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⚪Q1.RS⚪(SumUp/Title)TᦻUVW24.Whichofthefollowingcanbestsumupthepassage?A)Advantagesanddisadvantagesofautomation.B)Labourandtheeffectsofautomation.C)Unemploymentbenefitplansandautomation.D)Socialbenefitsofautomation.XᦻUW:automation,Y:labour,Z[\Y]+,-^ᯠᙠ⌱⚗a:஺Automationreferstothointroductionofelectroniccontrolandautomaticoperationofproductivemachinery.Itreducesthehumanfactors,mentalandphysical,inproduction,andisdesignedtomakepossiblethemanufactureofmoregoodswithfewerworkers.ThedevelopmentofautomationinAmericanindustryhasbeencalledthe஻SecondIndustrialRevolution”.XreferstobcdLabour'sconcuonoverautomationarisesfromuncertaintyabouttheeffectsonemployment,andfearsofmajorchangesinjobs.Inthemain,labourhastakentheviewthatresistancetotechnicalchangeisunfruitful.Eventually,theresultofautomationmaywellbeanincreaseinemployment,sinceitisexpectedthatvastindustrieswillgrowuparoundmanufacturing,maintaining,andrepairingautomationequipment.Theinterestoflabourliesinbringingaboutthetransitionwithaminimumofinconvenienceanddistresstotheworkersinvolved.Also,unionspokesmenemphasizethatthebenefitoftheincreasedproductionandlowercostsmadepossiblebyautomationshouldbesharedbyworkersintheformofhigherwages,moreleisure,andimprovedlivingstandards.XlaboureᕒToprotecttheinter6stsoftheirmembersintheeraofautomation,unionshaveadoptedanumberofnewpolicies.Oneoftheseisthepromotionofsupplementaryunemploymentbenefitplans.Itisemphasizedthatsincetheemployerinvolvedinsuchaplanhasadirectfinancialinterestinpreventingunemployment,hewillhaveastrongdriveforplanningnewinstallationssoastocausetheleastpossibleproblemsinjobsandjobassignments.Someunionsareworkingfordismissalpayagreements,requiringthatpermanentlydismissedworkersbepaidasumofmoneybasedonlengthofservice.Anotherapproachistheideaofthezzimprovementfactor”,whichcallsforwageincreasesbasedonincreasesinproductivity.Itispossible,however,thatlabourwillrelymainlyonreductioninworkinghoursinordertogainafullshareinthefruitsofautomation.XunionghGeᕒᨵᐵ2.⚪——jᡠᙠᐵk&ᢚᐵk஺l᝞:
op+……,j&ᢚ(But,Yet,Howeverosᑡᐵk஺l᝞:AandB,uA@vBᑁxyz{஺|}ᐵk஺ᵨbecauseGinwhichὶk஺

1l᝞30.“Anidentifyingfigure”(Line2,Para.5)referstoaperson.A)whoservesasamodelforothersB)whoisalwayssuccessfulC)whocanbedependeduponD)whohasbeenrewardedforhissuccess(ᦻUḕᶍ)Admirationofonequalityoftenleadsustoadmireapersonasawhole,andhebecomesanidentifyingfigure.Weusesomepeopleasmodelsoverawiderangeofsituations,imitatingmuchthattheydo.Welearnthattheyaredependableandrewardingmodelsbecauseimitatingthemleadstosuccess.Xvand)+sᑡᐵk஺3.⁚⚪⁚ஹZᳮஹᨩl᝞31.Itisimpliedthatfiftyyearsago.A)eightypercentofAmericanworkingpeoplewereemployedinfactoriesB)twentypercentofAmericanintellectualswereemployeesC)thepercentageofintellectualsinthetotalworkforcewasalmostthesameasthatofindustrialworkersD)thepercentageofintellectualsworkingasemployeeswasnotsolargeasthatofindustrialworkers34.Accordingtothewriter,professionalknowledgeorskillis.A)lessimportantthanawarenessofbeingagoodemployeeB)asimportantastheabilitytodealwithpublicrelationsC)moreimportantthanemployer-employeerelationsD)asimportantastheabilitytoco-operatewithothersintheorganizationOurshasbecomeasocietyofemployees.AhundredyearsorsoagoonlyoneoutofeveryfiveAmericansatworkwasemployed,i.e.,workedforsomebodyelse.Todayonlyoneoutoffiveisnotemployedbutworkingforhimself.Andwhenfiflyyearsago"beingemployed"meanlworkingasafactorylabourerorasafarmhand,theemployeeoftodayisincreasinglyamiddle-classpersonwithasubstantialformaleducalion,holdingaprofessionalormanagemenljobrequiringintellectualandtechnicalskills.Indeed,twothingshavecharacterizedAmericansocietyduringtheselastfiftyyears:middle-classandupper-classemployeeshavebeenthefastest-growinggroupsinourworkingpopulation-growingsofastthattheindustrialworker,thatoldestchildoftheIndustrialRevolution,hasbeenlosinginnumericalimportancedespitetheexpansionofindustrialproduction.Yetyouwillfinelittleifanythingwrittenonwhatitistobeanemployee.Youcanfindagreatdealofverydubiousadviceonhowtogetajoborhowtogetapromotion.Youcanalsofindagooddealofworkinachosenfield,whetheritbethemechanist'stradeorbookkeeping().Everyoneofthesetradesrequiresdifferentskills,setsdifferentstandards,andrequiresadifferentpreparation.Yettheyallhaveemployeeshipincommon.Andincreasingly,especiallyinthelargebusinessoringovernmont,employeeshipismoreimportantlosuccessthanihespecialprofessionalknowledgeorskill.Certainlymorepeoplefailbecausetheydonotknowtherequirementsofbeinganemployeethanbecausetheydonotadequatelypossesstheskillsoftheirtrade;thehigheryouclimbtheladder,themoreyougetintoadministrativeorexecutivework,thegreatertheemphasisonabilitytoworkwithintheorganizationratherthanontechnicalabilitiesorprofessionalknowledge.4.ὅ᝱⚪(attitude)᝱+ᦻUᱥ——᝱+ᦻUὁᱥ——᝱

2l᜜a£⚪25.Thewriter'sattitudetowardstheuseofthetelephoneis.A)affectionateB)disapprovingC)approvingD)neutralਭLesson2^ll^⚪஺ᦻUᨵ¤--¤¥-¤¦l+¤¦ᵨᩭ¨ᢝ¤-ᡠª«P¬l®¯,⌕)¤-᩽ᐸ,⌕஺l³´Ḅ᪗¶forexample,)☢·Ḽᜧᑏஹ»¼ஹ½¾¿ᯠ+Àlᑁx஺lÁdḄ᪗¶show,tell,prove,demonstrate,find,clearly[Page72]IntheUnitedStates,theneedtoprotectplantandanimalspecieshasbecomeahighlycontroversialandsharplypoliticalissuesincethepassageoftheEndangeredSpeciesActin1973.Theacl,designedtoprotectspeciesGlivingareas,andpoliciesthatpreservelandandforestscompetewitheconomicinterests.Inthe1990's,forexample,thewoodcuttersintheWesternUnitedStateswerechallengedlegallyintheirattempttocuttreesfortimberintheCascadeMountains.Thechallengewasmountedtoprotecttheendangeredspottedowl(ÂᜮÄ)whoseremainingpopulationoccupiestheseforestsandrequirestheintact,ancientforestforsurvival.Theproblematicsituationsettheinterestsofenvironmentalistsagainstthoseofcorporationsandofindividualswhostoodtolosejobs.Aftermonthsofdebateandlegalbattles,thefateofthewoodcutters-andtheowls-wasstillundecidedinmid-1992.XLcontroversialḄ$%+ÅÆÇḄÈ"sharplypoliticalissue”,contro⊤“Ë”2.forexample+,-3.problematicÍPÎÏḄSimilartensionsexistbetweenthedevelopedandthedevelopingnations.Manypeopleinindustrializednations,forexample,believethatdevelopingnationsintropicalregionsshoulddomoretoprotecttheirrainforestsandothernaturalareas.Butthedevelopingcountriesmaybeimpoverished(ÐÑÒ)withpopulationsgrowingsorapidlythatusingthelandisameanstotemporarilyavoidworseningpovertyandstarvation.X1.tensionÓÔ,ÕÖ2.Tᑮsimilar@ØÙWØḄGW᪵஺3.But&ᢚ+,-ManyofthechangestoEarththatconcernscientistshaveIhepotentialtorobtheplanetofitsbiologicalrichness.ThedestructionofEarthGsozonelayer(ÛÜÝ)forexample,couldcontributetothegeneralprocessofimpoverishmentbyallowingultra-violetraystoharmplantsandanimals.Andglobalwarmingcouldwipeoutspeciesunabletoquicklyadapttochangingclimates.Clearly,protectingwillcomeonlythroughcoordinatedinternationaleffortstocontrolhumanpopulation,stabilizethecompositionofihealniosphere,andpreserveinlaclEarth'scomplexweblife.36.Whydoestheauthorsaythattheprotectionofendangeredspeciesisahighlycontroversialissue?A)Becausepeoplecan'tagreeastowhatspeciestoprotect.B)Becauseitisdifficulttofindaneffectivewaytoprotectsuchspecies.C)Becauseitaffectstheinterestsofcertaingroupsofpeople.D)Becauseitisamajorprobleminvolvingaseriesoflegalprocedures.X⁚⚪஺Weconomicinterests

3⊤ÞOḄ:ᙠᦻUa+ß.,⌕Ḅ⚪-à᝞:ᙠ⌱⚗aoáC+OḄ஺ᐰã:non-nothing-never-seldom-absolutely-hardly-little-few-prevent-exclude-neither஺norᐰᨵ:all-every-full-either...äonly-exactly-best-most37.Accordingtothepassage,thepreservationofrainforests.A)mayhamperadevelopingcountryinitsfightagainstpoverty.B)benefitsdevelopedcountriesratherthandevelopingcountries.C)shouldtakepriorityoverthecontrolofhumanpopulation.D)willhelpimprovethelivingconditionsindevelopingcountries.X⁚⚪OAᦻUW஺Àl4åM,⌕æ⌕⊤ç“GèéᑭëÕÖ”@Oì஺38.Accordingtothepassage,cuttingtresstogrowmorefood.A)willwidenthegapbetweenthedevelopedandthedevelopingcountries.B)isbutashort-termrelieftothefoodproblem.C)canhardlyalleviatetheshortageoffood.D)provestobeaneffectivewayoutforimpoverishednations.XOAᦻUW஺Short-termOAtemporarily,reliefOAavoid஺39.AmongMhumanity(scurrentproblems”(Line6,Para.3),thechiefconcernofthescientistsis.A)theimpoverishmentofdevelopingcountries.B)theexplosionofthehumanpopulation.C)thereductionofbiologicaldiversity.D)theeffectofglobalwarming.XW஺C⌱⚗areductionOArob,diversityOArichness஺40.Theauthor(spurposeinwritingthispassageis.A)todescribethedifficultiesinsolvinghumanity(scurrentproblems.B)topresentthedifferentviewsonhumanity'scurrentproblems.C)toanalyzethecontradictionbetweencountriesindealingwithhumanity(scurrentproblems.D)topointoutthathumanity'scurrentproblemscanonlybesolvedthroughthecooperationofnations.XTᨬ)——åcooperationofnationsOAcoordinatedinternationalefforts0[Page80]Wesometimesthinkhumansareuniquelyvulnerabletoanxiety,butstressseemstoaffecttheimmunedefensesofloweranimalstoo.Inoneexperiment,forexample,behavioralimmunologist(îïðñ)MarkLaudenslger,attheUniversityofDenver,gavemildelectricshocksto24rats.Halftheanimalscouldswitchoffthecurrentbyturningawheelintheirenclosure,whiletheotherhalfcouldmot.Theratsinthetwogroupswerepairedsothateachtimeoneratturnedthewheelitprotectedbothitselfanditshelplesspartnerfromtheshock.Laudenslagerfoundthattheimmuneresponsewasdepressedbelownormalinthehelplessratsbutnotinthosethatcouldturnofftheelectricity.Whathehasdemonstrated,hebelieves,isthatlackofcontroloveranevent,nottheexperienceitself,iswhatweakenstheimmunesystem.XLvulnerable᧕ÅóôḄ2.immunedefenseîïkõ3.found)+ö÷<=ᡃùḄú-4.depressûᢓdeýbOtherresearchersagree.JayWeiss,apsychologistatDukeUniversitySchoolofMedicine,hasshownthatanimalswhoareallowedtocontrolunpleasantstimulidon(tdevelopsleepdisturbancesorchangesinbrain

4chemistrytypicalofstressedrats.Butiftheanimalsareconfrontedwithsituationstheyhavenocontrolover,theylaterbehavepassivelywhenfacedwithexperiencestheycancontrol.Suchfindingsreinforcepsychologists,suspicionsthattheexperienceorperceptionofhelplessnessisoneofthemostharmfulfactorsindepression.X1.TW]ᓫ@!⍝®ᑁxGÿ
஺2.passiveḄ21.LaudenslagerJsexperimentshowedthattheimmunesystemofthoseratswhocouldturnofftheelectricityA)wasstrengthenedB)wasnotaffectedC)wasalteredD)wasweakenedᦻ
foundਭLessonS*22.Accordingtothepassage,theexperienceofhelplessnesscausesratsto______.A)trytocontrolunpleasantstimuliB)turnofftheelectricityC)becomeabnormallysuspiciousD)behavepassivelyincontrollablesituations
But23.ThereasonwhythemiceinAder'sexperimentavoidedsaccharinwasthat.A)theydislikeditstasteB)itaffectedtheirimmunesystemsC)itledtostomachpainsD)theyassociateditwithstomachaches22.Thefirstparagraphismainlyabout.(A)theteenagersGcriticismoftheirparents(B)misunderstandingsbetweenteenagersandtheirparents(C)thedominanceoftheparentsovertheirchildren(D)theteenagers'abilitytodealwithcrises
BCᑖ஺Itisnaturalforyoungpeopletobecriticaloftheirparentsattimesandtoblamethemformostofthemisunderstandingsbetweenthem.Theyhavealwayscomplained,moreorlessjustly,thattheirparentsareoutoftouchwithmodernways;thattheyarepossessiveanddominantthattheydonottrusttheirchildrentodealwithcrises;thattheytalktoomuchaboutcertainproblemsandthattheyhavenosenseofhumour,atleastinparent-childrelationships.Ithinkitistruethatparentsoftenunderestimatetheirteenagechildrenandalsoforgethowtheythemselvesfeltwhenyoung.Youngpeopleoftenirritatetheirparentswiththeirchoicesinclothesandhairstyles,inentertainersandmusic.Thisisnottheirmotive.Theyfeelcutofffromtheadultworldintowhichtheyhavenotyetbeenaccepted.Sotheycreateacultureandsocietyoftheirown.Then,ifitturnsoutthattheirmusicorentertainersorvocabularyorclothesorhairstylesirritatetheirparents,thisgivesthemadditionalenjoyment.Theyfeeltheyaresuperior,atleastinasmallway,andthattheyareleadersinstyleandtaste.1.criticalᔿ!"Ḅ,$%⌕Ḅ40.Themainideaofthispassageisthat.(A)attentionmustbedirectedtotheimprovementofrecreativepossibilities

