《考研英语毕金献阅读理解》

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ὃẆ▅ᳮUnitlPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1It'splaincommonsensethemorehappinessyoufeel,thelessunhappinessyouexperience.Il'splaincommonsense,butit'snottrue.Recentresearchrevealsthathappinessandunhappinessarenotreallytwosidesofthesameemotion.Theyaretwodistinctfeelingsthat,coexisting,riseandfallindependently.Peoplemightthinkthatthehigheraperson'slevelofunhappiness,thelowertheirlevelofhappinessandviceversa.Butwhenresearchersmeasurepeople'saveragelevelsofhappinessandunhappiness,theyoftenfindlittlerelationshipbetweenthetwo.Therecognitionthatfeelingsofhappinessandunhappinesscanco-existmuchlikeloveandhateinacloserelationshipmayoffervaluablecluesonhowtoleadahappierlife.Itsuggests,forexample,thatchangingoravoidingthingsthatmakeyoumiserablemaywellmakeyoulessmiserable,butprobablywon'tmakeyouanyhappier.Thatadviceisbackedupbyanextraordinaryseriesofstudieswhichindicatethatageneticpredispositionforunhappinessmayrunincertainfamilies.Ontheotherhand,researchershavefoundhappinessdoesn'tappeartobeanyone'sheritage.Thecapacityforjoyisatalentyoudeveloplargelyforyourself.Psychologistshavesettledonaworkingdefinitionofthefeeling-happinessisasenseofsubjectivewell-being.Theyhavealsobeguntofindoutwho'shappy,whoisn'tandwhy.Todate,theresearchhasn'tfoundasimpleformulaforahappylife,butithasdiscoveredsomeoftheactionsandattitudesthatseemtobringpeopleclosertothatmostdesiredoffeelings.Whyisunhappinesslessinfluencedbyenvironment?Whenwearehappy,wearemoreresponsivetopeopleandkeepupconnectionsbetterthanwhenwearefeelingsad.Thisdoesn'tmean,however,thatsomepeoplearebomtobesadandthat'sthat.Genesmaypredisposeonetounhappiness,butdispositioncanbeinfluencedbypersonalchoice.Youcanincreaseyourhappinessthroughyourownactions.1.Accordingtothetext,itistruethat[A]unhappinessismoreinheritedthanaffectedbyenvironment.[B]happinessandunhappinessaremutuallyconditional.[C]unhappinessissubjecttoexternalmorethaninternalfactors.[D]happinessisanuncontrollablesubjectivefeeling.2.Theauthorarguesthatonecanachievehappinessby[A]maintainingitatanaveragelevel.[B]escapingmiserableoccurrencesinlife.[C]pursuingitwithone'spainstakingeffort.[D]realizingitscoexistencewithunhappiness.3.Thephrase"Todatev(Par.4)canbebestreplacedby[A]Asaresult.[B]Inaddition.[C]Atpresent.[D]Untilnow.4.Whatdoyouthinktheauthorbelievesabouthappinessandunhappiness?

1[A]Onefeelsunhappyowingtohismiserableorigin.[B]Theyareindependentbutexistingconcurrently[C]Onefeelshappybyparticipatinginmoreactivities.[D]Theyareactionsandattitudestakenbyhumanbeings.5.Thesentence"That'sthat”(Par.5)probablymeans:Somepeoplearebomtobesad[A]andthesituationcannotbealtered.[B]andhappinessremainsinaccessible.[C]buttheydon'tthinkmuchaboutit.[D]buttheyremainunconsciousofit.Text2Thelegallimitfordrivingafterdrinkingalcoholis80milligramsofalcoholin100millilitresofblood,whentested.Butthereisnosurewayoftellinghowmuchyoucandrinkbeforeyoureachthislimit.Itvarieswitheachpersondependingonyourweight,yoursex,ifyou'vejusteatenandwhatsortofdrinksyou'vehad.Somepeoplemightreachtheirlimitafteronlyaboutthreestandarddrinks.Infact,yourdrivingabilitycanbeaffectedbyjustoneortwodrinks.Evenifyou'rebelowthelegallimit,youcouldstillbetakentocourtifapoliceofficerthinksyourdrivinghasbeenaffectedbyalcohol.Ittakesaboutanhourforthebodytogetridofthealcoholinonestandarddrink.So,ifyouhaveaheavydrinkingintheeveningyoumightfindthatyourdrivingabilityisstillaffectedthenextmorning,oryoucouldevenfindthatyou'restilloverthelegallimit.Inaddition,ifyou'vehadafewdrinksatlunchtime,anotheroneortwodrinksintheearlyeveningmaywellputyouoverthelegallimit.Inatestwithprofessionaldrivers,themorealcoholicdrinkstheyhadhad,themorecertaintheywerethattheycoulddriveatestcoursethroughasetofmovableposts...andthelessabletheyweretodoit!Sotheonlywaytobesureyou'resafeisnottodrinkatall.Alcoholisamajorcauseofroadtrafficaccidents.Oneinthreeofthedriverskilledinroadaccidentshavelevelsofalcoholwhichareoverthelegallimit,androadaccidentsafterdrinkingarethebiggestcauseofdeathamongyoungmen.Morethanhalfofthepeoplestoppedbythepolicetotakeabreathtesthaveabloodalcoholconcentrationofmorethantwicethelegallimit.Itisimportanttorememberthatdrivingafteryou'vebeendrinkingdoesn'tjustaffectyou.Ifyou'reinvolvedinanaccidentitaffectsalotofotherpeopleaswell,notleastthepersonyoumightkillorinjure.6.Theamountofalcoholadrivercandrinkwithinthelegallimitis[A]about80mgofpurealcohol.[B]aboutthreestandarddrinks.[C]inproportiontohisweight.[D]varyingwithdifferentpeople.7.Youmightbeaccusedofdrunkdrivingwhen[A]youdriveuponhavingsomedrinks.[B]youbecomeahelplessalcoholaddict.[C]yourdrivingisfoundabnormalfordrinking.

