3Earlypeoplediscoveredbyaccidentthatsomeoftheplantsgrowingaroundthemseemedusefultohealsores,relievepainorevencurediseases.Theseplantswerethefirstdrugs.Nowplantsarestillthesourceofsomedrugs.Quinine,forexample,isabitter-tastingdrugusedtotreatthechillsandfeverofmalariaandtoreduceattacksofthedisease.Itismadefromthebarkofthecinchonatree,whichgrowsintheAndesMountains.TheIndiansofthatregionwerethefirsttousethebarkasamedicine.TheSpanishpeopleprobablybroughtittoEuropeintheearly1600s.Chemistslearnedhowtogetthepuredrugfromthebark.Andin1944,itwasmadeartificiallyinthelaboratory.Otherimportantdrugs,suchashormonesandvaccines,areobtainedfromanimals.Butmostofthemoderndrugscomefromchemicalcombinationsworkedoutbyresearchscientists.Mostpeopleneverseedrugsintheirsimpleformaschemicals.Instead,theyareseenastablets,capsulesorliquidsthatcontainthedrugandotheringredients.Peopleusedrugstogetdifferentresults.Somedrugsattacktheorganismthatcausesadisease.Theycurebykillingtheorganism.Otherdrugsrelievewhatwecallthesymptomsofthedisease:theheadache,pain,fever,orchills,andmakethepatientmorecomfortable.Theseconstitutemostover-the-counterdrugs.Peoplecangetthemindrugstores.16.Themainideaofthispassageisthedevelopmentofdrugs.A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned17.Todaypoliodisappearsinthatpolioisnolongerahealthproblem.A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned18.Itseemstotheauthorthatthemedicineusedbyearlypeoplewasprobablyeffective.
4A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned19.TheSpanishfirstlearnedhowtousedquinineasamedicine.A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned20.Hormonesareobtainedfromanimals.A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned21.Peoplecanusedrugsintwoaspects,suchascuringcancerandrelievingheadache.A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned22.Theuover-the-counterdrugs“arethosethatpatientscangetwithoutdoctors,prescriptions.A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned 3ᑖᭆGᜧ!IJᡂ 2330⚪⚪1ᑖᐳ8ᑖ
5☢Ḅᦻ/ᨵL⚗MNOP1 23-26⚪⌕WXᡠZḄ6⌱⚗ 2-5\\⌱1ᨬ]᪗⚪_2 27-30⚪⌕WXᡠZḄ6⌱⚗ 1ᨬ]⌱⚗TheProcessesofImmunity1Immunitycanbedefinedasthepowerofanindividualtoresistorovercometheeffectsofaparticulardiseaseorsomeotherharmfulagent.Sometimesthewords“immunity”and“resistance“areusedinterchangeably;butitismoreaccuratetothinkofimmunityasaprocesswhichcausestheeffectoftheinvadingbacteriatobeunabletoworkbeforetheyhavehadachancetosetupaninfection.2Thechemicalprocessesthatproduceimmunitybceandescribedbrieflyasfollows.Everydisease-producingbacteriumthatentersthebodycarrieswithinitselfasubstance.3Theseantibodiesdestroythepoisonoussubstanceofthedisease-producingbacteria,orelseactontheminawaythatwillmakethebacteriamoresensitivetotheactionofthewhitebloodcellsorotherphagocytes.Antigensvaryintheirchemicalstructureandspecificantigenwillstimulatethebodytoproduceonlyaspecificantibodyinresponsetoit.4Theantibody,then,willreactonlywiththekindofantigenthatcauseditsproductionandnoother.Thisisthereasonfortheselectivenatureofimmunitysothatimmunitytoonediseasedoesnotnecessarilycauseapersontobeimmunetoanother.Indeed,itispossibletohaveimmunitytoonediseaseandsensitivity,itsopposite,toadifferentdisease.Soitisusefultoconsiderimmunityasaselectiveprocess.Thisselectivecharacteristichasaname;specificity.5Therearetwomaingroupsofimmunity:inheritedimmunityandacquiredimmunity.Thissecondtypemaybeacquiredbynaturalorartificialmeans.Inaddition,anacquiredimmunitymaybeeitheractiveorpassive.23.Paragraph2.24.Paragraph3____.25.Paragraph4.