5(B)betteruseofgreenspacefacilitiesshouldbemadesoastoimprovethequalityofourlife(C)theurbanenvironmentisprovidingmorerecreationactivitiesthanitdidmanyyearsago(D)prioritymustbegiventothedevelopmentofobligatoryactivitiesGreenspacefacilitiesarecontributingtoanimportantextenttothequalityofthourbanenvirovmoot.Fortunatelyitisnolongernecessarythateverylectureoreverybookaboutthissubjecthastostartwiththeproofofthisidea.Atpresent,itisgenerallyaccepted,althoughmoreasaself-evidentstatementthanonthebaseofaclosely-reasonedscientificproof.Therecognitionoftheimportanceofgreenspacesintheurbanenvironmentisafirststepontherightway,thisdoesnotmean,however,thatsufficientdetailsareknownaboutthefunctionsofgreenspaceintownsandaboutthewayinwhichtheinhabitantsareusingthesespaces.AstothisrathercomplexsubjectIshall,withinthescopeofthislecture,enterintooneaspectonly,namelytherecreativefunctionofgreenspacefacilities.GF()*+᛻ᨵ%⌕Ḅ./஺Thetheoreticalseparationofliving,working,trafficandrecreationwhichformanyyearshasbeenusedintown-and-countryplanning,hasinmyopinionresultedindisproportionateattentionforformsofrecreationfarfromhome,whereastherewasrelativelylittleattentionforimprovementofrecreativepossibilitiesinthedirectneighbourhoodofthehome.Wehavecometotheconclusionthatthisisnotright,becauseanimportantpartofthetimewhichwedonotpassinsleepingorworking,isusedforactivitiesatandaroundhome.Soitisobviousthatrecreationintheopenairhastobeginatthestreet-doorofthehouse.Theurbanenvironmenthastoofferasmanyrecreationactivitiesaspossible,andthedesignofthesehastobesuchthatmoreobligatoryactivitiescanalsohavearecreativeaspect.Theverybeststandardoflivingisnothingifitisnotpossibletotakeapleasantwalkinthedistrict,ifthechildrencannotbeallowedtoplayinthestreets,becausetherisksoftrafficaretoogreat,ifduringshoppingyoucannowherefindaspotforenjoyingforamomenttheniceweather,inshort,ifyouonlyfeelyourselfathomeafterthestreet-doorofyourhouseisclosedafteryou.23.Thepassagemainlydealswith______.(A)the1ifespanoftheMojaveshrimps(B)thesurvivalofdesertshrimps(C)theimportanceofwatertolife(D)lifeintheMojaveDesert0
12shrimp,34ᦻ⌕5shrimp,᣸◀CD,A⌱⚗lifespan:12;஺Therearedesertplantswhichsurvivethedryseasonintheformofinactiveseeds.Therearealsodesertinsectswhichsurviveasinactivelarvae(=>).Inaddition,difficultasitistobelieve,therearedesertfishwhichcansurvivethroughyearsofdrought(AB)intheformofinactiveeggs.Thesearetheshrimps(CD)thatliveintheMojaveDesert,anintenselydryregioninthesouth-westoftheUnitedStateswhereshadetemperaturesofover50Careoftenrecorded.TheeggsoftheMojaveshrimpsarethesizeandhavetheappearanceofgrainsofsand.Whensufficientspringrainfallstoformalake,onceeverytwotofiveyears,theseeggshatch(Eᓄ).Thenthewaterissoonfilledwithmillionsoftinyshrimpsaboutamillimetrelongwhichfeedontinyplantandanimalorganismswhichalsogrowinthetemporarydesertlake.Withinaweek,theshrimpsgrowfromtheiroriginal1millimetretoalengthofabout1.5centimetres.Throughoutthetimethattheshrimpsarerapidlymaturing,thewaterinthelakeequallyrapidlyevaporates.Therefore,fortheshrimpsitisaraceagainsttime.Bythetwelfthday,however,whentheyareabout3centimetrelong,hundredsoftinyeggsformontheunderbodiesofthefemales.Usuallybythistime,allthatremainsofthelakeisalarge,muddypatchofwetsoil.Onthethirteenthdayandthenext,duringthefinalhoursoftheirbrieflives,theshrimpslaytheireggsinthemud.Then,having

6ensuredthattheirspecieswillsurvive,theshrimpsdieasthelastofthewaterevaporates.Ifsufficientrainfallsthenextyeartoformanotherlake,theeggshatch,andonceagaintheshrimpspassrapidlythroughtheircycleofgrowth,adulthood,egg-laying,anddeath.Someyearsthereisinsufficientraintoformalake:inthiscase,theeggswillremaindormantforanotheryears,orevenlongerifnecessary.Very,veryoccasionally,perhapstwiceinahundredyears,sufficientrainfallstoformadeeplakethatlastsamonthormore.Inthiscase,thespeciespassesthroughtwocyclesofgrowth,egg-laying,anddeath.Thus,onsuchoccasions,thespeciesmultipliesconsiderably,whichfurtherensuresitssurvival.40.Themostappropriatetitleforthepassagewouldbe.(A)Thewell-beingofCareerWomen(B)SourcesofMasteryandPleasure(C)TwoAspectsofWomenGsWell-Being(D)FreedomRolesWomeninSocietyA⌱⚗careerGCIB⌱⚗:12woman,᡽ᜧ⌱⚗Inourculture,thesourcesofwhatwecallasenseof"mastery"---feelingimportantandworth-while-andth஺sourcesofwhatwecallasense"ploasur஺஻-findinglifeenjoyable-arenotalwaysidentical.Womenoftenaretold“Youcan'thaveitall."Sometimeswhatthespeakerreallyissayingis:"Youchoseacareer,soyoucanGtexpecttohavecloserrelationshipsorahappyfamilylife.஻or஻Youhaveawonderfulhusbandandchildren-What'sallthisaboutwantingacareer?'7Butwomenneedtounderstandanddevelopbothaspectsofwell-being,iftheyaretofeelgoodaboutthemselves.Ourstudyshowsthat,forwomen,well-beinghastwodimensions.Oneismastery,whichincludesself-esteem(NO)asenseofcontroloveryourlife,andlowlevelsofanxietyanddepression.Masteryiscloselyrelatedtothe"doing஻sideoflife,toworkandactivity.Pleasureistheotherdimensions,anditiscomposedofhappiness,satisfactionandoptimism(PQ).Itistiedmorecloselytothe஻feeling”sideoflife.Thetwoareindependentofeachother.Awomancouldbehighinmasteryandlowinpleasure,andviceversa.Forexample,awomanwhohasagoodjob,butwhosemotherhasjustdied,mightbefeelingverygoodaboutherselfandincontrolofherworklife,butthepleasuresidecouldbedamagedforatime.Theconceptsofmasteryandpleasurecanhelpusidentifythesourcesofwell-beingforwomen,andremedypastmistakes.Inthepast,womenwereencouragedtolookonlyatthefeelingsideoflifeasthesourceofallwell-being.Butweknowthatbothmasteryandpleasurearecritical.Andmasteryseemstobeachievedlargelythroughwork.Inourstudy,allthegroupsofemployedwomenratedsignificantlyhigherinmasterythandidwomenwhowerenotemployed.Awoman1swell-beingisenhanced(RS)whenshetakesonmultipleroles.Atleastbymiddleadulthood,thewomenwhowereinvolvedinacombinationofroles-marriages,motherhood,andemploymentwerethehighestinwell-being,despitewarningsaboutstressandstrain.30.Thebesttittleforthepassagewouldbe.A)Apple'sEffortssoStayAheadofIBMB)Apple'sNewComputerTechnologyC)Apple'sNewpersonalComputersD)Apple'sResearchActivitiesThecompetitionamongproducersofpersonalcomputersisessentiallyaracetogetthebest,mostinnovativeproductstothemarketplace.MarketersinthisenvironmentfrequentlyhavetomakeajudgementastotheircompetitorsGrolewhenmakingmarketingstrategydecisions.Ifmajorcompetitorsarechangingtheirproducts,thenamarketermaywanttofollowsuittoremaincompetitive.AppleComputer,Inc.has

7introducedtwonew,fasterpersoncomputers,theMacintoshIIandMacintoshSE,inanticipationoftheintroductionofanewPCbyIBM,oneofApple'smajorcompetitors.Apple*snewcomputersaremuchfasterandmorepowerfulthanitsearliermodels.TheimprovedMacintoshisabletorunprogramsthatpreviouslywereimpossibletorunonanApplePC,includingIBM-compatibleprograms.Thiscompatibilityfeatureillustratescomputermanufacturers'newattitudeofgivingcustomersthefeaturestheywant.MaltingApplecomputerscapableofrunningIBMsoftwareisApple*seffortatmakingtheMackintoshcompatiblewithIBMcomputersandthusmorepopularintheoffice,whereApplehopestoincreasesales,UsersofthenewApplecanalsoaddaccessoriestomaketheirmachinesspecializeinspecificuses,suchasengineeringandwriting.Thenewcomputersrepresentabigimprovementoverpastmodels,buttheyalsocostmuchmore.Companyofficialsdonotthinkthehigherpricewillslowdownbuyerswhowanttostepuptoamorepowerfulcomputer.Applewantstostayinthehighpriceendofthepersonalcomputermarkertofinanceresearchforevenfaster,moresophisticatedcomputers.EventhoughAppleandIBMaremajorcompetitors,bothcompaniesrealizethattheircompetitorGscomputershavecertainfeaturesthattheirownmodelsdonot.TheApplelinehasalwaysbeenpopularforitssophisticatedcolorgraphics,where-astheIBMmachineshavealwaysbeenfavoredinoffices.Inthefuture,therewillprobablybemorecompatibilitybetweenthetwocompanies'products,whichnodoubtwillrequirethatbothAppleandIBMchangemarketingstrategies.25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A)ComputersandtheKnowledgeSociety.B)ServiceindustriesinModernSociety.C)FeaturesandImplicationsoftheNewEra.D)RapidAdvancementofinformationTechnologyT⌱⚗UᭆWX
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✌஺⚪Ḅcd⌱⚗e
ᑁZஹg⁚ᑁZஹijGCIkj᡽ᜧI஺A_neweraisuponus.Callitwhatyouwill:theserviceeconomy,theinformationage,theknowledgesociety.Italltranslatestoafundamentalchangeinthewaywework.Alreadywe'repartlythere.Thepercentageofpeoplewhoearntheir1ivingbymakingthingshasfallendramaticallyintheWesternWorld.TodaythemajorityofjobsinAmerica,EuropeandJapan(twothirdsormoreinmanyofthesecountries)areintheserviceindustry,andthenumberisontherise.Morewomenareintheworkforcethaneverbefore.Therearemorepart-timejobs.Morepeopleareself-employed.ButthebreadthoftheeconomictransformationcanGtbemeasuredbynumbersalone,becauseitalsoisgivingrisetoaradicalnewwayofthinkingaboutthenatureofworkitself.Long-heldnotionsaboutjobsandcareers,theskillsneededtosucceed,eventherelationbetweenindividualsandemployers-allthesearebeingchallenged.Wohaveonlytolookbehindtogetsomesons஺ofwhatmaylioahead.Noonelookingahead20yearspossiblycouldhaveforeseenthewaysinwhichasingleinvention,thechip,wouldtransformourworldthankstoitsapplicationsinpersonalcomputers,digitalcommunicationsandfactoryrobots.Tomorrow'sachievementsinbiotechnology,artificialintelligenceorevensomestillunimaginedtechnologycouldproduceasimilarwaveofdramaticchanges.Butonethingiscertain:informationandknowledgewillbecomeevenmorevital,andthepeoplewhopossessit,whethertheyworkinmanufacturingorservices,willhavetheadvantageandproducethewealth.Computerknowledgewillbecomeasbasicarequirementastheabilitytoreadandwrite.Theabilitytosolveproblemsbyapplyinginformationinsteadofperformingroutinetaskswillbevaluedaboveallelse.Ifyoucastyourmindahead10years,informationserviceswillbepredominant.Itwillbethewayyoudoyourjob.25.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizedthemainideaofthepassage?