2[D]youralcoholpercentagefailsthetest.8.Atestshowedthatdrunkenprofessionaldriverscould[A]havegreaterconfidencethansoberones.[B]moveawayasetofpostsonthetestground.[C]failinthetestdespitetheirself-affirmation.[D]serveasalarmingexamplestopotentialdrivers.9.Alcoholisthemajorcauseoftrafficaccidentsbecause[A]morethan30%roadcasualtiesaredrinkdrivers.[B]drinkingaffectspeople'smindandemotion.[C]aboutone-thirddriversareusedtodrinking.[D]youngdriversarefamiliaramongtrafficvictims.10.Aboutdrinkdriving,theauthorwarnsyouofthefactthatyou[A]maybetakentocourtbythepolice.[B]areputtingyourselfindanger.[C]mayhurtorkillanotherdriver.[D]aresettingotherpeopleatrisk.Text3Therearevariouswaysinwhichindividualeconomicunitscaninteractwithoneanother.Threebasicwaysmaybedescribedasthemarketsystem,theadministeredsystem,andthetraditionalsystem.Inamarketsystemindividualeconomicunitsarefreetointeractamongeachotherinthemarketplace.Itispossibletobuycommoditiesfromothereconomicunitsorsellcommoditiestothem.Inamarket,transactionmaytakeplaceviabarterormoneyexchange.Inabartereconomy,realgoodssuchasautomobiles,shoesandpizzasaretradedagainsteachother.Obviously,findingsomebodywhowantstotrademyoldcarinexchangefbrasailboatmaynotalwaysbeaneasytask.Hence,theintroductionofmoneyasamediumofexchangeeasestransactionsconsiderably.Inthemodernmarketeconomy,goodsandservicesareboughtorsoldformoney.Analternativeforthemarketsystemisadministrativecontrolbysomeagencyoveralltransactions.Thisagencywillissueedicts(orders)orcommandsastohowmuchofeachgoodandserviceshouldbeproduced,exchanged,andconsumedbyeacheconomicunit.Centralplanningmaybeonewayofadministeringsuchaneconomy.Thecentralplan,drawnupbythegovernment,showstheamountsofeachcommodityproducedbythevariousfirmsandallocatedtodifferenthouseholdsforconsumption.Thisisanexampleofcompleteplanningofproduction,consumption,andexchangeforthewholeeconomy.Inatraditionalsociety,productionandconsumptionpatternsaregovernedbytradition;everyperson'splacewithintheeconomicsystemisfixedbyparentage(origin),religion,andcustom.Transactionstakeplaceonthebasisoftradition,too.Peoplebelongingtoacertaingrouporcaste(socialclass)mayhaveanobligationtocareforotherpersons,providethemwithfoodandshelter,carefortheirhealth,andprovidefortheireducation.Clearly,inasystemwhereeverydecisionismadeonthebasisoftraditionalone,progressmaybedifficulttoachieve.Astagnant(unchanging)societymayresult.11.Themainpurposeofthetextisto[A]interprettheessenceofgeneraleconomics.

