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CONTENTChapter1BasicEnglish........................................................................................................................3SectionAAlphabet...............................................................................................................................3SectionBPhoneticSymbol.................................................................................................................4Chapter2ComputerIntroduction........................................................................................................7SectionATypesOfComputers...........................................................................................................7SectionBBootScreen.........................................................................................................................8ChaptersHardware1..........................................................................................................................17SectionACPU...................................................................................................................................17SectionBMainboard..........................................................................................................................19Chapter4HardwareII.......................................................................................................................25SectionASystemComponents.........................................................................................................25SectionBPeripheraldevices............................................................................................................26Chapter5:BIOSorCMOSSetup......................................................................................................30SectionA:BIOS/CMOSSETUP.....................................................................................................34SectionB:STANDARDCMOSTANDARDCMOSSETUP............................................................36Chapter6OSandGUI......................................................................................................................30SectionAIntroductionofOS...........................................................................................................30SectionBIntroductionofGUI...........................................................................................................31Chapter7Windows2000andOtherOS................................................................┯!SectionAWindows2000OS...............................................................................┯!SectionBFilenamesinWindows2000OS.........................................................┯!SectionC:otheroperatingsystems....................................................................┯!Chapter8VirusandAnti-virussoftware...............................................................┯!SectionAVirus......................................................................................................┯SectionBAnti-virussoftware...............................................................................┯!Chapter9Networkbasic..................................................................................................................42SectionANetworkOverview.............................................................................................................42SectionBNetworkHardwareandSoftware.....................................................................................44Words....................................................................................................................................................46Chapter10InternetandhomepageofMicrosoft...................................................!SectionAABCofInternetVocabulary.................................................................┯!SectionBHomepageofMicrosoft........................................................................┯!Chapter11TCP/IPReferenceModel...................................................................┯!SectionATCP/IPIntroduction..............................................................................┯ᕡSectionBTCP/IPModel.......................................................................................┯ᕡChapter12TheOSImodel...................................................................................┯!SectionAISOandOSI.........................................................................................┯!SectionBSevenlayersofTheOSIreferencemodel........................................┯!
