2022年-2023年物理化学沈文霞课后习题答案

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510.ᙠ273K,101.325kPa"
CC1(1)Ḅ¡¶u·¸ñ¹ᳮD஺4CC1(1)Ḅ᥅^K154gḄ
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CC1(1)Ḅò!44()(A)6.87gdm3(B)4.52g-dm-3(C)6.42g-dm-3(D)3.44gdm-38S(A)஺óôË273K,101.325kPa᪗ö᝱
ᙠð᝱d
1mol÷øᱥ^ḄḄ22.4dm3஺᪷ò!Ḅ=ú
m154gp=_==6.87g-dm-3V22.4dm311.ᙠûឤ=Ḅ;ᘤ?
üᨵ=K!300KḄ
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⌕1/6,◤⌕ᘤᑮḄ()(A)350K(B)250K(C)300K(D)360K(D)஺ᢝV,஻n=஻T=QT=360K26125112.▭Ḅ
(p)!"(V)#ᳮ%&'ᑖ)*+,Ḅ-.()(A)p,V/+,0-.(B)p,V/+,1-.(C)஻0-.V1-.(D)஻1-.V0-.(B)஺ᵫ3▭Ḅᑖ45ᨵ&78ᵨ
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⌕'ᳮ%Ḅ<஺ᵫ3▭ᑖ4=>Ḅ"?@ᶍᡠ;?BᵨḄ"'ᳮ%Ḅ<஺C.E⚪G᪆1ᙠJK"ᙳVḄMNOPᨵQMNR5ᨵST&USTḄ"V;@ᶍW஺XJMNᙳYᐭ373KḄ[\O]^
60kPa஺X_`MNYᙠ273KḄa\Ob᜜_`dᯠYᙠ373KḄ[\Ofᑮg⊝ijklḄ
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“273KT஺uvOQḄᱥxḄyᢝ1122

6n=n+n஺᪷{ᳮ%Ḅ|᝱~ᨵ12p2VpVpV]=2+2RTRTRT112ᓄ^fl+1T21TT\1'127p=2px<221T+T21273=2x60kPax=50.7kPa273+3732300K,
1800kPaḄNOḄQ_ᑖᑮ"20dm3ḄNON
ᙠ300Kl100kPa,klᩭNOḄ
1600kPa(Ꮇm)஺jNḄ"஺dᎷmV8ᳮ%ᜐᳮ஺GmNḄ"V,ᨵḄḄᱥxḄy஻ᒕḄᱥxḄIy஻ᐭNOḄᱥxḄy᪷{ᳮ%Ḅ|᝱~2pV=nRTpV=nRT1122pVpVVn=n-n=i-2=(p-p)'2RTRTRT12pV100kPax20x10-3m3n=33=____________________________________=0.80mol~RT8.314J-mol-i«K-ix300KV-nRTp-p12().8()molx8.314J-mol-i-K-ix300K=9.98dnv(1800-1600)kPa3ᵨᵯG\Ḅ~ᑴᜓlp\⛳!ᙠᵨḄ~◀ᑖ\஺ᙠ298Kᩩᑴ^Ḅ⛳!\ḄUᐭ283Kஹ
ឤ¢128.5kPaḄ£¤ᘤOW¥ᙠ£¤¦i§ᔠO\Ḅ᥅ªᑖᦪ஺¬ᙠ298K!283Kl\Ḅ⛳!ᑖ)3.167kPa!1.227kPa஺§ᔠ®¯8ᳮ%஺

7G\ᡠᓰḄ᥅ªᑖᦪ®¯±3\
#£¤²8ḄR'ᙠ£¤ᘤ³´ᜐT=298K,§ᔠO\Ḅ᥅ªᑖᦪx(H0,g)=4À஺)=3.167kPa=002512p128.5kPaᙠ£¤ᘤ´ᜐT=283K,§ᔠO\Ḅ᥅ªᑖᦪX(HO,g)=Ë஺)=1.227kPa=QQ09522p128.5kPaVÍk᪵ᜐᳮ;iOḄÏ\yÐÑ஺4ÒÓᑁÕÖ×ØCH=CHCl(g)300m3,
122kpa,3002KojÓᑁÖ×ØḄÞ!xy஺XßᵨᐸOḄ100m3,&á3Ö×ØḄᱥxḄyÑâã¬ᐸ᥅ªxy62.5g-molåmᳮ%஺G᪷{¬ᩩÓᑁÕÖ×ØḄᱥxḄy஻=æᑣÖ×ØḄRTxym^nM.᪷{ÞḄ¢èé=;êḄᐵuìíᐭî&q⚗^mMpP=------VRT_62.5x10-3kg-mol1x122x103Pa~~8.314Jmol-iK-ix300K=3.06kg•m3=3.06g-dm-3777=p-V=3.06kg-m3x300ma=918kgßᵨᐸOḄ100m3,&á3ßᵨḄᱥxḄyḄ,ᑣßᵨḄᱥxḄy3஻=1஻=x_____918kg=4896mol3362.5x10-3kg-mobiT11PVᡈn=_n=____3~3~RTJx122x103Pax300m3=4891mol38.314Jmol-i-K-ix300K5ᨵQ!ᵬú(ᙳ)Ḅ§ᔠᱥ100g,¬ÏQḄxyᑖᦪ