3[B]comparebarterandcash-exchangemarkets.[C]outlinecontrastingtypesofeconomicsystems.[D]argueforthesuperiorityofacertaineconomy.12.Theword“real"in"realgoods”(Par.2)couldbestbereplacedby[A]genuine.[B]concrete.[C]durable.[D]practical.13.Accordingtothetext,abartereconomymayleadto[A]unfairtransaction.[B]directconflicts.[C]gradualdeflation.[D]tradingtroubles.14.Inanadministeredsystem,businessactivitiesareunderthedirectionof[A]majoreconomicorganizations.[B]generalpublicadvisorybody.[C]largecommercialcompanies.[D]certainofficialdepartments.15.Allofthefollowingarementionedasfactorsdeterminingone'splaceinatraditionalsocietyEXCEPT[A]familybackground.[B]ageandeducation.[C]religiousbeliefs.[D]establishedexperience.Text4It'spossiblethatwhileyouareatwork,youmaydreamaboutamonthofSundays,butyourbosswishesforaweekofTuesday.That'sbecauseshe/heprobablyknowsthatproductivityisoneofthemainfactorsbolstering(supporting)acompany'sgrowth.AndarecentpollshowsthatworkersaremostproductiveonTuesdays!Accountemps,anemploymentagency,conductedanationalsurveyofofficemanagers,whichshowsthatbythemiddleoftheweek,theyseeadramaticproductivitydecrease.WhileMondayisconsideredsecondinuproductivityvalue,“onlyninepercentofofficemanagersthinkWednesdayisthepeakproductivityday.FivepercentbelieveitisThursday.AndFriday,well,youcanjustimagine!However,forty-eightpercentofthemanagerspolledsaidthatTuesdayis,byfar,themostproductivedayoftheweek.Acloseanalysisofworkweekrhythmswouldturnupsomeobviousreasonsforthosesurveyresults.Firstofall,Mondayisoverloadedwithmeetings,designedto“getthingsmoving,ffandeverybodyknowsmeetingsaren'tveryproductive.Wednesdayis“humpday“(II)-getoveritaspainlesslyaspossible,aworkerthinks,andtheweekismorethanhalfwayover.OnThursday,peoplearerunningoutofsteam;andFriday,everybody'sthinkingabouttheweekend.Therearereasonswhytheotherdaysaren'tproductive,butwhatmakesTuesdayspecial?Tuesdays,employeeshitpeakperformancebecausetheyareveryfocusedonday-to-dayactivities.Also,it'susuallythefirstdayoftheweekwhenthey'refocusedontheirowntask.They'renotinmeetingsthattakethemawayfromtheirprimaryresponsibilities.Actually,Tuesdayscanbequitehectic(fullofexcitementandwithoutrest).Workersarearrivingatworkfairlyfrantic(wildlyexcited).Andso,in10hours,they?redoing20-hourwork.That'sproductive,butit'salsotough.Thisdoesnotmeanthatnothinghappensonthelastthreedaysoftheworkweek.Thingsdonotgetsolaxthatpeoplearesittingwiththeirfeetondesks,sippingcoffeeandtalkingonthephoneallday,butthere'sadefinitelackoffocus.Thepacesoftensandtherhythmslowsdown.Andthisisnothealthy:itproducesfatigueandlowersproductivity.Topreventthismidweekslowdown,somemanagementconsultantssuggestthatemployersavoidjammingsomanymeetingsintoMondays.Workdeadlinescanberescheduledtostretchouttheworkflow.Variationsinproductivityareonlynatural,butbothworkersandbosseswinwhenthepeaksandvalleysareless

4dramaticthantheyarenow.16.Accordingtothepoll,whichofthefollowingdaysismostproductive?[A]Thursday.[B]Friday.[C]Monday.[D]Wednesday.17.Thepeakproductivitydayoftheweekismarkedby[A]violentexcitementandactivity.[B]dueenthusiasmandcreativity.[C]hurriedanddisorderedmovement.[D]fullconcentrationandefficiency.18.Theword“lax”inthelastparagraphmeans[A]usuallynegligible.[B]lackingincontrol.[C]totallydistractive.[D]worthyofrelaxing.19.Withrespecttothechangesinproductivity,thetextsuggeststhat[A]workdeadlinescanbereadjusted.[B]theyarereasonableandexpectable.[C]Mondaymeetingsmaybecalledoff.[D]theirdifferencesaretobeminimized.20.TheauthorhasexplainedallofthefollowingEXCEPT[A]thestepstakentoalterworkweekrhythms.[B]theproductivityonthe6thdayoftheweek.[C]thereasonwhymidweekslowdowntakesplace.[D]theconcernbosseshaveaboutlowproductivity.PartBDirections:Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextaboutmarketingstrategies.ChoosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelistAFforeachnumberedparagraph(2125).Thefirstandlastparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)[A]Whichmarketingtacticmustanentitytake?[B]Qualityfirst,competitionsecond[C]Exemplifyoffensivemeasures[D]Complexfactorscauseduemarketanalysis[E]Themotiveforproceedsalsofunctions[F]StrategyvarieswithexternalconditionsTherearethreegeneralmarketingstrategiesthatanorganizationcanadopt.21.Thefirstisanaggressivestrategy,characterizedbygeneratingagreatdealofpromotion,varyingprices,changingthetimesandplacesatwhichtheproducts/servicesareoffered,differentiatingtheproducts/servicesfromthoseofcompetingorganizations,hiringcreativesalespersonstopromotetheproducts/services,spendinglotsofmoneyonmarketingactivities,andsoforth.22.