626.Paragraph5.A.TheDefinitionofImmunityB.TheProcessofAntibodiesC.TheFunctionsofAntibodiesD.TheSpecificCharacterofImmunityE.TwoTypesofImmunityF.TheFunctionsofImmunity27.Antibodieswereproducedwhen.28.Theantibodywillreactonlywith29.Twomaingroupsofimmunityare.30.Naturalorartificialmeansacquire.A.inheritedimmunityandacquiredimmunityB.theantigenisintroducedintothebodyC.acquiredimmunityD.specifiedimmunityE.antigensvaryintheirchemicalstructure.F.Thekindofantigenthatcauseditsproductionandnoother 4ᑖ▅+ᳮ 3145⚪⚪3ᑖᐳ45ᑖ☢ᨵ3ᦻᦻ/ᨵ5⍝⚪ ᪷4ᦻᑁ6 ⍝⚪ ᨬ]⌱⚗ BloodTestMayDetectCancerEarly
7Anewbloodtestmaysomedaymakeitpossiblefordoctorstodiagnosecancerevenbeforeapatientdevelopssymptoms.Thenewtest,developedbyDrJonathanW.UhroftheUniversityofTexasandhiscolleagues,issosensitivethatitcandetectonecancercellinamiHiliterofblood.“Cancercellsareshedfromaprimarytumorearlyinthelifehistoryofthetumor,“Uhrexplained."Thesheddingofthesecellscanbeusedasascreeningtest,potentially,forearlytumors.”Toidentifyepithelialcells----cellsassociatedwith80%ofcancers----amongothercellsintheblood,Uhr'steammixedironparticlesintobloodsamples.TheparticleswerecoatedwithsubstancesthatreactwithepithelialcelIsandcausedthemtoseparatefromredandwhitebloodcells.Then,underalaserbeam,epithelialcellsappearedtobeadifferentcolorfromotherbloodceIls,andtheresearcherscouldcountthemusingamicroscope.Uhrandhiscolleaguesusedthismethodtotestbloodfrom30patientswithbreastcancer,3patientswithprostatecancer,and13healthysubjects.Samplesfromcancerpatientsshowedsignificantlymoreepithelialcellsthansamplesfromhealthysubjects.Theresearchteamfoundepithelialcellseveninmostcasesofearlydisease,includingsamplesfrom12ofthe14patientswhosebreastcancerhadnotspreadbeyondthebreast.Inaseparatestudy,theinvestigatorstestedbloodsamplesfromeightpatientswithbreastcancer,atvariousintervalsover1to10months.Itshowedthatthenumberofcancercellsisthebloodfellordisappearedduringchemotherapyandroseagainiftumorsgrewagain.“Atthistime,webelievethemostimportanttestoftheusefulnessofourmethodistoscreenforearlydetectionofcancersinthegeneralpopulation,vUhr'sgroupconcluded.“Anotherobjectivewouldbetobeabletopredict,“saidUhr."Wewanttobeabletodeterminewhenthesetumorcellsinthebloodareaggressive,andtreatmentisneeded,versuswhenthisisasheddingthatisharmless.Butitwi11takemany,manyyearsandmanypatientstodeterminethat.”