80.31஺ᙠ420K!_¢
§ᔠḄ"9.95dm3஺j§ᔠḄ
!ᔜüᑖḄᑖ஺Ꮇ¢§ᔠ⍳þDaltonᑖ¢ÿ஺
ᵬḄ᥅ᑖ28g-mol-i16g-mol-i஺ᔠᵬḄᱥḄᑖm0.31x100gn=_==1.11molnM28g-mol-i2(l-0.31)xl00g/τn-----------------=4.3O11molCH,16g-mol-iᔠḄnRTp=-----V_(1.11+4.31)molx8.314Jmol-i-Kix420K9.95x10-3m3=1902kPaᔠᵬḄᑖᑖnp=xp=_______xpNNn+n22“CH.=1-11Xl902kPa=389.5kPa1.11+4.31(1902-389.5)kPa=l512.5kPa6ᙠ300K!ᘤᨵH(g)N(g)$%Ḅᔠᱥ22152kPa஺&NJg)ᑖ'()ᶇ+HJg),,ᢝ./01250.7kPa,34514g஺
N(g)H(g)Ḅ᥅ᑖ28g.moh222.0g-mol-io678(1)!ᘤḄ9(2)!ᘤH(g)Ḅ2(3)!ᘤᨬ;ḄᔠᱥH(g)N(g)Ḅ᥅ᑖᦪ22(1)?@AB.ஹB!ḄDEFGHᵨDaltonᑖJKᑭᵨNJg)

9ᑖ'(!ᘤḄ+278N(g)ḄᱥḄMNᩭ78!ᘤḄ29஺p=p-PN?H2=(152-50.7)kPa=101.3kPam(N)14gn=_1_x-=--------——=0.5molnM28gmol-i2N2nRTV=N0.5molx8.314J-moli-K-ix300K12.3dms101.3kPa(2)p=101.3kPap=50.7kPaN2H2ᙠT,U01ḄPQ+᪷SDaltonᑖJKᨵnP50.7kPaTU—=—tu=-----------=0.5np101.3kPaN2N2n=0.5n=0.5x0.5mol=0.25mol%N2m(H)=nM=0.25molx2.0gmol-i=0.5g2H2n0.5mol(3)x=__x-=____________=0.67Nn+n(0.5+0.25)mol2x=1—0.67=0.33H,7,VᙠAW᯼Ḅ᪵Zᔜ\ᑖḄᑖᦪᑖ)=0.064,2tv(CO)=0.678,ᓽ(,)=0.107,LV(C0)=0.140,“(CHJ=0.011஺678:2(1)ᔠᔜḄ᥅ᑖᦪ(2)_ᔠᙠ670K152kPaḄ`/(3)ᔜᙠabᩩd+ḄᑖVW᯼Ḅ100g,ᑣᔜᱥḄᑖᦪfGᓽᔜᱥḄᡠGᙠW᯼᪵ZᔜᱥḄᱥḄᑖ(ᔜᱥḄ᥅hij▅)

10(1)஻(Hj(HJxlOOg_6.4g=a࠷mc12M(H)M(H)2.0gmol-i22nᳮᨵrt(CO)=67-8g=2.42mol28g-mol-i஻(N)=10-7g=0.38mol228gmol-in(CO)=I*஺g=0.32mol244g-mol-i஻(CH)=-1,1g=0.07mol416gmol-in=E஻B=(3.20+2.42+0.38+0.32+0.07)mol=6.39molx(co)=஻£°)=2.42mol=Q3?9n6.39molnᳮᨵx(H)=0.500,x(N)=0.059,x(CO)=0.050,x(CH)=0.0112224(2)ppV=nRTv=ap6.39molx8.314Jmol-iK-ix670Kcr=------------------------------------------=234.2dm3152kPam100gp=_==0.427gdm-3V234.2dm3(3)᪷SDaltonᑖJKp=px,ᡠGBBp(H)=x(H)/?=0.5xl52kPa=76.0kPa22nᳮp(CO)=57.6kPa,஻(N)=8.97kPa,p(CO)=7.60kPa22p(CH)=1.67kPa48ᙠ288K;!920dm3Ḅuvwa⊤Ḅyᦪ10.13MPa,

11uzHᵨ{|G(⊤Ḅyᦪ22.55MPa,678HᵨᣵḄuḄ஺V~FGHᵨᳮḄ᝱E஺
M(O)=32g.m0஺2ᙠuzHᵨvwuḄ1m=nM“=1p1yxMiRT10.13x106Pax20x10-3m3x32g-mol-i=2.71kg8.314J-moli-Kix288KuzHᵨ(vwᒕuḄ2pVtn=2,xM2RT2.55x106Pax20xl0-3m3x32g-mol-i=0.68kg8.314J-mol-i-K-ix288KᑣHᵨᣵḄuḄm=m-m=(2.71-0.68)kg=2.03kg12HᵨᣵḄuḄFG+2ᩭ78\pVm=------xMRT(10.13-2.55)x106Pax20x10-3m3ஹj8.314Jmol-i-K-ix288K"&y=2.03kg9ᵫ(CHCl),ᓄ(HC1)(CH)᪀ᡂḄᳮ2324ᔠᱥᔜ\ᑖḄ᥅ᑖᦪᑖx(CHCl)=0.89,x(HCl)=0.0923x(CH)=0.02ᙠឤJ./101.325kPaḄᩩd+ᵨWᔠGo24◀ᓄ@ᶇ+ḄWᑖ2.666kPao678(ḄᔠḄᑖ஺&ᓄ◀G(ᙠᶇ+ḄᔠᡠᐹᨵḄp=(101.325-2.666)kPa=98.659kPa᪷SᙠᩭᔠᱥᡠᓰḄ᥅ᑖᦪᑖᩭ78Ḅᑖ,