5Thesecondgeneralmarketingstrategyisaminimalone,characterizedbydoingverylittlepromotion,pricingbelowmarket,offeringservicesattraditionalplacesandtimes,spendingverylittlemoneyonpromotionandsalespersons,andsoforth.Thethirdisabalancedmarketingstrategy,anin-betweenstrategythatdiffersfromanaggressivestrategyandaminimalstrategyonlyindegree.Thesethreestrategiesareappropriatealternativesforanyorganization.However,noteveryorganizationneedsanaggressivestrategy,nordoeseveryorganizationneedabalancedstrategyoraminimalone.Thesituationfacingeachentityisobviouslydifferent,callingforananalysisofthefactorsthatdictatewhichofthethreealternativestrategiesismostsuitableforeachorganization.23.Thefirstmajorfactoristhenatureofthemarketcompetitionfacingtheorganization.Ifitisinamonopolyposition,withnodirectcompetitorsinitsmarketarea,thenaminimalmarketingstrategyissuitable.However,iftheorganizationisinanoligopolymarketposition,withafewcompetitorsinitsmarketarea,thenabalancedmarketingstrategyiscalledfor.Ifthereisahighdegreeofcompetitionandseveralcompetingproducts/servicesinitsmarketarea,thiswouldsuggestanaggressivemarketingstrategy.Further,iftherearemanyotherformsofindirectcompetition,thentheorganizationshouldpursueabalancedmarketingstrategy.24.Thesecondmajorfactoristhequalityoftheproducts/servicesoffered.Iftheorganizationhashigh-qualityproducts/services,aminimalmarketingstrategyiscalledfor,otherfactorsbeingequal.Ifitisinaweakmarketpositionwithlow-qualityproducts/services,aminimalmarketingstrategyshouldbepursued.Iftheproducts/servicesareofmediumquality,thiswouldsuggestabalancedstrategy.25.Thethirdmajorfactoristherevenuestrategiesthatthemanagersmaydesiretopursue.Forexample,ifthemanagerswanttomaximizetheorganization'srevenuesfromitsproducts,services,thentheorganizationshouldadoptanaggressivemarketingstrategy.Ifitwantstominimizerevenues,thenitshouldpursueaminimalstrategy.However,ifitwantstobalanceitsrevenues-notmaximizingandnotminimizing-thenabalancedmarketingstrategyiscalledfor.Thesefactorsmaybesummarizedandputintodecisionmodelforanadministratortouseindecidingwhichgeneralmarketingstrategyhis/herorganizationshoulduse.Oncethestrengthsandweaknessesareweightedforeachfactor,anoverallevaluationcanbecompleted,allowingtheadministratortoarriveatanoveralldecision-thatis,whethertofollowanaggressive,balanced,orminimalgeneralmarketingstrategy.PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)Notlongago,technologyinthehomewascarvedupintowell-definedterritories:ThePC——careofMicrosoft,Intel,Dell,andthelike-presidedoverthehomeoffice.Thetelevisionandstereowerekingandqueenofthelivingroom.Thesedays,though,thedigitalrevolutionisshakingupthatcomfortableease.(26)WiththeadvcotofMP3musicfiles,personalvideorecorders,gamemachines,digitalcameras,andahostofothermediaandservices,it'snolonger

6clearwhocontrolswhichbitofhomefloor.Andthathassetoffabattlefordominanceinhomeentertainment.Theshake-upcoversthetechnologyspectrum.MicrosoftCorp.isspendingbillionsonentertainmentinitiativessuchasitsX-boxvideogamecomfort.CompaqComputerCoip.andHewlettPackardCo.sellMP3musicplayersthatplugintohomestereosystems.PhilipsElectronicssellsastereothathooksintoahigh-speedInternetconnectiontoplaymusicfromtheWeb.Consumersaregettingthemessage.(27)Salesofmanyofthesedevicesshouldtakeoffihisyearandnext:U.S,shipmentsofMP3digitalmusicplayersforlisteningtosongsdownloadedfromtheNelareexpectedlojumpbymorethan50%thisyear,to7miHionunits,accordingloresearchersInternationalDataCorp.Salesofpersonalvideorecorders,suchasTiVb,whichletyourecordTVshowsforlaterviewing,shouldnearlytriplethisyearintheU.S.,to2.2millionunits.Evenhigh-definitiontelevision(HDTV)—thedurableNextBigThingmaysoontakeoff.(28)By)heendof2003,nearly6millionU.S,homesshouldhaveHDTVsets,andbyyearevd,some7.7millionAmericanhomesareexpectedtohavenetworkstotietheirdigitalgeartogether,withstronggrowthspurredbyanewstandardforwirelesslinkscalledWiFi.Callitthenextbigwaveoftechnology.(29)AfterthePCxraandtheInternetAge,manyconsumershavegrowncomfortablewithtech:Two-thirdsofU.S,homesownPCsloday.while60%haveInternetaccess,accordingtoresearchersGartnerData-quest.Toreachtherestofthemarket,technologycompaniesneedtobuildsimplerdevicesthatoffermoreentertainment.(30)Andthesenewmachinesneedtoworktogetherasreadilyasstereocomponentsdotoday,andshouldbenearlyaseasytosetupanduseasatelephoneoratelevision.Thatisleadingtotheconsumerizationoftechnologyoverthenextfivetotenyears.ThefutureisaboutMP3players,digitalvideo,andthelike.ὃᫀPartAText1:1.A2.C3.D4.B5.AText2:6.D7.C8.C9.B10.DText3:11.C12.B13.D14.DI5.BText4:16.C17.D18.B19.D20.APartB21.C22.A23.F24.B25.EPartC26.ḼMP3ᦻ᫏ஹஹ!"ஹᦪṹ᯿&'()ᐸ+,-./0ᘤḄ3456789ᓰ;<=>Ḅ?ᙽᙢB5CDEFG஺27.IJKL5MNᵯᘤ>()PQḄ├ST9ញᒓWᓣ5;Y▭ᦪ;[\ḄẆ6ᕒ^_5`ᦈbcdWefghḄMP3ᦪṹij5kYILlm⚜_oᓣ50%pW5qᑮ700sᝅ஺28.ᑮ2003Lu5v600skY<=wᨵyzᨎᵯ|5}ᑮL~5ḼWiFiḄᢈ᪗ᡠḄ5⚜_ᨵ770skY<=ᵨdḄᦪṹὶᡂ-஺29.()ὅᙠᔊ¢ᵯᾯ¤¥.¦ὶd¤¥§¨5©ᢈª«¬®᝞°;Gartnerᦪ;±²[\ḄẆ6ᕒ_5³ᙠ2/3ḄkY<=wᨵᵯᾯ5}60%Ḅ<=