831.Dr.Uhr,snewtestcanbeusedtofindthenumberofA.ironparticlesinabloodsample.B.epithelialcellsinabloodsample.C.bloodcellsinabloodsample.D.tumorsinahumanbody.32.Uhr,steammixedironparticlesintobloodsamplesA.toidentifyredbloodcells.B.toseparateepithelialcellsfromredandwhitebloodcells.C.toidentifywhitebloodcells.D.toidentifythecolorofcancers.33.Inanotherstudy,Dr.Uhrandhiscolleaguesfoundthatthepatients,epithelialcellsA.wouldincreaseifthesepatients,conditionturnedbetter.B.woulddecreaseifthesepatients'conditionturnedbetter.C.didn,tchangeinnumber.D.hadnothingtodowithchemotherapy.34.ForDr.Uhrandhiscolleagues,atpresent,itismostimportanttoA.detectbreastcanceramongwomen.B.detectprostatecanceramongmen.C.detectcancersintheirearlystageamongpeopleingeneral.D.findouthowmanypeoplehavebeenscreenedforpossiblecancers.35.WhatDr.Uhrsaidindicatesthatheandhiscolleaguesarenotsureyet
9A.howtokillaggressivetumorcells.B.howtotellanaggressivetumorcellfromaharmlessshedding.C.ifaggressivetumorcellsexist.D.iftheirmethodisuseful.•ᡡDoPatientsTrustDoctorsTooMuch?Earlierthisyear,theAmericanCollegeofSurgeons,thenationalscientificandeducationalorganizationofsurgeons,conductedanationwidesurveythatfoundthattheaveragepatientdevotesanhourorlesstoresearchinghisorhersurgeryorlesstoresearchinghissurgeryorsurgeon.Whileprospectivepatientsworryaboutthecostsorcomplicationsofanoperation,theydontnecessarilylookforinformationthatwouldaddresstheirconcerns.Infact,morethanathirdofpatientswhohadanoperationinthelastfiveyearsneverreviewedthecredentialsofthesurgeonwhooperated.Patientsaremorelikelytospendtimeresearchingajobchange(onaverage,about10hours)oranewcar(8hours)thantheoperationtheyareabouttosubmittoorthesurgeonwhowieldstheknife.Andmanypatientsaresatisfiedwiththeanswerstheyreceivefromtheirsurgeonorprimarycaredoctor,whoeverthoseindividualshappentome.Ifeltcuriousaboutthesurvey,soIcalledDr.ThomasRussell,executivedirectoroftheAmericanCollegeofSurgeons."Thereisatendencyforpatientsnottogetparticularlyinvolvedandnottofeelcompelledtolookintotheirsurgeryorsurgeons,hetoldme.Thereareconsequencestothatkindofblindtrust.zToday,medicineandsurgeryarereallyteamsports,Dr.Russellcontinued,andthepatient,astheultimatedecisionmaker,isthemostimportantmemberoftheteam.Mistakescanhappinessandparentshavetobeeducatedandmustunderstandwhatisgoingon.Inotherwords,ahealthydoctor-patientrelationdosenotsimplyentailgoodbedsidemannersandresponsibleofficemanagementonthedoctor.Italsor
10equiresthatpatientscometotherelationshipeducatedabouttheirdoctors,theirillnessandtheirtreatment.IfwearetrulygoingtoreformthehealthcaresystemintheU.S ,Dr.Russellsaid,''everybodyhastoparticipateactivelyandmusteducatethemselves.Thatmeansdoctors,nurses,otherhealthcareprofessional,lawyers,pharmaceuticalcompanies,andinsurancecompanies.Butmostofall,itmeansthepatient.Trustisimportant.ButasSirFrancisBacon,whowasamongthefirsttounderstandtheimportanceofgatheringdatainscience,onceobserved,knowledgeispower.36.PatientsdonotseemtospendenoughtimeA.researchingjobchanges.B.researchingnewcars.C.researchingtheirsurgeryorsurgeons.D.researchingtheAmericanCollegeofSurgeons.37.ItappearsthatpatientsnowadayshaveA.littletrustintheirdoctorsB.toomuchtrustintheirdoctorsC.toomuchinformationabouttheirdoctors.D.ahealthyrelationshipwiththeirdoctors.38.ThemostimportantroleinmedicineandsurgeryshouldbeplayedA.bypharmaceuticalandinsurancecompanies.B.bydoctorsandnurses.C.bylawyers.
11D.bypatients.39.It*samistakenideathatahealthydoctor-patientrelationshipA.isagoalthatcanbeachieved.B.iswhatthepatientdesires.C.isdependentjustonthedoctor.D.alsoentailseffortsmadebythepatient40.TheauthordoesNOTbelieveinA.FrancisBacon.B.blindtrust.C.scientificdata.I),thepowerofknowledge. §WheretheJobsAreOverthepasttwentyyears,manykindsofAmericansmallbusinesseshavebeengrowingveryfast.Theyhavegraduallyreplacedthemillionsofjobswhichmanylargecompanieslostattheirhardtimes.Todaysmallcompaniesemploymorethan45millionpeopleintheU.S.Thiscreatesmorethan66percentofallthenewjobsandaccountsfor39percentofthetotalnationalproduct.Inthepastfewyears,smallbusinesseshavebecomeamajorforceinmanufacturingandinternationaltrade.Today,manyofthecompaniesemployingbetween50and100peopleexportmorethanthosecompanieswhichprovidealmostallnewjobswhilefirmsthatproducegoodswillcreatefarfewerjobsthantheydotoday.ThegovernmentofficeinchargeofthelaborforcepredictsthatmanyAmericanworkersingoods-producingindustriesincludingfinance,insurance,healthandtransportationwillprovide20millionbytheyear2000.Wagesinserviceindustrieswillriseabit,butnogreatincreasesareexpected.