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2Chapter1BasicEnglishSectionAAlphabetAlphabetAa[ei]Bb[(QXQ]CcfXH]DdmN]Ee[XH]FfᑢGgN]Hh]li[ai]jjᜥ]KkḄLI♦]Mm[ITlO]Nn■]Oo Pp[DXH]QqRr !"জ$Ss[es]Tt[ti:]Uu[er♦]Vv[ૄKH]Ww%&'&!♦$XxYy[♦*+]Zz!/-mMN]AbbreviationofComputerEnglishHTMLHyperTextMakeupLanguage®ᦻ᪗¦±HDDHardDiskDrive²³´µᘤIBMInternationalBusinessMachines·▭ᖪHkᘤº»ISOInternationalStandardizationOrganization·▭᪗¼ᓄ¾¿ISPInternetServiceProviderÀᱯÂlNÃὅOAOfficeAutomationźƵᓄMSMicrosoftÇ2Cº»IPnPPlugandPlayᓽÉᓽᵨPPTPPointtoPointTunnelingProtocolÊÊ ⍝ÌÍNFSNetworkFileSystemÂÎᦻ3ÏÐPCPersonalComputer>ÑᵯᾯMACMacintoshÒÓᛞCᵯᾯIFATFileAllocationTableᦻ3ᑖÖ⊤GUIGraphicUserInterface×Øᵨᡝ+☢BBSBulletinBoardSystemCᵯÚIºÛÜÏÐCADComputerAidedDesignᵯᾯÝÞßiCAIComputerAidedInstructionᵯᾯÝÞᦟCPUCentralProcessingUnitàáᜐᳮᘤWWWWorldWideWebã+åÂUSBUniversalSerialBus ᵨæçè
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6Chapter2Chapter2ComputerIntroductionSectionATypesOfComputersComputercanbegenerallyclassifiedbysizeandpowerasfollows,thoughthereisconsiderableoverlap:Notebookcomputer:Anextremelylightweightpersonalcomputer.Personalcomputer:Asmall,single-usercomputerhasakeyboardforenteringdata,amonitorfbrdisplayinginformation,andastoragedevicefbrsavingdata.Workstation:Apowerful,single-usercomputer.Aworkstationislikeapersonalcomputer,butithasamorepowerfulmicroprocessorandahigher-qualitymonitor.Workstation&'Minicomputer:Az_11multi-usercomputercapableofsupportingfrom10tohundredsofuserssimultaneously.
7Superich:computer-EnglishMainframe:Apowerfulmulti-usercomputercapableofsupportingmanyhundredsorthousandsofuserssimultaneously.Supercomputer:Anextremelyfastcomputerthatcanperformthousandsofbillionsofinstructionspersecond.SectionBBootScreenDelMsedM1IBI0SREUAZIIntel(R)Celeron 8Chapter2GHz:GvᐻDEL:Setupz{KB(kilobyte)ᓟP⁚F8:BootMenu|E}ᓫReleased 85x12x2003AHIBIOS(C)ZMlAmericanMegatrendsIntel(R)Celeron(R)CPU.1.80AQteCheckingNURAH.261126KBOKDEL SetupF8 BootHemiF12 NetMorkbootTAB LogoAuto-DetectingPriHester..IDEHardDiskAuto-DetectingPriSlave...NotDetectedAuto-DetectingSecRaster..HotDetectedAuto-DetectingSecSlaue.•.NotDetectedFriRaster U320MMExcelStorTechnologyJ668UltraDMNode-5>S.N.A,R.T.C«pAbleandStatusOKCheck:Fl2:Networkboot|ERAM(RandomAccessMemory)TAB:Logo᪗ᘤESC:Skipmemorytest=ᑁAuto-Detecting:HardDisk:QPrimaryMaster:cQTechnology:ᢈPrimarySlave:QUltraDMA(UltraDirectMemoryAccess)¡SecondMaster:ᦪcQMode¢£SecondSlave:ᦪQCapableឋSIDE(IntegratedDeviceElectronics):ᡂzᜓᵯStatus¥ 9Superich:computer-EnglishConfiguration§{ProcessorClockᜐᳮᘤ½¾⚣᳛MainprocessorcᜐᳮᘤEnabledÀÁḄBuilt-inᑁ¨ShareMemorySizeᐳÃᑁᜧfloppydrive©ªBitÄdisplaytype«¬®blockᙽVGA(VideoGraphicsArray)PCI(PeripheralComponentInterface)¯⚣#±ᕜÇᐗɳUSB(UniversalSerialDateᦪBus)Êᵨ¸¹Ìexternalcache³´ControllerUᑴᘤDDRopᑁᩩOnboardÍÎBaseMemoiySize¶·ᑁᜧMultimediaDeviceÏÐÑzᜓExt.MemorySize³ᑁᜧSlotJÒSerialport¸¹ºEthernetÓÔParallelPort»¹ºSearchforÕÖMB(megabyte)ᐚP⁚recordi×Ø-10- 10Chapter2CheckingfilesystemonC:ThetypeofthefilesystemisFAT32.?:ABC»•FAT32.o-needstobecKeckadForcpn»i•t«ncy.VouDtwi«H•1<♦*»•tfomrlMecowr«nJ.dT^UTraiJk'ilSSkinw.Fr...fi……3seconds.Oneofyourdisksneedstobecheckedforconsistency.Youmaycancelthediskcheck,butitisstronglyrecommendedthatyoucontinue.Toskipdiskchecking,pressanykeywithin3seconds.CWckinv6£2.n««■-W■—File•••Ùt«FAT32•Ovw“vmar4ftsksvw«4«toIch« 11Superich:computer-EnglishFilesystemᦻÉÛÜrecommendëìáíFAT(fileallocationtable)ᦻÉᑖ§⊤continueïðneed◤⌕skip=consistencyoàឋáâãឋpressᢥcanceläåkey9diskæQwithinᙠ…ôᑁstronglyçᨵéᙢMCTOBO*RWindows2000L_JProfessionalft*??õ3ö÷◤«.FATM.One”<•beckeckedForconsist«ncy•YouRAVcancelZ”but11ttttron«lMr«comwnd«4tMtMtvwlwBwillcheckth*VolIMS«ri«lHimberit44CC-851DMin4wtItwrirviwf••.avwlFolders•••Ft!•aiwtF«l4«rvariFicattonisconFlete•M(IUOWIMttM/<1•aMFouiWnorrobUn.ø*SS26úFilas.-n■1199Foldecs.ûüniiioýþ•••KBare«vail«Ble.HJMtaeAcIt«lloc«ttonunit.*•»**unit*ondUk.allwatienunit*AVAIIASUon4(«k.secondÿVolumeSerialNumber ᔁ(JWindowswillnowcheckthedisk.verifyVolumeSerialNumberis44CC-85EDfolderᦻᜳWindowsisverifyingfilesandfolders...percentᑖ43percentcompleted...completeᡂ-12- 12Chapter2Windowsisverifyingfilesandfolders...Fileandfolderverificationiscomplete.Windowshascheckedthefilesystemandfoundnoproblem.7800336KBtotaldiskspace.435556KBin266hiddenfiles.5624KBin1199folders.2157488KBin18143files.5201664KBareavailable.4096bytesineachallocationunit.1950084totalallocationunitsondisk.1300416allocationunitsavailableondisk.hiddenfile◚ᦻVerificationavailableᑭᵨḄFound findḄᑖByte ⁚noproblem ⚪Each%&'total!Ḅ"ᐰ$Ḅallocationunitᑖ+ᓫᐗdiskspace( )*WordsBaseMemorySize34ᑁ6ᜧ8allocation./3•ᓱ♦2ᑖ+becapableof9:billionᓝ 13Superich:computer-EnglishcancelVᑗ1”WXYZfilesystemᦻÀÁcapable[\⇟^_Q᱄•aᨵ9cḄfloppydriveÂÃcheck.♦deᑗaffolder᱄Qᦻᜳclassify.gh•ivt.ᑖjfound(findḄᑖ).Å(S3*complete&jkm_•ᐶ[♦aᡂgenerallyÆḂÈÉQ_Wᐶaadv.&Ê,computer.op_5♦_n.qrs,Ë»ᵯᾯconfigurationGHz:GÌᐻ&jp■x)z^{|♦[_}ᐶᔢᓱ.an.+HardDisk:Î hiddenfile◚ᦻconsiderable.ᓱ■♦^Q_Qhigher-qualityÏÐÑÒadjᜧ(ᡈ)Ḅhundredconsistency.ᑗg♦♦♦Q■♦J&.2ÓÔ_ÕÔa&ឋ"ឋIDE(IntegratedDeviceElectronics):continue&jyC1♦ভv.Öᡂ¤ᜓᵯ×controller.hf■♦_^♦•Qaᑴᘤinformation.⚪ØCPU(CentralProcessingUnit)QᜐᳮᘤÙdataS^m.Kf^nᧇ"ᦪinstruction.ᐶ■g♦♦_)ᑗÚQ.aᢣÜdate^nN♦¡Intel(R)Celeron(R):ÝÞIntelDDR&¢ᑁ6ᩩßgàḄ&¢ᜐᳮᘤḄá Devicen.