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14factor"“allowing...anoveralldecision”#àᙠᑖaa°ß³ẚᢚãä±ḄᑁæGÉʳ⊡ᐙéê"anoveralldecision”஺PartCூë⚪ì᪆௃26.7>Ḅ?⌕ᑖG"it'snolongerclearwhocontrolswhichbitofhomefloor"ᐸ[“whocontrolswhichbitofhomefloor”G±²Ḅ?³º>íîï4ð³⊤òóôk“Withtheadventof"Gõöß³ì÷#“öḼ……Ḅùú”஺27.7>ᒹüýᑖ+,ᑖG“Salesofmanyofthesedevicesshouldtakeoffthisyearandnext”ᐸ[“takeoff”ᙠ⊤d“þ«ÿᜧ
├ᓣ:ᑖUU.S.shipments...areexpectedtojump..ᐸ''downloadedfromtheNet?,ᑖ⛲“songs”!“to7millionunits”"#⊡ᐙ&'“morethan50%”஺28.*+,ᵫ“and”./Ḅ1ᑡ3஺2,ᑖ3“some”456“ᜧ8”ᵨᙠᦪ<=!“withstronggrowthspurredbyanewstandardforwirelesslinkscalledWiFi”ᒹ?ᨵ“with+n.+p.p.”B᪀⊤EFG“calledWiFi”ᑖ⛲“wirelesslinks”஺29.H3IJKB᪀LMᩖ஺ᑈP<=ᑖᑈP<+,1ᑡ3Q⊡ᐙ&'ᵨRS3Ḅ“while”1ᑡ.456“T30.*+,U6MᩖḄVᓫ3஺3XḄ"thesenewmachines”Yᑖ"needtowork...”[“shouldbe...\]^RS_,“as...as...”B᪀஺Unit2PartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.
40pointsText1WhenAlexandreGustaveEiffelcompletedthedesignandcommencedconstructionofthetowerinPariswhichwastobearhisname,alotofloudprotestswereheardfromnearlyeveryquarter.Artists,writers,composers,andotherspubliclycondemnedthestructureasmonstrosity.Yettoday,morethanahundredyearslater,virtuallyeveryoneproclaimstheEiffelToweraworkofgeniusandgreatbeauty.Theideaofa1,000-foottowerhadbeenproposedforthePhiladelphiaCentennialExpositionin1876.ButitwastheFrenchwhofinallyauthorizedsuchastructurefortheirParisExpositionof1889.Whenthedesigncompetitionwasconcluded,thewinningentrywasonesubmittedbyEiffel,abuilderofbridgeswhohadbeenamongthefirsttoemployprefabricatedandstandardizedstructuralpartstospeedandsimplifyconstruction.Earlierinhiscareer,hehadsolvedtheproblemofhowtosupporttheStaUieofLibertybyfasteningtheenvelopeofcoppersheetswithaninteriorframeworkofwroughtiron.Thusitwasthatheapproachedthebuildingofhistowerwithironalthoughherecognizedsteelas“themetalofthefuture."Withinalittlemorethanayearafterthefirstgroundwasbrokenin1887,thefourhugeinward-facingpillarswereinplaceoverthefour-acresite,andthetower'sfirstplatformsecured187feetaboveground.WhentheFrenchExpositionopenedinMayof1889,thetowerwascomplete,readyforthefirstofmillionsofpeoplewhowouldclimbher1,710stairsorrideherelevators.Ownedsince1909bythecityofParis,theEiffelTowerisnow1,052feetinheightsincethe

15additionofatelevisiontransmissionantenna.AlmosttwomillionvisitorstotheParisExpositionpaidtoclimbthetowerduringitsfirstyear,andasimilarnumbercontinueeachyeartopaytoinspectit,thusmakingtheEiffelTowerEurope'smostpopulartouristattraction.AlexandreGustaveEiffeldiedin1923attheageof91years.1.Asisstatedinthetext,[A]theirontowerwasnamedafteritsdesignerpriortoitsconstruction.[B]theconstructionofthetowerbeganinanunfavorableatmosphere.[C]thedesignofthetowerwasconsideredasaworkofgenius.[D]thenamingoftheirontowerencounteredwidespreadobjections.2.Theconstructionofthetowergaverisetovigorousprotestsbecauseit[A]costatremendousamountoflaborandmoney.[B]didn'tfindfavorwiththehighestquarters.[C]wasconsideredasofextraordinarysizeandshape.[D]wasdisapprovedbypeoplefromallpartsoftheglobe.3.AlexandreEiffelwasauthorizedtobuildsuchatowerbecause[A]heproposedtheideaofsuchatowerearlyin1876.[B]hewasthefirstpersontopresenthisdesigntotheauthorities.[C]hehadsolvedtheproblemofconsolidatingtheStatueofLiberty.[D]hisdesignwassuperiortoanyotherstechnicallyandeconomically.4.TheEiffelTowerwasconstructed[A]fortheopeningoftheFrenchExposition.[B]onanenormousplatformoffouracres.[C]ashighasonethousandandfifty-twofeet.[D]withthemetalofthefutureasbuildingmaterial.5.Itisafactthat[A]theheightofthetowerproperiswelloverathousandfeet.[B]thegroundfloorofthetowerwasfixedinmorethanayear.[C]thetower'sessentialpartswereconstructedonbuildingsite.[D]thecompletionoftheironmonstertookonlytwoyears.Text2Therearecertainpeoplewhobehaveinaquitepeculiarfashionduringtheworkofanalysis.Whenonespeakshopefullytothemorexpressessatisfactionwiththeprogressofthetreatment,theyshowsignsofdiscontentandtheirconditioninvariablybecomesworse.Onebeginsbyregardingthisasdefianceandasanattempttoprovetheirsuperioritytothephysician,butlateronecomestotakeadeeperandjusterview.Onebecomesconvinced,notonlythatsuchpeoplecannotendureanypraiseorappreciation,butthattheyreactinverselytotheprogressofthetreatment.Everypartialsolutionthatoughttoresult,andinotherpeopledoesresult,inanimprovementoratemporarysuspensionofsymptomsproducesinthemforthetimebeinganintensificationoftheirillness;theygetworseduringthetreatmentinsteadofgettingbetter.Theyexhibitwhatisknownasa«negativetherapeuticreaction”.Thereisnodoubtthatthereissomethinginthesepeoplethatsetsitselfagainsttheirrecovery,anditsapproachisdreadedasthoughitwereadanger.Weareaccustomedtosaythattheneedforillnesshasgottheupperhandinthemoverthedesireforrecovery.Ifweanalysethisresistancein

