolsonbicyclesinitsbusinessdistrictbuttherateofvandalismthereremainsconstant.Sincehighintensitylightingisapparentlythemosteffectivewaytocombatcrime,weshouldinstallsuchlightingthroughoutAmburg.Byreducingcrimeinthisway,wecanrevitalizethedecliningneighborhoodsinourcity."ThefollowingappearedinalettertotheeditoroftheParkvilleDailyNewspaper."Throughoutthecountrylastyear,asmoreandmorechildrenbelowtheageofnineparticipatedinyouth-leaguesoftballandsoccer,over80,000oftheseyoungplayerssufferedinjuries.Wheninterviewedforarecentstudy,youth-leaguesoftballplayersinseveralmajorcitiesalsoreportedpsychologicalpressurefromcoachesandparentstowingames.Furthermore,educationexpertssaythatlongpracticesessionsforthesesportstakeawaytimethatcouldbeusedforacademicactivities.Sincethedisadvantagesapparentlyoutweighanyadvantages,weinParkvilleshoulddiscontinueorganizedathleticcompetitionforchildrenundernine."Itisknownthatinrecentyears,industrialpollutionhascausedtheEarth'sozonelayertothin,allowinganincreaseintheamountofultravioletradiationthatreachestheEarth'ssurface.Atthesametime,scientistshavediscovered,thepopulationofaspeciesofsalamanderthatlaysitseggsinmountainlakeshasdeclined.Sinceultravioletradiationisknowntobedamagingtodelicatetissuesandsincesalamandereggshavenoprotectiveshells,itmustbethecasethattheincreaseinultravioletradiationhasdamagedmanysalamandereggsandpreventedthemfromhatching.Thisprocesswillnodoubtcausepopulationdeclinesinotherspecies,justasithasinthesalamanderspecies.

11Thefollowingappearedinamemorandumfromtheplanningdepartmentofanelectricpowercompany."Severalrecentsurveysindicatethathomeownersareincreasinglyeagertoconserveenergyandmanufacturersarenowmarketingmanyhomeappliances,suchasrefrigeratorsandairconditioners,thatarealmosttwiceasenergy-efficientasthosesoldadecadeago.Also,newtechnologiesforbetterhomeinsulationandpassivesolarheatingarereadilyavailabletoreducetheenergyneededforhomeheating.Therefore,weanticipatethatthetotaldemandforelectricityinourareawillnotincrease,andmaydeclineslightly.Sinceourthreeelectricgeneratingplantsinoperationforthepast20yearshavealwaysmetourneeds,constructionofnewgeneratingplantsshouldnotbenecessary.',ThefollowingrecommendationwasmadebytheHumanResourcesManagertotheboardofdirectorsoftheFancyToyCompany."Inthelastthreequartersofthisyear,undertheleadershipofourpresident,PatSalvo,ourprofitshavefallenconsiderably.Thus,weshouldaskforherresignationinreturnforagenerousseverancepackage.InPat'splace,weshouldappointRosaWinnings.RosaiscurrentlypresidentofStarlightJewelry,acompanywhoseprofitshaveincreaseddramaticallyoverthepastseveralyears.AlthoughwewillhavetopayRosatwicethesalarythatPathasbeenreceiving,itwillbewellworthitbecausewecansoonexpectourprofitstoincreaseconsiderably.1'Thefollowingisalettertotheeditorofanewsmagazine."Clearly,thesuccessfuluseofrobotsonmissionstoexploreouterspaceinthepast20yearsdemonstratesthatrobotscouldbeincreasinglyusedtoperformfactoryworkmoreeffectively,efficiently,andprofitablythanhumanfactoryworkers.Theuseofrobotsinfactorieswouldofferseveraladvantages.First,robotsnevergetsick,soabsenteeismwouldbereduced.Second,robotsdonotmakemistakes,sofactorieswouldincreasetheiroutput.Finally,theuseofrobotswouldalsoimprovethemoraleoffactoryworkers,sincefactoryworkcanbesoboringthatmanyworkerswouldbegladtoshifttomoreinterestingkindsoftasks."ThefollowingappearedinamemorandumtofacultyfromtheacademicvicepresidentofWaymarshUniversity."SothatwecanbetteraccomplishWaymarshUniversity'sacademicgoals,weshouldadoptthejob-opportunity(job-op)programofferedatPlateauTechnicalCollegeandstronglyencourageallstudentsatWaymarshtoparticipateinit.Thesuccessofthejob-opprogramatPlateauisevident:Overthepasttwoyears,morethan75%ofthefreshmenatPlateauhaveenrolledintheoptionaljob-opprogram.Moreover,atPlateau,thegradesofjob-opstudentsareconsistentlyhigherthan

12thoseofotherstudents,90%ofthejob-opstudentsreceivejobofferswithinamonthaftertheirgraduation,andmostformerjob-opstudentsreportmuchsuccessintheircareers.',ThefollowingappearedinamemorandumfromthenewpresidentofthePatriotcarmanufacturingcompany.'Inthepast,thebodystylesofPatriotcarshavebeenold-fashioned,andourcarshavenotsoldaswellashaveourcompetitors'cars.Butnow,sincemanyregionsinthiscountryreportrapidincreasesinthenumbersofnewlylicenseddrivers,weshouldbeabletoincreaseourshareofthemarketbysellingcarstothisgrowingpopulation.Thus,weshoulddiscontinueouroldestmodelsandconcentrateinsteadonmanufacturingsportycars.WecanalsoimprovethesuccessofourmarketingcampaignsbyswitchingouradvertisingtotheYouthAdvertisingagency,whichhassuccessfullypromotedthecountry'sleadingsoftdrink."ThefollowingappearedinamemorandumfromtheownerofArmchairVideo,achainofvideorentalstores.''Becauseofdecliningprofits,wemustreduceoperatingexpensesatArmchairVideo'stenvideorentalstores.Raisingpricesisnotagoodoption,sincewearefamousforourspecialbargains.Instead,weshouldreduceouroperatinghours.LastmonthourstoreindowntownMarstonreduceditshoursbyclosingat6:00P.M.ratherthan9:00P.M.andreduceditsoverallinventorybynolongerstockinganyfilmreleasedmorethantwoyearsago.Sincewehavereceivedveryfewcustomercomplaintsaboutthesenewpolicies,weshouldnowadoptthematallotherArmchairVideostoresasourbeststrategiesforimprovingprofits."IneachcityintheregionofTreehaven,themajorityofthemoneyspentongovernment-runpublicschooleducationcomesfromtaxesthateachcitygovernmentcollects.Theregion'scitiesdiffer,however,inthevaluetheyplaceonpubliceducation.Forexample,ParsonCitytypicallybudgetstwiceasmuchmoneyperyearasBlueCitydoesforitspublicschools—eventhoughbothcitieshaveaboutthesamenumberofresidents.Itseemsclear,therefore,thatParsonCityresidentscaremoreaboutpublicschooleducationthandoBlueCityresidents.ThefollowingappearedinalettertotheGrandviewCityCouncilfromalocalbusinessleader."Duringlastyear'sseveredrought,whenthewatersupplyintheGrandviewcityreservoirfelltoanextremelylowlevel,thecitycouncilimposedmuchmorerigidwater-rationingrules.Butjustaftertheseruleswereimposed,industrialgrowthintheareadeclined.ThisclearlyshowsthatthenewrationingruleshavehurtindustryinGrandview.Therefore,topromotethehealthofthelocaleconomy,thecitycouncilshouldnowstopwaterrationing."

13Thefollowingappearedinamagazinearticleaboutplanningforretirement."Becauseofitsspectacularnaturalbeautyandconsistentclimate,Clearviewshouldbeatopchoiceforanyoneseekingaplacetoretire.Asabonus,housingcostsinClearviewhavefallensignificantlyduringthepastyear,andrealestatetaxesremainlowerthanthoseinneighboringtowns.Nevertheless,Clearview'smayorpromisesmanynewprogramstoimproveschools,streets,andpublicservices.RetireesinClearviewcanalsoexpectexcellenthealthcareastheygrowolder,sincethenumberofphysiciansintheareaisfargreaterthanthenationalaverage.*'Thefollowingappearedinabrochurepromotingthepurchaseoflocalfranchisesforanationalchainofgyms."NowisthetimetoinvestinaPower-LiftGymfranchisesothatyoucanprofitfromopeningoneofourgymsinyourtown.Considerthecurrenttrends:Power-LiftGymsarealreadypopularamongcustomersin500locations,andnationalsurveysindicateincreasingconcernwithweightlossandphysicalfitness.Furthermore,lastyear'ssalesofbooksandmagazinesonpersonalhealthtotaledmorethan$50million,andpurchasesofhomeexerciseequipmentalmostdoubled.InvestingnowinaPower-LiftGymfranchisewillguaranteeaquickprofit."ThefollowingappearedinamemorandumfromthepresidentofHyper-GoToyCompany."Lastyear,salesofourFierceFightertoyairplanedeclinedsharply,eventhoughthetoyhadbeenatopsellerforthreeyears.Ourcustomersurveysshowthatparentsarenowmoreworriedaboutyouthfulviolenceandareconcernedaboutbettereducationfortheirchildren.Therefore,tomaintainprofitsweshoulddiscontinueallouractiontoysandfocusexclusivelyonanewlineofeducationaltoys.Severalothertoycompanieshavealreadybegunmarketingeducationaltoysandreportsalesincreaseslastyearof200percent.Andsincetheaveragefamilyincomeisgrowing,salesofnewHyper-Gotoysshouldalsoincrease."ThefollowingappearedinamemorandumfromavicepresidentoftheMegamartdepartmentstorechain."Forthethirdyearinarow,theaveragehouseholdincomeinourcountryhasrisensignificantly.Thatprosperitymeansthatfamiliesarelikelytobespendingmoretimeandmoneyonleisureactivities.Megamartstoresshouldthereforeconcentrateonenlargingandpromotingitslineofproductstypicallyusedinleisureactivities:athleticandoutdoorequipment,televisions,gourmetcookingequipment,andluggageandtravelaccessories.HThefollowingappearedinanarticleinamagazineforwriters.

14"Arecentstudyshowedthatindescribingatypicalday'sconversation,peoplemakeanaverageof23referencestowatchingtelevisionandonly1referencetoreadingfiction.Thisresultsuggeststhat,comparedwiththetelevisionindustry,thepublishingandbooksellingindustriesarelikelytodeclineinprofitability.Therefore,peoplewhowishtohavecareersaswritersshouldacquiretrainingandexperienceinwritingfortelevisionratherthanforprintmedia."Thefollowingappearedintheeditorialsectionofastudentnewspaper."Inarecentsurvey,moststudentswhowerestudyingbeginningRussiangavehighercourse-evaluationratingstoclassestaughtbynon-nativeRussianspeakersthantoclassestaughtbynativeRussianspeakers.Thereasonthatthenon-nativespeakerswerebetterteachersofRussianiseasytosee:thenon-nativespeakerslearnedRussianlaterinlifethemselves,andsotheyhaveabetterunderstandingofhowthelanguagecanbetaughteffectively.Therefore,inordertoimproveinstructionforalllanguagesandalsosavemoney,ouruniversityshouldhirenon-nativespeakersaslanguageinstructorsinsteadoftryingtofindandrecruitnativespeakers."Thefollowingarticleappearedinarecentissueofacollegenewspaper.“AmongallstudentswhograduatedfromHooperUniversityoverthepastfiveyears,morephysicalsciencemajorsthansocialsciencemajorsfoundpermanentjobswithinayearofgraduation.InasurveyofrecentHooperUniversitygraduates,mostphysicalsciencemajorssaidtheybelievedthattheprestigeofHooperUniversity'sphysicalscienceprogramshelpedthemsignificantlyinfindingajob.Incontrast,socialsciencemajorswhofoundpermanentemploymentattributedtheirsuccesstotheirownpersonalinitiative.Therefore,toensurethatsocialsciencemajorsfindpermanentjobs,HooperUniversityshouldofferadditionalsocialsciencecoursesandhireseveralnewfacultymemberswhoalreadyhavenationalreputationsinthesocialsciences."ThefollowingappearedasaneditorialinoneofColeville'scitynewspapers."EventhoughahighpercentageofColevilleCity'sbusinessesfailedlastyear,wewholiveinColevilleCityshouldkeepinmindthefactthattheColevilleregionhasattractedagreatmanynewbusinessesoverthelastthreeyears.Itiswellknownthatnewbusinessesare,onaverage,muchmorelikelytofailthanarelong-establishedones,sothebusinessfailuresshouldnotbeconsideredasignofpooreconomichealth.Indeed,manyanalystsregardthepresenceofasignificantnumberofnewcompaniesamongaregion'sbusinessesasasignofeconomichealth.ThusColevilleCityappearstobeingood,notpoor,economicshape."ThefollowingappearedinacorporateplanningmemoatABCCerealCompany,themakersofBetterBrancereal.

15"SalesofBetterBranhavedeclinedinrecentyears,forreasonsthatmanagementhasnowidentified.First,BetterBranisacerealwithhighsugarcontent,andrecentresearchstudieshavefoundthatmostconsumerssaytheyareconcernedabouttheamountofsugaraddedtotheirbreakfastcereal.Second,thepriceofBetterBranhasincreasedby5percentineachofthelastthreeyears.Therefore,toincreaseourcompany'sprofitsweneedtoreducetheamountofsugarinBetterBranandlowerBetterBran'sprice."Thefollowingappearedaspartofalettertotheeditorofalocalnewspaper."Duringherthreeyearsinoffice,GovernorRiedeburghasshownherselftobeaworthyleader.Sinceshetookoffice,crimehasdecreased,thenumberofjobscreatedperyearhasdoubled,andthenumberofpeoplechoosingtoliveinourstatehasincreased.Thesetrendsarelikelytocontinueifsheisreelected.Inaddition,Ms.Riedeburghaspromisedtotakestepstokeepbigcompanieshere,therebyprovidingjobsforanynewresidents.AnyonewholooksatMs.Riedeburg'srecordcantellthatsheisthebest-qualifiedcandidateforgovernor.*'Thefollowingappearedaspartofamemofromthemanagerofanautomobilemanufacturingcompany."Becausethedemandforourautomobilesisexpectedtoincreasedramatically,weneedtoopenanewmanufacturingplantassoonaspossibleinordertocontinuetothrive.Ourmarketingprojectionsindicatethat80millionpeoplewillwanttobuyourautomobiles,yetourexistingplantcanonlyproduce40millionautomobiles.Thenewplantcanbeopenedonapart-timebasis,withworkersfromourexistingsiterotatingresponsibilities,untilanoperationalstaffcanbetrained.Amajorairplanemanufacturerwasextremelysuccessfulusingthispart-timerotatingstrategywhenitopeneditsnewplantfiveyearsago."Thefollowingappearedasaneditorialinalocalnewspaper."InordertoattractvisitorstoCentralPlazadowntownandtoreturntheplazatoitsformerglory,thecityshouldprohibitskateboardingthereandinsteadallowskateboarderstouseanareainMonroePark.AtCentralPlaza,skateboardusersareabouttheonlypeopleoneseesnow,andlitteranddefacedpropertyhavemadetheplazaunattractive.Inarecentsurveyofdowntownmerchants,themajoritysupportedaprohibitiononskateboardingintheplaza.Clearly,banningskateboardinginCentralPlazawillmaketheareaaplacewherepeoplecancongregateforfunorforrelaxation."Thefollowingappearedinanewsletterfromapoliticalorganization."Inordertopromoteeconomicgrowthinthecity,cityresidentsshouldvote'yes'onthestategovernment'sproposaltobuildanewexpresswaylinkingtheoutlyingsuburbsdirectlytothecitycenter.Adirectlinktothecitycenterwillenabledowntownbusinessestoreceivedeliveriesmore

16frequently,sothatdowntownretailerswillnolongerrunoutofstockandcitymanufacturerswillnotbeaffectedbyshortagesofmaterials.Boomingbusinesseswillattractqualifiedworkersfromalloverthestate,workerswhowillbeabletotakeadvantageofthenewexpresswaytocommutetoworkinourcity.Inadditiontotheseadvantages,hundredsofworkerswillbeemployedtobuildtheexpressway,furtherstimulatingthelocaleconomy!"Thefollowingappearedaspartofamemofromthemanagerofahazardous-wastedisposalcompany."Ournewplanwillhelpusbetterprotectourstaffagainstexposuretotoxicchemicals:Wearefittingeachnewsafetysuitwithanalarmthatwillsoundinthemaincontrolboothwhenthesuitispunctured.Thecontrolboothwillnotifythemanagersonduty,whowillthentakethenecessarystepstoensureemployees'safety.Inadditiontotheobvioussafety-relatedbenefits,thefastreactiontimewillensureminimalworkstoppageandthusresultinincreasedworkerproductivityandcompanyprofitability.'1ThefollowingappearedinarecommendationfromtheplanningdepartmentofthecityofTransopolis."Tenyearsago,aspartofacomprehensiveurbanrenewalprogram,thecityofTransopolisadaptedforindustrialusealargeareaofseverelysubstandardhousingnearthefreeway.Subsequently,severalfactorieswereconstructedthere,crimeratesintheareadeclined,andpropertytaxrevenuesfortheentirecityincreased.Tofurtherrevitalizethecity,weshouldnowtakesimilaractioninadecliningresidentialareaontheoppositesideofthecity.Sincesomehousesandapartmentsinexistingnearbyneighborhoodsarecurrentlyunoccupied,alternatehousingforthosedisplacedbythisactionwillbereadilyavailable."Thefollowingappearedinalettertotheeditorofalocalnewspaper."Themembersofthetownschoolboardshouldnotbereelectedbecausetheyarenotconcernedaboutpromotinghigh-qualityeducationintheartsinourlocalschools.Forexample,studentparticipationinthehighschooldramaclubhasbeendecliningsteadily,andthisyeartheschoolboardrefusedtorenewthecontractofthedramadirector,eventhoughhehadreceivedmanyawardsforhisoriginalplays.Meanwhile,over$300,000ofthehighschoolbudgetgoestoathleticprograms,andtheheadfootballcoachisnowthehighest-paidmemberoftheteachingstaff."ThefollowingappearedinamemofromthesalesmanagerofEco-Power,acompanythatmanufacturestoolsandhomeappliances."Manypopularradioandtelevisioncommercialsusememorabletunesandsonglyricstocallattentiontotheproductsbeingadvertised.Indeed,arecentstudyofhighschoolstudentsshowed