8A)Musicalinstrumentsdevelopedthroughtheyearswillsoonerlaterbereplacedbycomputers.B)cannotbepassedontofuturegenerationunlessitisrecorded.C)FolksongscannotspreadfarunlesstheyareprintedonmusicsheetsD)ThedevelopmentofmusiccultureishighlydependentoritsmaterialaspectMaterialculturereferstothetouchable,material஻things஻-physicalobjectsthatcanbeseen,held,felt,used-thatacultureproduces.Examiningaculture'stoolsandtechnologycantellusaboutthegroup*shistoryandwayoflife.Similarly,researchintothematerialcultureofmusiccanhelpustounderstandthemusic-culture.Themostvividbodyof"things"init,ofcourse,aremusicalinstruments.Wecannothearforourselvestheactualsoundofanymusicalperformancebeforethe1870swhenthephonographwasinvented,sowerelyoninstrumentsforimportantinformationaboutmusic-culturesittheremotepastandtheirdevelopment.Herewehavetwokindsofevidence:instrumentswellpreservedandinstrumentspicturesinart.Throughthestudyofinstruments,aswellpreservedPaintings,writtendocuments,andsoon,wecanexplorethemovementofmusicfromtheNeatEasttoChinaoverathousandyearsago,orwecanoutlinethespreadofNeareasterninfluencetoEuropethatresultsinthedevelopmentofmostoftheinstrumentsonthesymphonyorchestra.Sheetmusicorprintedmusic,too,ismaterialculture.Scholarsoncedefinedfolkmusic-culturesasthoseinwithpeoplelearnandsingmusicbyearratherthanfromprint,butresearchshowmutualinfluenceamongoralandwrittensourcesduringthepastfewcenturiesinEurope,Britain,andAmerica,printedversionslimitvarietybecausetheytendtostandardizeanysong,yettheystimulatepeopletocreatenewanddifferentsongs.Besides,theabilitytoreadmusicnotationhasafar-reachingeffectonmusiciansand,whenitbecomeswidespread,onthemusic-cultureasawhole.Onemoreimportantpartofmusic'smaterialcultureshouldbesingledouttheinfluenceoftheelectronicmedia-radio,recordplayer,taperecorder,television,andvideocassette,withthefuturepromisingtalkingandsingingcomputersandotherdevelopments.Thisallpartofthe஻informationrevolution,atwentiethcenturyphenomenonasimportantastheindustrialrevolutionwasinthenineteenth.Theseelectronicmediaarenotjustlimitedtomodemnations;theyhaveaffectedmusic-culturesallovertheglobe.25.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A)differentwaysoftreatingsocio-culturalelementsinthethreenewEnglishdictionaries.B)AcomparisonofpeopleGsopinionsontheculturalcontentinthethreenewEnglishdictionaries.C)TheadvantagesoftheBBCdictionaryoverOxfordandLongman.D)Theuser-friendlinessofthethreenewEnglishdictionaries.ThreeEnglishdictionariespublishedrecentlyalllayclaimtopossessinga"new"feature.TheBBCEnglishDictionarycontainsbackgroundinformationon1,000peopleandplacesprominentinthenewssince1988;theOxfordAdvancedLearnerGsDictionary:EncyclopedicEditionistheOALDplusencyclopedicentries;theLongmanDictionaryofEnglishLanguageandCultureistheLMEplusculturalinformation.Thekeyfactisthatallthreodictionariescanbeseentohaveadistinctly"cultural"aswellaslanguagelearningconlenl.Thatbeingsaid,thewayinwhichtheyapproachtheculturalelementisnotidentical,makingdirectcomparisonsbetweenthethreedifficult.WhileIhereissomecommongroundbetweenIheencyclopedicandculturalentriesfortheOxfordandLongmandictionaries,thereisacleardifference.OxfordlaysclaimtobeingencyclopediconcontentwhereasLongmandistinctlyconcentratesonthelanguageandcultureoftheEnglish-speakingworld.TheOxforddictionarycanthereforestandmorevigorousscrutinyforculturalbiasthantheLongmanpublicationbecausethelatterdoesnothesitateaboutviewingtherestoftheworldfromtheculturalperspectivesoftheEnglish-speakingworld.TheculturalobjectivesoftheBBCdictionaryareinturnmoredistinct

9still.Basedonananalysisofover70millionwordsrecordedfromtheBBCWorldServiceandNationalPublicRadioofWashingtonoveraperiodoffouryears,their1,000briefencyclopedicentriesarebasedonpeopleandplacesthathavefeaturedinthenewsrecently.TheintendedusertheyhaveinmindisaregularlistenertotheWorldServicewhowillhaveareasonablestandardofEnglishandadevelopedskillinlisteningcomprehension.Inreality,though,theBBCdictionarywillbepurchasedbyafarwiderrangeoflanguagelearners,aswillIheolhertwodictionaries.Wewillbefacedwithasituationwheremanyoftheusersofthesedictionarieswillattheveryleasthavedistinctsocio-culturalperspectivesandmayhaveworldviewswhicharetotallyopposedandevenhostiletothoseoftheWest.Advancedlearnersfromthiskindofbackgroundwillnotonlyevaluateadictionaryonhowuser-friendlyitisbutwillalsohavedefiniteviewsaboutthescopeandappropriatenessofthevarioussocioculturalentries.35.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?AQDressingforeffect.BQHowtodressappropriately.CQManagerialpositionsandclothing.DQDressingfortheoccasion.Clothesplayacriticalpartintheconclusionswereachbyprovidingcluestowhopeopleare,whotheyarenot,andwhotheywouldliketobe.Theytellusagooddealaboutthewearer'sbackground,personality,status,mood,andsocialoutlook.critical%⌕ḄSinceclothesaresuchanimportantsourceofsocialinformation,wecanusethemtomanipulatepeople,simpressionofus.Ourappearanceassumesparticularsignificanceintheinitialphasesofinteractionthatislikelytooccur.Anelderlymiddle-classmanorwomanmaybealienatedlmn...Qbyayoungadultwhoisdressedinanunconventionalmanner,regardlessoftheperson'seducation,background,orinterests.manipulateoᑴqrPeopletendtoagreeonwhatcertaintypesofclothesmean.Adolescentgirlscaneasilyagreeonthelifestylesofgirlswhowearcertainoutfitslᝅtuincludingthenumberofboyfriendstheylikelyhavehadandwhethertheysmokeordrink.Newscasters,ortheannouncerswhoreadthenewsonTV,areconsideredtobemoreconvincing,honest,andcompetentwhentheyaredressedconservatively.Andcollagestudentswhoviewthemselvesastakinganactiveroleintheirinterpersonalrelationshipssaytheyareconcernedaboutthecostumestheymustweartoplaytheserolessuccessfully.Moreover,manyofuscanrelateinstancesinwhichtheclothingweworechangedthewaywefeltaboutourselvesandhowweacted.Perhapsyouhaveusedclothingtogainconfidencewhenyouanticipatedastressfulsituation,suchasajobinterview,oracourtappearance.Intheworkplace,menhavelonghadwelldefinedprecedentsandrolemodelsforachievingsuccess.Ithasbeenotherwiseforwomen.Agoodmanywomeninthebusinessworldareuncertainabouttheappropriatemixtureof"masculine"and"feminine"attributestheyshouldconveybytheirprofessionalclothing.Thevarietyofclothingalternativestowomenhasalsobeengreaterthanthatavailableformen.Maleadministratorstendtojudgewomenmorefavorablyformanagerialpositionswhenthewomendisplayless“feminine"groominglᡭwushorterhair,moderateuseofmakeup,andplaintailoredclothing.Asonemaleadministratorconfessed,“Anattractivewomanisdefinitelygoingtogetalongerinterview,butshewon'tgetajob.zGxyz{᜜}40.ThebesttitleforthispassagewouldbeAQRoleofWomenandMinoritiesinManagement

10BQTheImportanceofBeingVisibleCQJobPerformanceandAdvancementDQSexandCareerSuccessᐵᙠconcludesthat஺4⚪;ᦻℳ1ᩭ஺ℳ`1Ḅ%⌕j1`☢g⁚⚪AᐵjiᩭThemorewomenandminoritiesmaketheirwayintotheranksofmanagement,themoretheyseemtowanttotalkaboutthingsformerlyjudgedtobebestleftunsaid.Thenewcomersalsotendtoseeofficematterswithafresheye,intheprocesssometimescomingupwithcriticalanalysesoftheforcesthatshapeeveryone'sexperienceintheorganization.ConsiderthenovelviewsofHarveyColemanofAtlantaonthesubjectofgettingahead.Colemonisblack.Hespent11yearswithIBM,halfofthemworkinginmanagementdevelopment,andnowservesasaconsultanttothelikesofAT&T,CocaCola,Prudential,andMerch.Colemansaysthatbasedonwhathe'sseenatbigcompanies,heweighsthedifferentelementsthatmakeforlong-termcareersuccessasfollows:performancecountsamere10%,image,30%;andexposure,afull60%.Colemanconcludesthatexcellentjobperformanceissocommonthcsodaysthatwhilodoingyourworkwol]maywinyoupayincreases,itwon'tsecureyouthebigpromotion.Hefindsthatadvancementmo௃eoftendependsonhowmanypeopleknowyouandyourwork,andhowhighuptheyaro.Ridiculousbeliefs?Nottomanypeople,especiallymanywomenandmembersofminorityraceswho,likeColeman,feelthatthescaleslᱥuhavedroppedfromtheireyes."Womenandblacksinorganizationsworkunderfalsebeliefs,஻saysKaleelJamison,aNewYorkbasedmanagementconsultantwhohelpscorporationsdealwiththeseissues."Theythinkthatifyouworkhard,you'11getahead-thatsomeoneinauthoritywillreachdownandgiveyouapromotion.Sheadds,“MostwomenandblacksaresofrightenedthatpeoplewillthinktheyGvegottenaheadbecauseoftheirsexorcolorthattheyplaydownl1utheirvisibility.Heradvicetothosefolks:learnthewaysthatwhitemaleshavetraditionallyusedtofindtheirwayintothespotlight.25.Theauthoriscriticalmainlyof.AQinferiorpackagingBQdishonestpackagingCQthechangesinpackagesizeDQexaggeratedillustrationsonpackagesItissaidthatthepublicandCongressionalconcernaboutdeceptivelឋḄupackagingrumpusOBustartedbecauseSenatorHartdiscoveredthattheboxesofcerealsconsumedbyhim,Mrs.Hart,andtheirchildrenwerebecominghigherandnarrower,withadeclineofnetweightfrom12to10.5ounces,withoutanyreductioninprice.Therewerestilltwelvebiscuits,buttheyhadbeenreducedinsize.Later,theSenatorrightlycomplainedofastore-boughtpieinahandsomelyillustratedboxthatpictured,inasingleslice,almostasmanycherriesastherewereinthewholepie.ਭLesson4^ᦻ12Ḅ¡2¢(£ᐵ¤l᩽¦(£ஹ§(£uஹ¨ᢚஹ{ªஹ«(Intheworldofentertainment,TVtalkshowshaveundoubtedlyfloodedeveryinchofspaceondaytimetelevision.Andanyonewhowatchesthemregularlyknowsthateachonevariesinstyleandformat.Butnotwoshowsaremoreprofoundlyoppositeincontent,whileatthesametimostandingoutabovethurost,IhantheJerrySpringerandtheOprahWinfreyshows.¬ᦻ5Ḅῃ¯°±²³JS0Wῃ¯°JerrySpringercouldeasilybeconsideredthekingof"trashtalkl´u஻.Thetopicsonhisshoware

11asshockingasshockingcanbe.Forexample,theshowtakestheever-commontalkshowthemesoflove,sex,cheating,guilt,hate,conflictandmoralitytoadifferentlevel.Clearly,theJerrySpringershowisadisplayandexploitationofsocietyGsmoralcatastrophes(µ¶)yetpeoplearewillingtoeatuptheintriguingpredicaments(·᛻)ofotherpeople's1ives.LikeJerrySpringer,OprahWinfreytakesTVtalkshowtoitsextreme,butOprahgoesintheoppositedirection.TheshowfocusesontheimprovementofsocietyandanindividualGsqualityoflife.Topicsrangefromleachingyourchildrenresponsibility,managingyourworkweekly,togellingloknowyourneighbors.ComparedtoOprah,theJerrySpringershowlooks1ikepoisonouswastebeingdumpedonsociety.Jerryendseveryshowwithaufinalword”.Hemakesasmallspeechthatsumsuptheentiremoraloftheshow.Hopefully,thisisthepartwheremostpeoplewilllearnsomethingveryvaluable.dump¸├º¸├anti-dumpCleanasitis,theOprahshowisnotforeveryone.Theshow'smaintargetaudiencearemiddle-classAmericans.Mostofthesepeoplehavethetime,money,andstabilitytodealwithlife'stougherproblems.JerrySpringer,ontheotherhand,hasmoreofanassociationwiththeyoungadultsofsociety.Theseare18-to21-year-oldswhosemaintroublesinlifeinvolvelove,relationship,sex,moneyandpeers.Theyaretheoneswhoseesomevalueandlessonstobelearnedunderneaththeshow'sexploitation.Whilethetwoshowsareasdifferentasnightandday.bothhaveruledthetalkshowcircuitformanyyearsnow.Eachonecaterstoadifferentaudiencewhilebothhaveastrongfollowingfromlargegroupsoffans.Ironically,bothcouldalsobeconsideredpioneersinthetalkshowworld.Lcircuitᙌª2.ironicallyᐹᨵ½¾¿ᕡḄ21.ComparedwithotherTVtalkshows,boththeJerrySpringerandtheOprahWinfreyare.A)morefamily-orientedB)unusuallypopularC)moreprofoundD)relativelyformal
22.ThoughthesocialproblemsJerrySpringertalksaboutappeardistasteful,theaudience.A)remainfascinatedbythemB)arereadytofaceuptothemC)remainindifferenttothemD)arewillingtogetinvolvedinthem
eatup,BD³ÁÂ஺23.WhichofthefollowingislikelytobeatopicoftheOprahWinfreyshow?A)Anewtypeofrobot.B)Racisthatred.C)Familybudgetplanning.D)Streetviolence.0
ᨬÄ0T{ª஺24.Despitetheirdifferentapproaches,thetwotalkshowsareboth.A)ironicalB)sensitiveC)instructiveD)cynical

12instructive-inÅÆ+structÇ᪀-ÉᨵÊËḄcynical៬ÍÎÏḄ25.Wecanlearnfromthepassagethatthetwotalkshows.A)havemonopolizedthetalkshowcircuitB)exploittheweaknessesinhumannatureC)appearatdifferenttimesofthedayD)aretargetedatdifferentaudiencesmonopoliseᚘÑD(Ò᎔ᦪ
஺Tounderstandthemarketingconcept,itisonlynecessarytounderstandthedifferencebetweenmarketingandselling.Nottoomanyyearsago,mostindustriesconcentratedprimari1yontheefficientproductionofgoods,andthenreliedon,'persuasivesalesmanship஻tomoveasmuchofthesegoodsaspossible.Suchproductionandsellingfocusesontheneedsofthesellertoproducegoodsandthenconvertthemintomoney.Marketing,ontheotherhand,focusesonthewantsofconsumers.Itbeginswithfirstanalyzingthepreferencesanddemandsofconsumersandthenproducinggoodsthatwillsatisfythem.Thiseye-on-the-consumerapproachisknownasthemarketingconcept,whichsimplymeansthatinsteadoftryingtosellwhateveriseasiesttoproduceorbuyforresale,themakersanddealersfirstendeavortofindoutwhattheconsumerwantstobuyandthengoaboutmakingitavailableforpurchase.
seiling,
marketingThisconceptdoesnotimplythatbusinessisbenevolent(᠄ᗐḄ)orthatconsumersatisfactionisgivenpriorityoverprofitinacompany.Therearealwaystwosidestoeverybusinesstransaction-thefirmandthecustomer-andeachmustbesatisfiedbeforetradeoccurs.Successfulmerchantsandproducers,however,recognizethatthesurestroutetoprofitisthroughunderstandingandcateringtocustomers.Astrikingexampleoftheimportanceofcateringtotheconsumerpresenteditselfinmid-1985,whenCocaColachangedtheflavorofitsdrink.Thenon-acceptanceofthenewflavorbyasignificantportionofthepublicbroughtaboutapromptrestorationoftheClassicCoke,whichwasthenmarketedalongsidethenew.KingCustomerruled!26.Themarketingconceptdiscussedinthepassageis,inessence,.A)thepracticeofturninggoodsintomoneyB)makinggoodsavailableforpurchaseC)thecustomer-centredapproachD)aformofpersuasivesalesmanshipÖᦻ0
catertocustomer×ØÙᡝḄAB³ÛὅᐳᱯÞD(Ò
seiling஺27.Whatwasthemainconcernofindustrialistsbeforethemarketingconceptwaswidelyaccepted?A)Theneedsofthemarket.B)Theefficiencyofproduction.C)Thesatisfactionoftheuser.D)Thepreferencesofthedealer.
஺28.Accordingtothepassage,“tomoveasmuchofthesegoodsaspossible”(Lines3-4),Para.I)meansA)tosellthelargestpossibleamountofgoodsB)totransportgoodsasefficientlyaspossibleC)todisposeofthesegoodsinlargequantitiesD)toredesignthesegoodsforlarge-scaleproduction29.WhatdoestherestorationoftheClassicCokebestillustrate?