12ᓽp(CHCl)=px--------230.89+0.02=98.659kPaxJ__=96.49kPaಟp(CH)=98.659kPax=2.17kPa240.91ᡈp(CH)=p-p(CHC1)2423=(98.659-96.49)kPa=2.17kPa10.ᙠ273K40.53MPa,¼½Ḅ᥅97.03x10-5m3.moU,6ᵨᳮ᝱E78ᐸ᥅9ÂÃÄÅÆÇÈ78È$AᦪSᨵÉÊ஺ËᑐV17=RTmp_8.314J.mo5Krx273K=5.60x10-5m3-mol-i40.53x106PapÐN(g)
ÓÔ'ᳮḄÕ஺211ᨵlmolN(g),ᙠ273KḄ970.3cm3,678ᐸ(ÆÇ2¼JÈ40.5MPa),ÂÃÄ᝞+$%78×ØÅᨵÉÊ஺(1)ᵨᳮ᝱E(2)ᵨvanderWaalsE஺
vanderWaalsßᦪ^=0.1368Pa-memol-2,b=0.386x10-4m3•mol-i஺_nRT1molx8.314J-mol-i-K-ix273KপV70.3x10-6m3=32.3xl06Pa=32.3MPaRTa(2)P="—V-bV2mmU8.314x2730.13681=(7OT="(70.3x106)j1

13=43.9X10APa=43.9MPa78×ØFpçÐ
Ô'ᳮḄÕᵨvanderWaalsE78èÉéêë஺12ᙠA!90.5.m3Ḅvwᑁíᨵ16kg./500KḄCH(g),6478!ᘤᑁḄ஺(1)ᵨᳮ᝱E(2)ᵫvanderWaalsE஺
CH(g)ḄvanderWaalsßᦪ4a=0.228Pa•m6•mol-2,6=0.427x10-4m3-mol-i,CH(g)Ḅ᥅M(CH)=16.0gmol-i044m16kg(1)஻(CH)=_==1000mol4M16.0gmol-inRTp=-----V1000molx8.314J-mol-1K-ix500K0……=-------------------------------------------=8.314MPa0.5m3(2)D=☢'ᵫV-nbV?1000x8.314x5000.228x(1000L0.50-1000x0.427x10-4-(0.5)2J=8.18MPaîïðñòîJK

14óô⌕ö1.÷øñòḄëóôᭆú᝞ᔜ%ûüஹý᛻ஹñò᝱ஹûüឋஹஹஹ᝱ᦪஹ⌮ஹ⌶஺2.ᵨḄ!"#$%&'(Ḅ஺W,AU)”Ḅ+஺3.-./01⌕3ᯚ56784஺=஺A”=QḄ〉ᵨᩩ<஺VP4.ᳮ>?@ḄᯚABCDḄᦪᙢᵨ$%ᳮ>?@ᙠ⌮ᡈH⌮ḄCஹIJ(\U,\H,W,QḄ$%஺5.I஺KQLMḄᐵOPᵨ᪗R᥅TUᡂWPV᪗R᥅TXYᯚ$%ᓄ[\Ḅ᥅Tᯚ]AULMḄᐵO஺rmrm6.-.HessḄ^3\ᵨ#ᵨKirchhoff$%H_CD`Ḅ[\᥅Tᰚ]஺b.de⌕fḄghiBiᓄḄjẠ஺.l-ᙠឤnᡂḄopOq(rsឤtᣚḄv⚪ᡠyz{|⌕Ḅ}j~ᭆ஺HB|Ḅ⌕ὁ.ஹ⚪ஹ⌱⚪e⚪[[ᙢᓺgḄᭆRᵨ}ᭆ஺᝞BOq᛻LM⌴Ḅr⌕¡¢“⌴”¤ᭆ¥⌕¡¢BOq᛻LM¦UḄ⌴஺Ḅ$%⌕]ᓄḄὶOᙠ¨஺©᝞01ª«¬«|Bᜩ¯Ḅ°°ᙠᜩ±²/³¯ᑮᙢ±²/«°°µᨵᙠᜩ±¯·ᑮᙢ☢Ḅ(²/«¹|Bº“«”B¤ὶOḄ»¼஺ᙠ½ᯠ¿(¥yᑡÁÂᐸÄᨵᐵḄ»¼᝞Åஹ᭣Ç஺µBrḄÈÉ8ÊB⌕⌴ḄËὶO஺ᙠOq᛻LMÌCDH_⌴Ḅr²/◀y᜜ᐸÏᙠOq᛻LM⌴Ḅr²/஺⌴ÐѦUᙠOq᛻LMOqᑁÓ⌴ḄrÔH²/¹H²/AABÈÉ8]/ÕÈÉ8஺_᪵ᙠ᛻ᑁÓ⌴Ḅr¹BH²/×ᡈØḄ஺᝞ᙠHὃ⇋ÛÜÝḄÞß`ᙠ¤JஹàឋKᘤ(¦Uᓄ[\ஹ

15XYãäᰦæᒓè]ᓄᵫê᛻LMëᨵḄìᣚ¹ëᨵḄìᣚᡠy஺=0,W=×Ø,)£/=0஺¤]ᓄµBᙠOqᑁÓÈÉ8]/ÕÈÉ8ᐸí+îᢝH]஺¹yᦟᩞ(Ḅ⚪⌱H_ḄòóOqᑣḄõஹö"¹#÷LH_஺Ḅ!"¹BøᱥᳮᓄúK᧕üýþḄv⚪஺ÿ
Ḅᦪ⊤ᨵᓽAU=Q+W,AU=Q-W,ᯠ⌲ᑮᵨḄᨵ!"#$%஺'()*+,-.Ḅ/0ᨬ2345
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dU=3Q+BW=3Q+bW+6w=8Q-dV+8wPefef⌕?dU=6QᡈAU=Qo?dV=0,8W=0,CE>sḄ▲ᑴᩩe஺VVfᳮ᪷~ᯚḄNH=U+pVdH=dU+pdV+Vd”R☢dUḄ⊤ᐭdH=3Q-pdK+3w+pdv+vdpef⌕?dH=8Qᡈr஻=Q,oᙠᩩefjp=0,᛻ḄpPP=஻56=0,CE>sḄ▲ᑴᩩe஺#ᙠ
ḄefsḄ?ᵨ▲ᑴᩩe+ᵨḄ;ᳮ_஺X᝱OᦪḄᭆ>ᓝᑖ⌕ḄoᵨQ{ᩭ¡Cᭆ஺{᝞¢£W!SḄ¤$%ᩭ]5r"ᑮAU=0,A/7=0,C᪵+¡X᝱O