17that85percentcouldeasilyrecognizethetunesusedtoadvertiseleadingsoftdrinksandfast-foodrestaurants.Despiteourcompany'sextensiveadvertisinginmagazinesduringthepastyear,salesofourhomeappliancesdeclined.Therefore,toboostcompanyprofits,weshouldnowswitchtoadvertisementsfeaturingadistinctivesong."Thefollowingappearedinamemofromthevicepresidentofacompanythatbuildsshoppingmallsthroughoutthecountry."ThesurfaceofasectionofRoute101,pavedtwoyearsagobyMcAdamRoadBuilders,isnowbadlycrackedandmarredbydangerouspotholes.Inanotherpartofthestate,asectionofRoute66,pavedbyAppianRoadwaysmorethanfouryearsago,isstillingoodcondition.AppianRoadwayshasrecentlypurchasedstate-of-the-artpavingmachinery,andithashiredanewquality-controlmanager.Becauseofitssuperiorworkandcommitmenttoquality,weshouldcontractwithAppianRoadwaysratherthanMcAdamRoadBuilderstoconstructtheaccessroadsforallournewshoppingmalls.MThefollowingappearedinanewspaperfeaturestory."Thereisnowevidencethattherelaxedmanneroflivinginsmalltownspromotesbetterhealthandgreaterlongevitythandoesthehecticpaceoflifeinbigcities.BusinessesinthesmalltownofLeevillereportfewerdaysofsickleavetakenbyindividualworkersthandobusinessesinthenearbylargecityofMasonCity.Furthermore,Leevillehasonlyonephysicianforitsonethousandresidents,butinMasonCitytheproportionofphysicianstoresidentsisfivetimesashigh.AndtheaverageageofLeevilleresidentsissignificantlyhigherthanthatofMasonCityresidents.Thesefindingssuggestthatpeopleseekinglongerandhealthierlivesshouldconsidermovingtosmallcommunities."ThefollowingappearedinamemorandumfromthegeneralmanagerofKNOWradiostation."SeveralfactorsindicatethatradiostationKNOWshouldshiftitsprogrammingfromrock-and-rollmusictoacontinuousnewsformat.Consider,forexample,thenumberofolderpeopleinourlisteningareahasincreaseddramatically,whilethetotalnumberofourlistenershasrecentlydeclined.Also,musicstoresinourareareportdecreasedsalesofrecordedmusic.Finally,continuousnewsstationsinneighboringcitieshavebeenverysuccessful,andasurveytakenjustbeforetherecentelectionshowsthatlocalcitizensareinterestedinbecomingbetterinformedaboutpolitics."ThefollowingappearedasalettertotheeditorofalocalSolanonewspaper.HTheSolanoschooldistrictshoulddoawaywithitsmusiceducationprograms.Afterall,musicprogramsarenotespeciallypopularinourschools:Only20percentofourhighschoolstudents

18participatedinmusicprogramslastyear.Furthermore,veryfewoftheSolanodistrict'scollege-boundstudentsareinterestedinmajoringinmusicattheuniversitylevel.Also,whentheschooldistrictofourneighboringtownofRutherfordeliminateditsmusicprogramstwoyearsago,theoverallgradepointaverageinthehighschoolincreasedby10percentthenextyear.SurelythemoneyspentonSolanomusicprogramscouldbebetterusedtoimprovethequalityoftraditionalacademiccourses.',ThefollowingappearedaspartofanarticleinalocalBeauvillenewspaper."Accordingtoagovernmentreport,lastyearthecityofDilltonreduceditscorporatetaxrateby15percent;atthesametime,itbeganofferingrelocationgrantsandfavorableratesoncityutilitiestoanycompanythatwouldrelocatetoDillton.Within18months,twomanufacturingcompaniesmovedtoDillton,wheretheyemployatotalof300people.Therefore,thefastestwayforBeauvilletostimulateeconomicdevelopmentandhencereduceunemploymentistoprovidetaxincentivesandotherfinancialinducementsthatencourageprivatecompaniestorelocatehere."ThefollowingappearedinamemorandumfromthepresidentofMiraVistaCollegetothecollege'sboardoftrustees."AtnearbyGreenMountainCollege,whichhasmorebusinesscoursesandmorejobcounselorsthandoesMiraVistaCollege,90percentoflastyear'sgraduatingseniorshadjoboffersfromprospectiveemployers.ButatMiraVistaCollegelastyear,only70percentoftheseniorswhoinformedtheplacementofficethattheywouldbeseekingemploymenthadfoundfull-timejobswithinthreemonthsaftergraduation,andonlyhalfofthesegraduateswereemployedintheirmajorfieldofstudy.TohelpMiraVista*sgraduatesfindemployment,wemustoffermorecoursesinbusinessandcomputertechnologyandhireadditionaljobcounselorstohelpstudentswiththeirresumesandinterviewingskills."ThefollowingappearedasaneditorialinthelocalnewspaperofDalton."WhentheneighboringtownofWilliamsvilleadoptedacurfewfourmonthsagothatmadeitillegalforpersonsundertheageof18toloiteroridleinpublicplacesafter10p.m.,youthcrimeinWilliamsvilledroppedby27percentduringcurfewhours.InWilliamsville'stownsquare,theareawhereitscitizenswereoncemostoutragedatthehighcrimerate,notasinglecrimehasbeenreportedsincethecurfewwasintroduced.Therefore,tohelpreduceitsownrisingcrimerate,thetownofDaltonshouldadoptthesamekindofcurfew.Acurfewthatkeepsyoungpeopleathomelateatnightwillsurelycontroljuveniledelinquencyandprotectminorsfrombecomingvictimsofcrime."ThefollowingappearedinamemowrittenbyadeanatBuckinghamCollege.

19“Toservethehousingneedsofourstudents,BuckinghamCollegeshouldbuildanewdormitory.Buckingham'senrollmentisgrowingand,basedoncurrenttrends,shoulddoubleoverthenextfiftyyears,thusmakingexistingdormitoriesinadequate.Moreover,theaveragerentforanapartmentinourtownhasincreasedinrecentyears.Consequently,studentswillfinditincreasinglydifficulttoaffordoff-campushousing.Finally,anattractivenewdormitorywouldmakeprospectivestudentsmorelikelytoenrollatBuckingham."ThefollowingappearedinamemoattheXYZcompany.“WhenXYZlaysoffemployees,itpaysDelanyPersonnelFirmtoofferthoseemployeesassistanceincreatingresumesanddevelopinginterviewingskills,iftheysodesire.Laid-offemployeeshavebenefitedgreatlyfromDelany'sservices:lastyearthosewhousedDelanyfoundjobsmuchmorequicklythandidthosewhodidnot.Recently,ithasbeenproposedthatweusetheless-expensiveWalshPersonnelFirminplaceofDelany.Thiswouldbeamistakebecauseeightyearsago,whenXYZwasusingWalsh,onlyhalfoftheworkerswelaidoffatthattimefoundjobswithinayear.Moreover,Delanyisclearlysuperior,asevidencedbyitsbiggerstaffandlargernumberofbranchoffices.Afterall,lastyearDelany'sclientstookanaverageofsixmonthstofindjobs,whereasWalsh'sclientstooknine.*'ThefollowingappearedasaneditorialinthestudentnewspaperofGrovetonCollege.“Tocombattherecentlyreporteddramaticriseincheatingamongcollegeanduniversitystudents,theseinstitutionsshouldadopthonorcodessimilartoGroveton's,whichcallsforstudentstoagreenottocheatintheiracademicendeavorsandtonotifyafacultymemberiftheysuspectthatothershavecheated.Groveton'shonorcodereplacedanold-fashionedsysteminwhichstudentswerecloselymonitoredbyteachersandanaverageofthirtycasesofcheatingperyearwerereported.Thehonorcodehasprovenfarmoresuccessful:inthefirstyearitwasinplace,studentsreportedtwenty-onecasesofcheating;fiveyearslater,thisfigurehaddroppedtofourteen.Moreover,inarecentsurveyconductedbytheGrovetonhonorcouncil,amajorityofstudentssaidthattheywouldbelesslikelytocheatwithanhonorcodeinplacethanwithout."ThefollowingappearedinamemorandumwrittenbythevicepresidentofNature'sWay,achainofstoressellinghealthfoodandotherhealth-relatedproducts."Previousexperiencehasshownthatourstoresaremostprofitableinareaswhereresidentsarehighlyconcernedwithleadinghealthylives.WeshouldthereforebuildournextnewstoreinPlainsville,whichhasmanysuchresidents.Plainsvemerchantsreportthatsalesofrunningshoesandexerciseclothingareatall-timehighs.Thelocalhealthclub,whichnearlyclosedfiveyearsagoduetolackofbusiness,hasmoremembersthanever,andtheweighttrainingandaerobicsclassesarealwaysfull.Wecanevenanticipateanewgenerationofcustomers:Plainsvilie'sschoolchildrenarerequiredtoparticipateina'fitnessforlife'program,whichemphasizesthebenefitsofregularexerciseatanearlyage."

20ThefollowingappearedinalettersentbyacommitteeofhomeownersfromtheDeerhavenAcrestoallhomeownersinDeerhavenAcres."Sevenyearsago,homeownersinnearbyBrookvecommunityadoptedasetofrestrictionsonhowthecommunity'syardsshouldbelandscapedandwhatcolorstheexteriorsofhomesshouldbepainted.Sincethen,averagepropertyvalueshavetripledinBrookville.InordertoraisepropertyvaluesinDeerhavenAcres,weshouldadoptourownsetofrestrictionsonlandscapingandhousepainting."ThefollowingappearedinanewspaperarticleaboutlawfirmsinthecityofMegalopolis."InMegalopolis,thenumberoflawschoolgraduateswhowenttoworkforlarge,corporatefirmsdeclinedby15percentoverthelastthreeyears,whereasanincreasingnumberofgraduatestookjobsatsmall,generalpracticefirms.Eventhoughlargefirmsusuallyoffermuchhighersalaries,lawschoolgraduatesarechoosingtoworkforthesmallerfirmsmostlikelybecausetheyexperiencegreaterjobsatisfactionatsmallerfirms.Inasurveyoffirst-yearstudentsataleadinglawschool,mostagreedwiththestatementthatearningahighsalarywaslessimportanttothemthanjobsatisfaction.Thisfindingsuggeststhatthelarge,corporatefirmsofMegalopoliswillneedtooffergraduatesmorebenefitsandincentivesandreducethenumberofhourstheymustwork."ThefollowingwaspostedonanInternetrealestatediscussionsite."Ofthetwoleadingrealestatefirmsinourtown-AdamsRealtyandFitchRealty-Adamsisclearlysuperior.Adamshas40realestateagents.Incontrast,Fitchhas25,manyofwhomworkonlypart-time.Moreover,Adams'revenuelastyearwastwiceashighasthatofFitch,andincludedhomesalesthataveraged$168,000,comparedtoFitch's$144,000.HomeslistedwithAdamssellfasteraswell:Tenyearsago,IlistedmyhomewithFitchandittookmorethanfourmonthstosell;lastyear,whenIsoldanotherhome,IlisteditwithAdams,andittookonlyonemonth.Thus,ifyouwanttosellyourhomequicklyandatagoodprice,youshoulduseAdams."Thefollowingappearedinthebusinesssectionofanewspaper."Giventhatthenumberofpeopleinourcountrywithsomeformofarthritisisexpectedtorisefrom40millionto60millionoverthenexttwentyyears,pharmaceuticalcompaniesthatproducedrugsforthetreatmentofarthritisshouldbeveryprofitable.ManyanalystsbelievethatintenyearsBectonPharmaceuticals,whichmakesXenon,thebest-sellingdrugtreatmentforarthritis,willbethemostprofitablepharmaceuticalcompany.ButthepatentonXenonexpiresinthreeyears,andothercompanieswillthenbeabletoproduceacheaperversionofthedrug.Thus,itismorelikelythatintenyearsthemostprofitablepharmaceuticalcompanywillbePerkinsPharmaceuticals,makerofanewdrugcalledXylan,whichclinicalstudiesshowispreferredoverXenonbysevenoutoftenpatientssufferingfromthemostextremecasesofarthritis.1'

21ThefollowingwaswrittenasapartofanapplicationforasmallbusinessloanbyagroupofdevelopersinthecityofMonroe."AjazzmusicclubinMonroewouldbeatremendouslyprofitableenterprise.Currently,thenearestjazzclubis65milesaway;thus,ourproposedclub,theCNote,wouldhavethelocalmarketalltoitself.Plus,jazzisextremelypopularinMonroe:over100,000peopleattendedMonroe'sjazzfestivallastsummer,severalwell-knownjazzmusiciansliveinMonroe,andthehighest-ratedradioprograminMonroeis'JazzNightlywhichairseveryweeknight.Finally,anationwidestudyindicatesthatthetypicaljazzfanspendscloseto$1,000peryearonjazzentertainment.ItisclearthattheCNotecannothelpbutmakemoney.”ThefollowingappearedinalettertotheeditoroftheClearviewnewspaper.nlnthenextmayoralelection,residentsofClearviewshouldvoteforAnnGreen,whoisamemberoftheGoodEarthCoalition,ratherthanforFrankBraun,amemberoftheClearviewtowncouncil,becausethecurrentmembersarenotprotectingourenvironment.Forexample,duringthepastyearthenumberoffactoriesinClearviewhasdoubled,airpollutionlevelshaveincreased,andthelocalhospitalhastreated25percentmorepatientswithrespiratoryillnesses.IfweelectAnnGreen,theenvironmentalproblemsinClearviewwillcertainlybesolved."ThefollowingappearedinamemorandumissuedbythestrategicplanningdepartmentatOmniInc."MesaFoods,amanufacturerofsnackfoodsthatcurrentlymarketsitsproductswithinarelativelysmallregionofthecountry,hasstronggrowthpotential.Mesaenjoyeda20percentincreaseinprofitslastyear,anditsbest-sellingproduct,DiaboliqueSalsa,hashadincreasedsalesovereachofthepastthreeyears.SinceOmniInc.isinterestedinreaching14-to-25yearolds,theagegroupthatconsumesthemostsnackfood,weshouldbuyMesaFoods,andconcentrateinparticularonmarketingDiaboliqueSalsathroughoutthecountry."ThefollowingappearedinamemorandumfromadeanatOmegaUniversity."Fifteenyearsago,OmegaUniversityimplementedanewprocedurethatencouragedstudentstoevaluatetheteachingeffectivenessofalltheirprofessors.Sincethattime,Omegaprofessorshavebeguntoassignhighergradesintheirclasses,andoverallstudentgradeaveragesatOmegahaverisenbythirtypercent.PotentialemployersapparentlybelievethegradesatOmegaareinflated;thiswouldexplainwhyOmegagraduateshavenotbeenassuccessfulatgettingjobsashavegraduatesfromnearbyAlphaUniversity.Toenableitsgraduatestosecurebetterjobs,OmegaUniversityshouldnowterminatestudentevaluationofprofessors/*

22ThefollowingappearedinalettertotheeditorofaBatavianewspaper."ThedepartmentofagricultureinBataviareportsthatthenumberofdairyfarmsthroughoutthecountryisnow25percentgreaterthanitwas10yearsago.Duringthissametimeperiod,however,thepriceofmilkatthelocalExcelloFoodMarkethasincreasedfrom$1.50toover$3.00pergallon.Topreventfarmersfromcontinuingtoreceiveexcessiveprofitsonanapparentlyincreasedsupplyofmilk,theBataviagovernmentshouldbegintoregulateretailmilkprices.Suchregulationisnecessarytoensurebothlowerpricesandanadequatesupplyofmilkforconsumers.*'ThefollowingappearedinamemofromthemayorofthetownofWestEgg."Twoyearsago,ourconsultantspredictedthatWestEgg'slandfill,whichisusedforgarbagedisposal,wouldbecompletelyfilledwithinfiveyears.Duringthepasttwoyears,however,townresidentshavebeenrecyclingtwiceasmuchaluminumandpaperastheydidinpreviousyears.Nextmonththeamountofmaterialrecycledshouldfurtherincrease,sincechargesforgarbagepickupwilldouble.Furthermore,overninetypercentoftherespondentstoarecentsurveysaidthattheywoulddomorerecyclinginthefuture.Becauseofourresidents'strongcommitmenttorecycling,theavailablespaceinourlandfillshouldlastforconsiderablylongerthanpredicted."ThefollowingappearedinamemofromavicepresidentofAltaManufacturing."Duringthepastyear,AltaManufacturinghadthirtypercentmoreon-the-jobaccidentsthannearbyPanoplyIndustries,wheretheworkshiftsareonehourshorterthanours.Expertsbelievethatasignificantcontributingfactorinmanyon-the-jobaccidentsisfatigueandsleepdeprivationamongworkers.Therefore,toreducethenumberofon-the-jobaccidentsatAltaandtherebyincreaseproductivity,weshouldshorteneachofourthreeworkshiftsbyonehoursothatouremployeeswillgetadequateamountsofsleep."Thefollowingappearedinamemofromthechiefexecutiveofavideogamecompany.HWehaverecentlybeenofferedtheopportunitytobuytherightstoproduceavideogamebasedonthesoon-to-be-publishedchildren'sbook'SquirrelPowerbyPeterWood.Whilethecostoftherightsissubstantialandwillplaceeconomicconstraintsonourcompanyintheshort-term,therearetworeasonsthatthepurchaseoftheserightswillundoubtedlybeawiseinvestment.First,Wood'slastthreebookshavebeenbestsellersandthemoviebasedonhisfirstbookwashighlyprofitable.Second,thepopularcharactersandstorylinein'SquirrelPower'willsaveustimeindevelopingourvideogame,therebyreducingourcosts."ThefollowingappearedinamemofromtheownerofGreenThumbGardeningCenter,asmallbusinessservingasuburbantown.