13A)Traditionalgoodshaveastrongerappealtothemajorityofpeople.B)Ittakestimeforanewproducttobeacceptedbythepublic.C)Consumerswithconservativetastesareoftendifficulttoplease.D)Productsmustbedesignedtosuitthetasteoftheconsumer.30.Indiscussingthemarketingconcept,theauthorfocuseson.A)itsmaincharacteristicB)itssocialimpactC)itspossibleconsequenceD)itstheoreticalbasisᑏàyz⚪஺á⚪⌕âWhat?UÁá⌱⚗³(Ḅ஺4ᦻ5ãä⃩├Ḅᱯ¬஺ਭLesson5ਭ33.Theword஻dubious”(L.2,Para.2)mostprobablymeansA)valuableB)usefulC)doubtfulD)helpfulæḄ:¿çḄYetyouwillfinelittleifanythingwrittenonwhatitistobeanemployee.Youcanfindagreatdealofverydubiousadviceonhowtogetajoborhowtogetapromotion.Youcanalsofindagooddealofworkinachosenfield,whetheritbethemechanistGstradeorbookkeeping(èé).Everyoneofthesetradesrequiresdifferentskills,setsdifferentstandards,andrequiresadifferentpreparation.Yettheyallhaveemployeeshipincommon.Andincreasingly,especiallyinthelargebusinessoringovernment,employeeshipismoreimportanttosuccessthanthespecialprofessionalknowledgeorskill.Certainlymorepeoplefailbecausetheydonotknowtherequirementsofbeinganemployeethanbecausetheydonotadequatelypossesstheskillsoftheirtrade;thehigheryouclimbtheladder,themoreyougetintoadministrativeorexecutivework,thegreatertheemphasisonabilitytoworkwithintheorganizationratherthanontechnicalabilitiesorprofessionalknowledge.24.Theword"hassles"inthepassage(Line3,Para.3)probablymeans.(A)quarrels(B)worries(C)disadvantages(D)agreementsê⊝ḄìíLivingathome,saysKnighton,aschoolteacher,continuestogivehersecurityandmoralsupport.Hermotheragreed,஻It'sridiculousforthekidstopayallthatmoneyforrent.Itmakessenseforkidstostayathome.஻Butsharingthefamilyhomerequiresadjustmentsforall.Therearethehasslesoverbathrooms,telephonesandprivacy(îA᡾Ḅðñ).Somefamilies,however,managethedelicatebalancingact.Butforothers,itprovestoodifficult.MichelleDelTurco,24,hasbeenhomethreetimes-andleftthreetimes.zGWhatIconsideredasocialdrink,mydadconsideredanalcoholproblem,஻sheexplains.஻HeneverlikedanyoneIdated(òó)soIeitherhadtohideawayormeetthematfriends'house.஻34.Theword'subjects”(Line1,Para.4)refersto.(A)theperformancetestsusedinthestudyofsleepdeficit(B)specialbranchesofknowledgethatarebeingstudied(C)peoplewhosebehaviororreactionsarebeingstudied(D)thepsychologicalconsequencesofsleepdeficit

14ôõö⚪÷ᦻᢣùTodeterminetheconsequencesofsleepdeficit,researchershaveputsubjectsthroughasetofpsychologicalandperformancetestsrequiringthem,forinstance,toaddcolumnsofnumbersorrecallapassagereadtothemonlyminutosearlier.஻Wo'vefoundthatifyou'reinsleepdeficit,performancesuffers,஻saysDr.David."Short-termmemoryisweakened,asareabilitiestomakedecisionsandtoconcentrate.஻37.To஻liveacompletelysedentarylife-style”(Line7,Para.1)inthepassagemeans.(A)to"liveadecentlife”(B)to"liveaninactivelife”(C)to"livealifeofvice”(D)tozGlivealifewithcompletefreedom”Theconceptofpersonalchoiceinrelationtohealthbehaviorsisanimportantone.Anestimated90percentofallillnessmaybepreventableifindividualswouldmakesoundpersonalhealthchoicesbaseduponcurrentmedicalknowledge.Weallenjoyourfreedomofchoiceanddonot1iketoseeitrestrictedwhenitiswithinthelegalandmoralboundariesofsociety.ThestructureofAmericansocietyallowsustomakealmostallourownpersonaldecisionsthatmayconcernourhealth.Ifwesodesire,wecansmoke,drinkexcessively,refusetowearseatbelts,eatwhateverfoodwewant,andliveacompletelysedentarylife-stylewithoutanyexercise.Thefreedomtomakesuchpersonaldecisionsisafundamentalaspectofoursociety,althoughthewisdomofthesedecisionscanbequestioned.Personalchoicesrelativetohealthoftencauseadifficulty.Asoneexample,ateenagermayknowthefactsrelativetosmokingcigarettesandhealthbutmaybepressuredbyfriendsintobelievingitisthesociallyacceptedthingtodo.24.Theword"dormant”(Para.4,Line3)mostprobablymeans.(A)inactive(B)strong(C)alert(D)softIfsufficientrainfallsthenextyeartoformanotherlake,theeggshatch,andonceagaintheshrimpspassrapidlythroughtheircycleofgrowth,adulthood,egg-laying,anddeath.Someyearsthereisinsufficientraintoformalake:inthiscase,theeggswillremaindormantforanotheryears,orevenlongerifnecessary.Very,veryoccasionally,perhapstwiceinahundredyears,sufficientrainfallstoformadeeplakethatlastsamonthormore.Inthiscase,thespeciespassesthroughtwocyclesofgrowth,egg-laying,anddeath.Thus,onsuchoccasions,thespeciesmultipliesconsiderably,whichfurtherensuresitssurvival.33.Fromthecontext,theword"disconcerting”(Para.3,Line2)mostprobablymeans.(A)misleading(B)embarrassing(C)stimulatingagoalwit(D)upsetting:ᯖ⇋anxietyTosome,thethoughtofhavingtowriteanassignednumberofpages,oftenmorethaneverproducedbefore,isdisconcerting.Toothers,theveryideaofhavingtoworkindependentlyisthreatening.Butthereisnoneedtoapproachtheresearchpaperassignmentwithanxiety,andnobodyshouldviewtheresearchpaperasanobstacletoovercome.Instead,consideritagoaltoaccomplish,agoalwithinreachifyouusethehelpthisbookcangiveyou.

1521.Theword஻pinpoint”(para.1,)basicallymeans.A)appreciateB)obtainC)interpretD)identifyTheprocessofperceivingotherpeopleisrarelytranslated(toourselvesorotherGs)intocold,objectiveterms.஻Shewas5feet8inchestall,hadhadfairhair,andworeacoloredskirt.Moreoften,wetrytogetinsidetheotherpersontopinpointhisorherattitudes,emotions,motivations,abilities,ideasandcharacters.Furthermore,wesometimesbehaveasifwecanaccomplishthisdifficultjobveryquickly-perhapswithatwo-secondglance.31.Theword"paradox”(Para.1,)means஻஻.A)implicationB)contradictionC)interpretationD)confusionItisacuriousparadoxthatwethinkofthephysicalsciencesas"hard”,thesocialsciencesas"soft”,andthebiologicalsciencesassomewhereinbetween,Thisisinterpretedtomeanthatourknowledgeofphysicalsystemsismorecertainthanourknowledgeofbiologicalsystems,andtheseinturnaremorecertainthanourknowledgeofsocialsystem.Intermsofourcapacitytosampletherelevantuniverses,however,andtheprobabilitythatourimagesoftheseuniversesareatleastapproximatelycorrect,onesuspectsthatareverseorderismorereasonable.WeareabletosampleearthGssocialsystemswithsomedegreeofconfidencethatwehaveareasonablesampleofthetotaluniversebeinginvestigated.Ourknowledgeofma]systems,therefore,whileitisinmanywaysextremelyinaccurate,isnotlikelytobeseriouslyoverturnedbynewdiscoveries.Eventhefolkknowledgeinsocialsystemsonwhichordinarylifeisbasedinearning,spending,organizing,marrying,takingpartinpoliticalactivities,fightingandsoon,isnotverydissimilarfromthemoresophisticatedimagesofthesocialsystemderivedfromthesocialsciences,eventhoughitisbuiltupontheveryimperfectsamplesofpersonalexperience.26.Theword"liability”(Para.1)mostprobablymeans“A)misfortuneB)instabilityC)disadvantageD)burdenBeautyhasalwaysbeenregardedassomethingpraiseworthy.Almosteveryonethinksattractivepeoplearehappierandhealthier,havebettermarriagesandhavemorerespectableoccupations.Personalconsultantsgivethembetteradviceforfindingjobs.Evenjudgesaresofteronattractivedefendants.Butintheexecutivecircle,beautycanbecomealiability.28.Thephrase"functioninthedisserviceofoneanother”(Para.1)mostprobablymeans”஻.A)betrayeachotherB)harmoneanotherC)helptocollaboratewitheachotherD)benefitonanotherThequestionofwhetherwarisinevitableisonewhichhasconcernedmanyoftheworld'sgreatwriters.Beforeconsideringthisquestion,itwillusefultointroducesomerelatedconcepts.Conflict,definedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesdirectedagainstoneanotherisdistinguishedfromcompetition,definedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesindependentlystrivingforsomethingwhichisininadequate

16supply.Competitorsmaynotbeawareofoneanother,whilethepartiestoaconflictare.Conflictandviceofoneanother.Oppositionisthuscontrastedwithcooperation,theprocessbywhichsocialentitiesfunctionintheserviceofoneanother.Thesedefinitionsarenecessarybecauseitisimportanttoemphasizethatcompetitionbetweenindividualsorgroupsisinevitableinaworldoflimitedresources,butconflictisnot.Conflict,nevertheless,isverylikelytooccur,andisprobablyanessentialanddesirableelementofhumansocieties.33.Theword"precedent”(Line1,Para.4)probablyrefersto.A)earlyactsformentofollowasexamplesB)particularplacesformentooccupyespeciallybecauseoftheirimportanceC)thingsthatmenshouldagreeuponD)men'sbeliefsthateverythingintheworldhasalreadybeendecidedIntheworkplace,menhavelonghadwelldefinedprecedentsandrolemodelsforachievingsuccess.Ithasbeenotherwiseforwomen.Agoodmanywomeninthebusinessworldareuncertainabouttheappropriatemixtureof஻masculine"and"feminine,attributestheyshouldconveybytheirprofessionalclothing.Thevarietyofclothingalternativestowomenhasalsobeengreaterthanthatavailableformen.Maleadministratorstendtojudgewomenmorefavorablyformanagerialpositionswhenthewomendisplayless“feminine஻grooming(ᡭw)-shorterhair,moderateuseofmakeup,andplaintailoredclothing.Asonemaleadministratorconfessed,“Anattractivewomanisdefinitelygoingtogetalongerinterview,butshewonGtgetajob.zG29.Theword"carcass”(Line2,Para.3)mostprobablymeanszG஻.A)vegetablespreservedforfutureuseB)thedeadbodyofananimalreadytobecutintomeatC)expensivefoodthatconsumerscanhardlyaffordD)meatcannedforfutureconsumptionThismeansonehastofeedapproximately9-10timesasmuchfoodvaluetotheanimalthanonecanconsumefromthecarcass.Asasystemforfeedingthehungry,theeffectscanprovedisastrous.Attimesofcrisis,grainisthefoodoflife.31.Thephrase,emanatefrom஻inParagraph1mostprobablymeans஻______஻.A)thriveonB)accountforC)originatefromD)descendfromWeallhaveoffensivebreathatonetimeoranother.Inmostcases,offensivebreathemanatesfrombacteriainthemouth,althoughthereareothermorecauses.Untilafewyearsago,themostdoctorscoulddowastocounselpatientswithbadbreathaboutoralcleanliness.Nowtheyarefindingnewwaystotreattheusuallycurablecondition.ਭLesson6^ᦻḄýᑡᐵ¤•᪵
▅ḄḄᑡᡂᑖᑡ᧕⚪஺᝞⚪⌱⚗ᭆᡠᨵᑡᡂᑖᔲᑣ┯"⌱⚗஺ᜧḄᑡ$%⚪&'ᢤ⚞஺Whathasthetelephonedonetous,orforus,inthehundredyearsofitsexistence?Afeweffectssuggestthemselvesatonce,(pithassavodlivosbygettingrapidwordofillness,injury,orfirefromremoteplaces.(2)Byjoiningwiththeelevatortomakepossiblethemullistoryresidenceorofficebuilding,ithasmadepossible-forbetterorworse-themoderncity.ঞBybringingaboutagreatleapinthespeedandeasewithwhichinformationmovesfromplacetoplace,ithasgreatlyacceleralediheraleof