¤ᜓKB(kilobyte)ᓟ ⁚diskspace( )*keyãaädisk5^♦ᦑ§a( keyboard.2[ån.ä displaytype¨©jªlightweight[•ᔠç♦♦ᐺᱥêÒëḄeach &'logo᪗íîenabled«¬Ḅmainprocessor@ᜐᳮᘤenter.2ITfpvt.ᐭ"¯ᐭmainframe.Æᜥð_É:On.ᜧªsEthernet°±²MB(megabyte)ᐚ ⁚ext.MemorySize´ᑁ6ᜧ8Memoryò0n0W_ᐶaᑁ6externalcacheµa´¶6menu.♦[aóᓫextremelyN&j♦g♦_NQQNadv.¸ᙢ"º»ᙢMicroprocessor.ßJ(fc§np2__ড⍝_বafast[¼_♦♦adj.½¾Ḅn.÷ᜐᳮᘤFAT(fileallocationtable)ᦻᑖ+⊤minicomputer-14- 14Chapter2.2ON-N&jqO&Cler♦.p8ªsSecondMaster:bcᦪef>@mode QP*2øùSecondSlave:bcᦪefA@multimedia[O)•♦ᐶ^[SerialPortgúûsetuphimulti-userᵨᡝShareMemorySizeᐳkᑁKᜧmneedaXH^◤⌕simultaneouslynetwork.211[&j²ÿ♦•♦■adv.Eᙢnoproblem □□(Q6⚪single-userᓫᵨᡝnotebookcomputerᵯᾯskip♦&jNCIv.rsonboardslot ♦•t♦□.uvoverlap•ஹ.()small♦O$QXadj.mḄParallelPortstatus♦♦Nᐶ♦♦xPCI(PeripheralComponentInterface)ᕜ ᐗ !"storage♦♦zZV{Xn.KLpersecond#$strongly|•}adv.9ᨵ5ᙢpercent □&5♦!Tfn.)ᑖ+supercomputer ~♦᧕ᑗ608^♦♦Xperform □,SOvt.-n.Jpersonalcomputer(pc)/0ᵯᾯsupport□Ḅᔣ♦ஹᢝpower12♦3n.4556technology ♦⇟ᑗ•{Nn.ᢈpowerful ♦7᱄adj.9ᜧḄthough ♦conj.ᯠᨵ5ḄpressEinnVᢥthousand ♦ ᓟPrimaryMaster:>?@totalḄᐰḄPrimarySlave:A@UltraDMA(UltraDirectMemoryAccess)ProcessorClockᜐᳮᘤEF⚣᳛"KLRAM(RandomAccessMemory)unit er♦ ■ ♦ᓫᐗIJKLᘤUSB(UniversalSerialBus)recommend0ᑗ0NOPᓃRSᵨgfTverificationrecordDlTL&j4VWXY ♦:♦^ᐶ"#ᑗ$ᐶ%ᓝ'(release Z•>(♦X\]verify ♦:♦0Z1Nvt.save♦ITLNOvt.^KVGA(VideoGraphicsArray)searchfor♦᧕♦▼X`a⚣¡"second ♦R&j$VolumeSerialNumber@ᔁ£ᑡ, 15Superich:computer-Englishwithinᙠ...Gᑁ[I♦J+KLMজ]n.NOPworkstation-16- 16Chapter3Chapter3HardwareISectionACPUCentralProcessingUnitisthebrainofthecomputer.Sometimesitreferstosimplytheprocessororcentralprocessor;mostcalculationstakeplaceinCPU.Onlargemachines,CPUsrequireoneormoreprintedcircuitboards.Onpersonalcomputersandsmallworkstations,theCPUisinasinglechipcalledamicroprocessor.TwotypicalcomponentsofaCPUare:thearithmeticlogicunit(ALU)andthecontrolunit.TheALUperformsarithmeticandlogicaloperations,thecontrolunitextractsinstructionsfrommemoryanddecodesandexecutesthem,anditwillcallontheALUwhennecessary./cpuḄ¥/ᐺ§Ḅᑖ¨/©alu3cu,aluᦪ3ª«¬®ᑴᓫᐗAᑁK°±ᢣ³3´µ¶·¸⌕ḄE»ᵨALUThemajorCPUmanufacturersincludeIntel,Motorola,IBM,AdvancedMicroDevices¼½M 17Superich:computer-EnglishTheIntelmainlyprovidesPentiumandCeleronprocessorsandtheAMDmainlyprovidesAthlon,Duron,Thunderbird,SempronandOpteronprocessors/INTEL>⌕¾¿ᝂÁ3ÂÃAMD>⌕¾¿ÄÅÆÅÇÈÉÅ3ḍÅᜐᳮᘤAspecificCPUismainlydescribedbyitsclockspeedofthesystemandoftheCPU,theamountofcacheandexternalcacheavailableandthebusarchitectureorsupportingcircuitryonthemotherboard./ËÌḄCPUᜧÍᵨcpu3ÎÏEFÄÐnJᑭᵨḄÒK3ÒK6ÔÕfÖÎ×᪀ᡈὅÛ©ᙠ>ÝḄᢝᵯÞᩭàáTermsofCPUICIntegratedCircuitâᡂᵯÞThisisthemostimportantelectronicinthe20thcentury;itisthebaseofthecomputerstructure.ä©/ᙠ20åæᨬè⌕Ḅᵯéᢈ¶©JÖÎêëẠPGAPin-GridArray┐îᑡThisisthemostcommonCPUappearance.ä©ᜧðᦪcpuᵨñSlot1ForInteFsPentiumII,PentiumIII,andsomeofit'sCeleronchips,theCPUisputonasmallcircuitboardwithsomeexternalcachememory,andencasedorpackagedinaplasticcassetteCPU©òóᙠ/ᨵôÒKḄᵯÞÝVõ¶óᐭᡈὅᒹøᙠ/ᛛᧇûüü☢MathCoprocessorᦪþÿᜐᳮᘤTheMathCoprocessorisasecondprocessorinyourcomputer,itdoesallthecalculationswhichinvolvefloatingpoint(decimal)numbers,suchasscientificcalculationsandalgebraicfunctions.ᦪᜐᳮᘤḄᜐᳮᘤᡠᨵḄᒹᦪஹ ᦪ ḄCacheCachememory,twoofthemainfactorsthataffectacache'sperformancearesize(oramountofcachememory)andlevel,(internalandexternalcacheandlevel1orlevel2cache)-18- 18Chapter3!"#$%!"ḄឋḄ'(⌕Ḅ*+,-.!"Ḅᦪ/0 1ᦪ.ᑁ3 3Ḅ%1ᡈ1!"0ClockSpeed6789TheclockspeedofaCPUisdefinedasthefrequencythataprocessorexecutesinstructionsorthatdataisprocessed.Thisclockspeedismeasuredinmillionsofcyclespersecondormegahertz MHz.CPU6789:;<=ᜐᳮᘤ?ᢣAᡈὅᜐᳮᦪCḄ⚣᳛F67ᵨHIJKᕜMᡈᐚOᐻᩭ⊝/BUSSTAsetofelectronicsignalpathwaysthatallowsinformationandsignalstotravelbetweencomponents ᪀ᡂḄWᡂḄᔠᡂḄᡂᑖḄ0insideoroutsideofacomputer.%WZᐕ\]^ ]_ᙠᵯᾯᑁ3 3ᐗ+def〈ᵯh]_ḄijSectionBMainboardThemainboardisthelargestcircuitboardinsideyourcomputer'scase.It*ssometimescalledthesystemboard,thelogicboard,thebaseboard,ortheplanarboard.Everythingconnectedtoyourcomputersystem,plugseitherdirectlyorindirectlyintothemainboard.Itistrulythecentralnervoussystemofcomputer.ᙠkḄᵯᾯlm☢(oᨬᜧḄᵯiorr:s=tuoஹvwoஹxoஹy☢o{|%}~ᑮkḄtuḄᓽ~e~Ḅᑮ(oḄḄᏉḄtuTermsofmainboardPC/XT(personalcomputerextendedtechnology)Thisisoneoftheformfactorsofmainboard.IBM.Itusedtobeastandardofmainboard.OtherstandardsareAT,ATX. 19Superich:computer-English(oḄ᪀d%IBMᵯᾯḄᢈ:ᵨ(oḄ᪗d%,ᐸḄ᪗AT,ATXExpansionBusandExpansionSlotsTheexpansionbus.orexternalbus,ismadeupoftheelectronicpathwaysthatconnectthedifferentexternaldevicestotherestofyourcomputer;theseexternaldevicesconnecttoportsonthebackofthecomputer.Thoseportsareactuallypartofasmallcircuitboardor'card'thatfitsintoaconnectoronyourmainboardinsidethecase.Theconnectoriscalledanexpansionslot.STᡈὅ3STᵫ%tᑡḄᵯhijᡠWᡂ}~Ḅ3¡ᜓᑮkḄᵯᾯF£3¡ᜓ}~ᑮl¤¥Ḅ¦§¨£¦§©ᑗḄ«¬ᵯioḄ%3ᑖᡈὅ«“ᓱ”“ᓱ”°±²ᙠkḄl(oḄ}~~§:s=³IRQ(InterruptRequestlines)(µ¶·)InterruptRequestlinesarespecialpathwaysdirectlytotheprocessorthatadeviceusestogettheattentionoftheCPUwhenitneedsto.DMAChannels(DIRECTMEMORYACCESS)DMAstandsforDirectMemoryAccess.BusMasteringThiscircuitry,includedwiththecircuitryonaparticulardevice,couldallowthedevicetocontrolitsowntransferofdatatoanotherdevice,freeinguptheCPUforothertasks.]F£ᵯiᒹ¹%£ºᱯ¡ᜓḄᵯiZ¼¡ᜓ½ᑴ¿ÀᦪCÁÂᑮᐸ¡ᜓ¼CPUᨵÃÄḄÅÆÇᜐᳮᐸ{È16-BitISABus(INDUSTRYSTANDARDARCHITECTUREBUS)TheIndustryStandardArchitecturebus(ISA-pronounced"ice-ah").