23"Thereisevidencethatconsumersarebecomingmoreandmoreinterestedingrowingtheirownvegetables.Anationalsurveyconductedlastmonthindicatedthatmanyconsumersweredissatisfiedwiththequalityoffreshvegetablesavailableinsupermarkets.Andlocally,thegardeningmagazineGreatGardenshassoldoutattheVillageNewsstandthreemonthsinarow.Thus,weatGreenThumbGardeningCentercanincreaseourprofitsbygreatlyexpandingthevarietyofvegetableseedswestockforgardenersthiscomingspring."Thefollowingappearedinanewsletterofferingadvicetoinvestors."Over80percentoftherespondentstoarecentsurveyindicatedadesiretoreducetheirintakeoffoodscontainingfatsandcholesterol,andtodaylow-fatproductsaboundinmanyfoodstores.SincemanyofthefoodproductscurrentlymarketedbyOldDairyIndustriesarehighinfatandcholesterol,thecompany'ssalesarelikelytodiminishgreatlyandtheirprofitswillnodoubtdecrease.WethereforeadviseOldDairystockholderstoselltheirsharesandotherinvestorsnottopurchasestockinthiscompany."ThefollowingappearedinalettertotheeditorofalocalnewspaperfromacitizenofthestateofImpecunia."Twoyearsagoourneighboringstate,Lucria,beganastatelotterytosupplementtaxrevenuesforeducationandpublichealth.Today,Lucriaspendsmoreperpupilthanwedo,andLucria'spublichealthprogramtreatsfarmorepeoplethanourstate'sprogramdoes.IfweweretoestablishastatelotteryliketheoneinLucria,theprofitscouldbeusedtoimproveoureducationalsystemandpublichealthprogram.Thenewlotterywoulddoubtlessbesuccessful,becauseasurveyconductedinourcapitalcityconcludesthatcitizensofImpecuniaalreadyspendanaverageof$50perpersonperyearongambling."ThefollowingappearedinalettertotheeditoroftheWalnutGrovetownnewspaper."WalnutGrove'stowncouncilhasadvocatedswitchingfromEZDisposal(whichhashadthecontractfortrashcollectionservicesinWalnutGroveforthepasttenyears)toABCWaste,becauseEZrecentlyraiseditsmonthlyfeefrom$2,000to$2,500amonth,whereasABC'sfeeisstill$2,000.Butthetowncouncilismistaken;weshouldcontinueusingEZ.EZcollectstrashtwiceaweek,whileABCcollectsonlyonce.Moreover,EZ—which,likeABC,currentlyhasafleetof20trucks——hasorderedadditionaltrucks.Finally,EZprovidesexceptionalservice:80percentofrespondentstolastyear'stownsurveyagreedthattheywere'satisfied'withEZ'sperformance."ThefollowingappearedinaneditorialinaPruntyCountynewspaper.Mlnanattempttoimprovehighwaysafety,PruntyCountyrecentlylowereditsspeedlimitfrom55milesperhourto45onallmajorcountyroads.Butthe55mphlimitshouldberestored,because

24thissafetyefforthasfailed.MostdriversareexceedingthenewspeedlimitandtheaccidentratethroughoutPruntyCountyhasdecreasedonlyslightly.Ifwewanttoimprovethesafetyofourroads,weshouldinsteadundertakethesamekindofroadimprovementprojectthatButlerCountycompletedfiveyearsago:increasinglanewidthsandresurfacingroughroads.Today,majorButlerCountyroadsstillhavea55mphspeedlimit,yettherewere25percentfewerreportedaccidentsinButlerCountythispastyearthantherewerefiveyearsago."ThefollowingappearedinaletterfromthemanagerofarockbandnamedDoubleRice."Oneyearago,ticketsforDoubleRice'sconcertsinstadiumsaroundthecountrytook,onaverage,atleast24hourstosellout,iftheysoldoutatall.Butthebandhasbeenenjoyingasurgeinnationwidepopularityamong14to25yearolds,andthe30,000ticketsforarecentconcertinMegalopolissoldoutin12minutes.ClearlytheticketsalesinMegalopolisarearesultbothoftheband'sincreasedpopularityandoftheadvertisingcampaignruninMegalopolisbytheAdLibadvertisingagency.Thus,inordertoensurethattheband*ssuccessinMegalopolisisrepeatedacrossthecountry,thebandshouldhireAdLibtoduplicatetheMegalopolisadcampaignonanationwidescale."ThefollowingappearedinalettertotheeditoroftheBalmerIslandGazette."ThepopulationofBalmerIslandincreasesto100,000duingthesummermonths.Toreducethenumberofaccidentsinvolvingmopedsandpedestrians,thetowncouncilofBalmerIslandshouldlimitthenumberofmopedsrentedbyeachoftheisland'ssixmopedandbicyclerentalcompaniesfrom50perdayto30perdayduringthesummerseason.Bylimitingthenumberofrentals,thetowncouncilissuretoattainthe50percentreductioninmopedaccidentsthatwasachievedlastyearintheneighboringislandofTorseau,whenTorseaufstowncouncilenforcedsimilarlimitsonmopedrentals."ThefollowingappearedinamemofromthenewvicepresidentofSartorian,acompanythatmanufacturesmen'sclothing.Tiveyearsago,atatimewhenwehaddifficultiesinobtainingreliablesuppliesofhigh-qualitywoolfabric,wediscontinuedproductionofourdeluxealpacaovercoats.Nowthatwehaveanewfabricsupplier,weshouldresumeproduction.Thiscoatshouldsellverywell:sineewehavenotofferedanalpacaovercoatforfiveyearsandsinceourmajorcompetitornolongermakesanalpacaovercoat,therewillbepent-upcustomerdemand.Also,sincethepriceofmosttypesofclothinghasrisenineachofthepastfiveyears,customersshouldbewillingtopaysignificantlyhigherpricesforalpacaovercoatsthantheydidfiveyearsago,andourcompanyprofitswillincrease."ThefollowingappearedinamemofromthepresidentofacompanythatbuildsandsellsnewhomesinSteelCity.

25"Overthepastfiveyears,thepopulationofSteelCityhasincreasedbymorethan20percent,andfamilyincomesinSteelCityhaverisenmuchfasterthanthenationalaverage.Nationwide,salesofhousespricedabove$150,000haveincreasedmorethanhavesalesoflower-pricedhouses.Suchdataindicatethatweshouldmakechangesinourbusinesstoincreasecompanyprofits.First,weshouldbuildfewerlow-pricedhousesthanwedidlastyearandfocusinsteadonbuildinghousesdesignedtosellatabove$150,000.Second,weshouldhireadditionalworkerssothatwecanbuildalargertotalnumberofhousesthanwedidlastyear."ArecentsalesstudyindicatedthatconsumptionofseafooddishesinBayCityrestaurantshasincreasedby30percentoverthepastfiveyears.Yettherearenocurrentlyoperatingcityrestaurantsthatspecializeinseafood.Moreover,themajorityoffamiliesinBayCityaretwo-incomefamilies,andanationwidestudyhasshownthatsuchfamilieseatsignificantlyfewerhome-cookedmealsthantheydidadecadeagobutatthesametimeexpressmoreconcernabouteatinghealthily.Therefore,anewBayCityrestaurantspecializinginseafoodwillbequitepopularandprofitable.ThefollowingappearedinamemofromthepresidentofViva-Tech,amanufacturerofhigh-techmedicalequipment."Inordertoreducecosts,weshouldclosesomeofourexistingsmallassemblyplantsandbuildalargecentralplant.Grandviewwouldbeanideallocationforthisnewplant.First,ofthelocationsthatwehaveconsidered,Grandviewhasthelargestadultpopulation,sothatwewillbeabletostaffourplantquicklyandeasily.Second,sincetheaveragewageearnedbyworkersinGrandviewislessthanthatintheotherlocations,weshouldbeabletokeepproductioncostslow.Last,asaninducementforustobuildthere,Grandview'stowncouncilhasofferedtoallowustooperateforthefirstthreeyearswithoutpayingcitytaxes.'1ThefollowingappearedinamemofromthemayorofthetownofHopewell."Twoyearsago,thetownofOceanViewbuiltanewmunicipalgolfcourseandresorthotel.Duringthepasttwoyears,tourisminOceanViewhasincreased,newbusinesseshaveopenedthere,andOceanView'staxrevenueshaverisenby30percent.ThebestwaytoimproveHopewell'seconomy,andgenerateadditionaltaxrevenues,istobuildagolfcourseandresorthotelsimilartothoseinOceanView."ThefollowingappearedinamemofromthechairpersonoftheschoolboardinthetownofSaluda.Torthepastfiveyears,Mr.CharlesSchadehasbeenthemusicdirectoratSteelCityHighSchool,andduringthattimetheschoolbandfromSteelCityHighhaswonthreeregionalbandcompetitionsInaddition,thequalityofthemusicrehearsalfacilitiesandmusicalinstrumentsatSteelCityHighhasimprovedmarkedlyoverthepastfiveyears.BecauseofsuchsuccessesatSteelCityHigh,the

26SaludaschoolboardshouldhireMr.SchadetoplananddirectthegeneralmusiceducationprogramsfortheentireSaludaschoolsystem.'1ThefollowingappearedaspartofamemofromthepresidentofAutomate,acompanythatmanufacturesautomobiles.'IthascometomyattentionthatSparks,Inc.,themanufacturingcompanythatjustmovedintoourstate,isadvertisingjobopeningsatsalariesthataretwiceashighasthosepaidtoourexperiencedassembly-lineworkers.SomeofouremployeeshavealreadylefttoworkforSparks.Inordertokeepourbeststaff,wemustpaythemsalariesequaltothoseSparkspaysitsemployees.Otherwisewewcontinuetoloseemployeesinthefuture,becauseSparksmuststafftheadditionalnewplantsthatitplanstobuildinthestate.'1ThefollowingisamemofromthesuperintendentoftheMylarschooldistrict."Arecentsix-monthstudy,inwhichbreakfastwasmadeavailableatschoolfor100schoolchildrenagesfivetotwelve,foundthatchildrenonthebreakfastplanwerelesslikelythanotherchildrentobeabsentfromorlateforschool.Clearly,eatingbreakfastbeforeschoolplaysaroleinreducingstudentabsenteeismandtardiness.Itisalsowellknownthatchildrenwhoregularlyeatahealthfulbreakfasttendtoperformbetterinschool.Therefore,inordertoreduceabsenteeismandtardinessandtoimproveacademicperformanceinallofMylar'selementaryandsecondaryschools,weshouldprovidebreakfastsforallstudentsbeforeeachschoolday.'1WhenIdaMcAllisterranformayorofLakeCityfouryearsago,shefailedtowineven30percentofthevote.Butsincethen,McAllisterhasmadepublichercommitmenttoenvironmentalcauses.Shewouldbewise,therefore,toannounceherintentiontocloseallLakeCityparkstoautomobiletraffic,thusfollowingtheexampleoftheformermayorofPlainsville,AleciaYu.Ontherecommendationofasmallgroupofconcernedcitizens,MayorYuprohibitedautomobiletrafficinallPlainsvilleparks,andthereforewascreditedwithsolvingthepollutionproblemandimprovingthequalityoflifeinPlainsville.ThisactionwouldhavegreatappealtothecitizensofLakeCity,mostofwhomparticipateinthecommunity'srecyclingprogram,andwouldguaranteeMcAllister'ssuccessinhercurrentquesttobeLakeCity'snewmayor.AccordingtoinformationrecentlyreportedintheEliottownGazette,thenumberofpeoplewhotraveltoEliottownhasincreasedsignificantlyoverthepastseveralyears.Sofarthisyearover100,000peoplehavearrivedonflightstoEliottown'sairport,comparedwithonly80,000lastyearand40,000theyearbefore.Eliottown'strainstationhasreceivedmorethan50,000passengersthisyear,comparedwithlessthan40,000lastyearand20,000theyearbefore.ClearlytourisminEliottownhasbeenincreasing,thankstothenewCentralParkandMuseumofModernArtthat

27openedlastyear.Therefore,thefundingfortheparkandmuseumshouldbeincreasedsignificantly.Thefollowingappearedintheeditorialsectionofanewsmagazine.“Somestatesarecreatingnewlawsthatrestricttheuseofhandheldcellphonesbydriversofautomobiles.Suchlegislation,however,issheerfolly.Althoughsomepeoplewithcellphonesundoubtedlycauseproblemsontheroad,includingseriousaccidents,themajoritydonot.Besides,problemsarealsocausedbydriverswhoaredistractedbyanynumberofotheractivities,fromlisteningtotheradiotodiscipliningchildren.Sincethereisnoneedtopasslegislationrestrictingtheseandothersuchactivities,itfollowsthatthereisnoneedtorestrictpeople'sfreedomtouseadevicethattheyfindconvenient—orhelpfulinemergencies."Untilrecently,peopleinHipariadidmostoftheirshoppingbydrivingtoshoppingmalls.Theyarebeginning,however,todomoreoftheirshoppingbyorderingmerchandisefrommail-ordercatalogsandtheInternet.Thesepurchasesaredeliveredtothembymailorbyadeliveryservice.Formanypurchases,Hipariansnolongerneedtodrivetoandfromshoppingmalls;therewillthereforebearesultingreductionintheconsumptionofvehiclefuelinHiparia.Thefollowingreportappearedinanarchaeologyjournal."Thediscoveryofdistinctivelyshapedceramicpotsatvariousprehistoricsitesscatteredoverawideareahasledarchaeologiststoaskhowthepotswerespread.Somebelievethepotmakersmigratedtothevarioussitesandcarriedthepotsalongwiththem;othersbelievethepotswerespreadbytradeandtheirmakersremainedinoneplace.Now,analysisofthebonesofprehistorichumanskeletonscansettlethedebate:highlevelsofacertainmetallicelementcontainedinvariousfoodsarestronglyassociatedwithpeoplewhomigratedtoanewplaceafterchildhood.Manyofthebonesfoundnearthepotsatafewsitesshowedhighlevelsofthemetallicelement.Therefore,itmustbethatthepotswerespreadbymigration,nottrade."MilkanddairyproductsarerichinvitaminDandcalcium,substancesessentialforbuildingandmaintainingbones.Manypeoplethereforebelievethatadietrichindairyproductscanhelppreventosteoporosis,adiseaseinwhichthebonesweakensignificantlywithageandthatislinkedtobothenvironmentalandgeneticfactors.Butalong-termstudyofalargenumberofpeoplehasfoundthatthosewhohaveconsistentlyconsumeddairyproductsthroughouttheyearsofthestudyhaveahigherrateofbonefracturesthananyotherparticipantsinthestudy.Sincebonefracturesareasymptomofosteoporosis,thisstudyresultshowsthatadietrichindairyproductsmayactuallyincrease,ratherthandecrease,theriskofosteoporosis.

28ThefollowingappearedinthesummaryofastudyonheadachessufferedbytheresidentsofMentia."Salicylatesaremembersofthesamechemicalfamilyasaspirin,amedicineusedtotreatheadaches.Althoughmanyfoodsarenaturallyrichinsalicylates,forthepastseveraldecadesfood-processingcompanieshavealsobeenaddingsalicylatestofoodsaspreservatives.Thisriseinthecommercialuseofsalicylateshasbeenfoundtocorrelatewithasteadydeclineintheaveragenumberofheadachesreportedbyparticipantsinourtwenty-yearstudy.Recently,food-processingcompanieshavefoundthatsalicylatescanalsobeusedasflavoradditivesforfoods.Withthisnewuseforsalicylates,wecanexpectacontinuedsteadydeclineinthenumberofheadachessufferedbytheaveragecitizenofMentia."ThefollowingappearedinanarticlewrittenbyDr.Karp,ananthropologist."TwentyyearsagoDr.Field,anotedanthropologist,visitedtheislandofTertiaandconcludedfromhisobservationsthatchildreninTertiawererearedbyanentirevillageratherthanbytheirownbiologicalparents.However,myrecentinterviewswithchildrenlivinginthegroupofislandsthatincludesTertiashowthatthesechildrenspendmuchmoretimetalkingabouttheirbiologicalparentsthanaboutotheradultsinthevillage.ThisresearchprovesthatDr.Field'sconclusionaboutTertianvagecultureisfalse,andthusthattheobservation-centeredapproachtostudyingculturesisinvalid.Becausetheyareusingtheinterview-centeredmethod,myteamofgraduatestudentsworkinginTertiawillestablishamuchmoreaccurateunderstandingofchild-rearingtraditionsthereandinotherislandcultures.”WovenbasketscharacterizedbyaparticulardistinctivepatternhavepreviouslybeenfoundonlyintheimmediatevicinityoftheprehistoricvageofPaleaandthereforewerebelievedtohavebeenuniquetothePaleanpeople.Recently,however,archaeologistsdiscoveredsucha'Palean'basketinLithos,anancientvillageacrosstheBrimRiverfromPalea.TheBrimRiverisverydeepandbroad,andsotheancientPaleanscouldonlyhavecrosseditbyboat,butthereisnoevidencethatthePaleanshadboats.AndboatscapableofcarryinggroupsofpeopleandcargowerenotdevelopeduntilthousandsofyearsafterthePaleanpeopledisappeared.Moreover,Paleanswouldhavehadnoneedtocrosstheriver—thewoodsaroundPaleaarefullofnuts,berries,andsmallgame.Itfollowsthattheso-calledPaleanbasketswerenotuniquetoPalea.ThefollowingmemoappearedinthenewsletteroftheWestMeriaPublicHealthCouncil."Aninnovativetreatmenthascometoourattentionthatpromisestosignificantlyreduceabsenteeisminourschoolsandworkplaces.AstudyreportsthatinnearbyEastMeria,wherefishconsumptionisveryhigh,peoplevisitthedoctoronlyonceortwiceperyearforthetreatmentofcolds.Clearly,eatingasubstantialamountoffishcanpreventcolds.Sincecoldsarethereason