16theusualway—then,evenafterfixationtothevariousformsofgainfromillness,thegreaterpartofitisstillleftover;andthisrevealsitselfasthemostpowerfulofallobstaclestorecovery,morepowerfulthanthefamiliaronesofnarcissistic(admiringone'sownselftoomuch)inaccessibility,anegativeattitudetowardsthephysicianandclingingtothegainfromillness.Intheendwecometoseethatwearedealingwithwhatmaybecalleda“moral“factor,asenseofguilt,whichisfindingsatisfactionintheillnessandrefusestogiveupthepunishmentofsuffering.Weshallberightinregardingthisdisencouragingexplanationasfinal.Butasfarasthepatientisconcernedthissenseofguiltisdumb;itdoesnottellhimheisguilty,hefeelsill.Thissenseofguiltexpressesitselfonlyasaresistancetorecoverywhichitisextremelydifficulttoovercome.Itisalsoparticularlydifficulttoconvincethepatientthatthismotiveliesbehindhiscontinuingtobeill;heholdsfasttothemoreobviousexplanationthattreatmentbyanalysisisnottherightremedyforhiscase.6.Accordingtotheauthor,someunusualpatientswould[A]openlyresistthetreatmentofthephysician.[B]intentionallyholdthephysicianincontempt.[C]respondagainstthephysician'sexpectation.[D]disregardtheappreciationbythephysician.7.Forthepatientstheauthordescribes,[A]ahopefultreatmentoftenleadstoareverseresult.[B]alocaltreatmentimprovestemporarilytheirsymptoms.[C]apartialsolutionbettersratherthanworsenstheirillness.[D]arightsolutioncuresthempartiallyoftheirillness.8.Theauthor'sstudyofthissyndromeleadshimtothinkthat[A]patientsmustbeconvincedofthetreatmentbyanalysis.[B]patients,senseofguiltmayhinderthemfromgettingwell.[C]patientsneedtoknowthefinalexplanationsoftheirillness.[D]patientsshouldgiveupthepunishmentofsufferingfromtheirillness.9.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat[A]certainpeoplebehaveinaparticularlyfashionableway.[B]theneedforillnesshasovercomethedesireforrecovery.[C]thepatientswhoarecontentwiththeirillnessareguilty.[D]thesyndromeofinversereactiontotherapyiscurious.10.Therootcauseoftheresistancetorecoveryliesinthefactthatthepatients[A]areapttorefusetherecognizationofthephysician'sauthority.[B]canhardlyputupwithbeingpraisedorappreciatedbytheirdoctors.[C]clingtotheunconsciousbeliefintheirdeservedpenaltybysickness.[D]sufferfromachronicmentaldiseasethatoffersthemafeelingofguilt.Text3Inexaminingtheculturalbackgroundsofsomelinguisticallydifferentchildren,wefoundthatthetheoryofa“cultureofpoverty”,whichwasrathercommonlyacceptedintheearly1960s,hasbeenquestionedbyscholarsandleadersfromanumberoffields.Whiletheadverseeffectsofharshlivingconditionsoughtalwaystoberecognized,thevariabilityofhumannatureprecludestreatingeventhatunderstandinginstereotypedways.Weneedteacherswhowarmlybelievethat

17thechildcanlearnandwhowillbecleverindevelopingteaching-learningstrategiesthatcapitalizeonindividualstrengthsandinterests.Youshouldbeawareofthelinguisticdifferencesinthegroupyouareteaching,whethertheyarecultural,syntactical,orphonological.Don'tunderestimatethereadinglevelofastudentbecauseofdialectpronunciationsinoralreading.Language-experiencestoriesareidealteaching-learingtoolsforthelinguisticallydifferentstudentbecausetheybuildonwordsthatarewithinhismeaningvocabulary.Withthosewords,youcanteachallofthemethodsofwordrecognitition,suchasbeginning,ending,andmedial(inthemiddleposition)sounds,andphonogram(phoneticsymbol)patterns.Throughthetranscription(copying)ofhisownsentences,thechildseesthehelpofsyntax(rulesforsentence-building)indecoding(discoveringthemeaningof)printandbeginstoseewhatreadingisallabout.TransferfromthenaturallanguagetostandardEnglishcanbemadegradually.Listeningexperiencewithliteraturemaybeofgreathelptochildreninlearninganewdialect.Besuretoavoidliteraturewhichpresentsminoritiesindebasing(loweringinvalue,quality,etc.)circumstancesordepictsthemashavingculturesthatarealwaysoutsidethemainstreamofAmericanlife.Inadditiontoyourteachingapproaches,peerscanalsohelpthebilingual(usingtwolanguages)childfeelpartofastrangeandfrustratingenvironment.Theschoolcanworkwiththecommunityinprovidingpracticeinmasteryofthenewlanguage.Bilingual,multi-culturaleducationseemstobeapromisinghopeforimprovingopportunitiesforchildrenwhohavetroublewithEnglishsinceitisasecondlanguage,aswellasameansofbroadeningthelivesofchildrenwhospeakEnglish.11.Theimportanceoftheproblemdiscussedinthetextliesin[A]theurgentrenewaloftheeducationaltheory.