17scientificandtechnologicalchangesandgrowthinindustry.Beyonddoubtটithasseriouslyweakonodifnotkilledtheancientartoflellerwriting.(5)1thasmadelivingalonepossibleforpersonswithnormalsocialimpulses;bysodoing,ithasplayedaroleinoneofthegreatestsocialchangesofthiscentury,thebreakupofthemulti-gonerationalhousehold.ডIthasmadethewarchi11inglymoreefficientthanformerly.Perhaps,thoughnotprovably(+,-)ithaspreventedwarsthatmighthavearisenoutofinternationalmisunderstandingcausedbywrittencommunication.Orperhaps-againnotprovable-bymagnifyingandextendingirrationalpersonalconflictsbasedonvoicecontact,ithascausedwars.Certainlyithasextendedthescopeofhumanconflicts,sinceitimpartiallydisseminates(/0)theusefulknowledgeofscientistsandthenonsenseoftheignorant,theaffectionoftheaffectionateandthemalice(ូ2)ofthemalicious.22.Accordingtothepassage,itisthetelephonethat.A)hasmadeletterwritinganartB)haspreventedwarsbyavoidingwrittencommunicationC)hasmadetheworlddifferentfromwhatitwasD)hascausedwarsbymagnifyingandextendinghumanconflicts3A45Toprotecttheinterestsoftheirmembersintheeraofautomation,unionshaveadoptedanumberofnowpolicios.Oneoftheseistheজpromotionofsupplementaryunemploymentbenefitplans.Itisemphasizedthatsincetheemployerinvolvedinsuchaplanhasadirectfinancialinterestinpreventingunemployment,hewillhaveastrongdriveforplanningnewinstallationssoastocausetheleastpossibleproblemsinjobsandjobassignments.Someunionsareworkingfordismissalpayagreemenls,requiringthatpermanentlydismissedworkersbepaidasumofmoneybasedonlengthofservice.Anotherapproachistheideaofthe^improvementfactor”,whichcallsforwageincreasesbasedonincreasesinproductivity.Itispossible,however,thatlabourwillrelymainlyonreductioninworkinghoursinordertogainafullshareinthefruitsofautomation.32.Fromthethirdparagraphofthepassage,wecanconcludethatyoungadultstendtobelievethatcertaintypesofclothingcan.A)changepeople'sconservativeattitudestowardtheirlifestyleB)helpyoungpeoplemakefriendswiththeoppositesexC)makethemcompetitiveinthejobmarketD)helpthemachievesuccessintheirinterpersonalrelationshipsPeopletendtoagreeonwhatcertaintypesofclothesmean.Adolescentgirlscaneasilyagreeonthelifestylesofgirlswhowearcertainoutfits(ᝅ7)includingthenumberofboyfriendstheylikelyhavehadandwhethertheysmokeordrink.Newscasters,ortheannouncerswhoreadthenewsonTV,areconsideredtobemoreconvincing,honest,andcompetentwhentheyaredressedconservatively.Andcollagestudentswhoviewthemselvesastakinganactiveroleintheirinterpersonalrelationshipssaytheyareconcernedaboutthecostumestheymustweartoplaytheserolessuccessfully.Moreover,manyofuscanrelateinstancesinwhichtheclothingweworechangedthewaywefeltaboutourselvesandhowweacted.Perhapsyouhaveusedclothingtogainconfidencewhenyouanticipatedastressfulsituation,suchasajobinterview,oracourtappearance.[Page71]Everyyeartelevisionstationsreceivehundredsofcomplaintsabouttheloudnessofadvertisements.However,federalrulesforbidthepracticeofmakingadslouderthantheprogramming.Inaddition,televisionstationsalwaysoperateatthehighestsoundlevelallowedforreasonsofefficiency.AccordingtooneNBCexecutive,nodifferenceexistsinthepeaksoundlevelofadsandprogramming.Giventhis

18informationwhydocommercialssoundsoloud?Thesensationofsoundinvolvesavarietyoffactorsinadditiontoitsspeaklevel.Advertisersareskilfulatcreatingtheimpressionofloudnessthroughtheirexpertuseofsuchfactors.জOnemajorcontributortotheperceivedloudnessofcommercialsisthatmushlessvariationinsoundleveloccursduringacommercial.Inregularprogrammingtheintensityofsoundvariesoveralargerange.However,soundlevelsincommercialstendtostayatornearpeaklevels.ঝOther“tricksofthetrade"arealsoused.Because1ow-frequencysoundscanmaskhigherfrequencysounds,advertisersfilteroutanynoisesthatmaydrownouttheprimarymessage.Inaddition,thehumanvoicehasmoreauditory(9:Ḅ)impactinthemiddlefrequencyranges.Advertiserselectronicallyvaryvoicesoundssothattheystaywithinsuchafrequencyband.©Anotherapproachistowritethescriptsothatlotsofconsonants(;<)areused,becausepeoplearemoreawareofconsonantsthanvowel(7E<)sounds.টFinally,advertiserstrytobegincommercialswithsoundsthatarehighlydifTerenlfromthoseoftheprogrammingwithinwhichthecommercialisburied.Becausepeoplebecomeadaptedtothetypeofsoundscomingfromprogramming,adramaticchangeinsoundqualitydrawsvieweranattention.Forexample,noticehowmanycommercialsbeginwithacheerfulsongofsometype.Theattention-gettingpropertyofcommercialscanbeseenbyobservingone-totwo-year-oldchildrenwhohappentobeplayingaroundatelevisionset.Theymaytotallyignoretheprogramming.However,whenacommercialcomeson,theirattentionisimmediatelydrawntoitbecauseofitsdramaticsoundquality.31.Accordingtothepassage,themaximumintensityofsoundcomingfromcommercials.A)doesnotexceedthatofprograms.B)isgreaterthanthatofprograms.C)variesoveralargerangethanthatofprograms.D)islessthanthatofprograms.3ᦻ>?%@nodifference32.CommercialscreatethesensationofloudnessbecauseA)TVstationsalwaysoperateatthehighestsoundlevels,B)theirsoundlevelsarekeptaroundpeaklevels.0theirsoundlevelsarekeptinthemiddlefrequencyranges.D)unlikeregularprogramstheirintensityofsoundvariesoverawiderange.3?AB33.Manycommercialsbeginwithacheerfulsongofsomekindbecause.A)popsongsattractviewerattention.B)itcanincreasetheirloudness.C)advertiserswanttomakethemsounddifferentfromregularprograms.D)advertiserswanttomergemusicwithcommercials.3?CB34.OneofthereasonswhycommercialsareabletoattractviewerattentionisthatA)thehumanvoicesincommercialshavemoreauditoryimpact.B)peoplelikecheerfulsongsthatchangedramaticallyinsoundquality.C)high-frequencysoundsareusedtomasksoundsthatdrownouttheprimarymessage.D)theypossesssoundqualitiesthatmaketheviewerfeelthatsomethingunusualishappening.3?D@Because,B⌱⚗likeEFG஺35.Inthepassage,theauthoristryingtotellus.A)howTVadsvaryvocalsoundstoattractattention.

19BQhowtheloudnessofTVadsisovercome.CQhowadvertiserscontrolthesoundpropertiesofTVads.DQhowtheattention-gettingpropertiesofsoundsaremadeuseofinTVads.3ᦻ>ᨬI%@ਭLesson7ਭUniikeotherlawbreakers,whomustleavethecountry,commitsuicide,orgotojail,computercriminalssometimesescapepunishment,demandingnotonlythattheynotbechargedbutthattheybegivengoodrecommendationsandperhapsotherbenefits.TheyhesilaleatthethoughtofacriminalboastinginopencourtofhowhejuggledJKLMthemostconfidentialrecordsrightunderthenosesofthecompanyGsexecutives,accountants,andsecuritystaff.Anelderlymiddle-classmanorwomanmaybealienatedJNO...Qbyayoungadultwhoisdressedinanunconventionalmanner,regardlessofthepersonGseducation,background,orinterests.Maleadministratorstendtojudgewomenmorefavorablyformanagerialpositionswhenthewomendisplayless"feminine"groomingJᡭRM-shorterhair,moderateuseofmakeup,andplaintailoredclothing.Feminine᝕ᩗFVὅXMasculineᵱZ[ᭆḄThemorewomenandminoritiesmaketheirwayintotheranksofmanagement,themoretheyseemtowanttotalkaboutthingsformerlyjudgedtobebestleftunsaid.\]Ḅᝣ᝕_`ᦪbc\def᝛h\ijklᨬmjḄno஺ItissaidthatthepublicandCongressionalconcernaboutdeceptivepackagingrumpusstartedbecauseSenatorHartdiscoveredthattheboxesofcerealsconsumedbyhim,Mrs.Hart,andtheirchildrenwerebecominghigherandnarrower,withadeclineofnetweightfrom12to10.5ounces,withoutanyreductioninprice.Themanufacturerwhoincreasestheunitpriceofhisproductbychanginghispackagesizetolowerthequantitydeliveredcan,withoutunduehardship,puthisproductintoboxes,bags,andtinsthatwillcontaineven4-ounce,8-ounce,one-pound,two-poundquantitiesofbreakfastfoods,cakemixes,etc.Suchchickenraisingdemandscapitalforbuildingandmachinery,extensiveuseofenergyresourcesforautomation,andinvolvesfeedingchickenswithpotentialfaminereliefproteinfood.Famine⛭₠Bottomretailprices-anywherefrom30%to70%lowerthanthoseinEuropeandAsia-haveattractedsome47millionvisitors,whoareexpectedtoleavebehind$79billionin1994.Theelectroniceconomymadepossiblebyinformationtechnologyallowsthehavestoincreasetheircontrolonglobalmarkets-withdestructiveimpactonthehave-nots.Outofouremotionalexperienceswithobjectsandeventscomesasocialfeelicgofagreemenlthatcertainthingsandactionsare“good”andothersare“bad"Gandweapplythesecategoriestoeveryaspectofoursociallife-fromwhatfoodsweeatandwhatclothesweweartohowwekeeppromisesandwhichpeopleourgroupwillaccept.᎔7stḄuvasocialfeelingofagreementcomesoutofouremotionalexperiences.ThedeslrueIionofournaturalresourcesandcontaminationofourfoodsupplycontinueoccur,largelybecauseoftheextremedifficultyinaffixingJw...xyMlegalresponsibilityonthosewhocontinuetotreatourenvironmentwithrecklessabandonJz{M.Attemptstopreventpollutionbylegislation,economicin-centivesandfriendlypersuasionhavebeennotbylawsuits,persona]andindustrialdenialandlongdelays-notonlyinacceptingresponsibility,butmoreimportantly,indoingsomethingaboutit.Whereisindustry'sandourrecognitionthatprotectingmankindGsgreattreasureisthesinglemostimportantresponsibility?

2036.Whichofthefollowingiswithinthecapacityoftheartificialnosebeingdeveloped?A)Performingphysicalexaminations.B)Locatingplaceswhichattractterrorists.C)Detectingdrugsandwatercontamination.D)Monitoringfoodprocessing.3|}⚪y~ᦻ>Z஺37.Apotentialproblemwhichmightbecausedbytheuseofanartificialnoseis______.A)negligenceofpublicsafetyB)anabuseofpersonalfreedomC)ahazardtophysicalhealthD)athreattoindividualprivacy3ᦻ+ᨵᢚ38.Theword“logged”(Line5,Para.7)mostprobablymeans**_____A)presetB)enteredC)processedD)simulated3⚪e~ᦻᑡஹᢚஹḄ39.Toproduceartificialnosesforpracticaluse,itisessential.A)todevelopmicrochipswiththousandsofodorreceptorsB)toinventchipssensitivetovariouschemicalsC)todesignacomputerprogramtosortoutsmellsD)tofindchemicalsthatcanaltertheelectricalcurrentpassingthrough40.Theauthor'sattitudetowardsLarryMyers'worksis.A)approvingB)overenthusiasticC)cautiousD)suspicious3ὅ᝱⚪⌱s᝱᪵ᐜ⚪ᦻ>1.⚪¡ᦻ¢2.ὅ£¤3.+ᦻ>Ḅ¥¦§¨ਭLesson8^ਭªVᣚḄs¬⌱⚗%ஹªVAஹDஹ®¯ᔲyਭ┯"⌱⚗ᱯ±%ஹ²ḄAஹ³´Ḅ——¶>·VDஹ¸@Cஹ¹%º»¼½36.Whichofthefollowingiswithinthecapacityoftheartificialnosebeingdeveloped?A)Monitoringfoodprocessing.

21B)Performingphysicalexaminations.¸@C)Locatingplaceswhichattractterrorists.¹D)Detectingdrugsandwatercontamination.37.Apotentialproblemwhichmightbecausedbytheuseofanartificialnoseis.A)negligenceofpublicsafetyB)ahazardtophysicalhealthC)athreattoindividualprivacyD)anabuseofpersonalfreedom38.Theword“logged”(Line5,Para.7)mostprobablymeans“A)presetB)simulatedC)enteredD)processed39.Toproduceartificialnosesforpracticaluse,itisessential.A)toinventchipssensitivetovariouschemicalsB)todevelopmicrochipswiththousandsofodorreceptorsC)todesignacomputerprogramtosortoutsmellsD)tofindchemicalsthatcanaltertheelectricalcurrentpassingthroughThereGssimplepremisebehindwhatLarryMyersdoesforaliving:Ifyoucansmellit,youcanfindit.MyersisthefounderofAuburnUniversity'sInstituteforBiologicalDetectionSystems,themaintaskofwhichistochasetheultimateindetectiondevices-anartificialnose.Fornow,thesubjectoftheirresearchislittlemorethanastackofgleamingchipstuckedawayinalaboratorydrawer.Butsoon,suchatoolcouldbehangingfromthebeltsofpolice,arson(¾!S0investigatorsandfood-safetyinspectors.Thetechnologythattheyareworkinginwouldsuggestquitereasonablythat,withinthreetofiveyears,we'llhavesomeworkablesensorsreadytouse.Suchdevicesmightfindwideuseinplacesthatattractterrorists.Policecoulddetectdrugs,bodiesandbombshiddenincars,whilefoodinspectorscouldeasilytestfoodandwaterforcontamination.Theimplicationsforrevolutionaryadvancesinpublicsafetyandthefoodindustryareastonishing.Butso,too,arethepossibilitiesforabuse;Suchmachinescoulddeterminewhetherawomanisovulating(᣸ᑣ)withoutaphysicalexam-orevenherknowledge.OneofthetraditionalprotectorsofAmerican1ibertyisthatishasbeenimpossibletosearcheveryone.ThatGsgettingnottobethecase.ArtificialbiosensorscreatedatAuburnworktotallydifferentlyfromanythingeverseenbefore.AromaScan,forexample,isadesktopmachinebasedonabankofchipssensitivetospecificchemicalsthatevaporateintotheair.Asairissuckedintothemachine,chemicalspassoverthesensorsurfacesandproducechangesintheelectricalcurrentflowingthroughthem.Thosecurrentchangesareloggedintoacomputerthatsortsoutodorsbasedontheirelectricalsignatures.Myerssaystheyexpecttoloadasinglefingernail-sizechipwiththousandsofodorreceptors(ÀÁᘤ)enoughtocreateasensorthat'snearlyassensitiveasadog'snose.31.Intheeyesoftheauthor,conventionalopiniononconflictis_______.A)wrongB)oversimplifiedC)misleading