29mostfrequentlygivenforabsencesfromschoolandwork,werecommendthedailyuseofIchthaid,anutritionalsupplementderivedfromfishoil,asagoodwaytopreventcoldsandlowerabsenteeism."ThefollowingappearedinamemorandumfromthepresidentofHumanaCollege."Lastyearthenumberofstudentswhoenrolledinlong-distancedegreeprogramsatOmnillniversityincreasedby50%.Duringthesameyear,Omnishowedasignificantdecreasefromprioryearsinexpendituresfordormitoryandclassroomspace,mostlikelybecauseinstructioninthelong-distanceprogramstakesplaceviainteractivevideocomputerconnections.Incontrast,overthepastthreeyears,enrollmentatHumanaCollegehasdiminishedandcostsofmaintainingbuildingshaverisen.Thus,toincreaseenrollmentandsolvetheproblemofbudgetdeficitsatHumanaCollege,weshouldinitiateandactivelypromotelong-distancedegreeprogramslikethoseatOmni:'ThefollowingappearedinamemorandumfromthepresidentofExcelloFoodMarkets.'In90townswhereExcellohasfoodmarkets,natural-foodstoresspecializinginorganicfoodproducts——productscontainingnochemicalpreservativesandmadewithfoodsgrownwithoutpesticides—haveopenednearbyascompetitors.Surveysofourowncustomersrevealagrowingconcernaboutfoodsgrownusingpesticidesorpreservedwithchemicals.RecentlyourmarketinSunCityparticipatedinalocalfoodtastingfair,and75percentofthefairgoerswhovisitedtheExcelloboothrequestedfreesamplesoforganicfruit.Suchevidenceindicatesthattoincreaseourprofits,weshouldbegintostockafulllineoforganicfoodproductsinallourmarkets.'1Thefollowingappearedinamemofromthevicepresidentofafood-distributioncompanywithfood-storagewarehousesinseveralcities."RecentlywesignedacontractwithTheFly-AwayPest-ControlCompanytoprovidepest-controlservicesatourfast-foodwarehouseinPalmCity,butlastmonthwediscoveredthatover$20,000worthoffoodtherehadbeendestroyedbypestdamage.Meanwhile,theBuzzoffPest-ControlCompany,whichwehaveusedformanyyears,continuedtoserviceourwarehouseinWintervale,andlastmonthonly$10,000worthofthefoodstoredtherehadbeendestroyedbypestdamage.EventhoughthepricechargedbyFly-Awayisconsiderablylower,ourbestmeansofsavingmoneyistoreturntoBuzzoffCompanyforallourpest-controlservices.HThefollowingappearedinaproposalfromtheeconomicministerofthecountryofParaterra."Inordertostrengthenitslaggingeconomy,lastyearthegovernmentofthenearbycountryofBellegeabegananadvertisingcampaigntopromoteecologicallysoundtourism(ecotourism).Thisyear,thenumberofforeignvisitorsarrivingatBellegea*smainairportdoubled,andpercapita

30incomeinBellegeaincreasedbytenpercent.ToprovidemoreincomeforthepopulationofParaterraandalsopreservethenaturalenvironmentofourtinycountry,wetooshouldbegintopromoteecotourism.Toensurethatouradvertisingcampaignissuccessful,weshouldhirethecurrentdirectorofBellegea'sNationalTourismOfficeasaconsultantforthecampaign.MThefollowingappearedaspartofabusinessplandevelopedbythemanageroftheRialtoTheater."Despiteitsdowntownlocation,theRialtoMovieTheater,alocalinstitutionforfivedecades,mustmakebigchangesorcloseitsdoorsforever.ItshouldfollowtheexampleofthenewApexTheaterinthemalloutsideoftown.WhentheApexopenedlastyear,itfeaturedavideoarcade,plushcarpetingandseats,andastate-of-the-artsoundsystem.Furthermore,inarecentsurvey,over85percentofrespondentsreportedthatthehighpriceofnewlyreleasedmoviespreventsthemfromgoingtothemoviesmorethanfivetimesperyear.Thus,iftheRialtointendstoholdontoitsshareofadecreasingpoolofmoviegoers,itmustofferthesamefeaturesasApex.”ThefollowingisarecommendationfromthebusinessmanagerofMonarchBooks."MonarchBooksshouldopenacafeinitsstoretoattractmorecustomersandbettercompetewithRegalBooks,whichrecentlyopenedacafe.Monarch,whichhasbeeninbusinessatthesamelocationformorethantwentyyears,hasalargecustomerfollowingbecauseitisknownforitswideselectionofbooksonallsubjects.Openingthecafewouldclearlyattractmorecustomers.Thecafewouldrequirerelativelylittlespace.Spacecouldbemadeforthecafebydiscontinuingthechildren'sbooksection,whichwilllikelybecomelesspopulargiventhatthelastnationalcensusindicatedasignificantdeclineinthepercentofthepopulationwhoareunderageten."Thefollowingappearedasaneditorialinawildlifejournal."ArcticdeerliveonislandsinCanada'sarcticregion.Theysearchforfoodbymovingovericefromislandtoislandduringthecourseofayear.Theirhabitatislimitedtoareaswarmenoughtosustaintheplantsonwhichtheyfeed,andcoldenough,atleastsomeoftheyear,fortheicetocovertheseaseparatingtheislands,allowingthedeertotraveloverit.Unfortunately,accordingtoreportsfromlocalhunters,thedeerpopulationsaredeclining.Sincethesereportscoincidewithrecentglobalwarmingtrendsthathavecausedtheseaicetomelt,wecanconcludethatthedeclineinarcticdeerpopulationsistheresultofdeerbeingunabletofollowtheirage-oldmigrationpatternsacrossthefrozensea."AlthoughblackbearsarecommonintheeasternCanadianprovinceofLabrador,grizzlybearsoftensimilarincolor,butmuchlarger—werebelievedtoexistonlyinthewesternprovinces.Despiteanineteenth-centuryexplorer'saccountofhavingstartledandnarrowlyescapedfromagrizzlybeardeepinthewoodsinLabrador,modernscientistsfindnophysicalevidencethatgrizzlybearshaveeverlivedinLabrador.ButrecentresearchintothelanguageandlegendsoftheInnu,a

31peoplewhohavelivedinLabradorforthousandsofyears,revealsthattheirlanguagehaswordsfortwodifferentkindsofbears,andtheirancientlegendsattributedifferentcharacteristicstothetwokindsofbears.Therefore,thereprobablyweregrizzlybearsinLabrador,andtheexplorer'saccountprobablyaccuratelyidentifiedthebear.Scientistsstudyinghistoricalweatherpatternshavediscoveredthatinthemid-sixthcentury,Earthsuddenlybecamesignificantlycooler.Althoughfewhistoricalrecordssurvivefromthattime,someaccountsfoundbothinAsiaandEuropementionadimmingofthesunandextremelycoldtemperatures.EitherahugevolcaniceruptionoralargemeteoritecollidingwithEarthcouldhavecreatedalargedustcloudthroughoutEarth'satmospherethatwouldhavebeencapableofblockingenoughsunlighttolowerglobaltemperaturessignificantly.Alargemeteoritecollision,however,wouldprobablycreateasuddenbrightflashoflight,andnoextanthistoricalrecordsofthetimementionsuchaflash.SomesurvivingAsianhistoricalrecordsofthetime,however,mentionaloudboomthatwouldbeconsistentwithavolcaniceruption.Therefore,thecoolingwasprobablycausedbyavolcaniceruption.ThefollowingappearedinanewspaperarticlepublishedinthecountryofCorpora."Twentyyearsago,onehalfofallcitizensinCorporametthestandardsforadequatephysicalfitnessasthendefinedbythenationaladvisoryboardonphysicalfitness.Today,theboardsaysthatonlyonequarterofallcitizensareadequatelyfitandsuggeststhatspendingtoomuchtimeusingcomputersmaybethereason.ButsinceoverallfitnesslevelsarehighestinregionsofCorporawherelevelsofcomputerownershiparealsohighest,itisclearthatusingcomputershasnotmadecitizenslessphysicallyfit.Instead,asshownbythisyear'sunusuallylowexpendituresonfitness-relatedproductsandservices,therecentdeclineintheeconomyismostlikelythecause,andfitnesslevelswillimprovewhentheeconomydoes."Thefollowingappearedinalettertotheeditorofanewsletteronhealthissues.Torthepastdecade,mosthealthexpertshaveadvisedteenagerstoavoideatinggreasyfoodsinordertopreventacneandrelatedskinconditions,butthenumberofteenagerswhosoughtmedicalhelpfortheseskinproblemshasactuallyrisenoverthesameperiod.Inarecentstudy,teenagerswhoavoidedgreasyfoodsforamonthreportedapproximatelyasmanyoutbreaksofacneandrelatedskinconditionsasdidthosewhoateanaverageoftwoservingsofgreasyfoodperday.Suchdataindicatethateatinggreasyfoodsisunlikelytobeacauseofacneandrelatedskinconditions.Therefore,healthexpertsshouldnolongerrecommendthatpeopleavoidsuchfoods/'Fromadrafttextbookmanuscriptsubmittedtoapublisher."AsEarthwasbeingformedoutofthecollisionofspacerocks,theheatfromthosecollisionsandfromtheincreasinggravitationalenergyoftheplanetmadetheentireplanetmolten,eventhe

32surface.Anywaterpresentwouldhaveevaporatedandgoneoffintospace.Astheplanetapproacheditscurrentsize,however,itsgravitationbecamestrongenoughtoholdgasesandwatervaporarounditasanatmosphere.Becausecometsarelargelyicemadeupoffrozenwaterandgases,acometstrikingEarththenwouldhavevaporized.Theresultingwatervaporwouldhavebeenretainedintheatmosphere,eventuallyfallingasrainonthecooledandsolidifiedsurfaceofEarth.Therefore,thewaterinEarth*soceansmusthaveoriginatedfromcomets.HThefollowingappearedinamedicalnewsletter."Doctorshavelongsuspectedthatsecondaryinfectionsmaykeepsomepatientsfromhealingquicklyafterseveremusclestrain.Thishypothesishasnowbeenprovedbypreliminaryresultsofastudyoftwogroupsofpatients.Thefirstgroupofpatients,allbeingtreatedformuscleinjuriesbyDr.Newland,adoctorwhospecializesinsportsmedicine,tookantibioticsregularlythroughouttheirtreatment.Theirrecuperationtimewas,onaverage,40percentquickerthantypicallyexpected.Patientsinthesecondgroup,allbeingtreatedbyDr.Alton,ageneralphysician,weregivensugarpills,althoughthepatientsbelievedtheyweretakingantibiotics.Theiraveragerecuperationtimewasnotsignificantlyreduced.Therefore,allpatientswhoarediagnosedwithmusclestrainwouldbewelladvisedtotakeantibioticsaspartoftheirtreatment.HThefollowingappearedinamemotothehumanresourcesmanageratBaobobInc.,alargearchitecturalfirm."Severalwell-known,retiredarchitectswereinterviewedinArchitectureTodayaboutchangesinthefield.Onlyonehadearnedacollegedegreeinarchitecture.Allothershadcomeintothefieldatanearlyagebyservingapprenticeshipsthatrequiredthemtoworkunderthedirectsupervisionofanexperiencedarchitect.Severalofthecollegesthatwerecruitfromreportthatmanypromisingarchitecturestudentsleaveschoolearlyintheirundergraduatecareer.Therefore,becausefindingtalentedarchitecturegraduatesisbecomingmoredifficult,BaobobInc.shouldstartanaggressiveapprenticeshipprogramandhirestudentswhoexpressaninterestinarchitecturedirectlyoutofhighschoolratherthanwaitforthemtogetoutofcollege.',Thirteenyearsago,researchersstudiedagroupof25infantswhoshowedsignsofmilddistresswhenexposedtounfamiliarstimulisuchasanunusualodororataperecordingofanunknownvoice.Theydiscoveredthattheseinfantsweremorelikelythanotherinfantstohavebeenconceivedinearlyautumn,atimewhentheirmothers1productionofmelatonin—ahormoneknowntoaffectsomebrainfunctions—wouldnaturallyincreaseinresponsetodecreaseddaylight.Inafollow-upstudyconductedearlierthisyear,morethanhalfofthesechildren—nowteenagerswhohadshownsignsofdistressidentifiedthemselvesasshy.Clearly,increasedlevelsofmelatoninbeforebirthcauseshynessduringinfancyandthisshynesscontinuesintolaterlife.

33Thefollowingappearedinanewsletterondentalhealth."Arecentresearchstudyreportedtheexperienceofdentistswhosepatientshad,overaperiodoffiveyears,regularlyusedFluxDentalFlossaspartoftheirdentalhygieneroutine.Thereportindicatesthatthesedentistshad50percentfewercasesofgumdiseasethandiddentistswhosepatientsdidnotuseFluxregularly.Inaddition,mostoftheFluxuserswhoweresurveyedbytheirdentistsagreedthatFlux'smintflavorwouldencouragepeopletoflossmoreoften.Thus,eventhoughFluxmaycostmorethanotherbrandsoffloss,itisclearlyaworthwhileinvestmentforthosewhowanttobeassuredofhealthyteethandgums.1'ThefollowingappearedinaLettertotheEditoroftheShadyVillagenewspaper."CommutersarecomplainingthattherushhourtrafficonBlueHighwaybetweenShadyVillageandBrightCityhasdoubledtheircommutingtime.Somecommutershaveaskedthatanadditionaltrafficlanebebuilt,buttherecentcreationofsuchalaneonnearbyGreenHighwayapparentlyattractedmorecommuters,judgingfromthefactthatrush-hourtrafficjamsactuallyincreasedtherethispastwinter.Toreducerush-hourtrafficonBlueHighway,abicyclelaneshouldbeaddedinsteadofatrafficlane.ThisapproachwillsucceedbecausemanycitizensofShadyVillageareavidbicyclists;75percentofrespondentstoarecentquestionnairedistributedtheresaidtheywouldliketobicyclemorehoursperweekthantheycurrentlydo.”Collectorsprizetheancientlife-sizeclaystatuesofhumanfiguresmadeonKaliIslandbuthavelongwonderedhowtheKalineseartistswereabletodepictbodieswithsuchrealisticprecision.SincearcheologistshaverecentlydiscoveredmoldsofhumanheadsandhandsonKali,wecannowconcludethattheancientKalineseartistsusedmoldsofactualbodies,notsculptingtoolsandtechniques,tocreatethesestatues.ThisdiscoveryexplainswhyKalineseminiaturestatueswereabstractandentirelydifferentinstyle:moldscouldonlybeusedforlife-sizesculptures.ItalsoexplainswhyfewancientKalinesesculptingtoolshavebeenfound.Inlightofthisdevelopment,collectorsshouldexpectthelife-sizesculpturestodecreaseinvalueandtheminiaturestoincreaseinvalue.Thefollowingappearedinanewsletteronnutritionandhealth."AlthoughthemultimineralZorbapillwasdesignedasasimpledietarysupplement,astudyoffirst-timeulcerpatientswhotookZorbasuggeststhatZorbaactuallyhelpspreventulcers.Thestudyshowedthatonly25percentofthoseulcerpatientswhotookZorbaunderadoctor'sdirectiondevelopednewulcers,comparedtoa75percentrecurrencerateamongulcerpatientswhodidnottakeZorba.Clearly,then,Zorbawillbehighlyeffectiveinpreventingrecurrentulcersandifhealthexpertsinformthegeneralpublicofthisfact,manyfirst-timeulcerscanbepreventedaswell."Thefollowingappearedinanarticlefromapopularnewsmagazine.

34"In1888astonewasunearthedinnorthernWisconsinwithaninscriptioninanoldScandinavianalphabetandbearingthedate1362.Scandinavianswerenot,however,exploringoremigratingtonorthernWisconsininthefourteenthcentury.Recentanalysisproves,infact,thatthestonehadbeenburiedinthespotwhereitwasfoundfornomorethan100years.Moreover,thecommunitynearthediscoverysitewashometoagroupofpeoplewhohadformedaclubtostudymedievalScandinavianculture—aperiodthatincludesthefourteenthcentury.Thestone,therefore,isnotagenuineartifactofmedievalScandinaviancultureinscribedinthefourteenthcenturybutmostlikelyahoaxperpetratedbythegroup.”Thefollowingappearedinanarticleinthehealthsectionofanewspaper."Accordingtotheavailablemedicalrecords,thesixworstworldwidefluepidemicsduringthepast300yearsoccurredin1729,1830,1918,1957,1968,and1977.Thesewereallyearswithheavysunspotactivity——thatis,yearswhentheEarthreceivedsignificantlymoresolarenergythaninnormalyears.PeopleatparticularriskfortheflushouldthereforeavoidprolongedexposuretotheSun."ThefollowingappearedinthehealthsectionofGlenntown'slocalnewspaper."Severalnationalmedicalstudiessuggestthatolderpeoplewhohavepetstendtoenjoybetterhealththanthosewhodonothavepets:thosewhohavepetshavelowerratesofhighbloodpressureandarthritis.Itseemsclearthathavingtocareforananimalpromotesgoodhealthfortheolderperson.Therefore,Glenntownshouldestablishaprogramtogiveasmallpetsuchasadogorcattoallofitscitizenswhoareovertheageof65.Thiswillhelptoinsurethatourseniorcitizensenjoygoodhealthandhavefewermedicalbills.*'ThefollowingappearedinareportbytheSchoolDistrictofEyleria."Nationally,theaverageratioofcomputerstostudentsinkindergartenthroughgrade12(K-12)is1:5.Educatorsindicatethatthisisverygoodratio.Thismeansthatacrossthecountry,allstudentshaveaccesstoandcanusecomputersdailyintheirclassrooms.InEyleria'sK-12schools,theratioofcomputerstostudentsis1:7.ThisnumberissufficienttoensurethatallofEyleria'sstudents,bythetimetheygraduatefromhighschool,willbefullyproficientintheuseofcomputertechnology.Thus,thereisnoreasontospendanyoftheschools'budgetoncomputersorothertechnologyinthenextfewyears."TheTreasuryhasonceagainintroducedadollarcoin,thePineTreedollar.NeitherthePresidentialdollarcoin,introduced11yearsago,northeEagledollarcoin,introduced3yearsago,remainedincirculationlong:peoplesimplypreferredspendingpaperdollars.However,asurveyconductedsoonafteritsreleaseindicatesthatthePineTreedollarisfarmoreappealingthanotherdollarcoins:76percentofrespondentsownthecoin;62percentofthoseowningmultiplecoinsconsiderit