-20- 20Chapter3ExtendedISA,EISA.PCI.ᕜÊᐗË~§0PeripheralComponentInterconnectUSB.ÌᵨÍ?ST0UniversalSerialBusMemoryandOtherDevicesROM:ReadOnlyMemoryÎÏ"ÐᘤPROM:ProgrammableReadOnlyMemoryÑÒḄÎÏ"ÐᘤEPROM:ErasableProgrammableReadOnlyMemoryÓÑÒÎÏ"ÐᘤEEPROM:ElectronicallyErasableProgrammableReadOnlyMemoryFLASHROM:AtypeofEEPROMRAM:RandomAccessMemoryÔ"Õ"ÐᘤDRAM:DynamicRandomAccessMemoryÖÔ"Õ"ÐᘤSRAM:StaticRandomAccessMemory☟Ô"Õ"ÐᘤSDRAM:SynchronousDRAMÙÖÔ"Õ"ÐᘤDDR-SDRAM:DoubleDataRate-SDRAM 21Superich:computer-EnglishThefigurebelowshowssometypesofRAM:-22- 22Chapter3WordsincludeX»S•♦᧕ᒹjhardwareÚÛᯠÝÞËIntelklᱯn0;CPUopᖪprocessÚ§§=®á♦Hl/ᜐᳮMotorola᥅ᡲtu0unit0er4H«tᓫᐗIBM InternationalBusinessMachinesbrainÚᵯ§ãᐶåᜧᾯAMD advancedmicrodevicesvᘤwreferÚ§ᐶá3%1æᑮçèkAMD0;a⌕opx-yḄCPUsimply0*XOD»XéᓫᙢëëᱏcalculationÚì♦í•n*î'.åCyrixkCyrix0;z{|}ᜧḄCPUᱏopᔆᖪmachineQñᐶòåᘤóprovide/ᐶ`;ItakeplaceôõAlthlon AMDḄp requireÚ§ᐶöᑗ.÷ᐶø◤⌕úADuron AMDḄp printedcircuitboardE1ᑵᵯioThunderbird/■%workstationÚá♦üÝᑗ—ãþÿ AMDḄp Sempron AMDḄp single♦ᐹ•ᓫḄOpteronḍ AMDḄp chipff^KDᱏPeniumᝂ IntelḄp microprocessorᑗᓱ=«§ ♦Celeron IntelḄp … ᜐᳮᘤspecific/♦♦ᐶ9ᐶḄ;ᱯḄtypical$♦ᐶᐶᱥ'(ᐺ*Ḅdescribe0N♦Nᑗarithmetic6+,p.N&j-.amountᦪlogic/0•Ḅ1ᑖN&j34internalN■ᑁḄperform/56789:;:cacherO®-¡TUᘤoperation/=8°®@⇟ᓱB1■EexternalITL&jố♦□■•ḄextractN&j@♦F&j.GH;IJavailable/ᓱ6•¥•¦§¨ḄinstructionN■K♦♦+ᑗজ'®-ᢣQarchitecture/6©ª«¬᪀memory/6RSᐶTUᘤ;ᑁWsupportKPKᵫ♦¯ᢝ;¯ᥛdecode/XaWNYZṹmotherboard/0+²³02a´execute♦\♦:integrateᐶ.* ᐶ·¸ᡂnecessary]^Ḅcircuitᵯ¼major/6_`ᑖ6a⌕Ḅelectronic/•⇟ᑗ+.■ᵯ½manufacture/cO8er*EH8&j♦deḄᑴ⌼ 23Superich:computer-Englishtechnology.RᑗK■8•W¾Nᢈ.plug□•)¥Century/n.zÁplanar ⇟ᐶ ☢Ḅ ᚆḄStructure/6♦♦¬᪀directlyᐶ#^%'(ᙢMathO+,n.ᦪÂindirectlyᐶᐶ *(ᙢCoprocessorn.Ãᜐᳮᘤnervous +,Board/ᵯ8Ä´extendN&j♦ ♦⇟-/encaseNᑗᔣÆÇᐭ;ᒹÉstandard ᪗1package/ᑗᐶÊᒹᒹË;ᒹconnect ■Rt&je2(plastic•/♦♦ᐶᑗᛛᧇport□41♦5cassette/ᑗÏÐÑÒÓÔ½actually 6•78▭involveN■ᚪs•ÖᒹjIRQinterruptrequestline:;<=common/ᐳ6Ḅattention>?♦!TLbp.@Aᐵ@appearance/6ᓱ"®-"Ùaccess 8C?⇟EFGஹIJFloatpointnumberÚÛᦪparticularK ♦N&jer.pᱯMḄdecimalmri/NQ%ᓝÝᑴdevice ♦:♦Oᐶ♦PᜓஹᘤSscientific/♦*■♦Nk'N&jÞÂḄtransferT⌴algebraicßḄᐶ04R7ᐶᑗátask♦V0♦/XYᦪḄindustryᵫ*■]%♦♦□ᐶ_`a`function/᱄+ãäå;æᦪpronounceb?cdaffectçèéperipheralߟᕜQR?P^P$hḄ,mainOHtXBa⌕ḄjPᜓḄfactor/6êëᑗ.1ìí;⌕íinterconnectkᐶ■♦€ᜓmজoᵨ■⇟/♦qὶdefine5N6îᐶï`USBsᵨtu=frequency/67ᐶ■♦⚣᳛programmableHnCJ=®©fY)ri^O=s:)^®measure/6O1TLᑖòó;ôõ;övwxḄcycle♦N&j÷ᕜù;úûerasableNyᐶzᮞv|◀v~signal/üý◀Ḅpathway13□þ\,♦RN¼;ÿdynamicN 8ON&jḄallows •ঝ♦ᐕrandom —a"®Ḅinformationᐶᑐ ᐶ=®.static &5☟Ḅsynchronous♦ᐶᑗb°®” Ḅtravel♦4rate!!*♦᳛-24- 24Chapter4Chapter4HardwareIISectionASystemComponentsMicrocomputer,minicomputer,mainframe,andsupercomputersystemsincludedevicestoinput,process,store,andoutputdata.StudyFigure3-1tolearnaboutthehardwarecomponentsyouwilluseonatypicalmicrocomputersystem.Figure3-1FIGURE1-6SystemunitAtypicalpersonalcomputersystemincludesthesystemunit,andavarietyofstorage,input,andoutputdevices.Thesystemunitistheboxthatcontainsthepowersupply,storagedevices,andthecircuitboardwiththecomputer'smainprocessorandmemory.Storagemediaarephysicalmaterialsthatprovidelong-termcomputerdata.-25- 25Superich:computer-EnglishTheprimaryoutputdeviceisthemonitor,it'sadisplaydevicethatformsanimageonthescreen.Mostcomputershaveakeyboardastheprimaryinputdevice.Acomputerkeyboardincludestheletterandnumberkeys,andseveralkeysthatcontrolcomputer-specifictasks.Afloppydiskdriveisastoragedevicethatwritesdataonfloppydisks.ACD-ROMdriveandaDVDdrivearestoragedevicesthatuselasertechnologytoreaddatafromopticaldisks.Aharddiskdrivecanstorebillionsofcharactersonanon-removablediskplatter.Itisfixedinsidethesystemunit.Anexternallightindicatestheharddisk'sworkingstate.Amouseisaninputdevicethatyouusetooperateobjectsonthescreen.SectionBPeripheraldevicesTheterm""peripheraldevice^^referstoequipmentthatmightbeaddedtoacomputersystemtoenhanceitsfunctionality.Forexample,aprinterisapopularlyusedwithmicrocomputers,minicomputers,andmainframecomputers.Keyboards,monitors,diskdrives,andmicearesometimesclassifiedasperipheraldevices.Figure3-1Peripheraldevicesallowyoutoexpandandmodifyabasiccomputersystem.Ascannercanenableyourcomputerininputtingphotographs.Amodemconnectsyourcomputertothetelephonesystem-26- 26Chapter4sothatyoucanaccessinformationonline.Aperipheraldeviceisusuallysoldwithinstallationinstructionsandspeciallydesignedsoftware.Youcouldfollowtheinstructionstoinstallthedeviceanditssoftware.Makesurethecomputeristurnedoffbeforeyouconnectaperipheraldevice.Figure3-2toFigure3-6followingprovidesabriefoverviewofpopularmicrocomputerperipheraldevices.Figure3-2Monitorscomeinmanyshapesandsizes,includingthisflatpanelliquidcrystaldisplay.Figure3-3Acolorink-jetprintercreatescharactersbysprayinginkontopaper.Figure3-4Acomputerprojectiondeviceproducesalargedisplayoftheinformationshownonthecomputerscreen.Figure3-5Ascannercovertsapageofatextorimageintoanelectricformatthatthecomputercandisplay,print,andstoreFigure3-6Adigitalcamerarecordsanimage,thenspecialdigitizinghardwareandsoftwareconverttheimageintoasignalthatacomputercanstoreandtransmit.