16ᦪḄ“ᕜ§¨©ᦪiª”Ḅᭆ஺{᝞H(g)5O(g)+¬$®ஹᰦ±ஹ22
ᰦ²5+⌮ᵯµ¢⌶·¸ᡂº»⌕¼ᢝ©᝱5¾᝱ᑣᑮḄ5ḄiÀC᪵+¡“Á⌶Âig”Ḅᭆ஺ᓄÃÄÅ:Ḅᭆ>Æ⌕ḄoᱞᱞHI஺#»⌕ÈÉᓄÃÄÀ⌕ᵨᑮÃÄÅ:Ḅᭆ஺{᝞ᙠᓄÃÄ᥅ËᯚgḄ]ÌÍ#ᙠᓄÎ⊝ᑭᵨÃÄḄGibbsÑᵫ,ÓÃÄÅ:ḄgᓄÔÕᩭᑨ×ᓄgᓄḄᔣ▲:ᙠᓄÙᑭᵨÃÄÅ:ᩭNÃÄḄÚ᳛ÉᙠᵯᓄᑭᵨᵯᓄḄQÜᦪ~ᩭÝÌÃÄÅ:'1molÞḄ
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᝱ᦪᨵ᝱ᦪ
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᝱ᦪᦋ஺(3)AU=Q,XH=QᡠQ,QᱯᩩḄ᝱ᦪ஺VpVp(4)᪷!"#$%&'(&)*+ᨵᡠ,-./⌕1᜜34567᜜8ᔾᦈ!'஺মᙠ=>ᵨ@AᤅCDE!Fᘤ*ḄHIJHIḄKLMᓣOP=0஺P(6)Dᓄ#RSᙠTU*VW!ᦔS஺ᯏ/Zᓄ#11RS[᣸ᡂRS^_Ḅ`⌮ᵯcJᓄ#RSdᵯcRSḄe᝱df᝱^_OP!ᦔSQᯚAHᑣ=bHo2212i(1)1஺᝱ᦪ᝱Ḅᓫᦪ᝱
ᡠᨵḄ᝱ᦪᨵ஺Rk᝱ᦪᨵ᝱l஺(2)(1஺mᯠ᝱ᦋ
᝱ᦪoᦋp(ᦋ஺q᝞-.s+,=KtuIvஹ>"=᝱ᦪs+ᦋ-.Ḅ᝱xyzᩭḄ(_pKLO,᝱ᦪ|ᨵᦋ஺ব(1஺!"#&UdH᝱ᦪ0,᝱ᦪḄ'஺QdQᙠᱯᩩy᝱ᦪḄ'^=ᡠQdQ(`&VpVp᝱ᦪ஺

17ট(1஺-.`Ḅ!"#&ᩭ1᜜34᝞-.s+E!tu஺p1᜜34
-.ḄKLo஺(5)(1஺᛻1-.VW@AᤅC3@A4OPWwO,ᡠf(ᔠA”=QḄJᵨᩩ஺JᵨHuQO,=>dWwO,O,ᩩppf,(&஺(6)1஺ᯚ”᝱ᦪ⌕RSḄe᝱df᝱^_ᑣḄᦪ^_yRSᐹIVWḄ⌶¢)ᐵO᝱ᦪḄឋ¥“§⌶_¨^=”஺p,tuḄ!ᦔS(=ḄᓽQYQ஺122.¬iᑡ®⚪°±ᓫ²³z஺(1)`⌮!@Ḅᦔ᳛ᨬ·ᙠᐸ¹ᩩ^_Ḅº»ᵨ`⌮!@¼ᱫ¾¿À&ᔲJ¿ÀḄÂLÃÄÅ(2)ZnyÈ⏚s+RSᑖËᙠÌÍdÎÏḄFᘤ*VWÐÑÒÓÔḄ!ÕÖ×Åবᙠ,ᵨØ!ᩞᧇᑴᡂḄᙊÝ*Þᨵ>ßàáᙊÝ*ḄKLy᛻âᡂã⊝஺᝞åæᯠᡭèÝéJáIêëì>"y᜜8^=PíᓽéMÝé஺toîÝ*áIḄ>"ᨵïᓄÅ(4)ᙠÞᨵñᓄᑺḄᔠᡂóRSô*N(g)yH(g)Ḅᱥ¥Ḅ'kø221:3,RSûuN(g)+3H(g)ý^2NH(g)஺ᑖËᙠKLT7Ḅᩩ22312ḄQ(T)Q(T)஺ᵨKirchhoff"#$%PlP2AH(7)=(”(T)+Jr2ACdTrm2rm111Tp#$/0123456789஺:(1)<⌮>Ḅᦔ᳛AB<⌮CDEFG▲I᠒ḄCDKELMNOPQ⊝᝱஺ᡠUᵨ<⌮>VᱫXYZᙠᨵ▲Ḅ%]ᑁ_3ᑮYZabḄ஺ᡠU<⌮cGᵨc<⌮>Ḅᦔ᳛dᳮfgᡠhiᑮḄᨬBᦔ᳛k▭3<⌮>Ḅᦔ᳛mM3<⌮Ḅ஺ফuᯠᙠwxḄyᘤ{|}%Ḅ~E஺9ᙠḄᱥḄ%ᐸᓄhEF2஺ᙠwxyᘤ{|}%ᓄhᐰhḄh஺ᙠyᘤ{|}%EᑖᓄhᵨᩭᜧḄcḄEᑖhḄh஺ব{Ḅᜧ஺9¡¢£yᘤ%ᑁḄ£Ḅc஺ᵫP£Ḅ¥¦§¨ᑁᩭ3©ª«᛻ᔾuPF®CDᡠUᑁḄ¯¦°஺u±g±²C³E´ᑁµC¶·ª«᛻ᔾᦈk¯¦gᓣ1«᛻iᡂQ⊝o%ᑁḄ»¼஺(4)ᵨKirchhoff¾¿#$Ḅ|¦ÀP1mol%ḄÀᦔᓽ᥅Åᯚ஺ᵨḄiQ⊝%ḄÀᦔᵫPᔠᡂÈḄQ