35soattractivethattheyarestillsavingratherthanspendingthemostrecentcointocomeintotheirpossession.SincethePineTreecoinpromisestobecomethedollarcurrencyofchoice,theTreasuryiscorrecttobeginsavingmoneybydramaticallyreducingthecostlyprintingofpaperdollars.WhenStanleyParkfirstopened,itwasthelargest,mostheavilyusedparkintown.Itisstillthelargestpark,butitisnolongerheavilyused.Videocamerasmountedinthepark'sparkinglotslastmonthrevealedthepark'sdropinpopularity:therecordingsshowedanaverageofonly50carsperday.Incontrast,tinyCarltonParkintheheartofthebusinessdistrictisvisitedbymorethan150peopleonatypicalweekday.AnobviousdifferenceisthatCarltonPark,unlikeStanleyPark,providesampleseating.Thus,ifStanleyParkisevertobeaspopularwithourcitizensasisCarltonPark,thetownwillobviouslyneedtoprovidemorebenches,therebyconvertingsomeoftheunusedopenareasintospacessuitableforsocializing.ThefollowingappearedinamemofromtheDeanoftheCollegeofEducationatOmniStateUniversity."Onlysevenofourstate'shighschoolsofferevenonecourseinLatin,butover80percentofthegraduateswhostudyLatinatthosesevenschoolsenrollincollege.Furthermore,arecentstudyshowsthatstudentswhohavemasteredLatinperformmuchbetterinlogicandcriticalthinking.Thus,inordertoincreasethepercentageofourhighschoolstudentswhograduatefromcollegeaswellastoensurethattheyreceiveabettereducationincriticalthinking,OmniStateUniversityshouldbeginanintensiveprogramtoprepareourfutureteacherstoteachhighschoolLatin."ThefollowingappearedinamemofromthepresidentofachainofcheesestoreslocatedthroughouttheUnitedStates."Formanyyearsallthestoresinourchainhavestockedawidevarietyofbothdomesticandimportedcheeses.Lastyear,however,thefivebest-sellingcheesesatourneweststorewerealldomesticCheddarcheesesfromWisconsin.Furthermore,arecentsurveybyCheesesoftheWorldmagazineindicatesanincreasingpreferencefordomesticcheesesamongitssubscribers.Sinceourcompanycanreduceexpensesbylimitinginventory,thebestwaytoimproveprofitsinallofourstoresistodiscontinuestockingmanyofourvarietiesofimportedcheeseandconcentrateprimarilyondomesticcheeses."Thefollowingappearedinaletterfromafirmprovidinginvestmentadvicetoaclient."HomesinthenortheasternUnitedStates,wherewintersaretypicallycold,havetraditionallyusedoilastheirmajorfuelforheating.Lastyearthatregionexperienced90dayswithbelow-averagetemperatures,andclimateforecastersatWaymarshUniversitypredictthatthisweatherpatternwillcontinueforseveralmoreyears.Furthermore,manynewhomeshavebeenbuiltinthisregion

36duringthepastyear.Becauseofthesedevelopments,wepredictanincreaseddemandforheatingoilandrecommendinvestmentinConsolidatedIndustries,oneofwhosemajorbusinessoperationsistheretailsaleofhomeheatingoil."ThefollowingappearedinalettertotheeditorofanewspaperservingthevillagesofCastorvilleandPolluxton."BoththevillagesofCastorvilleandPolluxtonhaveexperiencedsharpdeclinesinthenumbersofresidentswhopaypropertytaxes.Tosavemoneyandimproveservice,thetwovillagesrecentlymergedtheironceseparategarbagecollectiondepartmentsintoasingledepartmentlocatedinCastorville,andthenewdepartmenthasreportedfewcomplaintsaboutitsservice.LastyearthelibraryinPolluxtonhad20percentfewerusersthanduringthepreviousyear.Itfollowsthatweshouldnowfurthereconomizeandimproveservice,aswedidwithgarbagecollection,byclosingthelibraryinPolluxtonandusingthelibraryinCastorvetoservebothvillages."ThefollowingappearedinamemofromabudgetplannerfortheCityofGrandview.“Toavoidabudgetdeficitnextyear,theCityofGrandviewmusteliminateitsfundingfortheGrandviewSymphony.OurcitizensarewellawareofthefactthatwhiletheGrandviewSymphonyOrchestrawasstrugglingtosucceed,ourcitygovernmentpromisedannualfundingtohelpsupportitsprograms.Lastyear,however,privatecontributionstotheSymphonyincreasedby200percent,andattendanceattheSymphony'sconcerts-in-the-parkseriesdoubled.TheSymphonyhasalsoannouncedanincreaseinticketpricesfornextyear.SuchdevelopmentsindicatethattheSymphonycannowsucceedwithoutfundingfromcitygovernmentandwecaneliminatethatexpensefromnextyear'sbudget.Thisactionwillsurelypreventabudgetdeficit.11Yellow-leggedfrogswereoncecommoninhigh-altitudelakesintheSierraNevadamountains,buttheyhavebecomeincreasinglyrare.Troutfeedontadpolesandyoungfrogs.FewlakesintheSierraNevadahadanytroutinthemuntilahundredyearsago.Atthattime,manylakeswerestockedwithtroutforrecreationalfishing,andnowtroutarecommoninvirtuallyallbodiesofwaterintheSierraNevada.Researchersremovedthetroutfromonelake,andthefrogpopulationsoonquadrupled.Sincefrogsarecapableofmovingseveralmilesoverland,removingtroutfromjustafewlakesisclearlythewaytorestorethefrogpopulationtoitsformerlevels.Studiesshowthatin70percentoftrafficaccidents,atleastonedriverinvolvedislessthan10milesfromhomewhentheaccidentoccurs.Thisstatisticindicatesthatdrivershaveatendencytodriveincautiouslywhentheyareclosetohome,probablybecausefamiliarsurroundingsgivethemafalsesenseofsecurity.Thus,theplaceswherepeoplefeelsafestaretheplaceswheretheyareinfactatgreatestriskofseriousinjury.

37Copperoccursinnaturemixedwithothermineralsandvaluablemetalsinore,andtheproportionofcopperintheorecanvaryconsiderably.Untilfairlyrecently,theonlywaytoextractpurecopperfromorewasbyusingaprocessthatrequireslargeamountsofelectricenergy,especiallyiftheproportionofcopperintheoreislow.Newcopper-extractingtechnologiescanuseupto40percentlesselectricitythantheoldermethodtoprocessthesameamountofrawore,especiallywhentheproportionofcopperintheoreishigh.Therefore,wecanexpecttheamountofelectricityusedbythecopper-extractionindustrytodeclinesignificantly.Inmeasuringelectricalactivityindifferentpartsofthebrain,researchersfoundthatpeoplewhodescribethemselvesasgenerallyhappyhavemoreactivityintheleftprefrontallobeoftheirbrainsthandootherpeople.Therefore,amedicationforstimulatingtheleftprefrontallobeofthebrainwouldbeaneffectivetreatmentforclinicaldepression.Thefollowingappearedinamemofromamanagerofacardealership."Tenyearsago,long-termcarleasingbecameavailableinourcountryofMohiliaasanalternativetooutrightcarownership,andleasinghassteadilyriseninpopularity.Foreachofthelastfiveyears,thenumberofpeopleleasingnewcarshassurpassedthenumberbuyingnewcars.TheaverageageofcarsdriveninMohiliaissixyears;hence,ifnewcarleasesagainoutnumberpurchasesthisyear,itislikelythatthemajorityofdriverswillbedrivingleased,notindividuallyowned,cars.Therefore,weshouldchangethefocusofourbusinessfromsellingcarstoleasingthem."Thefollowingappearedinanewsletterabouteducationpolicy.'Theaverageannualearningsofhighschooldropoutsaresignificantlylessthantheaverageannualearningsofhighschoolgraduates.Toaddressthisproblem,thestategovernorhasproposedthatthestateshouldestablishfreevocationaltrainingprogramsforhighschooldropouts.Buttheavailabilityofsuchprogramswouldprobablyencouragesomestudentswhowouldotherwisehavegraduatedtodropoutinordertopursuevocationaltraining.Hencetheproposedprogramswouldlower,notraise,theaverageearningpotentialofyoungpeople.Therefore,thestateshouldnotestablishthevocationaltrainingprogramsbutshouldinsteadfocusonimprovingacademicprogramsinourhighschools.'Thefollowingappearedinanewsletterabouthealth."TheproportionofchildrenintheUnitedStateswhoareoverweightisgreaternowthaneverbefore.Obesityratesamongchildrenhavebeenincreasingsincethe1970'sand,duringthatsametimeperiod,theproportionofchildrenlivinginsuburbshasincreased.Whereaschildreninruralareastendtohaveoutdooractivechoresandchildrenincitiesoftenwalktoschoolorotherplacestheyneedtogo,childreninsuburbsaretypicallydriveneverywhere.Thustheincreaseinchildhood

38obesityisprobablyduemainlytothesuburbanizationofAmericaandtheassociateddecreaseintheopportunitieschildrenhaveforexercise.',Thefollowingappearedaspartofanarticleinahealthandbeautymagazine."AgroupofvolunteersparticipatedinastudyofconsumerresponsestothenewLuxessfacecream.Everymorningforamonth,theywashedtheirfaceswithmildsoapandthenappliedLuxess.Attheendofthatmonth,mostvolunteersreportedamarkedimprovementinthewaytheirskinlookedandfelt.ThusitappearsthatLuxessistrulyeffectiveinimprovingtheconditionoffacialskin."ThecitiesofEastSacundaandWestSacundaareinanearthquake-pronearea.Since1985bothcitieshavehadstringentbuildingcodesrequiringallnewbuildingstohavespecificfeaturesdesignedtopreventdamageinanearthquake.Buildingsbuiltbefore1985areexemptfromthecodes,butmanybuildingownershavemodifiedtheirbuildingstomakethemconformtothe1985codes.Lastyearamajorearthquakehitthearea,andmanypeoplelosttheirhomes.ThenumberofpeoplewhowerelefthomelesswasmuchhigherinEastSacundathaninWestSacunda,however,sowecanconcludethatbuildingownersinEastSacundawerelesslikelytomodifytheirbuildingssoastobringthemuptothe1985codestandards.Thefollowingappearedinalettertotheeditorofanarchaeologicalmagazine."Archaeologistsexcavatedacavethathadbeeninhabitedbyprehistoricpeopleforthousandsofyears.Thesepeoplehuntedwildanimals,manyofwhoseboneswerefoundatlevelscorrespondingtodifferenttimesofhabitation.Mostofthebonesattheoldestlevels,over40,000yearsold,werefromadeerspecieswhosemodern-daydescendantsareknowntopreferwoodlandhabitats,whereasmostofthebonesatmorerecentlevels,datingfrom30,000to10,000yearsago,werefromagazellespecieswhosemodern-daydescendantsareknowntoprefergrasslands.Wecanthusconcludethattheclimateoftheareachangeddramaticallybetween40,000and30,000yearsago,causingtheterraintochangefromwoodlandtograssland."Thefollowingappearedinamagazineforthetruckingindustry.“TheLonghaultruckingcompanywasconcernedthatitsannualaccidentrate(thenumberofaccidentspermiledriven)wastoohigh.Itgrantedasignificantpayincreasetoitsdriversandincreaseditstrainingstandards.Italsoputstrictlimitsonthenumberofhoursperweekeachdrivercoulddrive.Thefollowingyear,itstruckswereinvolvedinhalfthenumberofaccidentsasbeforethechangeswereimplemented.Asurveyofothertruckingcompaniesfoundthatthehighest-paiddriversweretheleastlikelytohavehadanaccident.Therefore,truckingcompanieswishingtoreducetheiraccidentratecandososimplybyraisingtheirdrivers'payandlimitingtheoverallnumberofhourstheydrive."

39Thefollowingappearedasaneditorialinahealthmagazine."Clormium5isanodorless,tasteless,andgenerallyharmlessindustrialby-productthatcanenterthewatersupply.Apreliminarystudyhaslinkedcookingwithwatercontainingclormium5toanincreasedincidenceofallergiesandskinrashes.Testsofthedrinkingwaterinseveralareashaverevealedthepresenceofclormium5.Althoughitispossibletoremoveclormium5fromwater,thecostsofroutinetestingandpurificationarehigherthanmanycommunitiescanafford.Therefore,inordertopreventallergiesandskinrashes,communitiesthatcannotaffordtoridtheirdrinkingwaterofclormium5shouldreplacedrinkingfountainsinpublicbuildings,suchasschoolsandlibraries,withbottled-watercoolers."Allergiesareanoverreactionoftheimmunesystemtocertainstimuli.Oneviewisthatallergiescandevelopastheresultofchildhoodexposuretocertainirritants,suchasdustoranimaldander,whiletheimmunesystemisnotyetmature.Anotherviewisthatexposuretoparticularbacteriaearlyinchildhoodactuallytriggerstheproperdevelopmentoftheimmunesystem,andthatlimitingexposuretothesebacteriathroughexcessivehygienecancausechildren'simmunesystemstooverreacttocertainirritantslateron.Anewstudysupportsthesecondview:childrenwhoarewashedespeciallyfrequentlyandwhoseparentscleantheirhomesespeciallyfrequentlyaremorelikelytodevelopallergiesthanareotherchildren.Soinordertoreducetheincidenceofallergiesinchildrenandadults,parentsshouldnotlimitchildren'sexposuretoirritantsorbacteria.Thefollowingappearedinalettertoaneditor.'Inmanycountries,woodistheprimaryfuelusedforheatingandcooking,butwoodsmokecancauserespiratoryandeyeproblems,andextensiveuseofwoodcausesdeforestation,amajorenvironmentalproblem.Incontrast,charcoal,madebypartiallyburningwoodinacontrolledprocess,isafuelthatcreateslesssmokethanwooddoes.Moreover,althoughcharcoalcostsslightlymorethanwood,lesscharcoalisneededtoproducethesameamountofheat.Therefore,peoplewhousewoodastheirprimaryfuelcan,withoutexperiencingeconomichardship,switchtocharcoalandcantherebyimprovetheirhealthandpreservetheenvironment."ThefollowingappearedinamemofromthebusinessmanagerofMedicine,Inc.,alocaldrugstore."Mostbusinessanalystsforthedrugstoreindustryhavestatedthatevenwhenanation'seconomyisweak,drugstores'profitsareunlikelytodeclineappreciably.Whileconsumersmightputoffsomekindsofpurchaseswhentheeconomyisslow,prescriptionandover-the-counterdrugpurchasesaredictatedbyconsumers'healthneeds,whichareindependentoftheeconomy.Therefore,MedicineInc.islikelytocontinuetohaveincreasingprofitsandshouldplantoopenanadditionaldrugstorenextyear.'*

40ThefollowingappearedinamemowrittenbytheheadoftheGorhamSchool."Ourschoolcafeteriashouldmakechangesinthelunchesthatitservesinordertoimprovethehealthofourstudents.SeveralteachersandIhaveobservedthatstudentswhoeatthesemealstendtoeatthemaincourseandthedessert,butseldomfinishthevegetableportion.Thispatternmeansthatstudentsaremissingthevitalnutritionalbenefitsoffruitsandvegetables,whicharetypicallyrichinvitaminsandminerals.Therefore,theschoolcafeteriashouldservelargerfruitandvegetableportionsalongwithsmallermaincourseanddessertportions.Thischangewillbeeffectivebecause,accordingtoresearchconductedattheRoseChildren'sHospital,childreneatthesameamountoffoodservedtothem-about55percent,onaverage-nomatterwhatthemaincourseis."ThefollowingappearedinthelettertoaneditorofaMyriannewspaper."UnderGovernorWinslow'sleadershipoverthepastfouryears,Myriahasenjoyedunprecedentedprosperity.Averagewageincreasesthisyeararehigherthantheyhavebeenatanytimesincethe1970's,thenumberofpeoplewhoreportbeingunemployedhasdecreasedby10percent,andconstructionofnewhomesisupbyonethird.Incontrast,overthepastfouryearsGovernorWinslow'sopponent,Mr.Homer,hasbeenmayorofacityinwhichonlyasmallnumberofnewbusinesseshaveopened.IfMyrianswantanotherfouryearslikethepastfouryears,theyshouldreelectGovernorWinslow."ThefollowingappearedinamemofromamemberoftheClarkCitySchoolBoard."MasonElementarySchoolisfacedwithashortageofclassroomspace.Atthesametime,parentsinourdistrictareincreasinglyexpressingthedesiretoseeimprovementsintheirchildren'sreadingabilities.Therefore,weshouldreducethenumberofphysicaleducationclassesatMasonElementaryandconvertpartofthegymnasiumtoclass-roomspace.Theschoolwillgaintheadditionalspaceforclassroomswithoutthecostofextendingthebuildingandcanusethetimethatstudentswouldhavespentinphysicaleducationclassestoprovidemorereadinginstruction.Thisplanwillleadtoimprovementsinstudents'readingskills."ThefollowingappearedinamemotomanagersofChristine's,achainofcraftstores."Severalmajornewspapershaverecentlyrunarticlesnotinganincreasedinterestinpottery.Thenumberofpottersinthiscountryhasrisenbyeighteenpercentinthepastfiveyears,andpotteryisparticularlygainingpopularityoncollegecampuses.Inordertotakeadvantageofthesetrends,Christinasshouldimmediatelybegincarryingalargervolumeofpotterysupplies.Sinceseveralofourstoreshaverecentlyexperiencedadecreaseinsalesofpaintingsupplies,allstoremanagersshouldreallocateshelfspacefromthepaintingareaforthedisplayofpottery.Storesshoulddisplaypostersshowingpotterythatisdesignedtoappealtocollege-ageindividuals.Theseactionswillundoubtedlyincreaseourprofitsdramatically.0

41ThefollowingappearedinanewsletterabouthealthpublishedinthecountryofSauria.*'AccordingtoSauria*sleadingnutritionalexperts,adiethighincomplexcarbohydrates,andlowinfatisoptimalforgoodhealthandlongevity.BecausethiswasthedietofthepeoplewholivedinancientSauria,onewouldexpectthemtohavehadlongandhealthylives.YetthemummifiedremainsofSauria'srulingclassesfromtwotothreethousandyearsagoshowtheexistenceofmanymedicalproblemsamongtheancientSaurians,includingdentalproblems,elevatedbloodpressure,obesity,heartdisease,andearlymortality.Clearly,thedietoftheancientSaurianswasresponsiblefortheseproblems.Thehighincidenceofhighbloodpressure,obesity,andheartdiseaseinSauriatodayevenamongthosewhohavetriedlow-fat,high-carbohydratedietsfurtherprovesthatSauria'sleadingnutritionalexpertsarewrong.'1ThefollowingappearedinanewspaperpublishedinthestateofCelera."Speedlimitsonourstate'shighwaysshouldbeeliminatedinordertoincreaseourstate'sprosperity.Becausegreaterspeedmeansmoreefficienttravel,commercialdeliverieswillbefaster,increasingbusinessprofits.Eliminationofspeedlimitswillalsomakedrivingmoreattractivetomotorists,sothatmorepeoplewillusethehighways,providingmorehighwaytollrevenuesforthestate.Atthesametime,safetyonourhighwayswillnotbeaffected:daytimespeedlimitswereeliminatedlastyearinthewesternstatesofourcountry,andnosignificantincreaseinthenumberofaccidentsinthesestateshasbeenreported.*'ThefollowingappearedinaneditorialonhealthproblemsinthecountryofCorpora."Somepharmaciesnowfeatureultrasoundmachinesthatscreenforanelevatedriskofstroke.Forafee,atechnicianpressesaprobeagainstthenecktodeterminewhetheranyplaquehasthickenedthewallsofthemainarteryleadingtothebrain.Researchershaveshownthatathickeningofarterywallsisassociatedwithelevatedstrokerisk,andsuchscanstypicallyfindthatanywherefrom5to20percentofclientshavedetectableplaque.Allpharmaciesshouldofferthisservice,becauseearlydetectionofincreasedriskforstrokewillencourageclientstoconsultwiththeirdoctorsandmakeimportantlife-stylechangestoreducetheirriskofhavingastroke.ThisinturnwillcauseadecreaseinoverallmedicalcostsinCorpora.**ThefollowingappearedinanarticleinSupplementsToday."Dieticianshavelongknownthatprofessionalathleteswhoeatalotofnutshavehigherlevelsofendurancethanthosewhodonot.ResearchershaverecentlydiscoveredthattheparticularcombinationofvitaminNandfiberfoundinsomenutsprovidesaboostforthosewhoparticipateinstrenuousphysicalactivitiesdaily.BothvitaminNandfibersupplementsareeasilysynthesizedandwidelyavailable.Asaresult,allthosewhoparticipateinathleticactivitieswillbeabletoincreasetheirenduranceandwinmoregamesbytakingvitaminNalongwithafibersupplement."