22D)unclear3ᦻ>?%32.ProfessorCharlesR.Schwenk'sresearchshowsA)theadvantagesanddisadvantagesofconflictB)therealvalueofconflict0thedifficultyindeterminingtheoptimallevelofconflictD)thecomplexityofdefiningtherolesofconflict3ᦻ>?A@33.WecanlearnfromSchwenkGsresearchthatA)aperson'sviewofconflictisinfluencedbythepurposeofhisorganizationB)conflictisnecessaryformanagersoffor-profitorganizationsC)differentpeopleresolveconflictsindifferentwaysD)itisimpossibleforpeopletoavoidconflict3ᦻ>?D@34.Thepassagesuggeststhatinfor-profitorganizations_____.A)thereisnoendofconflictB)expressionofdifferentopinionsisencouragedC)decisionsmustbejustifiableD)successliesingeneralagreement3ᦻ>?C@justifiableᔠÄᓄ35.Peopleworkinginanot-for-profitorganization.A)seemtobedifficulttosatisfyB)arefreetoexpressdiverseopinionsC)arelesseffectiveinmakingdecisionsD)finditeasiertoreachagreement3C_D§ÆÇÈ⌱Conventionalwisdomaboutconflictseemsprettymuchcutanddried.Toolittleconflictbreedsapathy(ÉÊ)andstagnation(ᕆÌ).Toomuchconflictleadstodivisiveness(ᑖÍ)andhostility.Moderatelevelsofconflict,however,cansparkcreativityandmotivatepeopleinahealthyandcompetitiveway.RecentresearchbyProfessorCharlesR.Schwenk,however,suggeststhattheoptimallevelofconflictmaybemorecomplextodeterminethanthesesimplegeneralizations.Hestudiedperceptionsofconflictamongasampleofexecutives.Someoftheexecutivesworkedforprofit-seekingorganizationsandothersfornot-for-profitorganizations.Somewhatsurprisingly,Schwenkfoundthatopinionsaboutconflictvariedsystematicallyasafunctionofthetypeoforganization.Specifically,managersinnot-for-profitorganizationsstronglybelievedthatconflictwasbeneficialtotheirorganizationsandthatitpromotedhigherqualitydecisionmakingthanmightbeachievedintheabsenceofconflict.Managersoffor-profitorganizationssawadifferentpicture.Theybelievedthatconflictgenerallywasdamagingandusuallyledtopoor-qualitydecisionmakingintheirorganizations.Schwenkinterpretedtheseresultsintermsofthecriteriaforeffectivedecisionmakingsuggestedbytheexecutives.Intheprofit-seekingorganizations,decision-makingeffectivenesswasmostoftenassessedinfinancialterms.Theexecutivesbelievedthatconsensusratherthanconflictenhancedfinancialindicators.Inthenot-for-profitorganizations,decision-makingeffectivenesswasdefinedfromtheperspectiveofsatisfyingconstituents.Giventhecomplexitiesandambiguitiesassociatedwithsatisfyingmanydiverseconstituentsexecutivesperceivedthatconflictledtomoreconsideredandacceptabledecisions.

23ਭLesson9*36.Welearnfromthepassagethatoleslraisasubstancethat.A)containsplentyofnutrientsB)rendersfoodscalorie-freewhileretainingtheirvitaminsC)makesfoodseasilydigestibleD)makesfoodsfat-freewhilekeepingthemdelicious37.Theresultofthesearchforaneasilydigestiblefatturnedouttobe.A)commerciallyuselessB)justasanticipatedC)somewhatcontroversialD)quiteunexpected38.OlestraisdifferentfromordinaryfaIsinthat.A)itpassesthroughtheintestineswithoutbeingabsorbedB)itfacilitatestheabsorptionofvitaminsbythebodyC)ithelpsreducetheincidenceofheartdiseaseD)itpreventsexcessiveintakeofvitamins39.Whatisapossiblenegativeeffectofolesiraaccordingtosomecritics?A)Itmayimpairthedigestivesystem.B)Itmayaffecttheoverallfatintake.C)Itmayincreasetheriskofcancer.D)Itmayspoiltheconsumers'appetite.40.Whyarenutritionistsconcernedaboutaddingvitaminstoolesira?A)Itmayleadtotheover-consumptionofvitamins.B)Peoplemaybeinducedtoeatmorethanisnecessary.C)Thefunctionoftheintestinesmaybeweakened.¸@D)Itmaytriggeranewwaveoffakefoodproduction.Imagineeatingeverythingdeliciousyouwant-withnoneofthefat.Thatwouldbegreat,wouldnGtit?New“fakefat”productsappearedonstoreshelvesintheUnitedStatesrecently,butnoteveryoneishappyaboutit.Makersoftheproducts,whichcontainacompoundcalledolestra,sayfoodmanufacturerscannoweliminatefatfromcertainfoods.Critics,however,saythenewcompoundcanrobthebodyofessentialvitaminsandnutrients(⃩Ïᱥ)andcanalsocauseunpleasantsideeffectsinsomepeople.Soit'suptodecidewhetherthenewfat-freeproductstastegoodenoughtokeepeating.3eliminateÑ◀Chemistsdiscoveredolestrainthelate1960s,whentheyweresearchingforafatthatcouldbedigestedbyinfantsmoreeasily.Insteadoffindingthedesiredfat,theresearcherscreatedafatthatcanGtbedigestedatall.Normally,specialchemicalsintheintestines(Ó)“grab”moleculesofregularfatandbreakthemdownsotheycanbeusedbythebody.Amoleculeofregularfatismadeupofthreemoleculeofsubstancescalledfattyacids.ThefattyacidsareabsorbedbytheintestinesandbringwiththemtheessentialvitaminsA,D,E,andK.Whenfatmoleculesarepresentintheintestineswithanyofthosevitamins,thevitaminsattachtothemoleculesandarecarriedintothebloodstream.Olestra,whichismadefromsixtoeightmoleculesoffattyacids,istoolargefortheintestinestoabsorb.Itjustslidesthroughtheintestineswithoutbeingbrokendown.Manufacturerssayit'sthatabilitytoslideunchangedthroughtheintestinesthatmakesolestrasovaluableasafatsubstitute.Itprovides

24consumerswiththetasteofregularfatwithoutanybadeffectsonthebody.ButcriticssayolestracanpreventvitaminsA,D,E,andKfrombeingabsorbed.ItcanalsopreventIheabsorptionofcarotenoids(ÔÕÖ×Ø)compoundsthatmayreducetheriskofcancer,heartdisease,etc.ManufacturersareaddingvitaminsA,D,E,andKaswellascarotenoidstotheirproductsnow.Evonso,somenutritionistsarestillconcernedthatpeoplemighteatunlimitedamountsoffoodmadewiththefatsubstitutewithoutworryingabouthowmanycaloriestheyareconsuming.ÙÚ¡Û⚪£ᑖᑣÜ᪗Þ1.£ᑖᑣÙÛ⚪⌕àὃâᙠäᦻ>ḄẠeᵨs¬ÙçḄ¥¦¡Ûè⚪஺ᙠ£ᑖéªéὃ⇋ᑁ_¥¦஺ì⚪íᑖî2ᑖᨬïî0ᑖ஺2.ðᑖ᪗Þ2ᑖ%Ûᐰòᑁ¥¦s¬X1ᑖ%Ûòᑖᑁ¥¦s¬X0ᑖ%óᨵÛè⚪஺ᡷᑖ᪗Þ(1)¥¦ᨵ┯"ᡷ0.5ᑖ(ᒹö÷øVḄ+kùúḄûᑏ┯")ì⚪ᵫþ¥¦┯"ᡷᑖÿ0.5ᑖ(2)ᐵᑁὅᡷ0.5ᑖᐸᫀᨵḄᑁᑣᑁḄᑖᙳᑖ(3)᦮᯿!"ᡷᑖ᯿!#ᡷ0.5ᑖ᯿!$$%&ὅᡷ2ᑖ(4)ὃ(ᡠ*ᫀ+10,ᓫ.ᡷ0.5ᑖ஺PartIVShortAnswerQuestions(15minutes)JoeTempiershouldhaveknownbetter:afterall,heworksforalargeauto-insurancecompany.Itwon'thurttoleavethekeyinthetruckthisonce,hethought,ashefilledhisgastankataself-servicegasstation.Butmomentslatterashewaspayingthemoneyhesawthetruckbeingdrivenaway.In1987,1.6millionmotorvehicleswerestolenintheUnitedStates-oneevery20seconds.Ifcurrenttrendscontinue,expertspredictannualvehicletheftscouldexceedtwomillionbytheendofthedecade.Vehicletheftisacommonphenomenon,whichhasadirectimpactonoverfourmillionvictimsayear.Thecostisastonishing.Manypoliceofficialsblameprofessionalthievesforthehighvolumeofthefts.Itisamajormoney-makerfororganizedcrime.Typically,stolencarsaretakentopiecesandthepartssoldtoindividuals.Butasmanyas200.000carsaresmuggledoutofthecountryeveryyear.MostgotoLatinAmerica,theMiddleEastandEurope.Onlyabout15percentcartheftsresultinanarrest,becausefewpolicedepartmentsroutinelyconductin-depthauto-investigations.Whenthievesarearrested,judgeswilloftensentencethemtoprobation(12U),notimmediatelyputtheminprisonbecausetheprisonsareovercrowdedwithviolentcriminals.OneexceptionisaMichiganprogramthatassigns92policeofficerstoworkfull-timeonthestate*s65,000cartheftcasesayear.Since1986,whentheeffortbegan,thestate'sauto-theftratehasfallenfromsecondinthenationtoninth.Howcanyouprotectyourcar?Ifyouliveinahigh-theftareaordriveanexpensivemodel,considerasecuritysystem.Itmaycostanywherefrom$25to$1,000.Somesystemsengageautomatically-simplyremovingthekeydisablesthefuelpumpthefuelpumpandthestarter.Whencarsareequippedwithsuchsystems,theftsmaydropbyone-third.Insomestates,youmaybeabletosueadevicethattransmitsradiosignals,allowingstolencarstobetrackedbypolice.Questions:

2571.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?72.WhatdoestheauthorthinkJoeTempiershouldbeblamedfor?Leavingthokoyinthetruck73.HowseriousdidtheauthorpredicttheannualvehicletheftcouldintheUnitedStatesin1989?74.Whatarethetwowaysthievessellthestolencars?75.Whattypeofsecuritysystemcanhelpthepolicetrackdownastolencar?ਭLessonlO^21.WhatbroughtaboutthedeclineinthedemandforAmericanfarmproducts?A)TheimpactoftheGreatDepression.B)Theshrinkingofoverseasmarkets.C)ThedestructioncausedbytheFirstWorldWar.D)TheincreasedexportsofEuropeancountries.22.ThechiefconcernoftheAmericangovernmentintheareaofagricultureinthe1920swas.A)toincreasefarmproductionB)toestablishagriculturallawsC)topreventfarmersfromgoingbankruptD)topromotethemechanizationofagriculture23.TheAgriculturalAdjustmentActencouragedAmericanfarmersto.A)reducetheirscaleofproductionB)makefulluseoftheirlandC)adjustthepricesoftheirfarmproductsD)beself-sufficientinagriculturalproduction24.TheSupremeCourtrejectedtheAgriculturalAdjustmentActbecauseitbelievedthattheAct_____.A)mightcausegreaterscarcityoffarmproductsB)didnGtgivetheSecretaryofAgricultureenoughpowerC)wouldbenefitneitherthegovernmentnorthefarmersD)benefitedonegroupofcitizensattheexpenseofothers25.ItwasclaimedthatthenewlawspassedduringtheRooseveltAdministrationwereaimedat_____.A)reducingthecostoffarmingB)conservingsoilinthelong-terminterestofthenationC)loweringtheburdenoffarmersD)helpingfarmerswithoutshiflingtheburdenontoothertaxpayersInthe1920sdemandforAmericanfarmproductsfell,asEuropnancountriesbegantorecoverfromWorldWarIandinstitutedausterily(^_)programsloreduceIheirimports.Theresultwasasharpdropinfarmprices.Thisperiodwasmoredisastrousforfarmersthanearliertimeshadbeen,becausefarmerswerenolongerself-sufficient.Theywerepayingformachinery,seed,andfertilizer,andtheywerealsobuyingconsumergoods.Thepricesoftheitemsfarmersboughtremainedconstant,whilepricestheyreceivedfortheirproductsfell.ThesedevelopmentsweremadeworsebytheGreatDepression,whichbeganin1929andextendedthroughoutthe1939s.In1929,underPresidentHerbertHoover,theFederalFarmBoardwasorganized.ItestablishedtheprincipleofdirectinlerTerencewilhsupplyanddemand,anditrepresentedthefirstnationalcommitment