18⊝Éᓄ᳛ÊËÌÍᨵ25%ÎÏᡠU2Êᳮf#$Ḅ/0Ð஺᝞0ÒᱥCkᡂÓᱥḄᦪ1ᓄ#ÕDḄÖ21#$2×ÀḄ஺3ᳮØḄ®<⌮®3<⌮CDḄcM<ᵨ¾¿W=AT#$CVÖÙÚCDᡠḄcᔲE᪵Ý:Þuᯠ3E᪵9ªEFß᝱®<⌮1®3<⌮ÙFCD30,<0,ñ=0஺òE"Ḅᦪ⊤ô¿AUnQ+W஺(1)ᳮØḄõᵫèé(2)vanderWaalsḄÀyஹᓣ¯CD(3)Zn(s)+2HCl(aq)=ZnCl(aq)+H(g)ᙠç®ஹÀᩩ|22}(4)H(g)+Cl(g)=2HCl(g)ᙠ®÷ø{|}22(5)ᙠ273.15K,101.325kPaù/ᡂú:Þ(1)û=09õᵫèé᜜ý஺Q=0ᳮØᑖþÿḄᑮᶍᜧᑖḄᨵᓄᢝᡠ!"#᛻ᔾ&஺A(7=0()ᳮ+,Ḅ&-./Ḅ0ᦪ஺ᡈ()W=0,Q=0,ᡠAUn஺஺AW=O()ᳮ+,Ḅᯚ5./Ḅ0ᦪ஺

19ᡈ()H=U+pU,AU=O,A(pU)=A(nRT)=OᡠAH=O஺(2)W=0()/6789:;<)=஺Q>0ᓣ?@Aᔾ&஺BU>0@A"#᛻ᔾ&C@AḄ&-D஺AH>0᪷FᰚḄHIJBH=AU+A(pU)=AU+'lMp>0஺(3)W0()/ᙠk&lmfyzḄN&KL,ᑖᦪᨵᓄlmᑁḄMᓣ?R5?᪷FᯚḄHIJᑨᯏ/DḄ஺A//=AI7+A(pV)=VApAp>0,AH>0ᡈAH=A[7+A(pV)=n7?ATAT>0,AH>0(5)W

20}ᯚḄᓄ/ᔲª«L¬஺()&-}ᰚ/᝱0ᦪx⌕¤ஹ¦᝱¯°±8²³⌶ᐸᓄoH஺`µ/᝱0ᦪḄឋ¶“¸⌶¹6”07.oHqḄ"»¼½y)¾¾ᙠ?ft¿)ÀஹÁᡂ஺ஹÁᰚᓄᡂÂᐭÄÅᨬsÂᐭᜧ»oHqḄ]ÇᑮȤ᝱஺¨ᔊ±᦮Ë#`oHqḄ&-}ᯚḄᓄ/Ìͪ«Ḅ&-}ᯚḄᓄ~)=஺()&-}ᯚ/᝱0ᦪ°±8Î᪵ÐᩖḄ89x⌕/Ë#@AÇᑮȤ᝱&-}ᯏḄ~ᢝ஺`µ/᝱0ᦪḄឋ¶“ᕜÓФᦪÔÕ”஺8.ᙠ298K,101.3kPaR^oÖ½y)ஹRḄ,/o⌮89ØÙÚÛᡂ⌮89஺«ÜÝᨵÞßàá/⌮89(1)ᙠ⛳}½,R^Ḅ,-äåæ⊝(2)ᙠèḄ-äåæ⊝(3)ᙠéèḄ,-äåæ⊝(4)ᙠ⛳}½,R^Ḅ-,åæ⊝(ᓣê)஺Ù`ᙠa⛳}½,R^Ḅ⌮½yÜ8å⌶Ûᡂ⌮89(1)ìᑮéíÙ298K,101.3kPaR^Ḅ6R⌮ᓣî373K,ᙠé^⌮ᡂஹRḄ½,ᯠsð6R⌮_î298K஺(2)ìᑮ⛳}½,RíÙ298K,101.3kPaR^Ḅ6⌮_Rî⛳}½,RPᙠ298K}⛳}½,R^⌮ᡂஹRḄ½,ð6S⌮ᓣRî101.3kPa஺ᓄḄñòó᝞^H0(1,373K,101.3kPa)—HO(g,373K,101.3kPa)22f(1)IHO(l,298K,101.3kPa)HO(g,298K,101.3kPa)22I(2)tH0(1,298K,p)-208KHo(g,298K,p)2s2sõöÛ÷o⌮⌶⌕᪷F⚪ùḄúûᩩýþH஺.ᭆ
⚪ὃᫀ1.ᳮḄᨵᳮ(1)᝱ফ!᝱Ḅ"#$%&'Ḅ