12Inthefuture,fewerfamilieswillbeabletoaffordtosendtheirchildrentocollege.In1988,theaverageyearlycostofcollegeeducation,includingbooksandroomandboard,rangedfrom$6,000attwo-yearpubliccollegesto$15,400atprivateuniversities.Withoutfinancialhelp,familiestodayneedanaverageincomeof$50,000tocoverachild*syearlycostsattwo-yearpubliccollegeandabout$95,800forprivateuniversity.Withserviceindustryjobsontherise,butnogreatfinancialhelpexpected,meetingthisgoalwillbecomeincreasinglydifficultinthefuture.41.Inthepast20years,manyAmericanworkershavelosttheirjobsinA.smallcompaniesB.big-sizedfirmsC.serviceindustriesD.insurancecompanies42.Accordingtothesecondparagraph,becauseoftherapiddevelopmentofsmallbusinesses,manylargecompanies,ifnotclosed,havehadtoA.gointoproductioninforeigncountries.B.bereplacedbysmallbusinessesfromabroad.C.cutdownthewagesoftheirworkers.D.employfewerworkersthansmallbusinesses.43.Accordingtothirdparagraph,oneofthereasonswhymanyAmericansworkinginlargecompanieswilllosetheirjobsinthenextcenturyisthatA.theyarenotwell-educated.B.smallbusinessesprovidehighwages.C.thegoodstheyproducearenotneeded.D.manyforeignworkerswilltaketheirplaces.
1344.Accordingtothepassage,thedevelopmentofU.S.serviceindustrieswil1dropinthefuturemostprobablybecauseA.over21millionpeoplefromlargecompanieswillworkinserviceindustries.B.therewillbelessfinancialhelpfromthegovernment.C.jobsfromserviceindustrieswillbeunder-paid.D.moreparentswillbeunabletopayfortheirchildren'seducation.45.Accordingtothepassage,thedevelopmentofU.S.serviceindustrieswil1A.helpbigcompaniestosurvivetheirhardtimes.B.donotgoodtotheU.S.internationaltrade.C.createmorenewjobsbutfewereducationandopportunities.I),contributelesstothegrowthoftheU.S.exportindustry. 5ᑖ⊡ᐰᦻ( 4650⚪⚪2ᑖᐳ10ᑖ)☢Ḅᦻᨵ5ᜐª«ᦻ/ᨵ6ᐸ5®ᦻ ᪷4ᦻᑁ6¯ᐸᑖ°±²³ᨵ´µ¶ឮ¸ᦻ¹³ºTheGrowthofCitiesMoreandmoreoftheworld'spopulationarelivingintownsorcities,and(46).Between1920and1960bigcitiesindevelopedcountriesincreasedtwoandhalftimesinsize,butinotherpartsoftheworldthegrowthhasbeeneighttimestheirsize.Thesheersizeofgrowthisbadenough,buttherearealsoverydisturbingsighsoftroubleinthecomparisonofpercentagesofpeoplelivingintownandpercentagesofpeopleworkinginindustry.Duringthenineteenthcenturycitiesgrewasaresultofthegrowthofindustry.InEuropetheproportionofpeoplelivingincitieswasalwayssmallerthantheproportionoftheworkforceworki
14nginfactories.Now,however,inthenewlyindustrializedworld,(47):thepercentageofpeoplelivingincitiesismuchhigherthanthepercentageworkinginindustry.Withoutabaseofpeopleworkinginindustry,(48),becausethereisnotenoughmoneytobebuildadequatehousesforthepeoplethatlivethere,letalonethenewarrivals.PeoplearriveinSaoPaulo,forexample,atarateof150anhour.Therehasbeenlittleopportunitytobuildmaindrainageorwatersupplies,orto(49).Sothefiguresforthegrowthoftownsandcitiesrepresentproportionalgrowthofslums,ofunemploymentandunder-employment,(50)andyetthecitiescontinuetogrowandmillionsfloodintothecitieseveryyear.A.thespeedatwhichcitiesaregrowinginthelessdevelopedcountriesisalarming.B.thesecitiescannotpayfortheirgrowth.C.thereverseisalmostalwaystrue.D.agrowthinthenumberofhopelessanddespairingparentsandstarvingchildren.E.thereverseisalmostalwayswrong.F.providetheservicessuchasrefusedisposalwhichahealthyurbanlifedemands. 