26toprovidegreatereconomicstabilityforfarmers.PresidentHoover*ssuccessorattachedevenmoreimportancetothisproblem.OneofthefirstmeasuresproposedbyPresidentFranklinD.Rooseveltwhenhetookofficein1933wastheAgriculturalAdjustmentAct,whichwassubsequentlypassedbyCongress.ThislawgavetheSecretaryofAgriculturethepowertoreduceproductionthroughvoluntaryagreementswithfarmerswhowerepaidtotaketheirlandoutofuse.Adeliberatescarcityoffarmproductswasplannedinanefforttoraiseprices.ThislawwasdeclaredunconstitutionalbytheSupremeCourtonthegroundsIhalgeneraltaxeswerebeingcollectedtopayonespecialgroupofpeople.However,newlawswerepassedimmediatelythatachievedthesameresultofrestingsoilandprovidingflood-conlro]measures,butwhichwerebasedontheprincipleofsoilconservation.TheRooseveltAdministrationbelievedthatrebuildingthenationGssoilwasinthenationalinterestandwasnotsimplyaplantohelpfarmersattheexpenseofothercitizens.Laterthegovernmentguaranteedloanstofarmerssothattheycouldbuyfarmmachinery,hybrid(ᩖ5)grain,andfertilizers.26.Theauthorsaysthatthepowerfulcomputersoftoday____.A)arecapableofreliablyrecognizingtheshapeofanobjectB)areclosetoexhibitinghumanlikebehaviorC)arenotverydifferentintheirperformancefromthoseofthe50'sD)stillcannotcommunicatewithpeopleinahumanlanguage27.Thenowtrendinartificialintelligenceresearchstemsfrom.A)theshiftofthefocusofstudyontotherecognitionoftheshapesofobjectsB)thebeliefthathumanintelligencecannotbeduplicatedwithlogical,step-by-stepprogramsC)theaspirationsofscientiststoduplicatetheintelligenceofaten-month-oldchildD)theeffortsmadebyscientistsinthestudyofthesimilaritiesbetweentransistorsandbraincells28.ConradandhisgroupofAIresearchershavebeenmakingenormouseffortsto______.A)findaroundaboutwaytodesignpowerfulcomputersB)buildacomputerusingaclevernetworkofswitchesC)findouthowintelligencedevelopedinnatureD)separatethehighestandmostabstractlevelsofthought29.What'stheauthor'sopinionaboutthenewAImovement?A)Ithascreatedasensationamongartificialintelligenceresearchersbutwillsoondieout.B)It'sabreakthroughinduplicatinghumanthoughtprocesses.C)It'smorelikeapeculiargameratherthanarealscientificeffort.D)Itmayprovetobeintherightdirectionthoughnobodyissureofitsfutureprospects.30.Whichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningtothephrase஻lheonlygameinlown”(Line3,Para.4)?A)Theonlyapproachtobuildinganartificiallyintelligentcomputer.B)Theonlywayforthemtowinaprizeinartificialintelligenceresearch.C)Theonlyareaworthstudyingincomputerscience.D)Theonlygametheywouldliketoplayintown.Inthe1950s,thepioneersofartificialintelligence(AI)predictedthat,bytheendofthiscentury,computerswouldbeconversingwithusatworkandrobotswouldbeperformingourhousework.Butasusefulascomputersare,theyGrenowhereclosetoachievinganythingremotelyresemblingtheseearlyaspirationsforhumanlikebehavior.Nevermindsomethingascomplexasconversation:themostpowerfulcomputersstruggletoreliablyrecognizetheshapeofanobject,themostelementaryoftasksforaten-month-oldkid.AgrowinggroupofAIresearchersthinktheyknowwherethefieldwentwrong.Theproblem,thescientistssay,isthatAIhasbeentryingtoseparatethehighest,mostabstractlevelsofthought,1ikelanguage

27andmathematics,andtoduplicatethemwithlogical,step-by-stepprograms.AnewmovementinAI,ontheotherhand,takesacloserlookatthemoreroundaboutwayinwhichnaturecameupwithintelligence.Manyoftheseresearchersstudyevolutionandnaturaladaptationinsteadofformallogicandconventionalcomputerprograms.Ratherthandigitalcomputersandtransistors,somewanttoworkwithbraincellsandproteins.Theresultsoftheseearlyeffortsareaspromisingastheyarepeculiar,andthenewnature-basedAImovementisslowlybutsurelymovingtotheforefrontofthefield.ImitatingthebrainGsneural(78Ḅ)networkisahugestepintherightdirection,sayscomputerscientistandbiophysicistMichaelConrad,butitstillmissesanimportantaspectofnaturalintelligence.zzPeopletendtotreatthebrainasifitweremadeupofcolor-codedtransistors”,heexplains,“butit'snotsimplyaclevernetworkofswitches.Therearelotsofimportantthingsgoingoninsidethebraincellsthemselves.Specifically,ConradbelievesthatmanyofthebrainGscapabilitiesstemfromthepatternrecognitionproficiencyoftheindividualmoleculesthatmakeupeachbraincell.Thebestwaytobuildandartificiallyintelligentdevice,heclaims,wouldbetobuilditaroundthesamesortofmolecularskills.Rightnow,thenotionthatconventionalcomputersandsoftwarearefundamentallyincapableofmatchingtheprocessesthattakeplaceinthebrainremainscontroversial.Butifitprovestrue,thentheeffortsofConradandhisfellowAIrebelscouldturnouttobetheonlygameintown.ਭLessonl!ਭ11.AnewstudyonbirdsGsleephasrevealedthat.A)half-brainsleepisfoundinawidevarietyofbirdsB)half-brainsleepischaracterizedbyslowbrainwavesC)birdscancontroltheirhalf-brainsleepconsciouslyD)birdsseldomsleepwiththewholeoftheirbrainatrest12.Accordingtothepassage,birdsoftenhalfsleepbecause.A)theyhavetowatchoutforpossibleattacksB)theirbrainhemispheretaketurnstorest9:C)thetwohalvesoftheirbrainaredifferentlystructured;D)theyhavetoconstantlykeepaneyeontheircompanions<13.Theexampleofabirdsleepinginfrontofamirrorindicatesthat.A)thephenomenonofbirdsdozinginpairsiswidespreadB)birdsprefertosleepinpairsforthesakeofsecurityC)evenanimaginedcompaniongivesthebirdasenseofsecurityD)asinglepetbirdenjoysseeingitsownreflectioninthemirror14.Whilesleeping,somewatermammalstendtokeephalfawakeinorderto.A)alertthemselvestotheapproachingenemyB)emergefromwaternowandthentobreatheC)besensitivetotheever-changingenvironmentD)avoidbeingsweptawaybyrapidcurrents15.Byz/justthetipoftheiceberg”(Line2,Para.8),Siegelsuggeststhat.A)half-brainsleephassomethingtodowithicyweatherB)themysteryofhalf-brainsleepisclosetobeingsolvedC)mostbirdslivingincoldregionstendtobehalfsleepersD)half-brainsleepisaphenomenonthatcouldexistamongotherspeciesBirdsthatareliterallyhalf-as1eep-withonebrainhemispherealertandtheothersleeping-controlwhichsideofIhebrainremainsawake,accordingtoanewstudyofsleepingducks.

28Earlierstudieshavedocumentedhalf-brainsleepinawiderangeofbirds.Thebrainhemispherestaketurnssinkingintothesleepstagecharacterizedbyslowbrainwaves.Theeyecontrolledbythesleepinghemispherekeepsshut,whilethewakefulhemisphereGseyestaysopenandalert.Birdsalsocansleepwithbothhemispheresrestingatonce.Earlierstudieshavedocumentedhalf-brainsleepinawiderangeofbirds.Thebrainhemispherestaketurnssinkingintothesleepstagecharacterizedbyslowbrainwaves.Theeyecontrolledbythesleepinghemispherekeepsshut,whilethewakefulhemisphere'seyestaysopenandalert.Birdsalsocansleepwithbothhemispheresrestingatonce.DecadesofstudiesofbirdflocksledresearcherstopredictextraalertnessinIhemorevulnerable,end-of-the-rowsleepers,Sureenough,theendbirdstendedtowatchcarefullyonthesideawayfromtheircompanions.Ducksintheinnerspotsshowednopreferenceforgazedirection.Also,birdsdozingG=>)attheendofthe1ineresortedtosingle-hemispheresleep,ratherthantotalrelaxation,moreoftenthaninnerducksdid.Rotaing16birdsthroughthepositionsinafour-duckrow,theresearchersfoundouterbirdshalf-asleepduringsome32percentofdozingtimeversusabout12percentforbirdsininternalspots.஻Webelievethisisthefirstevidenceforananimalbehaviorallycontrollingsleepandwakefulnesssimultaneouslyindifferentregionsofthebrain,஻theresearcherssay.Theresultsprovidethebestevidenceforalong-standingsuppositionthatsingle-homispheresleepevolvedascreaturessczinnod?orenemies.Thepreferenceforopeninganeyeonthelookoutsidecouldbewidespread,hepredicts.He'sseenitinapairofbirdsdozingside-by-sideinthezooandinasinglepetbirdsleepingbymirror.Themirror-sideeyeclosedasifIhereflectionwereacompanionandiheothereyestayedopen.Usefulashalf-sleepingmightbe,it'sonlybeenfoundinbirdsandsuchwatermammals(@Aᱥ)asdolphins,whales,andseals.Perhapskeepingonesideofthebrainawakeallowsasleepinganimaltosurfaceoccasionallytoavoiddrowning.Studiesofbirdsmayofferuniqueinsightsintosleep.JeromeM.SiegeloftheUGLAsayshewondersifbirds'half-brainsleep"isjustthetipoftheiceberg(CD)஻.Hespeculatesthatmoreexamplesmaylurnupwhenwelakeacloserlookalotherspecies.16.WhichofthefollowingisevidencethatTTiswidelypracticed?A)TThasbeeninexistencefordecades.B)Manypatientswerecuredbytherapeutictouch.C)TTtherapistsareoftenemployedbyleadinghospitals.D)Morethan100,000peopleareundergoingTTtreatment.GHDIJK⌱⚗ᦪOPQᓄCS"TU:V஺17.VeryfewTTpractitionersrespondedtothe$1millionofferbecause.A)theydidn'ttaketheofferseriouslyB)theydidnGtwanttorisktheircareerC)theywereunwillingtorevealtheirsecretD)theythoughtitwasnotinlinewiththeirpracticeGHWX⚪BஹCḆ\஺18.ThepurposeofEmilyRosa'sexperimentwas.A)toseewhyTTcouldworkthewayitdidB)tofindouthowTTcuredpatient'sillnessC)totestwhethershecouldsensethehumanenergyfieldD)totestwhetherahumanenergyfieldreallyexisted

29GHS"ᦻ^T_:✌19.WhydidsomeTTpractitionersagreetobethesubjectsofEmily,sexperiment?A)Itinvolvednothingmorethanmereguessing.B)Theythoughtitwasgoingtobealotoffun.C)Itwasmorestraightforwardthanotherexperiments.D)Theysensednoharminalittlegirl'sexperiment.GHS"ᦻ^T_:VnoharmS"innocent,littlegirlS"fourth-grade20.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A)Somewidelyacceptedbeliefscanbedeceiving.B)Solidevidenceweighsmorethanpuretheories.C)LittlechildrencanbeascleverastrainedTTpractitioners.D)TheprincipleofTTistooprofoundtounderstand.Anine-year-oldschoolgirlsingle-handedlycooksupascience-fairexperimentthatendsupdebunking(ab.Ḅc)awidelypracticedmedicaltreatment.EmilyRosa'stargetwasapracticeknownastherapeutic(dᶭ)touch(TTforshort),whoseadvocatesmanipulatepatientsG”energyfield"tomakethemfeelbetterandeven,saysome,tocurethemofvariousills.YetEmilyGstestshowsthattheseenergyfieldscan'tbedetected,evenbytrainedTTpractitioners(fgὅ).Obviouslymindfulofthepublicityvalueofthesituation,JournaleditorGeorgeLundbergappearedonTVtodeclare,“AgedoesnGtmatter.It'sgoodsciencethatmatters,andthisisgoodscience.zzEmilyGsmotherLindaRosa,aregisterednurse,hasbeencampaigningagainstTTfornearlyadecade.LindafirstthoughtaboutTTinthelate'80s,whenshelearneditwasontheapprovedlistforcontinuingnursingeducationinColorado.Its100,000trainedpractitioners(48,000intheU.S.)don'teventouchtheirpatients.Instead,theywavedtheirhandsafewinchesfromthepatientGsbody,pushingenergyfieldsarounduntiltheyGrein"balance.஻TTadvocatessaythesemanipulationscanhelphealwounds,relievepainandreducefever.TheclaimsaretakenseriouslyenoughthatTTtherapistsarefrequentlyhiredbyleadinghospitals,aluplo$70anhour,Ihesmoothpalienls'energy,somelimesduringsurgery.YetRosacouldnotfindanyevidencethatitworks.Toprovidesuchproof,TTtherapistswouldhavetositdownforindependenttesting-somethingtheyhavenGtbeeneagertodo,eventhoughJamesRandihasofferedmorethan$1milliontoanyonewhocandemonstratetheexistenceofahumanenergyfield.(HeGshadonetakersofar.Shefailed.)AskepticmightconcludethatTTpractitionersareafraidtolaytheirbeliefsontheline.Butwhocouldturndownaninnocentfourth-grader?SaysEmily:஻Ithinktheydidn'ttakemeveryseriouslybecauseI'makid.஻Theexperimentwasstraightforward:21TTtherapistsstucktheirhands,palmsup,throughascreen.Emilyheldherownhandoveroneoftheirs-leftorright-andthepractitionershadtosaywhichhanditwas.Whentheresultswererecorded,thcyGddonenobetterthantheywouldhavebysimplyguessing,iftherewasanenergyfield,theycouldnGtfeelit.21.Welearnfromthefirstparagraphthattwosystemsofautomatedhighways.A)arebeingplannedB)arebeingmodifiedC)arenowinwideuseD)areunderconstructionGHonthedrawingboradg/t^planned22.Aspecial-purposelanesystemisprobablyadvantageousinthat.A)itwouldrequireonlyminorchangestoexistinghighwaysB)itwouldachievethegreatesthighwaytrafficefficiency

30C)ithasalaneforbothautomatedandpartiallyautomatedvehiclesD)itoffersmorelanesforautomatedvehiclesGHA⌱⚗h

3126.Accordingtotheauthor,theconventionalnotionofintelligencemeasuredntermsofone'sabilitytoread,writeandcompute.A)isawidelyheldbutwrongconceptB)willhelpeliminateintellectualprejudiceC)istherootofallmentaldistressD)willcontributetoone'sself-fulfillmentGHyὅ᝱{⚪"|⌱}⌱⚗27.Itisimpliedinthepassagethatholdingauniversitydegree.A)mayresultinone'sinabilitytosolvecomplexreal-lifeproblemsB)doesnotindicateone'sabilitytowriteproperlywordeddocumentsC)maymakeonementallysickandphysicallyweakD)doesnotmeatthatoneishighlyintelligent28.TheauthorthinksthatanintelligentpersonknowsA)howtoputupwithsomeveryprevalentmythsB)howtofindthebestwaytoachievesuccessinlifeC)howtoavoiddepressionandmakehislifeworthwhileD)howtopersuadeotherstocompromiseGHS"TU:T#~29.Inthelastparagraph,theauthortellsusthat.A)difficultiesarebutpartofeveryoneGslifeB)depressionandunhappinessareunavoidableinlife