21(3)!᝱)ᨵ*ᦪ,-#ᨵ.*ᡈ.*$0Ḅᦪ,(4)᝱ᦋ234Ḽᦋ2ᐸ789:Ḅ"()(A)(1),(2)(B)(3),(4)(C)(2),(4)(D)(1),(3)(D)஺"᝱Ḅᓫ,>ᦪᐸ?,@A'B஺2.ᨵCDEFᡭHIJKLMF᜜OFᑁDQF᜜DRS3ᐵUIJV3FᑁWXY()(A)-2(B)ᓣC(C)\](D)@Aᑨ(C)oD_`aMEF3FᑁḄaMḄbc஺ᵫaMḄeXfgFᑁᩭ-ijk᛻ᔾRO"*?noᡠ$FᑁḄWXq\஺3.ᨵr`EFY▀tᡭH3ᜧ(vwᳮ)aᐭyᑁV3yᑁḄWXY()(A)-2(B)ᓣC(C)\](D)@Aᑨ(B)஺`aᐭEF3᜜☢ḄaᐭEFḄbc஺ᵫaᐭḄeXf.gFᑁḄᩭ-iᔣk᛻}RO"*?noᡠ$FᑁḄWXqᓣC஺4.Y1mol373K,᪗DḄᑖᔊ(1)SWஹSD#⌮(2)r`2ᡂ373K,᪗DḄ஺.noḄcḄᐵw()(A)W]QO25.ᙠ*U?Ḅ}ᵯ¡¢Y¡¢tᡭH£&¤ᵯ¥¦¡¢§¨஺n©3ªK«ᑁḄ¬ᙳWY()(A)ᓣC(B)\](C)-2(D)-(A)஺¡¢bḄᵯcᐰ¯ᓄw±}ᙠᑁ஺6.²"ᙠ³´7µ¶ḄnoᐸAUḄ,"()(A)AU>0,AH>0(B)AU=O,A77=0(C)AU<0,AH<0(D)AU=O,-:(D)஺"BḄ⍳¸B¹⊝»ᙠ³´7ᢝ-2஺¼½ᯠᨵBᓫ¿ÀÁ"ÂMᩭḄ>ᦪ-"B-⍳¸B¹⊝»ᡠ$ᙠ³´7ÃḄ2ᓄÄ”Ḅ,"-:Ḅ⌕᪷ÇᐹḄ2ᓄno஺É᝞ᙠ?EyÃË*ᑖÌᦪ-2Ḅ}

22RÍ᝞H(g)+Cl(g)=2HCl(g),ᑣᜧÏ஺À"᝞ÐÃḄ"22H(g)+lo0(1),½ᯠÍ}À"ᵫᑖÌᦪÑÒEyᑁ(g)=H2222ḄD\qÓÏ஺7.ᳮᔣr`¨?ÔÕKÁḄWXY()(A)ᓣC(B)\](C)-2(D)-(C)஺ᳮᑖ̪ḄRÖ×Óᑮ#$Ùᶍ-ÛÜÝᜧᑖÌḄÞ£ßᨵ2ᓄᢝWX-28!Ḅ᝱àowpU=RT+bp(b"ᜧÏḄáᦪ)Vᔣrm`¨?ÔÕÁḄWXY()(A)ᓣC(B)\](C)-2(D)-(C)஺Y᝱àoᦋᑏwp(V-b)=RT,QᳮḄ᝱ào᯿mäåḄæçÜ-ÙᶍÀ"ᑖÌḄ×Qᳮ᪵"Óᑮ#$Ùᶍ-ÛḄ஺ᡠ$ÜÝᜧᑖÌḄÞ£ßᨵ2ᓄᢝWX-29éêAH=Q〉ᵨᑡî*noP()(A)ᳮ¨?S᜜DÔÕ஺(B)HO(S)273K,101,3kEan^Om(C)Cu2(aq)+2e-------->Cu(s)(D)ᳮ¨SW#⌮ÔÕ+(B)஺AH=QḄ〉ᵨᩩð"SDW=0,.*ᩩðñ-#஺(A)7pf"S᜜DòSD(C)7ᨵᵯc(D)"*-SDno஺ᡠ$)ᨵ(B)"〉ᵨḄ஺Dᨵ*ᳮḄ7=0/0^1.40,ᑣówôõÌᑖÌö()(A)ᓫõÌᑖÌ(B)÷õÌᑖÌ(C)øõÌᑖÌ(D)õÌᑖÌ(B)஺᪷ÇBᙳᑖõᳮᙠùWXᓫõÌᑖÌ)ᨵ3*¬úæᵫXᡠ$c=2R஺ûwᳮḄ஺=c+R,ᡠ$c=2R஺üᳮV,m2V,mp,m25775÷õÌᑖÌḄC=_R,ᑣC=_R஺ýᙠY=1.40=ROC=_R,V,m2Pm25ᓃm27c=LR,"÷õÌᑖÌḄᱯ஺Pm211ḄH(g)+Cl(g)=2HCl(g),5molH(g)4moi222

23Cl(g)ᔠᨬᡂ2moiHCl(g)஺ᑣ()2(A)1mol(B)2mol(C)4mol(D)5mol(A)஺᪷"Ḅ#ᙠᵨᡂᱥᩭ⊤)Ḅᑣᓃ+,2mol11£=—HGU=----=1molv2HC1-ᯠᱥH(g)/Cl(g)012Ḅ஺2223456ᨵ8ᱥḄ9:;Q,<=>ᙠ?@ABCD4EḄ;pᦔQy஺GHIJ;ᦔKLḄᐵNQ=Q+MiRT,OAḄ+P1ᢣ()(A)ᡂᱥᱥRᱥSḄKT(B)ᡂᱥᱥAUVᱥSḄᱥSḄKT(C)ᡂᱥᱥAWXVᱥSḄᱥSḄKT(D)ᡂᱥᱥḄRḄ;YT(B)஺AnRT<⚗ᩭ[+(pU)<⚗\Ꮇ5U^1ᳮ`U^ᙠabcd+(pU)eAnRTBᙠfgOAhiḄ1()(A)AH(H0,1)=AH(O,g)(B)AH(HO,g)=+H(O,g)fm2cm2fm2cm2(C)AH(H0,1)=AH(H,g)(D)AH(HO,g)=AH(H,g)fm2cm2fm2cm2(C)஺᪷"᪗k᥅m9:ᯚḄ5opᨵ(C)1hiḄ஺qO(g)1r92ᑺᐸ᪗k᥅m9:ᯚu5v஺H(g)Ḅ9:wᱥ1H0(1),xb1HO(g)஺222Kᙠ298KdyzḄ᪗k᥅mᡂᯚ(C,yz)Ḅ{fm()(A)ᜧv(B)}v(C)v(D)b~i5(C)஺᪷"᪗k᥅mᡂᯚḄ5o5ᓫSḄ᪗k᥅mᡂᯚu5v஺#ᙠ⌱5yzḄ5ᓫS஺15ᙠ298K/᪗kfGH+H(C,yz)=-393.5kJ-mol-i,cmAH(C,y)=-395.3kJmol-i,ᑣyḄ᪗k᥅mᡂᯚ+H(C,y)cmfmḄ{()