-27- 27Superich:computer-EnglishAssignmentsFilltheblanksaccordingtothetext.ThentranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.Thesystemunitistheorthatcontainsthepowersupply,storagedevices,andthecircuitboard.Theprimaryoutputdeviceonamicrocomputeristhe.Keyboards,monitors,diskdrives,andmicearesometimesclassifiedas,eventhoughtheyareincludedwithmostbasiccomputer.MostmicrocomputerperipheraldevicesaredesignedforinstallationbyuserswithoutWordselectricalᵨᑗ♦ঢ•adjarchitecture ËÌn.ᵯḄÍ᪀ÏÐenhanceN■♦■arithmetic¥ -ÑOc.N&jn.ÒÓequipᐳ ᑗ/v.ᜓᜓcapabilityÔ &*•*♦*Õmexecute ᑗ.NGj4♦♦categoryᑗ”ᐶ«b-n.Ö×expandN&j♦¡2/circuitØ*Ko-8n.ᵯÙexpertise¢#£b?♦-ᑵn.¥¦ᢈ¨compatibilityÚᡭ♦ᐶ Üᐶ•ᐶ♦ᐶn.ÝÕឋfetchV.©ᩭcomponentß ....ᡂᑖfigure 9-«n.¬ ®¯°ᦪcontainâK■ v.ᒹä²convert&jp■ ♦å♦K.v.æçfloppydiskS/'e^DK³´createᑗᐳ RᐶḄ«,è⌼focushV.µfollow V.⍳·current &jê■♦adj.ëìḄdamageEiaSON2Èv.íîformatn.¸¹vt.¸¹ᓄ»¼´½decode¢2ᐶv.ïṹfunctional ᱄'½ᐹᑗÁadj.ÂÃḄderiveuᐶ ñNOv.òfundamental█; OR6Ædetermineᐶ ♦¥ÌONv.óôÇḄdigitalcameraimage NONPÈn. É° È ᑗõ¥^ᦪṹ᯿÷inconvenient-28- 28Chapter4¢■ ♦:♦N^erya.øÁùpanel8n.☢6Ḅ3peripheral7 ^^9<Ḅink-jetúûplatform•>♦᱄'ḄQn.ABinstallationÚ-■♦♦ •0-bn.üprocess♦HVv.ᜐᳮprojectionEFITL&jyp-n.ᢗHintelligence-■ ♦⇟ýn.õþproprietaryডJKN♦a.laserâ-ÿᑓn.ᐝᡠᨵᩗḄliquidcrystal•ᐶaᑗ♦♦•purchase&♦eᡭPQᨔregisterR0gpn.STᘤlocation♦ᑗn.removeᐶJQ♦UVv.WXlogic•N&jn.scanner■&n.Z[\manufacture ♦ V.ᑴ⌼signal 29Superich:ComputerEnglishChapter5OSandGUISectionAIntroductionofOSOS(OperatingSystem)isthemostimportantprogramthatrunsonacomputer.Everygeneral-purposecomputermusthaveanoperatingsystemtorunotherprograms.Operatingsystemsperformbasictasks,suchasrecognizinginputfromthekeyboard,sendingoutputtothedisplayscreen,keepingtrackoffilesanddirectoriesonthedisk,andcontrollingperipheraldevicessuchasdiskdrivesandprinters.Whatdoesanoperatingsystemdoforyou?Justasaninterpreterhelpscommunicationamongforeigndiplomats,yourOStranslatesyourcommands('openfile')intotheIsandOsthecomputercanunderstand.Butmorethanmerelyinterpreting,theOSbecomesatrafficcop.IfyouarerunningtwoapplicationsonyourPCatthesametime,theOSallocatesthecomputer'sresources.TheOSalsocontrolsinternalcomponents,suchasmemory,externaldevices-monitors,modems,storagedevices.Howmanykindsofoperatingsystemsexist?MicrosoftCorp/swindows2000;AppleComputerInc.'sMacintoshOS,IBMCorp.'sMVS;thevariousversionofUnix(likeLinux).Differentoperationsystemsaredesignedfordifferentkindsofcomputer;WindowsrunsonPCs,whereasMVSrunsonmainframes.-30- 30Chapter5SectionBIntroductionofGUII.Whatisagraphicuserinterface?Agraphicuserinterfaceisaprograminterfocethattakesadvantageofthecomputer'sgraphicscapabilitiestomaketheprogrameasiertouse.Well-designedgraphicaluserinterfacescanfreetheuserfromlearningcomplexcommandlanguages.II.BasiccomponentsGraphicaluserinterfaces,suchasMicrosoftWindowsandtheoneusedbytheAppleMacintosh,featurethefollowingbasiccomponents:PointerAsymbolthatappearsonthedisplayscreenandthatyoumovetoselectobjectsandcommands.Usually,thepointerappearsasasmallangledHITOW.Text-processingapplications,however,useanI-beampointerthatisshapedlikeacapitalI.PointingDevice:Adevice,suchasamousethatenablesyoutoselectobjectsonthedisplayscreen.Icons:Smallpicturesthatrepresentcommands,files,orwindows.Bymovingthepointertotheiconandpressingamousebutton,youcanexecuteacommandorconverttheiconintoawindow.Youcanalsomovetheiconsaroundthedisplayscreenasiftheywererealobjectsonyourdesk.Desktop:Theareaonthedisplayscreenwhereiconsaregroupedisoftenreferredtoasthedesktopbecausetheiconsareintendedtorepresentrealobjectsonarealdesktop.Windows:Youcandividethescreenintodifferentareas.Ineachwindow,youcanrunadifferentprogramordisplayadifferentfile.Youcanmovewindowsaroundthedisplayscreen,andchangetheirshapeandsizeatwill.-31- 31Superich:ComputerEnglishMenus:Mostgraphicaluserinterfacesletyouexecutecommandsbyselectingachoicefromamenu.Thefirstgraphicaluserinterfacewasdesignedinthe1970s,butitwasnotuntilthe1980sandtheemergenceoftheAppleMacintoshthatgraphicaluserinterfacesbecamepopular.OnereasonfortheirslowacceptancewasthefactthattheyrequireconsiderableCPUpowerandahigh-qualitymonitor,whichuntilrecentlywerestillexpensive.Inadditiontotheirvisualcomponents,graphicaluserinterfacesalsomakeiteasiertomovedatafromoneapplicationtoanother.AtrueGUIincludesstandardformatsfbrrepresentingtextandgraphics.Becausetheformatsarewell-defined,differentprogramsthatrununderacommonGUIcansharedata.Forexample,thismakesitpossibletocopyagraphwhichiscreatedbyaspreadsheetprogramintoadocumentwhichiscreatedbyawordprocessor.