[B]themulti-culturalfeaturesofU.S.education.[C]theassimilationofminoritiestoU.S.society.[D]thevitalreformoflanguageteachinginschools.12.Accordingtothetext,thetheoryofaucultureofpoverty[A]wasadmittedintheearlypartofthe20thcentury.[B]wasestablishedinagenerallyquestionablemanner.[C]hasbeendisprovedbyscholarsfromdifferentareas.[D]hasbeenreassessedbyexpertsinvariousfields.13.Theauthorismostprobablyinfavoroftheopinionthat[A]roughconditionshavebadeffectsonlinguisticallydifferentchildren.[B]weshouldrealizetheunfavorableimpactofpovertyonbilingualpupils.[C]ournaturerulesoutthefixedrealizationofthenegativeeffectsofpoverty.[D]ourcharacterpreventsunderstandingthetheoryofaucultureofpoverty”.14.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisUNTRUEaccordingtothetext?[A]Cleverteachersareneededtodevelopteachingstrategiestofinancelearners.[B]Teachersshouldbeconsciousofthelanguagedifferencesamongtheirstudents.[C]Studentsmayunderstandwhatreadingisallaboutbycopyingwhattheywrite.[D]Oneofthebestteachingapproachesistomakestoriesbasedonfamiliarwords.15.Accordingtotheauthor,itwouldbesafetosaythat[A]Americanminoritieslivinginhumbleconditionsfeelfrustrated.

18[B]bilingualkidsencircledbynativeEnglishspeakersmayfeeldismayed.[C]literaryworksaboutminorityculturesmaybeacceptabletobilingualchildren.[D]multi-culturaleducationalsoraisestheleveloftheU.S.nativestudents.Text4Technologyisthecreationofnewproductsandprocessesintendedtoimproveourworkingefficiency,ourchancesforsurvival,ourcomfortlevel,andourqualityoflife.Thegoalofscienceistodevelopwidelyacceptedknowledgeorideas,whichareintangible;bycontrast,technologyisconcernedprimarilywiththedevelopmentofsubstantialthings.Inmanycases,technologydevelopsfromknownscientificlawsandtheories.Scientistsinventedthelaser,forexample,byapplyingknowledgeabouttheinternalstructureofatoms.Appliedscientificknowledgeaboutchemistryandelectronicshasgivenusnylon,pesticides,washingpowder,intelligentcomputers,mobilephones,digitalcameras,pollutioncontroldevices,andcountlessotherproducts.Applicationsoftheoriesinnuclearphysicsledtonuclearbombsandnuclearpowerplants.Manytechnologiesarisebywayoftrialanderror,beforeanyoneunderstandstheunderlyingscientificprinciples.Forexample,aspirin,extractedfromthebarkofatropicalwillowtree,relievedpainandfeverlongbeforeanyonefoundouthowitdidso.Similarly,photographywasinventedbypeoplewhohadnoideaaboutitschemistry,andfarmerscrossbrednewstrains(breeds)ofcropsandlivestocklongbeforebiologistsunderstoodtheprinciplesofgenetics.Infact,muchofscienceisanattempttounderstandandexplainwhyvarioustechnologieswork.Althoughsomeformsoftechnologyusescientificknowledge,nearlyallscienceneedstechnology.Scientistsusemachinesandinstrumentstocollectandanalyzedata,toperformexperiments,andtomakecomplexcomputations.Scientistswouldbehard-pressedtogetalongwithoutsuchthingsaspaper,pencils,books,testtubes,microscopes,refrigerators,computers,copiersandtelephones-allproductsoftechnology.Althoughattheircoresscienceandtechnologysharesimilarprocesses(bothareessentiallytrialanderroratheart),theyusuallydifferinthewaytheideasandinformationtheyproduceareshared.Manyoftheresultsofscientificresearcharepublishedanddistributedfreelytobetested,challenged,verified,ormodified.Theprocessstrengthensthevalidityofscientificknowledgeandhelpsexposecheaters.Incontrast,manytechnologicaldiscoveriesarekeptsecretuntilthenewprocessorproductispatented.Informationconcerningmuchvaluabletechnologyisneverpublished,butisinsteadlearned"onthejob“byindustrialworkersandpassedinformallyamongselectedindividualsonly.Thebasisofothertechnologygetspublishedinjournalsandenjoysthesamekindofpublicdistributionandpeerreviewasscience.16.Theword“intangible“inPar.1mostprobablymeans[A]insensible.[B]inconceivable.[C]immaterial.[D]impractical.17.Theadvancementofourlivinggenerallyresultsfrom[A]sheertechnologicalcreations[B]widelyapprovedknowledge.[C]constantscientificresearch.[D]pureandappliedsciences.18.ItcanbeinferredfromPar.3thatmanytechnologies[A]underliescientificdefinitions.[B]precedescientificprinciples[C]conformtoscientificinterpretations.[D]confirmscientificunderstandings.