24(A)-393.5kJmobi(B)-395.3kJmol-i(C)-1.8kJmol-i(D)1.8kJ-mol-i(D)஺q⌱5yzḄ5ᓫSᡠyzḄ᪗k᥅m9:ᯚe1?ᓄḄ᪗k᥅mᡂᯚᓽ(CO,g)=-393.5kJmoliofm2yḄ᪗k᥅m9:ᯏe1y9:?ᓄḄ᥅mᯚcᓽC(y,s)+O(g,p)=CO(g,p)\H=\H(C,y)22rmcmᑭᵨ᪗k᥅mᡂᰚ᪗k᥅mcḄOeEᑮyḄ᪗k᥅mᡂᯚ஺+H=+”(C,y)=+஻(CO,g)-AH(C,y)rmcmfm2fmᡠAH(C,y)=+஻(CO,g)-AH(C,y)fmfm2cm=(-393.5+395.3)kJ-mol-i=1.8kJ-mol-iᡈὅ᪷"yzcyḄᨔ᝱cᣚC(s,yz)iC(s,y)¡¢Ḅ᪗k᥅mᯚceyḄ᪗k᥅mᡂᯚᑭᵨI¢ᱥSḄ᪗k᥅m9:ᯚeBA(C,y)=AWe(298K)=—ZvAWe(B)fmrmBCmB=AH(C,yz)(C,y)cmcm=(-393.5+395.3)kJmol-i=1.8kJmol-i£6U^Ḅ᝱“V=RT+bp,஺ᜧvḄ¤ᦪᑣfᑡ§hmiḄ1()(A)ᐸᯚ஻p1aTḄ¨ᦪ(B)ᐸ;©~Up1aᑛ¨ᦪ(C)ᐸ;©~/ᯏ0p1aᑛ¨ᦪ(D)ᐸ;©~/ᯚb«a7Wᐵ¬U^Ḅ^/ᡈpᨵᐵ(B)஺¯IJ⌶±B²³(1)GHᦋᑏp(V-¶=·7,ᳮ`U^Ḅ᝱¸᯿º»m¡JU^Ḅ¼½^b~¾ᶍÀ1ᑖÂLḄÃᳮ`U^<᪵1}ᑮ

25¾ᶍbḄ஺ÅÆÇḄ;©~Èp1aḄ¨ᦪ஺q᪷"ᯚḄ5oOH=U+pV,¬ÉᱫËᑮ^ᡠÌC
b<5hi஺*2
ᵨᦪ©ḄÍᩭλ஺ÏrMaxwellÌÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ<¢×⌕ᐵNO¸GHpV—»=Ù=T:~P~P~P=0(V-b)mᡈὅᙠOÚÛ-஻ḄÜ0ÝÞTVpP¡º»ßᙠabcdᦋc^ᡈ;©~àᢝbcᡠpᨵÌB
1hiḄ஺â.ä⚪²᪆1.1
<¢NçḄ;©~èéß100kJ,¯ê᛻ᔾᦈß40kJḄ;Nçê᛻Ḅ¶Ḅîᣚ஺Ì2
᝞ðNçᙠñò2A¸ê᛻óß20kJḄ¶ôdᔾᦈß20kJḄ;NçḄ;©~cᓄ{஺²Ì1Ô᪷";©Ñ<5õḄᦪ©⊤öOAU=Q+WW=\U-Q=100kJ-40kJ=60kJᓽNç¯ê᛻Eᑮß60kJḄ¶஺

26(2)᪷";©Ñ<5õḄᦪ©⊤öOAU=Q+W+U=Q+W=20kJ-20kJ=0ᔾᦈḄ᛻ḄᢝḄ஺2ᙠ300K"ᨵ10molᳮ)*+,᝱Ḅ./1000kPa஺23ᙠ455ᑡ789:ᡠḄ<=஺(1)ᙠ100kPa.5+@=ᜧ1dm3Cফᙠ100kPa.5*+<=ᑮF᝱.G100kPaC(3)4H⌮<=ᑮ*+Ḅ.100kPa஺J(1)KL᜜.<=W=-pAV=-100kPax10-3m3=-100J(2)KGL᜜.<=QL,F᝱Ḅ+@R⍝,⌕V9ᳮ)*+ḄW᝱X:Yᑮ஺P1nRT2-1I-22.45kJ(3)ᳮ)*+Ḅ4H⌮<=VW=nRT

27=nRT

28Pz.P2i=(10x8.314x300)Jxln100-57.43kJ10003ᙠ373KḄ4ᩩb51molᳮ)*+c,᝱+@25dm3,ᑖeᢥ5ᑡg89:<=ᑮF᝱+@/100dm3஺(1)ᔣij<=C(2)4H⌮<=C(3)ᙠ᜜.ឤl/*+F᝱.5<=C(4)ᐜ᜜.ឤl/+@50dm3"*+Ḅn⊝.5<=p<=ᑮ50dm3qrsᙠ᜜.100dm3"*+Ḅn⊝.5<=஺ᑖe23ᔜ89:uᡠḄ<=Kvwxyz{⚪}