-32- 32Chapter5Wordsgraphical 33Superich:ComputerEnglishChapter6:BIOSorCMOSSetupSectionA:BIOS/CMOSSETUPBIOSBasicInput/OutputSystem'()ᐭ/)+,-CMOSComplementaryMetalOxideSemiconductor.⊡012ᓄᱥ567MAINSCREENThisistheBIOSsetup.IfyouhaveadifferentversionoftheAwardBIOS,therewouldbealotofsimilarities.IfyourBIOSismadebyAMIorPhoenix,thenthecommonBIOSfeatureswouldhavesomesimilarities.WhateverBIOSyouhave,thissetupguideshouldgiveyouanideaabouthowtosetupBIOS.InordertosetupBIOScorrectly,youshouldfollowtheBIOSguideandtheguideisprovidedonyourmotherboardmanual.ROHPCI/ISABIOS(«P2B»>Gao?inSoftCMOSSETUPUTILITYAWARDSOFTWARE,INC.STANDARDCMOSSETUPSUPERUISORPASSWORDBIOSFEATURESSETUPUSERPASSWORDCHIPSETFEATURESSETUPIDEHDDAUTODETECTIONPOWERMANAGEMENTSETUPSAUE&EXHSETUPPNPANDPCISETUPEXITWITHOUTSAVINGLOADBIOSDEFAULTSLOADSETUPDEFAULTSEscQuit1“SelectItemP10iGave&ExitGetup<6hift>F2iChangeColorTine,Date,HardDisk,Type...-34- 34Chapter6STANDARD᪗!CMOSTANDARDCMOSSETUP᪗!CMOS89BIOSFEATURESSETUPBIOS:;89CHIPSETFEATURESETUP<ᱏ>:;89POWERMANAGEMENTSETUPᵯ@Aᳮ89PNP/PCICONFIGURATIONSETUPᓽDᓽᵨFPCIG89LOADBIOSDEFAULTSIᐭBIOSJḕLSUPERVISORPASSWORDMᦋAᳮᕒPṹUSERPASSWORDAᳮὅPṹ89IDEHDDAUTODETECTIONSTUVIDE89SAVEEXITSETUPWX⌨+EXITWITHOUTSAVEZWX⌨+ROMPCI/ISABIOS« 35Superich:ComputerEnglishSectionB:STANDARDCMOSTANDARDCMOSSETUPFirstStandardCMOSSetupHereyoucansetupthebasicBIOSfeaturessuchasdate,time,typeoffloppyetc.Usethearrowkeystomovearoundandpressentertoselecttherequiredoption.YoucanspecifywhatIDEdevicesyouhavesuchasHarddiskdrive,CD-ROM,ZIPdriveetc.TheeasiestwaytosetuptheIDEdevicesistosettoauto.ThisallowstheBIOStodetectthedevicesutomatically,soyoudon'thavetodoitmanually.Italsodisplaysthetotalmemoryinyoursystem.PrimaryMasterDrive[\]^TᘤPrimarySlaveDrive[\`^TᘤSecondaryMasterDrive[]^TᘤSecondarySlaveDrive[`^TᘤDate(mn/date/year)andTime:Tochangethedateandtimeofthesystemclock.PrimaryMaster/PrimarySlave/SecondaryMaster/SecondarySlaveThecategoriesidentifythetypesof2channels.Theyhavebeeninstalledinthecomputer.Ifyourharddiskdrivetypeisnotlistedinthe45predefinedtypes,youcanusetype''User'todefineyourowndrivetypemanually.Ifyouselecttype''Auto'\thesystemwillautodetectyourharddiskatbootup.Ifyouselecttype''User'',entertheinformationdirectlyfromthekeyboardandpressEnter.FloppydriveA:ThetypeoffloppydriveinstalledfbrdriveA.Frequentconfigurationsare1.44MBor1.2MB.Newersystemshavealsoa2.88MBsetting.FloppydriveB:ThetypeoffloppydriveinstalledfbrdriveB.SecondBiosFeaturesSetupTherearemanyadvancedsettings.Youcanselectthemifrequired.Formostcasesleavingthedefaultsettingshouldbeadequate.Asyoucanseethefirstbootdeviceissetto-36- 36Chapter6floppy.Thisensuresthatthefloppydiskisreadfirstwhenthesystemboots,andthereforecanbootfromwindowsbootdisk.ThesecondbootdeviceistheHarddiskandthirdissettoLSI20.IfyouwanttobootfromabootableCDthenyoucansetthethirdbootdevicetoCD/DVD-ROM.BootvirusDeldetectionROMPCI/ISftBIOS<«P2B»>GaoYinSoftBIOSFEATURESSETUPWARDSOFTWARE,INC.CPUInternalCoreSpeed 450MHzPCI/UGAPaletteSnoop DisabledUideoROMBIOSShadow EnabledC8000-CBFFFShadow EnabledBootUirusDeltection DisabledCC000-CFFFFShadow EnabledCPULevel1Cache EnabledD0000-D3FFFShadow EnabledCPULeuel2Cache EnabledD4000-D7FFFShadow EnabledCPULeuel2CacheECCCheck EnabledD8000-DBFFFShadow EnabledBIOSUpdate EnabledDC000-DFFFFShadow EnabledTurboMode DisabledBootUpNunLockStatus OnQuickPowerOnSelfTest EnabledTypenaticRateSetting DisabledHDDSequenceSCSI/IDEFirst IDETypenaticRate 37Superich:ComputerEnglishBootupFloppySeekEnabled:BIOSsearchesforthefloppydiskdrive(s)todetermineifthedrive(s)is/arereadyfordisketteread/writeduringbooting.Disabled:Skipdriveseekingtospeedupsystembooting.Third:ChipsetFeatureSetupHereyoucansetupthecontentsofthechipsetbuffers.Itiscloselyrelatedtothehardwareandisthereforerecommendedthatyouleavethedefaultsettingifyoudon'tknowwhatyouaredoing.Havinganincorrectsettingcanmakeyoursystemunstable.Ifyouhave128MBSDRAMthenthemaximumamountofmemorytheAGPcardcanuseis128MB.ROMPCI/ISABIOS« 38Chapter6Fifth:Pnp/PCIConfigurationSetupThismenuallowsyoutoconfigureyourPCIslots.Itisrecommendedthatyouleavethedefaultsettings.Sixth:LoadBIOSDefaultsIfyoumadechangestotheBIOSandyoursystembecomesunstableasaresult,youcanchangeitbacktodefault.Howeverifyoumademanychangesanddon'tknowwhichoneiscausingtheproblem,yourbestwayistochoosetheoption"LoadFailSafeModeDefaults*1fromtheBIOSmenu.Thisusesaminimalperformancesetting,butthesystemwouldruninastableway.FromthedialogboxChoose"Y”followedbyentertoloadFail-SafeDefaults.ROMPCI/ISABIOS« 39Superich:ComputerEnglishdialogboxchoosenYH.NinthExitWithoutSavingIfyoudon*twanttosavechangesmadetotheBIOS,choosefromthedialogbox.AssignmentsTranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.1)HereyoucansetupthebasicBIOSfeaturessuchasdate,time,typeoffloppyetc.Usethearrowkeystomovearoundandpressentertoselecttherequiredoption.YoucanspecifywhatIDEdevicesyouhavesuchasharddrive,CD-ROM,ZIPdriveetc.2)NewAwardBIOSsnowoffer10differentbootsequenceoptionsofthreedriveseach.InadditiontothetraditionaldrivesAandC,optionsincludeIDEharddrivesD,E,andF;plusaCD-ROMdrive.Wordscorrectly®©rJR&j♦•ᱥadv.