1919.Oneofthejointfeaturesofscienceandtechnologyliesin[A]theirmutualindependence.[B]theiroriginatingprocesses.[C]theirstrengthenedvalidity.[D]theircommonapproaches.20.Scienceandtechnologydifferfromeachotherin[A]themannerofproducingideas.[B]theprocessofdeliveringmessage.[C]thewayofhandlingkeyinformation.[D]themethodofpublicizingnewfindings.`ὃbᫀPartATextl:1.B2.C3.D4.A5.DText2:6.C7.A8.B9.D10.CText3:11.B12.D13.C14.A15.BText4:16.C17.D18.B19.B20.C4᪆Unit2PartAText1ூᦻgᜧShB᪀௃HᦻjklmnopqrᛞḄᵫᩭ஺ᦻg+u&vA.G.opqwᡂyᛞḄz{1|}~⌼^⍗lᩭ☢☢Ḅᢙz{Ḅrᛞ6ᱥ஺ὅᙠu45l6⌕~⌼yᛞᙠஹul~ᛞᢣopqrᛞᡂ6ᨬ
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20constructionEFᦻGH[J=ᑖ᪆J”8ᵫNᑨP[DJ“QḄRSᙠᢈVWXYZ[\Q”஺[AJ“Q\1876]^_`a4ᛞḄbc”8#d8ᵫ;2<;1=ef8ghᨬ^)*ij]klmn0o_`Ḅp[B]“Q);qrsRS_tuvwḄ”8ᦻ?xNBCp[C]“Qyza{|}ᵫ᝕Ḅ(⚪”,;2<ᨬq="solvedtheproblemofhowtosupporttheStatueofLibertyEyza᝞ᥛ}ᵫ᝕Ḅ(⚪”8#஺4.%⁚⚪஺⚪ᙠᦻ?ᨵᜐ9:8q);2<;2="authorizedsuchastructurefortheirParisExpositionof1889”,qᜐ);3<ᨬq="WhentheFrenchExpositionopenedinMayof1889,thetowerwascomplete",|AJ"*cmn0Ḅ“஺”ᙠḄZ”8ᦻ";3<;2=Ḅ)“thefour-acresiteEᙢ஺o“platform"p[C]“1,052”,;4<;1=_ᑮ,ᒹᵯ¢£¤ᜩ¦p[D]“§ᵨᩭḄª«¬*4ᩞᧇ”8#d8°*;3<;1=“buildingofhistowerwithiron5,ᑨP⚪஺[D]“g6ᑴ²ᱥḄ´µ¶a]·¸”8஺9:;3<;2ஹ3=¹1887]ẚ»¼µ81889]´µ஺[A]“6ᛞ½Ḅ¾ᜧᜧ¿À1,000”8;4<;1=8ᒹᵯ¢£¤ᜩ¦8Á)1,0548eÂÃP6ᛞ½Äᜧᜧ¿À1,000p[B]“6ᛞḄÅÆÇÈaq]É·¸”,ᦻ?_ʹ[C]“6ᛞḄh⌕ÌÍ)ᙠ4µᙢᑴ¬Ḅ”,┯Ï8;2<;3=“employprefabricatedandstandardizedstructuralparts",ÄᙠÐÑᑴ¬஺ூÓÔ_Õ௃জmonstrosity²ᱥঝprefabricated⚜ᐜᑴ¬ḄঞwroughtironÜ68Ý6ூJ=ᑖ᪆௃1WhenAlexandreGustaveEiffelcompletedthedesignandcommencedconstructionofthetowerinPariswhichwastobearhisname,alotofloudprotestswereheardfromnearlyeveryquarter.vÞᑡàᜧ•âãᛞä•-./´ᡂaRSÄæᙠçè4⌼sÂᐸéêëéḄ6ᛞ·8ìíᑮaîïᩭ}ᔜðḄᜧñᢙó஺=)hôõᔠ=8ᐸ?"whichwastobearhisname”*÷øô=8ù⛲"thetower"஺2Whenthedesigncompetitionwasconcluded,thewinningentrywasonesubmittedbyEiffel,abuilderofbridgeswhohadbeenamongthefirsttoemployprefabricatedandstandardizedstructuralpartstospeedandsimplifyconstruction.vRSûüýþ·8ÿḄ
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