32Youcanbegintothinkofyourselfastrulyintelligentonthebasisofhowyouchoosetofeelinthofaceoftryingcircumstances.Thelifeslrugglesarepreltymuchihesame?oreachofus.Everyonewhoisinvolvedwithotherhumanbeingsinanysocialcontexthassimilardifficulties.Disagreements,conflictsandcompromisesareapartofwhatitmeanstobehumanSimilarly,money,growingold,sickness,deathsnaturaldisastersandaccidentsarealleventswhichpresentproblemstovirtuallyallhumanbeings.Butsomepeopleareabletomakeit,toavoidimmobilizingdepressionandunhappinessdespitesuchoccurrences,whileotherscollapseorhaveanN.B.D.Thosewhorecognizeproblemsasahumanconditionanddon'tmeasurehappinessbyanabsenceofproblemsarethemostintelligentkindofhumansweknow;also,Ihemoslrare.ਭLessonl2^21.ItcanbeinferredthatAmericansbeingapproachedtoocloselybyMiddleEasternerswouldmostprobablyA)standstillB)jumpasideC)stepforwardD)drawbackGHS"ᦻ^TU:22.TheauthorgivesmanyexamplestocriticizeAmericansfortheir.A)culturalself-centerednessB)casualmannersC)indifferencetowardforeignvisitorsD)arrogancetowardsotherculturesGHS"ᦻ^T:✌23.IncountriesotherthantheirownmostAmericans.A)areisolatedbythelocalpeopleB)arenotwellinformedduetothelanguagebarrierC)tendtogetalongwellwiththenativesD)needinterpretersinhotelsandrestaurantsGHS"ᦻ^T:informS"information24.Accordingtotheauthor,AmericansGculturalblindnessandlinguisticignorancewill.A)affecttheirimageintheneweraB)cutthemselvesofffromtheoutsideworldC)limittheirroleinworldaffairsD)weakenthepositionoftheUSdollarGHS"᎔ᦪTU:25.Theauthor'sintentioninwritingthisarticleistomakeAmericansrealizethat.A)itisdangeroustoignoretheirforeignfriendsB)itisimportanttomaintaintheirleadingroleinworldaffairsC)itisnecessarytouseseverallanguagesinpublicplacesD)itistimetogetacquaintedwithotherculturesGHB

33ThoseprivatecitizenswhosentpackagestoourtroopsoccupyingGermanyafterWorldWarIIandmarkedthemGIFTtoescapedutypaymentsdidnotbothertofindoutthat"Gift"meanspoisoninGerman.Moreover,weliketothinkofourselvesasfriendly,yetweprefertobeatleast3feetoranarm'slengthawayformothers.LatinsandMiddleEasternerslik஺tocomocloserandtouch,whichmakosAmericansuncomfortable.Ourlinguistic(&Ḅ)andculturalblindnessandthecasualnesswithwhichwetakenoticeofthedevelopedtastes,gestures,customsandlanguagesofothercountries,arelosingusfriends,businessandrespectintheworld.EvenhereiniheUnitedStales,wemakefewconcessionslotheneedsofforeignvisitors.Therearenoinformationsignsinfourlanguagesonourpublicbuildingsormonuments;wedonothavemultilingual(Ḅ)guidedtours.Veryfewrestaurantmenushavetranslations,andmultilingualwaiters,bankclerksandpolicemenarerare.OurtransportationsystemshavemapsinEnglishonlyandoftenweourselveshavedifficultyunderstandingthem.Whenwegoabroad,wetendloclusterinhotelsandrestaurantswhereEnglishisspoken.Theattitudesandinformationwepickupareconditionedbythosenatives-usuallythericher-whospeakEnglish.Ourbusinessdealings,aswellasthenation'sdiplomacy,areconductedthroughinterpreters.Formanyyears,AmericaandAmericanscouldgetbywithculturalblindnessandlinguisticignorance.Afterall,Americawasthemostpowerfulcountryofthefreeworld,thedistributorofneededfundsandgoods.Butallthatispast.Americandollarsnolongerbuyallgoodthings,andweareslowlybeginningtorealizethatourproperroleintheworldischanging.A1979Harrispollreportedthat55percentofAmericanswantthiscountrytoplayamoresignificantroleinworldaffairs;wewanttohaveahandintheimportantdecisionsofthenextcentury,eventhoughitmaynotalwaysbetheupperhand.26.Whatmakeswomenblindtothedeceptivenatureofhighheels?A)Themulti-functionaluseofhighheels.B)Theirattempttoshowofftheirstatus.C)Therichvarietyofhighheelstyles.D)Theirwishtoimprovetheirappearance.GHB⌱⚗showoffὀCJK⌱⚗஺27.TheauthorGspresentationofthepositivesideofhighheelsismeant.A)tobeironicB)topokefunatwomenC)tobefairtothefashionindustryD)tomakehispointconvincingGHᕡḄ28.Theauthorusestheexpression஻thosebabies”(Line3,Para.2)torefertohighheels.A)toshowtheirfragilecharacteristicsB)toindicatetheirfemininefeaturesC)toshowwomenGsaffectionforthemD)toemphasizetheirsmallsize29.Theauthor'schiefargumentagainsthighheelsisthat.A)theyposeathreattolawnsB)theyareinjurioustowomen'shealthC)theydonGtnecessarilymakewomenbeautifulD)theyareineffectiveasaweaponofdefense

3430.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatwomenshould.A)seethroughtheverynatureoffashionmythsB)boycotttheproductsofthefashionindustryC)gotoapodiatristregularlyforadviceD)avoidfollowingfashiontoocloselyIndepartmentstoresandclosetsallovertheworld,theyarewaiting.Theiroutwardappearanceseemsratherappealingbecausetheycomeinavarietyofstyles,textures,andcolors.Buttheyareultimatelythebiggestdeceptionthatexistsinthefashionindustrytoday.Whatarethey?Theyarehighheels-awoman'sworstenemy(whethersheknowsitornot).Highheelshoesarethedownfallofmodernsociety.Fashionmythshaveledwomentobelievethattheyaremorebeautifulorsophisticatedforwearingheels,butinreality,heelssucceedinposingshortaswellaslongtermhardships.Womenshouldfightthehighheelindustrybyrefusingtouseorpurchasetheminordertosavetheworldfromunnecessaryphysicalandpsychologicalsuffering.Forthesakeoffairness,itmustbenotedIhalthereisapositivesidetohighheels.First,heelsareexcellentforaerating()lawns.AnyonewhohaseverwornheelsongrassknowswhatIamtalkingabout.Asimpletriparoundtheyardinapairofthosebabieseliminatesallneedtocallforalawncarespecialist,andprovidestheperfect-sizedholestogiveanylawnoxygenwithoutallthosemessychunksofdirtlyingaround.Second,heelsarequitefunctionalfordefenseagainstoncomingenemies,whocaneasilybescaredawaybythreateningthemwithapairofthesesharp,deadlyfashionaccessories.Regardlessofsuchpracticalusesforheels,thefactremainsthatwearinghighheelsisharmfultooneGsphysicalhealth.Talktoanypodiatrist(g(),andyouwillhearthatthemajorityoftheirbusinesscomesfromhigh-hee1-wearingwomen.Highheelsareknowntocauseproblemssuchasdeformedfeetandtorntoenails.Theriskofseverebackproblemsandtwistedorbrokenanklesisthreetimeshigherforahighheelwearerthanforaflatshoewearer.Wearingheelsalsocreatesthethreatofgettingaheelcaughtinasidewalkcrackorasewer-grate(᪕)andbeingthrowntotheground-possiblybreakinganose,back,orneck.Andofcourse,afterwearingheelsforaday,anywomanknowsshecanlookforwardtoanightofpainasshetriestocomfortherswollen,achingfeet.31.ThepictureofthereadingabilityoftheAmericanpeople,drawnbytheauthor,is_____.A)ratherbleakB)fairlybrightC)veryimpressiveD)quiteencouragingGH⌱#,Ḅbleakᐝ32.Theauthor'sbiggestconcernis.A)elementaryschoolchildrenGsdisinterestinreadingclassicsB)thesurprisinglylowrateofliteracyintheU.S.C)themusicalsettingAmericanreadersrequireforreadingD)thereadingabilityandreadingbehaviorofthemiddleclass33.Amajorproblemwithmostadolescentswhocanreadis.A)theirfondnessofmusicandTVprogramsB)theirignoranceofvariousformsofartandliteratureC)theirlackofattentivenessandbasicunderstandingD)theirinabilitytofocusonconflictinginput34.Theauthorclaimsthatthebestwayareadercanshowadmirationforapieceofpoetryorproseis

35A)tobeabletoappreciateitandmemorizeitB)toanalyzeitsessentialfeaturesC)tothinkitoverconscientiouslyD)tomakeafairappraisalofitsartisticvalue35.Aboutthefutureoftheartsofreadingtheauthorfeels.A)upsetB)uncertainC)alarmedD)pessimisticGHS"ᨬl#:Itishardlynecessaryformetocitealltheevidenceofthedepressingstateofliteracy.ThesefiguresfromtheDeparlmentofEducationaresufficienl:27millionAmericanscannotreadatall,andafurther35millionreadatalevelthatislessthansufficienttosurviveinoursociety.BuimyownworrytodayislossIhatofIheoverwhelmingproblemofelemenlalliteracyெhnnilisoftheslightlymoreluxuriousproblemofthedeclineintheskillevenofhemiddle-classreader,ofhisunwillingnesstoaffordthosespacesofsilence,thoseluxuriesofdomesticityandtimoandconcentration,thatsurroundtheimageoftheclassicactofreading,ithasbeensuggestedthatalmost80percentofAmerica'sliterate,educatedtoonagorscannolongerreadwithoutanaccompanyingnoise(music)inthebackgroundoratelevisionscreenflickering()atthecorneroftheirfieldofperception.Weknowverylittleaboutthebrainandhowitdealswithsimultaneousconflictinginput,buteverycommon-senseintuitionsuggestsweshouldbeprofoundlyalarmed.Thisviolationofconcentration,silence,solitude(ᜐḄ᝱)goestotheveryheartofournotionofliteracy;thisnewformofpart-reading,ofpart-perceptionagainstbackgrounddistraction,rendersimpossiblecertainessentialactsofapprehensionandconcentration,letalonethatmostimportanttributeanyhumanbeingcanpaytoapoemorapieceofproseheorshereallyloves,whichistolearnitbyheart.Notbybrain,byheart;theexpressionisvital.Underthesecircumstances,thequestionofwhatfuturethereisfortheartsofreadingisarealone.Aheadofuslietechnical,psychic(ᳮḄ),andsocialtransformationsprobablymuchmoredramaticthanthosebroughtaboutbyGutenberg,theGermaninventorinprinting.TheGutenbergrevolution,aswenowknowit,tookalongtimo;itseffectsarestillbegindobatod.Theinformationrevolutionwilltoucheveryfacetofcomposition,publication,distribution,andreading.Nooneinthebookindustrycansaywithanyconfidencewhatwillhappentothebookaswe'veknownit.36.Accordingtothepassage,thechiefpurposeofexplorersingoingtounknownplacesinthepastwasA)todisplaytheircountryGsmilitarymightB)toaccomplishsomesignificantscienceC)tofindnewareasforcolonizationD)topursuecommercialandstateinterestsGHS"ᦻ^T#:37.Atpresent,aprobableinducementforcountriestoinitiatelarge-scalespaceventuresisA)internationalcooperationB)nationalisticreasonsC)scientificresearchD)long-termprofits

36GHS"ᦻ^T_:B¡D<¢᣸◀38.WhatisthemaingoalofsendinghumanmissionstoMars?A)Tofindoutiflifeeverexistedthere.B)Toseeifhumanscouldsurvivethere.C)Toprovethefeasibilityoflarge-scalespaceventures.D)Toshowtheleadingroleofscienceinspaceexploration.39.Bysaying"WithMarsthescientificstakesarearguablyhigherthantheyhaveeverbeen”(Line1,Para.4),theauthormeansthat.A)withMarstherisksinvolvedaremuchgreaterthananypreviousspaceventuresB)inthecaseofMars,therewardsofscientificexplorationcanbeveryhighC)inthecaseofMars,muchmoreresearchfundsareneededthaneverbeforeD)withMars,scientistsargue,thefundamentalinterestsofscienceareatissueGHWX¥S"V:40.ThepassagetellsusthatproofoflifeonMarswould.A)makeclearthecomplexchemistryinthedevelopmentoflifeB)confirmthesuggestionthatbacterialfossilstraveledtoEarthonameteoriteC)revealthekindofconditionsunderwhichlieoriginatesD)provideanexplanationwhylifeiscommonintheuniverseForcenturies,explorershaveriskedtheirlivesventuringintotheunknownforreasonsthatweretovaryingdegreeseconomicandnationalistic.ColumbuswentwesttolookforbettertraderoutestotheOrientandtopromotethegreatergloryofSpain.LewisandClarkjourneyedintotheAmericanwildernesstofindoutwhattheU.S.hadacquiredwhenitpurchasedLouisiana,andtheAppoloastronautsrocketedtothemooninadramaticshowoftechnologicalmuscleduringthecoldwar.Althoughtheirmissionsblendedcommercialandpolitical-militaryimperatives,theexplorersinvolvedallaccomplishedsomesignificantsciencesimplybygoingwherenoscientistshadgonebefore.TodayMarslooms(◚§¨©)ashumanityGsnextgreatterraincognita(ª«¬ᙢ).Andwithdoubtfulprospectsforashort-termfinancialreturn,withthecoldwararapidlyfadingmemoryandamidagrowingemphasisoninternationalcooperationinlargespaceventures,itisclearthatimperativesotherthanprofitsornationalismwillhavetocompelhumanbeingstoleavetheirtracksontheplanet"sreddishsurface.Coulditbothatscionc஺whichhaslongplayedaminorroloinoxploration,isatlastdcstinodtolakea16adingrole?Thequestionnaturallyinvitesacoupleofothers:ArethereexperimentsthatonlyhumanscoulddoonMars?Couldthoseexperimentsprovideinsightsprofoundenoughtojustifytheexpenseofsendingpeopleacrossinterplanetaryspace?WithMarsthescientificstakesarearguablyhigherthantheyhaveeverbeen.Theissueofwhetherlifeeverexistedontheplanet,andwhetheritpersiststothisday,hasbeenhighlightedbymountingevidencethattheRedPlanetoncehadabundantstable,liquidwaterandbythecontinuingcontroversyoversuggestionsthatbacterialfossilsrodetoEarthonameteorite(◄°)fromvaluable?dataaboutthorangeofcondilionsunderwhichaplanelcangenernlcihecomplexchemislryihalloadsl()Ii?e.IfitcouldbeestablishedthatlifearoseindependentlyonMarsandEarth,thefindingwouldprovidethefirstconcretecluesinoneofthedeepestmysteriesinallofscience:theprevalenceoflifeintheuniverse.