ាScreen♦/n¤■n¥¦§ᙢ,ÔÕᙢstandardadj.᪗!ḄguideÖF¾×n.ᢣᓭchipset<ᱏ¨feature©ᔣ♦ᓱn.ᱯᱯ⁐provide613♦:♦FNPv.ÚÛÚÜsupervisor♦¯♦°♦:♦±Amotherboard+PÝÞᳮ²ßÞconfigurationmanualEiOB-er1*%!!.áâᢣᓭ©ᑗ■µhNVer♦¶ᐶbp.n.¸᪀º9\PNP=PlugandPlay,ᓽDᓽᵨfloppy¼᱄•¾ᐶdiskäXdefault»ᐶ¼½?¾¿n.ÀÁLcomplementarydetermineᐶ©¤ONv.åæÕæ&QO•ÃQIR.—Äoptionn.⌱⚗⌱éᩗadj.⊡ᐙḄarrowkeyn.êëᜮímetal Ç8n.01specifyî¶59FNvt.ᢣæ,ïðñoxidesemiconductor2ᓄᱥ567òversion♦:♦¤È6■n.᱐(automaticallyó¤ô♦õº•ᑗadv.STᙢ.similarity@Ê♦ᐶᐶ©•ᦑᐶ♦ᐶn.ÌÍ,ÌÍᜐmemoryBOHtO^nKn.WöᘤᑁWfeatureÏm¼♦5Ðn.ᱯ⁐ᱯÑdirectly-40- 40Chapter6vaHousl3♦:♦C*pnNp*adj.:6Ḅᔜ<ᔜadv.øùᙢ᪵Ḅcategoryú&j©♦*Ö3ᐶn.ûÌmaximumEIQgᑗ♦ᐶ0?0n.ᨬᜧBᨬᜧ▲DᜧautodetecSTUVcomplicatedconfigurationü■µ♦ýÇᐶᓽadj.FᩖḄ6rn.᪀⌼¸᪀º9minimalHadjIJḄᨬJ▲DḄadequateᵪ Ḃadj.〉ḄḄperformancen.KLឋN⊤Obootableadj.Ḅdialogboxn.PQ᪾partitiontablen.ᑖ⊤require2ᐶS♦Tvt.◤⌕⌕Wsequence13♦*ᑡaccessḄvt.*XYZPOST=Power-onSelf-Testᵯ access[[♦Upn],ᐭ`avt.*XYZbuffer n.!"ᘤ$%&'Ḅ()!*ᙽᦪchoose.b♦bcv.⌱e⌱fstable-■/adj.ᱞ1Ḅallowᓱh•j♦vt.ᐕlmnrecommend23ᑗp6QITL7O7vt.8 41Superich:ComputerEnglishChapter7NetworkbasicSectionANetworkOverviewWhatIsANetwork?Computernetworkisasystem;itconnectsmanydiscretecomputersystemsbythewaythattheycanshareresources.Itsessenceistoconnectmorethantwocomputersystemssothattheycandolonghaulcommunicationandshareresources.LogicalStructureAccordingtothefunctionofeachcomponent,networkcanbeclassifiedintotwofunctionsubnets——resourcesubnetandcommunicationsubnet,thisisthelogicalstructureofthecomputernetworks.subnetMainfunctionResourceProcessdata,accessnetwork,manageandallocatesubnetsharingresourcesCommunicationControlthecommunicationbetweenthecomputerssubnetNetworkClassificationlocal-areanetworks(LANs):Thecomputersaregeographicallyclosetogether(thatis,in-42- 42Chapter7thesamebuilding).wide-areanetworks(WANs):Thecomputersarefartherapartandareconnectedbytelephonelinesorradiowaves.metropolitan-areanetworks(MANs):Adatanetworkdesignedforatownorcity.campus-areanetworks(CANs):Thecomputersarewithinalimitedgeographicarea,suchasacampusormilitarybase.TopologyThelayoutofdevices,wires,andcablesonanetworkisreferredtoasitstopology.Threemosttypicalphysicaltopologies:star,bus,andring.Mostcomputernetworksareconfiguredinaphysicalstai*topology,butringandbustopologiesareeffectiveinsomeinstallations.Inastartopology,networknodesfanoutfromacentralpoint.Inabustopology,networknodesareconnectedtoeachotherlikea“daisychain”.Inaringtopology,networknodesareconnectedinaclosedcircle.?"oo?o⁚q~Oi--rOoooo6StarBusRingThereareotherkindsoftopology,suchastree,netandsoon.Areal-worldnetworkcanmakeuseofmorethanonetopology.-43- 43Superich:ComputerEnglishSectionBNetworkHardwareandSoftwareWhatisNetworkingHardware?Networkinghardwareincludesallcomputers,peripherals,interfacecardsandotherequipmentneededtoperformdata-processingandcommunicationswithinthenetwork.FileServersThefileservercontrolsthecommunicationofinformationbetweenthenodesonanetwork.WorkstationsAlloftheusercomputersconnectedtoanetworkarecalledworkstations.NetworkInterfaceCardsThenetworkinterfacecard(NIC)providesthephysicalconnectionbetweenthenetworkandthecomputerworkstation.MostNICsareinternal,andthecardisfittedintoanexpansionslotinsidethecomputer.SwitchSwitchesare:Usuallyconfiguredwith8,12,or24RJ-45ports-44- 44Chapter7Oftenusedinastarorstar-wiredringtopologySoldwithspecializedsoftwareforportmanagementAlsocalledhubsUsuallyinstalledinastandardizedmetalrackthatalsomaystorenetmodems,bridges,orroutersHubsAhubisadevicethatconnectsseveralnodesofalocalareanetwork.GatewaysAgatewayisadevicethatperformsfunctionssimilartoarouter.RepeatersSinceasignallosesstrengthasitpassesalongacable,itisoftennecessarytoboostthesignalwithadevicecalledarepeater.Therepeaterelectricallyamplifiesthesignalitreceivesandrebroadcastsit.RoutersAroutertranslatesinformationfromonenetworktoanother.Routerscan:DirectsignaltrafficefficientlyRoutemessagesbetweenanytwoprotocolsRoutemessagesbetweenlinearbus,star,andstar-wiredringtopologiesRoutemessagesacrossfiberoptic,coaxial,andtwisted-paircablingNetworkSoftwareNetworksoftwareactuallycontrolsdatacommunicationandrealizesallkindsofnetworkapplications.Softwarecontainsnetworkprotocolandnetworksoftware.Networksoftwareisakindof-45- 45Superich:ComputerEnglishcomputersoftwarethatcanbeusedandruninnetworkenvironmentorcontrolsandmanagesnetworks.WordsfiberopticᐝÈaccordingto᪷sgatewayÉVRÊ♦♦ITltHn.]Ëᐵallocate[t•y♦ᑗuᐶ.]vt.ᑖwᑖ[geographicalamplify[tyᜧz{adjᙢᳮḄapplication[Ḅᶇ2•ᐶ}ᑗ3ᐶ"®-]n.hub[ᯠ &]n.ËÏÐÑᘤᵨᵨinformation[ N■/p6QnN-]n.base[<^1TLX»]n.ᙢ/boostv.8installation[}•nNkP]n.ÒcableH&jULNa]n.ᵯÓcampus[6/8Q2"n.᪥internal[N■Ô♦pQ]adj.ᑁᙠḄcircle♦?ᙊᕜ,ᙊᱥlayout[63ᐶj×ᑜ$Ùclassify[;TN]ᑖᑖlimited[}•NON*N2]adj.ᨵ▲Ḅcoaxial♦Nad"6Ḅlocal[6♦ᑗ]ᙢÚḄᙢḄcommunication[&j°®b■N}&jlogicalstructureÛÜÝ᪀nw]n.manage[]ßᳮ¥ᑴconfigure[■6ᐶᓱ.[%$fmanagement[l3Q8Na$O%■♦]!!.