42ThefollowingisarecommendationfromthehumanresourcesdepartmentatTechforceComputerCompany."Manyworkingparentsreportthatproblemsrelatedtotheirchildcarearrangementsareamajorreasonforabsenteeismfromtheirjobs.BridgewellCorporation,atele-communicationscompany,implementedanon-sitechildcareprogramandafteroneyear,thecompanyreportedthatunscheduledabsenceshaddeclinedby25percent.SinceTechforcehashadanincreaseinunscheduledemployeeabsencesoverthepastyear,weshouldthereforeimplementourownon-sitechildcareprogram.Theprogramwillundoubtedlyreduceourunscheduledemployeeabsences,resultinginsignificantlyincreasedproductivity."Thefollowingappearedinamemofromavicepresidentofalarge,highlydiversifiedcompany."Tenyearsagoourcompanyhadtwonewregionalofficebuildingsbuiltintwodifferentregions.Thebuildingswereerectedbytwodifferentconstructioncompanies—AlphaandZeta.Eventhoughthetwobuildingshadvirtuallyidenticalfloorplans,thebuildingconstructedbyZetacost30percentmoretobuild,anditsexpensesformaintenancelastyearweretwicethoseofthebuildingconstructedbyAlpha.Furthermore,theenergyconsumptionoftheZetabuildinghasbeenhigherthanthatoftheAlphabuildingeveryyearsinceitsconstruction.Suchdata,plusthefactthatAlphahasastableworkforcewithlittleemployeeturnover,indicatethatweshoulduseAlphaConstructionCompany,ratherthanZeta,forallfuturebuildingprojects.*'ThefollowingappearedinamemofromthepresidentofBowerBuilders,acompanythatconstructsnewhomes."Anationwidesurveyrevealsthatthetwomostdesiredhomefeaturesareabathroomwithawhirlpooltubandalargekitchen.Homesinanearbydevelopmentbuiltbyourcompetitor,DomusConstruction,havewhirlpooltubsandhavesoldmuchfasterandatsignificantlyhigherpricesthantheaverage.Toincreaseoursalesandprofits,weshouldincludewhirlpooltubsandlargerkitchensasstandardfeaturesinallournewhomes.Sinceourrecentbuyershavevoicednocomplaintsaboutsmallyards,wecanalsoincreaseprofitsbydecreasingthesizeofouryards."ThefollowingappearedinamemofromabudgetplannerinSophiaCounty."CensusdataindicatethatthenumberofretiredcoupleswithoutchildrenwhoaremovingintoSophiaCountyissteadilyrising;privateschoolsinourcountyreportsubstantialincreasesinenrollment;andastatewidesurveyofparentsshowsthatover10percentnowsupporttheideaofhomeschoolinginsteadofpublicschoolingfundedbythecountygovernment.Suchdemographictrendssuggestthatourcountywillnothavetoconstructnewschoolbuildingsandthatwecanthereforedecreasethebudgetforcounty-fundedpublicschools.',

43Thefollowingappearedinamagazinefocusingonhealthandfitness."Arecentstudyofseveralnutritionalsupplementsshowedthatsubjectswhotookadailypillcontainingluceenhadsignificantlybettervisionofdistantobjectsthansubjectsinthestudywhotookothernutritionalsupplements.LuceenappearsnaturallyinatastyfruitthatgrowsontheislandofBonopia,andveryfewinhabitantsofthatislandweareyeglassesorothercorrectivelenses.Suchevidencesuggeststhatpeoplewhodevelopvisionproblemsshouldtakeregularluceensupplements."ThefollowingappearedinamemofromthemanageroftelevisionstationKICK."Anationwidesurveyrevealsthatasizeablemajorityofmenwouldliketoseeadditionalsportsprogramsontelevision.AftertelevisionstationWACKincreaseditssportsbroadcasts,itsshareofthetelevisionaudienceinitsviewingareaalmostdoubled.Togainalargeraudienceshareinourarea,andthusincreasecompanyprofits,KICKshouldalsoreviseitsbroadcastscheduletoincludemoresportscoverage."Thefollowingappearedinamemofromthedirectorofalargegroupofhospitals.“Inalaboratorystudyofliquidantibacterialhandsoaps,aconcentratedsolutionofNadaseptkilled40percentmorebacteriathantheliquidhandsoapscurrentlyusedinourhospitals.DuringasubsequenttestofNadaseptatourhospitalinSaluda,thathospitalreportedsignificantlyfewercasesofpatientinfectionthandidanyoftheotherhospitalsinourgroup.Therefore,topreventseriouspatientinfections,weshouldsupplyNadaseptatallhandwashingstationsthroughoutourhospitalsystem."ThefollowingappearedinamemofromtheeconomicministerofthesmallcountryPaucia."Usinganewlydevelopedvarietyofseed,farmersinourneighboringcountryAbundiaproduced80percentmorericelastyearthaninanypreviousyear.Toincreasetheincomeoffarmersinourowncountry,weshouldencouragethemtocultivatethisnewvarietyofriceratherthansomeoftheirtraditionalcrops.Suchhighyieldsofricewillalsoimproveourcountry'sbalanceoftradebyenablingustobeginexportingit.”ThefollowingappearedinamemofromthechiefoperatingofficerofthePrestoManufacturingCompany."Sinceordersforourmajorproductincreasedbyover200percentlastquarter,weshouldpromptlyexpandproductionbybuildinganewmanufacturingplantinSummitCity.SummitCityistheideal

44locationforthenewplantbecauseithaslowpropertytaxes,extensiveblocksoflandavailableforimmediatepurchase,andalargenumberofresidentswhoarenotcurrentlyemployed."Thefollowingappearedinamemofromthepresidentofacompanythatmakesbreakfastcereals.'Inarecentstudy,subjectswhoatesoybeansatleastfivetimesperweekhadsignificantlylowercholesterollevelsthansubjectswhoatenosoyproducts.ByfortifyingourWheat-0cerealwithsoyprotein,wecanincreasesalesbyappealingtoadditionalconsumerswhoareconcernedabouttheirhealth.ThisnewversionofWheat-0shouldincreasecompanyprofitsand,atthesametime,improvethehealthofourcustomers."ThefollowingappearedinaletterfromthemayorofTudorCity."AfteramajorairlinechoseYorkvilleasitsregionalflighthub,thenumberofbusinessesinthatcityalmostdoubledandlocaltaxrevenueincreasedby50percent.Inaddition,astraveltoYorkvillebecameeasier,mostrespondentstoasurveyofthecountry'stopexecutivesidentifiedYorkveasadesirableplacetotransactbusiness.TosecureefficienttransportationforTudorCityandstimulateourlocaleconomy,weshouldbuildanewairport,liketheoneinYorkville,thatissuitableforaregionalflighthub."BlueCityHighwayhadalwaysbeennotoriousforitstightcurvesandpoorroadwayvisibility,andtheaccidentratetherewasgenerallyveryhigh.Lastyearthehighwaywasredesignedtobroadenthecurvesandimproveroadwayvisibility.Driversreportthattheynowfeelmuchsaferdrivingonthehighwayandthattheredesignhasbeenabigimprovement.Butthenumberofaccidentsonthehighwayhasnotbeensignificantlylowerinthesixmonthssincetheredesignthanitwasinthesixmonthsbeforetheredesign.Therefore,theredesignclearlydidnotimprovethecurvesandroadwayvisibilityenoughtomakeadifference.Onekindofbrain-scanningdeviceisusedbydoctorstomonitornormalaswellasabnormalactivityinapatient'sbrain.Thedeviceprovidesprecisemeasurementsofbloodflowinthebrain,aknownindicatorofhowthebrainisworking.Unfortunately,thedevicerequirespatientstoremaincompletelystillwiththeirheadsinthescanningmachine,whichmakesaveryloudnoise.Undertheseuncomfortableconditions,itisdoubtfulthatdoctorscangetaccuratemeasurements.Anewhead-mounteddevicethatmeasureseyemovementsratherthanbloodflowandallowspatientstomovearoundwillundoubtedlyprovidebetterbrainmeasurements.Thus,thenewhead-mounteddeviceshouldreplacetheolderdeviceatallhospitalsandresearchinstitutions.Thefollowingappearedinahealthnewsletter.

45"Accordingtoarecentstudy,peoplewithmanysocialtiesreportcatchingcoldslessoftenthandopeoplewithfewsocialties.Consequently,researchersconcludethathavinganactivesociallifeprobablyhelpsstrengthentheimmunesystem.Theresearchersnotethatcatchingacold-oneofafamilyofhighlycontagiousviruses——givesthecold-sufferertemporaryimmunitytothatvirusinthefuture,butnottothemanyotherrelatedviruses.Merelybeingexposedtoanewcoldvirus,however,isnotenoughforapersontocatchacold,sinceastrongimmunesystemcansuccessfullyfightoffsomenewviruses.Thus,inordertopreventcatchingacold,peopleshouldstrengthentheirimmunesystemsbybecomingmoreactivesocially.HThefollowingeditorialappearedinanewspaperinthecountryofSolaria."TheEliotValleyregionwasprimarilyagriculturaltwentyyearsago.Inthepasttwentyyears,however,manycomputer-chipmanufacturershaveopenedfactoriesthere.Arecentstudyfoundthatwaterpollutionintheregionwasworsethaninanyotherregioninthecountry.Moreover,thecomputer-chipfactories,whichuselargequantitiesofwatertomanufacturethechips,areprobablyresponsibleforthelowlevelsofwaterintheregion'slakesandreservoirs.Therefore,iftheregion'scomputer-chipmakershadlimitsplacedontheamountofwatertheycoulduse,waterqualitywouldimprove."ThefollowingappearedinaneditorialintheSeatownnewspaper."Seatownhasalargeportexclusivelyforfishingboats,whoseownerspayfeesfortheupkeepofthedocksandforfacilitiesforcleaningenginesandrepairingnets.Inrecentyears,decliningfishpopulationshavedecreasedfishingrevenueandforcedmanyownerstostopfishingaltogether.Asaresult,theporthasahighvacancyrateandportmanagersareconsideringallowingpleasureboats,includingcruiseshipsandotherlargevessels,tousetheportinordertoincreaserevenue.Butallowingpleasureboatsintotheportwouldbeamistake,becausethefishingboatswouldbeforcedoutoftheport.Weshouldpreservetheportforthefishingfleet,which,unlikepleasureboats,contributestotheprosperityofSeatown."ThefollowingappearedinaBrentonnewspaper."TheBrentonpowerplantdrawswaterfromScott'sRiverforitscoolingsystemandreleasesthewarmedwaterbackintotheriver.Thetowncouncilrecommendsthattheplantinstallamoreefficientcoolingsystemthatuseslesswater,claimingitwillbemoreenvironmentallysound.However,inUptown,wherethenewsystemisused,astudyfoundthatthecomplexnetworkofpipesinthenewsystemtendstoaccumulatealgae.Thebuildupofalgaecanbeavoidedbyscrubbingthepipes,whichiscostly,orbyaddinganherbicidetothewaterinthepipestopreventalgaeaccumulation.Butwatercontainingtheherbicidecannotbereleasedbackintotheriveranditisknownthatlowwaterlevelscanharmriverecosystemsaccustomedtohigherlevels.Therefore,Brentonpowerplantshouldcontinuetousetheoldcoolingsystemexclusively."

46ThefollowingappearedinalettertotheeditoroftheMapleCitynewspaper."TwentyyearsagoPineCityestablishedstrictlawsdesignedtolimitthenumberofnewbuildingsthatcouldbeconstructedinthecity.SincethattimetheaveragehousingpricesinPineCityhaveincreasedconsiderably.ChestnutCity,whichisaboutthesamesizeasPineCity,hasoverthepasttwentyyearsexperiencedanincreaseinaveragehousingpricessimilartoPineCity,butChestnutCityneverestablishedanylawsthatlimitnewbuildingconstruction.Soitisclearthatlawslimitingnewconstructionhavenoeffectonaveragehousingprices.SoifMapleCityweretoestablishstrictlawsthatlimitnewbuildingconstruction,theselawswillhavenoeffectonaveragehousingprices."ThefollowingappearedinamemofromthePrincipalofSherwoodJuniorHighSchool."ItappearsthatthelightinginSherwoodHigh'sclassrooms,whichhavelargewindowsbutminimaloverheadlightsources,isimpairingstudentacademicperformanceandteachermorale.RecordsshowthatduringDecemberandJanuary,thetwomonthswiththefewesthoursofdaylight,attendanceratesfall,averagedailyclassparticipationdrops,andgradesdecline.Teacherresignationsarealsohighestduringthesemonths.AccordingtoastudyofTundraVocationalSchool,whichexperiencesentireseasonswithlittledaylight,students'gradepointaveragesincreasedwhenDayGlowlightbulbs,whichmimicsunlight,wereinstalledinclassrooms.ThisstudysuggeststhatSherwoodcanimprovestudents'academicperformanceandteachers*moralebyusingDayGlowlightbulbsinwinter."ThefollowingappearedinamemofromthevicepresidentofmarketingatDura-Sock,Inc."ArecentstudyofDura-Sockwearerssuggeststhatourcompanyiswastingthemoneyitspendsonitspatented'Endure'manufacturingprocess,whichensuresthatoursocksarestrongenoughtolastfortwoyears.Dura-Sockhasalwaysadvertiseditsuseofthe'Endure'process,butthenewstudyshowsthattheaverageDura-SockcustomeractuallypurchasesnewDura-Sockseverythreemonths.Furthermore,Dura-Sockcustomerssurveyedinourlargestmarket,northeasternUnitedStatescities,saythattheymostvalueDura-Sock'sstylishappearanceandavailabilityinmanycolors.ThesefindingssuggestthatDura-Sockcanincreaseitsprofitsbydiscontinuingitsuseofthe'Endure'manufacturingprocess."ThefollowingproposalwasraisedatameetingoftheFranklinCityCouncil."FranklinAirport,whichisonabay,isnotoriousforflightdelays.Theairportmanagementwantstobuildnewrunwaystoincreasecapacitybutcanonlydosobyfillingin900acresofthebay.TheBayCoalitionorganizationobjectsthatfillinginthebaywilldisrupttidalpatternsandharmwildlife.Buttheairportsaysthatifitispermittedtobuilditsnewrunways,itwillfundtherestorationof1,000acresofwetlandsinareasofthebaythathavepreviouslybeendamagedbyindustrialization.This