6ᑖJ»¼ª( 5165⚪⚪1ᑖᐳ15ᑖ)☢Ḅᦻᨵ15ᜐª« ᪷4ᦻᑁ6 ᜐª« ᨬ]⌱⚗SkinCancerNowTopCanceramongYoungWomeninUKMelanoma,thedeadliestkindofskincancer,isnowthemostcommoncancerinyoung51women,thecountryCsleadingcancerorganizationsaidWednesday.Skincancerhas52cervicalcancerasthetopcancerstrikingwomenintheir20s,accordingtothelatestdatafromCancerResearchUnitedKingdom.
15Thetrendisparticularly53sinceyoungerpeoplearenotgenerallythosemostsusceptibletomelanoma.Ratesofskincancerare54highestinpeopleoverage75.Butexpertsworrythatincreasingnumbersofyoungerpeoplebeingdiagnosedwithskincancercouldbethe55ofadangeroustrend.Women56their20smakeupasmallpercentageofallpatientsdiagnosedwithmelanomainBritain,butnearlyathirdofalleasesoccurinpeopleyoungerthan50.Basedoncurrentnumbers,CancerResearchUKpredictsthatmelanomawillbecomethefourthmostcommoncancerformenandwomenofall57by2024,andthateaseswilljumpfromabout9,000casesayeartomorethan15,500.Cancerexperts58therisingnumberofskincancercaseslargelytothesurgeinpeopleusingtanningsalons.''Spendingtimeonsunbeds1isjust59dangerousasstayingouttoolonginthesun,“saidCarolineCernyofCancerResearchUK.TheorganizationisstartingaSunSmartcampaigntowarnBritonsofthe60ofbeingtoobronzed.TheintensityofUVrays2insomesunbedscanbemorethan10times61thanthemiddaysun,Cernysaid.IntheUnitedStates,severalstatesrequireparentalapproval62minorscanusetanningsalons.Wisconsinbanspeople16and63fromusingtanningbeds,andothersbanchildrenunder14.Atleast29stateshaveregulationsgoverningminorsuseoftanningsalons.IntheU.K.,Scottishpoliticianspassedlegislationbanningthoseunder18fromusingtanningbeds,thoughithasn'tyetbeenimplemented.TherearenopIansfor64intherestoftheU.K.TheWorldHealthOrganizationhaspreviouslyrecommendedthattanningbedsberegulatedbecauseoftheirpotentialtodamageDNA3intheskin.Expertssaidmostdeadlyskincancerscouldbe65ifpeopletooktheproperprecautionswheninthesunandavoidedtanningbeds.51.A.AmericanB.BritishC.worldD.black
1652.A.overtakenB.overlookedC.overseeD.overwhelmed53.A.satisfyingB.encouragingC.relaxingD.worrying54.A.typicallyB.strangelyC.occasionallyD.hopefully55.A.endB.startC.turnD.line56.A.atB.onC.ofD.in57.A.kindsB.agesC.colorsD.sizes58.A.assignB.attributeC.contributeD.allocate59.A.moreB.soC.asD.like60.A.pointsB.benefitsC.stepsD.dangers61.A.strongerB.nicerC.darkerD.deeper62.A.beforeB.afterC.until1).while63.A.belowB.lowC.underD.beneath64.A.warningB.legislationC.approvalD.debate65.A.predictedB.treatedC.avoidedD.diagnosed½ὃ¿ᫀCDACCDBDBCDDACCACABBCABCDEBFACBBBCBCBDCBBADDCACBFDBADABDBBCDAACBC