à⃩ßᳮcontain[&j«■6♦RN-]ᒹ¢£¤metropolitan[OITLTJP}2086]control[ᑗ?■6vt.¥ᑴJ,§[adj.âãḄᜧäãconvert[■S♦:]v.©ª«ªᣚmilitary[6QN•ᐶ♦å2ᐶ]adj.æçḄæᵨdaisychain®¯ḄdirectCaXHniTl^f®°jᐶ±2²ᑗnecessary[/111/)0/2ᐶ]adj.è⌕Ḅè♦]◤Ḅvt.ᢣᢣ´ᢣᢵnetwork[h]ËÏdiscrete]ᖛᑗ2*2♦]·ᦣḄnodef■1^♦2]⁚qeffective]N6᱄'nᑗ*NO]adj.ᨵᦔḄperformgp6m$QQ]vt.KLLenvironment[N■S0¼2ᓱᓱḄperipheral2^ê2¼ᑐ?2?ìn.½ÀadjíHḄn.H$ᜓequipment[Nm&j*NDOW]n.$ᜓport[2ob♦]!!.ï2essence[]n.ÂÂÃprotocolð22?**?&^]11.ᫀõöexpansion[N&j♦Ä28—bVm.ᐙprovide[22?6].÷÷-46- 46Chapter7øslot[♦•♦]n.67realize[62ᐶù•TNú]vt.nûᑮýstrengtWDlTLᐹᵨn.::;þÿ subnet♦+4ᜓ>Ḅn,?@rebroadcast[ᐭa4&jswitch[2N.A]n.AᣚCv&n.technology[♦ITl&j■•EF"i]GᢈᢈrepeaterQN,ᘤIresource[♦♦]n.networkinterfacecard(NIC)@ᓱroute[n♦e0]n. ⍝;v.〈topology[=K"N]n.LᡫNOrout6Hli"♦,#জ%nrjs©]trafficP♦QMN&j]n. /;n.ᵫᘤtranslate[4ni^B*S>ntX0]vt.RSᓄserver[0♦Hૄ°^]n.'(ᘤtransmission]♦UᡃᐶজY]Zᓃ\〈,service[♦:♦♦]n'(\]share[bG+]vᐳ-.twisted-pairnn.^_signal[]n./0,/0wire[n.`abᵯsimilar♦]adj.12Ḅ42workstation[♦dᔣHtḛbᝅᵨজ■]!!.Ḅijk-47- 47Superich:ComputerEnglishChapter8GraphicsSectionAFormatofImagesBMPformatBMPistheabbreviationofBitmap.ItisthestandardimagefileformatinWindowsoperatingsystem,anditissupportedbymanywindowsapplication.Itcontainsrichimageinformationandmerelynocompressionsothatitsstoragetakestoomuchspace.BMPisquitepopulartostand-alonecomputers.GIFformatGIFistheabbreviationofGraphicsInterchangerFormatlmAᣚno.ItisdevelopedbyanAmericanonlineinformationserviceinstitutionCompuServe.GIFshighcompressionproportioncauseditsrapidandwideapplication.Withthedevelopmentoftechnology,GIFcanalsostoreseveralstaticimagestoformcontinuouscartoon.GIFAalsosupportgradualdisplay,butthereisashortage,itcan*tstoreimageswithcolortypesmorethan256.JPEG2000JPGformatJPGisdevelopedandnamedbyJointPhotographicExpertsGroup,withadvancedcompressiontechnologyitcanshowhighqualityimagewhilemakeextremelyhighcompressionproportion.Andthecompressionproportioncanalsobecustomizedbyusers.Itisthemostpopularimageformatnowadays.AndaneweditionnamedJPEG2000hasalsobeenreleased,itsupportbothlosslessandlossycompression.Andyoucanalsodecidethecompressionqualityoftheareathatyou'reinterestedof.-48- 48Chapter8PSDformatPhotoshopDocumentisthespecialformatforAdobe'sgraphicprocessingsoftwarePhotoshop.Actually,itisthesketchofcomplanatedesign;itcontainsmanytypesofimagelayer,channelandimagemasksothatitisconvenienttomodifythelatestdesign.SWFformatWecanproduceatypeofanimationwithanextendednameofSWFbyusingFLASH.SWFcanexpressrichmultimediaformwithquitelittlestoragespace.Anditcanbeplayedwhiledownloading.Itiswidelyusedinwebpagedesignandnearlytheactualstandardforonlineanimation.SectionBGraphicSoftwarePhotoshopIntroduction:Photoshopisfirstlyreleasedin1990;Photoshopisnowactingasthestandardinimagemanipulationsoftware.Ithascompletelychangedthewayweviewandcreateimages.Ithasbecomethepopulartooloftheamateurandprofessionalphotographer,designer,artist,printer,andpublisher.Itisevenusedbyscientists.ThislatestversionofPhotoshopisCS.CSdoesnotstandforCounter-StrikebutCreativeSuite.Itisfitforbothnoviceandexpertuser.Adobehasrecentlyreleasedfivenewproducts.Photoshopisalsothecornerstoneofthem.TheseproductsareIApᱏrẑt᧽v:Y-sIllustratorCSforvectorillustration,GoLiveCSforowxyz4@{:£ஹᓃtcrEjr.wWebdesign,andInDesignCSforpagelayout,and1I4'.la'jfc'.KUii'hfcrjiFifltiJrUfLy.w'Ixacridirliip'3>V1~"AcrobatCSforonlinepublishing.Y■LErJ”-49- 49Superich:ComputerEnglish3DMAXIntroduction:3DMAXisacommonandusefulthree-dimensionaldesignsoftware.Itisusedinbothstaticimageandanimationdesign.Nowlefsbrowseitthroughasetofinterceptedpictures.TheMenusRender...F10Environment,..8Effects...AdvancedLighting...9RenderToTexture...0Ra^tracerSettings...RaytraceGlobalInclude/Exelude...ActiveShadeFloater...ActiveSh&deViewportMaterialEditor...MMaterial/MapBrowser...VideoPost…ShowLastRenderingRAHPlayer...-50- 50Chapter8AnimationproductionTherendermenu:-51- 51Superich:ComputerEnglishpAutoCAD2000-[Drawingl.dwg]i-la|xFiteEditViewInsertFormatToolsDrawDimensionModifyExpressWindowHelp-It5»|X/HI®®|Xsc…4ᨽ᎔F?᫅poiFSSoZJIByLayer2]IByLayery]11----------ByLayeryJ|□M4>>1\Mode"L®outlkLayout2/|||Command:hideRegeneratingmode1.Command:JLO1-791.2085,.343,7570.gOO»SNAPGRIDORTHOPOLAROSNAPIOTRACKLWTMODELtAutoCADLearnthebasicsofcomputer-aideddesignanddrafting,withAutoCAD,theleadingCADsoftware.EvaluateCADforuseinyourbusinessorprofession.Emphasisisoncreationofproductiondrawingsforengineeringandarchitecturalprofessions.WithAutoCADyouwillbeabletocreate2Ddrawingsusingthedrawingandeditingtools;organizedrawingobjectsonlayers;addtextandbasicdimensions;andpreparetoplotthedrawing.Youwilllearnessentialskillsinadditiontomoreusefultechniquesfbrdrawingsetupandproductivity.AutoCADcouldalsobeusedinthree-dimensionaldesign.-52- 52Chapter8ExampleofonemenuofAutoCAD[jjAutoCAD2004-[Drawingl.dwg]Q£ieEdit^iewInsertF®rr»atloolsQrawDimeQsionQjodifyndow/出如电况+0曰[]\;-■一口口厂厂济Connand:REDRAWCommand:REDRAWConnand:SectionCPiecesofHTMLHTMLstandsforHyperTextMarkupLanguage.DocumentStructure