47planshouldbeadopted,foritisnecessarytoreducetheflightdelays,andthewetlandsrestorationpartoftheplanensuresthatthebay'senvironmentwillactuallybehelpedratherthanhurt."Thefollowingwaspublishedbyaconsumerprotectionagency.'Threeyearsago,So-Lowlaunchedanationwideadcampaign,focusingheavilyonsunnyregionsanddistributingfreesunglassesthere.ButalthoughSo-Lowsunglassescostlessthanhigher-pricedbrands,theyblockasmallerproportionoftheSun'srays,includingthetypeofraysknowntodamagetheeyesevenwhenthepersonwearingthesunglassesfeelsnodiscomfort.ArecentstudysuggeststhatSo-Lowsunglassescanactuallyincreasetheriskofdamagetopeople'seyesbycreatingafalsesenseofsecurity.Thestudyshowsasharpincreaseintheincidenceofvisionproblemsinthesunnyregionsoverthepastthreeyears.ThesefindingssuggestthatanyoneconcernedabouteyedamagefromtheSunshouldavoidSo-Lowbrandandinsteadeitherpayforhigher-pricedbrandsorwearnosunglassesatall.'1Arecentlycompletedstudyshowsthatpeopledwellinginstairs-onlyapartmentbuildings(thatis,buildingswithoutelevators)liveanaverageofthreeyearslongerthandopeoplewholiveinbuildingswithbothelevatorsandstairs.Asecondstudyshowsthatelderlyresidentsofbuildingswithelevatorsmake,onaverage,twiceasmanyvisitstodoctorseachyearasdoelderlyresidentsofbuildingswithoutelevators.Thesefindingssuggestthatevenaverymoderateamountofdailyexercise,suchasthatrequiredtousethestairsleadingtoandfromone'sapartment,canincreasepeople'shealthandlongevity.Thefindingsalsosuggestthatnewapartmentbuildingsshouldbeconstructedwithasfewelevatorsaspossible.ThefollowingappearedinaclothingindustrytradejournalinthecountryofSartoria."Apopularfashionmagazinerecentlyconductedasurveyofconsumers'opinionsaboutclothingprices,usingprepaidmailingenvelopes.Eighty-ninepercentoftheapproximately20,000respondentsreportedthattheywereeither'dissatisfied'or'verydissatisfied'withcurrentclothingprices.ThelargenumberofresponsesindicatesthattheSartorianclothingindustryisatrisk.Giventhesurveyresults,clothingmanufacturersmustfindawaytoreducepricesinordertokeeptheirexistingcustomersandmaintaintheirbusinesses."ThefollowingappearedinamemofromGroceryTown'sregionalmanager."ThenewGroceryTownstoreinElmCity,locatednearanewresidentialdevelopment,hasa'high-low'pricingpolicywhereaveragepricesarerelativelyhigh,butdeepdiscountsareofferedonsomeitemsinweeklyspecials.Thisstorehasbeenshowingincreasedprofitseverymonthasthenearbyresidentialdevelopmentgetsclosertofullcapacity.Itfollowsthatpeoplepreferapricingpolicywheretheycanfindbargainsonspecificitems.SincethereisanewresidentialdevelopmentplannedinOakCity,weshouldchangethepricingpolicyatallofourOakCitystoresfromour

48current'everydaylowprices'policytoa'high-low'policy.ThiswillincreasetheprofitsatallofourstoresinOakCity.',ThefollowingisamemofromthebusinessmanagerofVaiu-Martstores."Over70percentoftherespondentstoarecentsurveyreportedthattheyarerequiredtotakemoreworkhomewiththemfromtheworkplacethantheywereinthepast.SinceVaiu-Marthasnotseenimpressivesalesinitsoffice-supplydepartmentsinthepast,weshouldtakeadvantageofthiswork-at-hometrendbyincreasingatallValu-Martstoresthestockofhomeofficemachinessuchasprinters,smallcopymachines,papershredders,andfaxmachines.Wewillalsoincreasestockofofficesuppliessuchaspaper,pens,andstaplers.Withthesechanges,ouroffice-supplydepartmentswillbecomethemostprofitablecomponentofourstores."Thefollowingappearedinanewsletterfromanationalastronomyassociation."Varioussourcesarepredictinghigher-than-averagetemperaturesacrossthecountrynextwinter,includinginSunCity,thetraditionallocationofouryearlywinterconference.Higherwintertemperaturesaresuretoresultinhigher-than-usualtourisminSunCity,alocationalreadyknownforitsattractivebeachesandgoodweather.Hotelswillhavefewerroomsavailable,transportationwillbemoredifficulttoreserve,andpublicplacessuchasparksandrestaurantswillbemorecrowded.Theseconditionsarelikelytosignificantlyreduceattendanceattheconference.Weshouldthereforemoveourconferencetoacitylesspopularwithwintertourists."ThefollowingisalettertotheeditoroftheWaymarshTimes."TrafficproblemshereinWaymarshareobviouslyreachingrecordlevels.Whilejustthreemonthsagoitwouldtakeme15minutestogettowork,itnowtakescloserto25.WaymarshshouldfollowtheexampleofourneighboringcityGearsville.Lastyear,Gearsvilleimplementedapolicythatrewardspeoplewhoshareridestoworkwithcouponsforfreegas.PollutionlevelsinGearsvillehavedroppedsincethepolicywasimplemented,andseveralfriendswholiveinGearsvilletellmethattheirtriptoworkisquickerthanitusedtobe.WiththeterribletrafficandhighpollutioninWaymarsh,wemustimplementapolicysimilartoGearsville's.1'Thefollowingappearedinahealthnewsletter.HAten-yearnationwidestudyoftheeffectivenessofwearingahelmetwhilebicyclingindicatesthattenyearsago,approximately35percentofallbicyclistsreportedwearinghelmets,whereastodaythatnumberisnearly80percent.Anotherstudy,however,suggeststhatduringthesameten-yearperiod,thenumberofaccidentscausedbybicyclinghasincreased200percent.Theseresultsdemonstratethatbicyclistsfeelsaferbecausetheyarewearinghelmetsandtheytakemorerisksasaresult.Thus,toreducethenumberofseriousinjuriesfrombicycleaccidents,thegovernment

49shouldconcentratemoreoneducatingpeopleaboutbicyclesafetyandlessonencouragingorrequiringbicycliststowearhelmets.',ThefollowingisamemofromthepresidentofCyberellComputerCompany."Allofourcustomer-serviceemployeesrecentlyattendedatwo-dayretreatduringwhichtheyreceivedretrainingineffectivecustomerservice.Subsequently,Cyberell'semployee-performancestudyshowedthattheretreatbenefitednewemployees——thosewhohaveworkedwithCyberellforlessthantwoyears——farmorethanitdidexperiencedemployees.Accordingtothestudy,aftertheretreatnewemployeeswereabletohandleanaverageoftenpercentmorecallsperhour,andthetotalnumberofcustomercomplaintsaboutnewemployeesdecreased,butexperiencedemployeesshowedlittleimprovementintheseareas.Therefore,Cyberellshouldsendonlynewemployeestofutureretreatsandshouldusetheresultingsavingstodoublethelengthoftheretreatssothattheretreatswillbemorelikelytoyieldoptimumemployeeperformance."ThefollowingappearedinthePineCityGazette.''Fifteenyearsago,PineCitylaunchedanelectricity-conservationprogramthatreimbursedresidentssomeofthecostforreplacingenergy-wastefulmotors,homeofficeequipment,andhomeapplianceswithenergy-efficientones.Fortenyears,spendingonthisprogramincreasedannually,andannualtotalenergyconsumptiondeclined.Butspendingontheprogrambegantodeclinefiveyearsago,andsincethenPineCity'stotalelectricityconsumptionhasincreasedsharply.Ifthisincreasedusagecontinues,thecitywillhavetobuildacostlynewpowerplant.Obviouslythebestwaytoavoidthisexpenseistoincreasereimbursementtoresidentsforreplacingenergy-wastefulequipment.Thiswillreduceenergyusagetothelevelsoffiveyearsago.'1Thefollowingappearedinahealthnewsletter."Eatingaheavymealmayincreasetheriskofheartattack.Arecentsurveyof2,000peoplewhohadhadaheartattackrevealedthat158ofthemsaidtheyhadeatenaheavymealwithin24hoursbeforetheirheartattack,and25ofthemsaidtheyhadeatenaheavymealwithin2hoursbeforetheirheartattack.Eatinganddigestingfoodreleaseshormonesintothebloodstreamandtemporarilyincreasesheartrateandbloodpressureslightly.Bothofthesethingsputstressontheheart.Therefore,peoplewhoareatriskofhavingaheartattackcanlowerthatriskbynotovereating."ThefollowingisamemofromthebusinessmanagerofNationalDailyNews."Toexpandthehomedeliveryserviceofournationalnewspaper,weshouldconcentrateonthestateofUrbaratherthanonthestateofSylva.First,thepopulationofSylvaismorewidelydispersed,whichwouldrequireustospendmoremoneytodeliverourpapersinthatarea,resulting

50inlessprofitpercustomer.Second,along-termstudyoftelevisionviewinghabitssuggeststhatSylvanspreferlocaltonationalnews,sincetheyspendtwiceasmuchtimeviewinglocalnewsprogramsastheydoviewingnationalprograms.Finally,becauseeventsinUrbareceivemorecoverageinournewspaperthandoeventsinSylva,wecanexpectUrbanstobemoreinterestedinreadingournewspaper."ThefollowingisarecommendationfromthepresidentofApplebyCollege."WhereasApplebyCollegeholdsclassreunionseveryfiveyears,EdelstonCollegeholdsannualreunionsforallclasses,duringwhichEdelston'salumniaretreatedtobanquets,lectures,andstudentperformances,enhancingtheirloyaltytothecollegeandtheirwillingnesstodonatemoney.EdelstonCollegereceivesmostofitsalumnidonationsduringorshortlyafterthesereunions.Therefore,thebestwayforApplebytoincreaseitsalumnidonationsistooffersimilarreunionactivitiesandtohaveeachgraduatingclassholdannualreunions.',Thefollowingappearedinahealthmagazine.“Ithaslongbeenbelievedthatgettingatleasteighthoursofsleepanightisgoodforhealth.Butarecentsix-yearstudyofadultsleepinghabitsfoundthatpeoplewhoreportedsleepingeightormorehoursanighthadahigherrateofcertainhealthproblemsthandidthosewhoreportedsleepingsevenhoursanight.Peoplewhoreportedsleepingfivehoursanightalsohadanincreasedrateofthehealthproblems,butthisincreasewasslightcomparedtothatforpeoplewhoreportedsleepingeightormorehoursanight.Clearly,peopleshouldtrytogetsevenhoursofsleep,andtheyshouldworrymoreaboutgettingtoomuchsleepthantoolittle.*'ThevicepresidentforhumanresourcesatClimpsonIndustriessentthefollowingrecommendationtothecompany'spresident."Inanefforttoimproveouremployees*productivity,weshouldimplementelectronicmonitoringofemployees'Internetusefromtheirworkstations.EmployeeswhousetheInternetfromtheirworkstationsneedtobeidentifiedandpunishedifwearetoreducethenumberofworkhoursspentonpersonalorrecreationalactivities,suchasshoppingorplayinggames.Byinstallingsoftwaretodetectemployees'Internetuseoncompanycomputers,wecanpreventemployeesfromwastingtime,fosterabetterworkethicatClimpson,andimproveouroverallprofits."ThefollowingappearedinaneditorialintheGardenCityGazette.HToaddresstheparkingproblemsinourdowntownbusinessdistrict,ithasbeenproposedthatthecityincreaseparkingcapacitybybuildingafour-storyparkinggarage.However,thisprojectwouldcostmorethanitwouldtoimprovethedowntownpedestrianplaza.Becausethepedestrianplazaisanimportantattractionthatdrawspeopletothedowntownarea,improvementstoitwillincrease

51businessfordowntownmerchants.Themerchants'higherprofitswillultimatelyproduceincreasedtaxrevenuesforthecity.Therefore,weshouldinvestintheplazaimprovementsfirstandthenusetherevenuesthusgeneratedtopayfortheconstructionoftheparkinggarage."ThefollowingappearedintheSherwoodTimesnewspaper."Arecentstudyreportedthatpetownershavelonger,healthierlivesonaveragethandopeoplewhoownnopets.Specifically,dogownerstendtohavealowerincidenceofheartdisease.Inlightofthesefindings,SherwoodHospitalshouldformapartnershipwithSherwoodAnimalSheltertoinstitutean'adopt-a-dog'program.Theprogramwouldencouragedogownershipforpatientsrecoveringfromheartdisease,whichwillhelpreducemedicalcostsbyreducingthenumberofthesepatientsneedingongoingtreatment.Inaddition,thepublicityabouttheprogramwillencouragemorepeopletoadoptpetsfromtheshelter,whichwillreducetheriskofheartdiseaseinthegeneralpopulation."Thefollowingappearedintheannualreportofachainofstoresthatsellsuppliesfordo-it-yourselfhomeimprovements."Currentreportsindicatethatsalesofnewhomesnationwidedeclinedby9percentduringthepastyear,whilesalesofexistinghomesincreasedby16percent.Thuswecanexpectthatthepercentageofhomeownerswhowillbemakingrepairsorimprovementstotheirhomeswillalsoincrease.Inaddition,peoplewhobuyexistinghomeswillhavemoremoneyleftoverafterthepurchasetospendonhomeimprovements.Finally,peoplewhobuyexistinghomesaremorelikelytomakeimprovementsthemselves,asopposedtopayingsomeoneelse.Thesefactorscombinedindicatewecanexpectanincreasingdemandforproductsinallourstoresnationwide,thusincreasingourprofitsinthecomingyear."ThefollowingappearedinanenvironmentalnewsletterpublishedinTriaIsland."ThemarinesanctuaryonTriaIslandwasestablishedtoprotectcertainmarinemammals.Itsregulationsbandumpingandoffshoreoildrillingwithin20milesofTria,butfishingisnotbanned.CurrentlymanyfishpopulationsinTria'swatersaredeclining,asituationblamedonpollution.Incontrast,themarinesanctuaryonOmniIslandhasregulationsthatbandumping,offshoreoildrilling,andfishingwithin10milesofOmniandOmnireportsnosignificantdeclineinitsfishpopulations.Clearly,thedeclineinfishpopulationsinTria'swatersistheresultofoverfishing,notpollution.Therefore,thebestwaytorestoreTria'sfishpopulationsandtoprotectallofTria'smarinewildlifeistoabandonourregulationsandadoptthoseofOmni.”ThefollowingappearedinaneditorialinthelocalnewspaperofWorkville.

52"Workersshouldbeallowedtoreducetheirworkloadfrom40to25oreven20hoursperweekbecauseitisclearthatpeoplewhoworkpart-timeinsteadoffull-timehavebetterhealthandimprovedmorale.OnestoreinWorkville,whichbeganallowingitsemployeestoworkpart-timelastyear,reportsthatfewerdaysofsickleaveweretakenlastyearthaninpreviousyears.Incontrast,thefactoryinWorkville,whichdoesnotallowanyofitsemployeestoworkpart-time,hadaslightincreaseinthenumberofdaysofsickleavetakenlastyear.Inaddition,arecentsurveyreportsthatmostofthestoreemployeesstatedthattheyaresatisfiedwiththeirjobs,whilemanyofthefactoryemployeesstatedthattheyaredissatisfiedwiththeirjobs.*'ThefollowingisamemofromtheprincipalofAcademiaHighSchool."AcademiaHighSchoolshouldabolishitsafter-schoolperforming-artsprogramsandreplacethemwithcomputer-technologyprograms.WhennearbyTechnoHighSchooldidsolastyear,totalenrollmentinallofitsafter-schoolactivitiesremainedaboutthesame.Moreover,onenteringcollege,manyTechnostudentschoseamajordirectlyrelatedtotheirafter-schoolactivities.Ontheotherhand,lastyearonly10percentofAcademia'sgraduatingseniorschoseperformingartsastheirmajorfieldofstudyintheirfirstyearofcollege,clearlyindicatingthatmoststudentsdonothaveastronginterestintheperformingarts."Thefollowingwastakenfromaguideforaspiringwriters."Newwritersusuallycannotconvincelarge,prestigiouspublishersthattheirworkismarketable,sotheymustfirstpublishwithsmaller,lesswell-knownpressestoestablishasalesrecord.ButtheeditorsofMysteryWritersMagazinehavegoodnewsforaspiringwriters:thenumberofmysterynovelspublishedinthelasttwoyearshasgrownsignificantly,andmorepeoplereadmysteriesthananyothertypeofnovel.Inaddition,almosthalfofthemysterynovelspublishedlastyearwerewrittenbyfirst-timenovelwriters.Sincethereisapparentlyanexpandingmarketformysterynovels,allpublisherswillwanttoincreasethenumberofmysterynovelstheypublish.Therefore,newwritersshouldwritemysterynovelstoincreasetheirchancesforfirst-timepublicationwithalarger,prestigiouscompany."ThefollowingisamemorandumfromthebusinessmanagerofWLSStelevisionstation."Overthepastyear,ourlate-nightnewsprogramhasdevotedincreasinglymoretimetocoveringnationalnewsandlesstimetocoveringweatherandlocalnews.Duringthesametimeperiod,mostofthecomplaintswereceivedfromviewerswereconcernedwiththestation'scoverageofweatherandlocalnews.Inaddition,severallocalbusinessesthatusedtorunadvertisementsduringourlate-nightnewsprogramhavejustcancelledtheiradvertisingcontractswithus.Therefore,inordertoattractmoreviewerstoournewsprogramsandtoavoidlosinganyfurtheradvertisingrevenues,weshouldexpandthecoverageofweatherandlocalnewsonallournewsprograms."

53ThefollowingispartofaletterfromtheBrookfreeSchoolBoard.HAspartofourneweducationalreformprogram,weidentifiedtenschoolsmostinneedofimmediateimprovement.Anadvisorycommitteeisnowrecommendingthatwehireconsultantstostudyfurthertheschools*problemsandtoproposeaplanofaction.Onlytwoyearsago,however,anothergroupofconsultantsdeterminedthatseveralschoolsinourdistricthadproblemsbecausetheirprincipalswereinexperienced.Thus,ifwewanttoseeimmediateimprovementinourschoolsandsavethedistrictthemoneyitwouldspendonhiringmoreconsultants,weshouldreplacealltheprincipalsinthetenworstschoolswithtenofourmostexperiencedprincipalsinthedistrict."ThefollowingappearedinaneditorialintheMasonCitynewspaper.“Atpresent,MasonCityresidentsseldomusethenearbyMasonRiverforanykindofrecreationalactivity,eventhoughsurveysoftheregion'sresidentsconsistentlyrankwatersports(swimming,fishing,andboating)asafavoriteformofrecreation.Sincetherehavebeencomplaintsaboutthequalityofthewaterintheriver,residentsmustbeavoidingtheriverbecausetheythinkthatitisnotcleanenough.Butthatsituationisabouttochange:theagencyresponsibleforriversinourregionhasannouncedplanstocleanupMasonRiver.Therefore,recreationaluseoftheriverislikelytoincrease,sotheMasonCitycouncilwillneedtoincreaseitsbudgetforimprovementstothepubliclyownedlandsalongtheMasonRiver."ThefollowingreportappearedinamemofromthevicepresidentoftheSouthsideTransportationAuthority."Weshouldabandonourcurrentfive-yearplantopurchaseadditionalbusestoservethecampusofSouthsideUniversity,becausestudentsthereareunlikelytousethem.ConsidertheresultsoftherecentcampaignsponsoredbytheEnvironmentalClubatSouthsideUniversity:inaprogramonthecampusradiostation,theclubaskedstudentstocallinandpledgethattheywouldcommutetoschoolbybusinsteadofbyautomobileatleastonedayperweek.Onlytenpercentofthestudentscalledinandpledged.Inviewofthecampaign'slackofsuccess,wecanassumethatthebusservicewecurrentlyofferwillcontinuetobesufficienttoservetheuniversity."Thefollowingappearedintheeditorialsectionofaneducationalpublication."OnestudyatLeeUniversityfoundthatfirst-semestergradesofteenagestudentswhohadalwaysattendedpublic,tax-supportedschoolswereslightlylowerthanthegradesofstudentswhohadreceivedsomehomeschoolinginstructionbyparentsathome,althoughthegradedifferencesdisappearedinthesecondsemester.Theseresultssuggestthathomeschoolingisthebestwaytoeducateteenagechildren.Therefore,insteadofspendingmoremoneyonpubliceducation,thegovernmentshouldprovidefinancialincentivessothathomeschoolingisanoptionformoreparents.Afterall,childrenschooledathomereceivemoreattention,sincetheyaretaughtbythebestpossibleteacher:aparentwhohasahighstakeineducatingthemwell.',

54ThefollowingappearedinareportoftheCommitteeonFacultyPromotionsandSalariesatElmCityUniversity."Duringher17yearsasaprofessorofbotany,ProfessorThomashasprovedherselftobewellworthherannualsalaryof$50,000.Herclassesareamongthelargestattheuniversity,demonstratingherpopularityamongstudents.Moreover,themoneyshehasbroughttotheuniversityinresearchgrantshasexceededhersalaryineachofthelasttwoyears.Therefore,inconsiderationofProfessorThomas'demonstratedteachingandresearchabilities,werecommendthatshereceivea$10,000raiseandapromotiontoDepartmentChairperson;withoutsucharaiseandpromotion,wefearthatProfessorThomaswillleaveElmCityUniversityforanothercollege.',Thefollowingappearedinanewsletterdistributedatarecentpoliticalrally."Overthepastyear,theConsolidatedCopperCompany(CCC)haspurchasedoveronemillionsquaremilesoflandinthetropicalnationofWestFredonia.Miningcopperonthislandwillinevitablyresultinpollutionandenvironmentaldisaster,sinceWestFredoniaishometoseveralendangeredanimalspecies.ButsuchdisastercanbepreventedifconsumerssimplyrefusetopurchaseproductsthataremadewithCCC'scopperuntilthecompanyabandonsitsminingplans."Thearticleentitled"EatingIron"inlastmonth*sissueofEatingforHealthreportedthatarecentstudyfoundacorrelationbetweenhighlevelsofironinthedietandanincreasedriskofheartdisease.Further,itiswellestablishedthatthereisalinkbetweenlargeamountsofredmeatinthedietandheartdisease,andredmeatishighiniron.Onthebasisofthestudyandthewell-establishedlinkbetweenredmeatandheartdisease,wecanconcludethatthecorrelationbetweenhighironlevelsandheartdisease,then,ismostprobablyafunctionofthecorrelationbetweenredmeatandheartdisease.Thefollowingappearedasalettertotheeditorofanationalnewspaper."Yourrecentarticleoncorporatedownsizing*intheUnitedStatesismisleading.Thearticlegivesthemistakenimpressionthatmanycompetentworkerswholostjobsasaresultofdownsizingfaceseriouseconomichardship,oftenforyears,beforefindingothersuitableemployment.ButthisimpressioniscontradictedbyarecentreportontheUnitedStateseconomy,whichfoundthatsince1992farmorejobshavebeencreatedthanhavebeeneliminated.Thereportalsodemonstratesthatmanyofthosewholosttheirjobshavefoundnewemployment.Two-thirdsofthenewlycreatedjobshavebeeninindustriesthattendtopayabove-averagewages,andthevastmajorityofthesejobsarefull-time."*Downsizingistheprocessinwhichcorporationsdeliberatelyreducethenumberoftheiremployees.

55Accordingtoapollof200charitableorganizations,donationsofmoneytononprofitgroupsincreasedbynearly25percentlastyear,thoughnotallcharitiesgainedequally.Religiousgroupsgainedthemost(30percent),followedbyenvironmentalgroups(23percent),whereaseducationalinstitutionsexperiencedonlyaverysmallincreaseindonations(3percent).Thispollindicatesthatmorepeoplearewillingandabletogivemoneytocharitiesbutthatfundingforeducationisnotapriorityformostpeople.Thesedifferencesindonationratesmustresultfromtheperceptionthateducationalinstitutionsarelessinneedofdonationsthanareotherkindsofinstitutions.Anewstudycollecteddatathatshowsthatpeoplewhosnorearemorelikelytogainweightthanarepeoplewhodonotsnore.Itiswellknownthatmanypeoplewhosnorealsostopbreathingfrequentlyduringthenightforafewseconds,aconditioncalledsleepapnea.Theinterruptionofbreathingwakestheperson—oftensobrieflythatthewakinggoesunnoticed—andcanleavethepersontootiredduringthedaytoexercise.Anyonewhosnores,therefore,shouldtrytoeatlessthantheaveragepersonandtoexercisemore.Thefollowingappearedintheeditorialsectionofalocalnewspaper."Thelibrariansinourtown'sschoolsystemhavereportedthatthenumberoftripsthatourstudentsmaketotheirschoollibraryonavoluntarybasishasdecreasedsignificantlyinrecentyears.Forexample,theaverageseventh-gradestudentvisitedtheschoollibraryfivetimeslastyear,butfourofthosevisitswerepartofrequiredclassroomactivities.Thisshowsthatourstudentsarereadinglessthaninthepast.Toaddressthisproblem,ourtownneedstoimprovetheatmosphereofthelibrariessothattheywillbecomfortableplacesinwhichtowork.Ifstudentsviewthelibrariesasuncomfortable,thentheyareunlikelytowanttospendmuchtimethere."Thefollowingappearedinaneditorialinabusinessmagazine.*'AlthoughthesalesofWhirlwindvideogameshavedeclinedoverthepasttwoyears,arecentsurveyofvideo-gameplayerssuggeststhatthissalestrendisabouttobereversed.Thesurveyaskedvideo-gameplayerswhatfeaturestheythoughtweremostimportantinavideogame.Accordingtothesurvey,playersprefergamesthatprovidelifelikegraphics,whichrequirethemostup-to-datecomputers.Whirlwindhasjustintroducedseveralsuchgameswithanextensiveadvertisingcampaigndirectedatpeople10to25yearsold,theage-groupmostlikelytoplayvideogames.Itfollows,then,thatthesalesofWhirlwindvideogamesarelikelytoincreasedramaticallyinthenextfewmonths/1ThefollowingappearedintheeditorialsectionofMonroetown'slocalnewspaper.

56"MayorBrownwasrecentlyre-electedbyaclearmajorityof52percentofMonroetown'svoters.Herre-election,however,doesnotshowthatmostpeopleinourtownfavoredMayorBrown'sproposalfortaxreductionoverthatofheropponent,Mr.Greene,whoproposedraisingtaxestoimproveeducation.Ithasbeenshownthatvotersnationwidetendtore-electpeoplealreadyinoffice,regardlessofcandidates1proposals.Infact,alocalsurveyaftertheelectionshowedmostpeopleinMonroetowndisagreedwithMayorBrown'sproposal.ClearlymostpeopleinMonroetownfavorimprovingeducationandthereforeapproveofMr.Greene'sproposaldespitethefactthattheydidnotvoteforhim."ThefollowingisamemorandumfromthedirectorofpersonneltothepresidentofGet-AwayAirlines."Sinceourmechanicsareresponsibleforinspectingandmaintainingouraircraft,Get-AwayAirlinesshouldpaytosendthemtotheQuality-CareSeminar,atwo-weekseminaronpropermaintenanceprocedures.Irecommendthisseminarbecauseitislikelytobeawiseinvestment,giventhattheautomobileracingindustryrecentlyreportedthattheperformanceofitsmaintenancecrewsimprovedmarkedlyaftertheircrewshadattendedtheseminar.Thesemaintenancecrewsperformmanyofthesamefunctionsasdoourmechanics,includingrefuelingandrepairingengines.Themoneywespendonsendingourstafftotheseminarwillinevitablyleadtoimprovedmaintenanceandthustogreatercustomersatisfactionalongwithgreaterprofitsforourairline."Thefollowingisalettertotheeditorofanenvironmentalmagazine."Thedeclineinthenumbersofamphibiansworldwideclearlyindicatestheglobalpollutionofwaterandair.TwostudiesofamphibiansinYosemiteNationalParkinCaliforniaconfirmmyconclusion.In1915thereweresevenspeciesofamphibiansinthepark,andtherewereabundantnumbersofeachspecies.However,in1992therewereonlyfourspeciesofamphibiansobservedinthepark,andthenumbersofeachspeciesweredrasticallyreduced.ThedeclineinYosemitehasbeenblamedontheintroductionoftroutintothepark'swaters,whichbeganin1920(troutareknowntoeatamphibianeggs).ButtheintroductionoftroutcannotbetherealreasonfortheYosemitedeclinebecauseitdoesnotexplaintheworldwidedecline."ThefollowingisalettertotheeditoroftheAtticusCitynewspaper."FormerMayorDurantowesanapologytothecityofAtticus.BoththedamagetotheRiverBridge,whichconnectsAtticustoHartley,andthetrafficproblemswehavelongexperiencedonthebridgewereactuallycaused20yearsagobyDurant.Afterall,heistheonewhoapprovedtheconstructionofthebridge.Ifhehadapprovedawiderandbetter-designedbridge,onwhichapproximatelythesameamountofpublicmoneywouldhavebeenspent,noneofthedamageorproblemswouldhaveoccurred.Instead,theRiverBridgehasdeterioratedfarmorerapidlyoverthepast20yearsthanhasthemuchlongerDerbyBridgeuptheriver.Eventhoughthewintershavebeensevereinthepastseveralyears,thisisnoexcuseforthenegligenceandwastefulnessofDurant."

57ThefollowingisalettertotheheadofthetourismbureauontheislandofTria."ErosionofbeachsandalongtheshoresofTriaIslandisaseriousthreattoourislandandourtouristindustry.Inordertostoptheerosion,weshouldchargepeopleforusingthebeaches.Althoughthissolutionmayannoyafewtouristsintheshortterm,itwillreducethenumberofpeopleusingthebeachesandwillraisemoneyforreplenishingthesand.Replenishingthesand,aswasdonetoprotectbuildingsonthenearbyislandofBatia,willhelpprotectbuildingsalongourshores,therebyreducingthesebuildings'riskofadditionaldamagefromseverestorms.Andsincetheareasalongtheshorewillbemoreattractiveasaresult,thebeacheswillbepreservedandthearea'stouristindustrywillimproveoverthelongterm.',ThefollowingisfromaneditorialintheMidvaleObserver,alocalnewspaper.Tversincethe1950'swhentelevisionsetsbegantoappearintheaveragehome,therateofcrimescommittedbyteenagersinthecountryofAltahassteadilyincreased.Thisincreaseinteenagecrimeparallelstheincreaseinviolenceshownontelevision.Accordingtoseveralnationalstudies,evenveryyoungchildrenwhowatchagreatnumberoftelevisionshowsfeaturingviolentscenesdisplaymoreviolentbehaviorwithintheirhomeenvironmentthandochildrenwhodonotwatchviolentshows.Furthermore,inasurveyconductedbytheObserver,over90percentoftherespondentswereparentswhoindicatedthatprime-timetelevision—programsthatareshownbetween7p.m.and9p.m.—shouldshowlessviolence.Therefore,inordertolowertherateofteenagecrimeinAlta,televisionviewersshoulddemandthattelevisionprogrammersreducetheamountofviolenceshownduringprimetime."Thefollowingappearedintheeditorialsectionofahealthandfitnessmagazine."Inastudyoftheeffectsofexerciseonlongevity,medicalresearcherstracked500middle-agedmenovera20-yearperiod.Thesubjectsrepresentedavarietyofoccupationsinseveraldifferentpartsofthecountryandrespondedtoanannualsurveyinwhichtheywereasked:Howoftenandhowstrenuouslydoyouexercise?Ofthosewhoresponded,themenwhoreportedthattheyengagedinvigorousoutdoorexercisenearlyeverydaylivedlongerthanthemenwhoreportedthattheyexercisedmildlyonlyonceortwiceaweek.Giventheclearlinkthatthisstudyestablishesbetweenlongevityandexercise,doctorsshouldnotrecommendmoderateexercisetotheirpatientsbutshouldinsteadencouragevigorousoutdoorexerciseonadailybasis.nThefollowingappearedinalettertotheeditorofalocalnewspaper."Toomuchemphasisisplacedonthedevelopmentofreadingskillsinelementaryschool.Manystudentswhoarediscouragedbythelonelyactivityofreadingturnawayfromschoolworkmerelybecausetheyarepoorreaders.Butbooksrecordedonaudiocassettetapeprovideanimportantalternativeforstudentsatthiscrucialstageintheireducation,onetheschoolboardshouldnot

58rejectmerelybecauseoftheexpenseinvolved.Afterall,manystudiesattesttothevalueofallowingstudentstohearbooksreadaloud;thereisevenevidencethatstudentswhoseparentsreadtothemareevenmorelikelytobecomeablereaders.Thus,hearingbooksontapecanonlymakestudentsmoreeagertoreadandtolearn.Therefore,theschoolboardshouldencourageschoolstobuybooksontapeandtousetheminelementaryeducation."ThefollowingistakenfromanadvertisementplacedinaweeklybusinessmagazinebytheDickensAcademy."WedistributedasurveytoseniormanagementatInternationalMega-Publishing,Inc.Theresultofthesurveyclearlyindicatesthatmanyemployeeswerewellpreparedinbusinessknowledgeandcomputerskills,butlackedinterpersonalskillstointeractgracefullywithcustomers.InternationalMega-Publishingdecidedtoimprovecustomersatisfactionbysendingtheirnewlyhiredemployeestoourone-dayseminars.Sincetakingadvantageofourprogram,InternationalMega-Publishinghasseenasharpincreaseinsales,anindicationthatthenumberoftheirdisgruntledcustomershasdeclinedsignificantly.YourcompanyshouldhireDickensandletusturneveryemployeeintoanambassadorforyourcompany."Thefollowingisalettertotheeditorofalocalnewspaper."Asalocalmerchant,Iwishtosupportthedevelopmentofaskiresortinthestateparknorthofourtownship.AlongwithmanyothermerchantswhofavortheproposalbySkitheSlopes,Incorporated,Iwould,ofcourse,experienceagrowthinmybusiness.ButIalsoknowhowmuchmoreprosperous,nottomentionlivelyandinteresting,ourcommunitywouldbeiftourismincreased.Sincethemainoppositioncomesfromafewenvironmentalists*whodonotevenliveinthiscommunity,Iseenoreasontogiveintotheirviews.TheFirstNationalBankhasfinallyresearchedtheprojectandagreedtofundit.Asaresult,Iseenoreasontodelaydevelopmentoftheresort."Environmentalistsarepeoplewhoadvocatethepreservationofthenaturalenvironment.TheTrash-SiteSafetyCouncilhasrecentlyconductedastatewidestudyofpossibleharmfuleffectsofgarbagesitesonthehealthofpeoplelivingnearthesites.Atotaloffivesitesand300peoplewereexamined.Thestudyrevealed,onaverage,onlyasmallstatisticalcorrelationbetweentheproximityofhomestogarbagesitesandtheincidenceofunexplainedrashesamongpeoplelivinginthesehomes.Furthermore,althoughitistruethatpeoplelivingnearthelargesttrashsiteshadaslightlyhigherincidenceoftherashes,therewasotherwisenocorrelationbetweenthesizeofthegarbagesitesandpeople'shealth.Therefore,thecouncilispleasedtoannouncethatthecurrentsystemofgarbagesitesdoesnotposeasignificanthealthhazard.Weseenoneedtorestrictthesizeofsuchsitesinourstateortoplaceanyrestrictionsonthenumberofhomesbuiltnearthesites.

59ThenationofClariacoversavastphysicalarea.Butdespitewidegeographicdifferences,manycitizensareexperiencingrisingcostsofelectricity.ArecentstudyofhouseholdelectriccostsinClariafoundthatfamilieswhocooledtheirhouseswithfansalonespentmoreonelectricitythandidfamiliesusingairconditionersaloneforcooling.However,thosehouseholdsthatreportedusingbothfansandairconditionersspentlessonelectricitythanthosehouseholdsthatusedeitherfansorairconditionersalone.Thus,thecitizensofClariashouldfollowthestudy'srecommendationandusebothairconditionersandfansinordertosavemoneyonelectricity.Aspeoplegrowolder,anenzymeknownasPEPincreasinglybreaksdowntheneuropeptidechemicalsinvolvedinlearningandmemory.Butnow,researchershavefoundcompoundsthatpreventPEPfrombreakingneuropeptidesapart.Intests,thesecompoundsalmostcompletelyrestoredlostmemoryinrats.Theuseofthesecompoundsshouldbeextendedtostudentswhohavepoormemoryanddifficultyinconcentrating—andthereforeseriousproblemsinschoolperformance.Sciencefinallyhasasolutionforproblemsneitherparentsnorteacherscouldsolve.InastudyofreadinghabitsofLeevillecitizensconductedbytheUniversityofLeeville,mostrespondentssaidtheypreferredliteraryclassicsasreadingmaterial.However,afollow-upstudyconductedbythesameresearchersfoundthatthetypeofbookmostfrequentlycheckedoutofeachofthepubliclibrariesinLeevillewasthemysterynovel.Therefore,itcanbeconcludedthattherespondentsinthefirststudyhadmisrepresentedtheirreadinghabits.