29J(1)ᔣij<=᜜./~ᡠqw=o1(2)ᳮ)*+Ḅ4H⌮<=VW=஻RTln2V225=(1x8.314x373)Jxln—=-4-30kJ(3)᜜.<=1RTw=-p{V-V)=-p(V-v)=-(V-V)3e21221y212_(lx8.314x373)J(0LO02"m3=—2.33kJ=x0.1m3(4)ᑖḄ᜜.<=w=-p(V-V)-p(V-V)4e.l21e,232nRT__nRT...=-(zV-V)-(V-V)V21V3223(VVஹ/2550ஹ=nRT\i-1+2-1I^nRT\+-2IVV)(50100J=-n/?r=-(1x8.314x373)J=-3.10kJc23vwxLW᝱ᦪL9:ᨵᐵḄ஺᛻Ḅ.<=ḄᦪᡠḄGᜧ஺ᳮ)*+Ḅ4H⌮<=ᨬᜧ(ᢣ)஺4ᙠ8Ḅ4u100gᜐ(TCḄ¢100gᜐ5CTCḄ£¤ᔠᙠ¦஺§23¨(1)©n⊝"Ḅ4ªC(2)¤ᔠᱥu¬£Ḅ஺®R¨¢Ḅᰚᓄ஺=333.46Jg-i,£ḄnᙳP.´µ¶஺·=4.184JKig-ioPJ(1)✌ᐜ⌕¹l¤ᔠr¢ᨵºᨵᐰ¼½ᓄ஺᝞¿100gᜐ0PḄ¢ᐰ¼½ᓄ◤ᔾᦈḄQ1/

30Q=100gx333.46Jgi=33.346kJiioogᜐ5(rcḄ£ÂÃᑮo࠷,ᡠÅÆḄQ/2Q=100gx4.184JKi-g-ix(-50K)=-20.92kJ2Çᯠ£Â4ᡠÅÆḄÉqᡠᨵḄ¢ᐰ¼½ᓄᡠqᨬrḄ¤ᔠᱥÊLᜐ0࠷o(2)Ëᑮ©n⊝"ᨵ/ᐝḄ¢½ᓄ/£ᡠᔾḄÍÎL100gᜐ50࠷Ḅ£Ïᓾᑮ0࠷"ᡠÅÆḄᓽxx333.46Jg-i=20.92kJJYx=62.74gᡠq¤ᔠᱥu¬£Ḅ/¨(62.74+100)g=162.74g5.1molᳮ)*+ᙠ122K4ḄÒÓ5Ôᢙឤl᜜.10.15kPa,c10dm3<=ᑮF᝱+@100.0dm3,§23Q,W,Ö஺×ØÙJ¨ᳮ)*+49:ÖU=AH=OW=-p(V-V)e21=-10.15kPax(100-10)x10-3m3=-913.5JQ=—W=913.5J6.1moiᓫÛÜᑖÜḄᳮ)*+Ý,W᝱/298K,100kPa,ÞᔊxAU=OḄH⌮ᓄ9:r+@/Ý,W᝱Ḅ2à஺á23Q,W×AHJ¨â/AU=O,ᳮ)*+Ḅᱥᳮᓄ9:ᑣ4ªGᡠqAH=O஺W=nRTin^=(lx8.314x298)Jxjn1=-1.72kJV22Q=-W=1.72kJ7.ᙠq5ᔜ89:uᑖeᑨåQ,W,AU×Lᜧ~ஹ~ÊL~஺(1)ᳮ)*+Ḅ4H⌮<=;

31(2)ᳮ)*+Ḅ⁚è<=C(3)ᳮ)*+ḄஹÔᢙ᜜.<=C(4)lmolé▭*+Ḅµஹᓣ49:C(5)ᙠÍឋḄµᘤuH2(g)CU(g)îᡂHCl(g)(Ë*+ð/ᳮ)*+)஺J(1)â/ᳮ)*+Ḅ×ᯚòL4ªḄᦪᡠqᙠ4Ḅp,V,T9:uÖ஻=(),AH=Oo<=⌕᛻ᡠqW<0,⌕ᢝ4ªᑣóôᔾᡠqQ>0஺(2)⁚è9:Lᯚ9:ᡠqA/7=O஺ᳮ)*+Ḅᯖ-öᦪ÷=0,J-TÞ9⁚è<=r*+4ªᡠqAU=O஺⁚è9:L9:Q=0஺â/AUnO,Q=0,ᡠqW=o஺ঞâ/L9:Q=0,AU=W஺᜜.<=᜜W=-pAV<0,ᡠqAU<0஺\H=\U+\{pV)=\U+nR\T0஺V4ªᓣý+@ᑣ.GᓣýAt/+VAp>OoমÍឋḄµᘤᙠὃ⇋
◞ᡠe=0,W=0,At/=OoᑖᦪḄḄ!"#$ᓣ&AH=At/+A(/?V)=At/+VA/?>0ᡈA/7=AU+)(஻/=AU+>08.ᙠ300Klmolᳮ-./0⌮23#$4i500kPa,6᝱8410dm3஺:;<=>?Ḅ0,W,)஺"AHo@A=>?ᳮ-Ḅ/>?ᦑAU=A”=O஺CḄ3᝱84ᓃnRT1molx8.314J-mol-i-K-ix300KV=L==1.66dm3ip1500kPa

32vW=nRT

33___4V2=(1x8.314x300)JxlnL66=-4.48kJ10Q=—W=4.48kJ9.ᙠ300Kᨵ4gAr(g)(0G4ᳮ-M=39.95g-mol-i),#Ar$4506.6kPaoHᙠ/IᑖJᢥ᝞IMN>?O6᝱#$4202.6kPa,জ/0⌮Qঝ/ஹ/᜜#஺ᑖJ;<MN>?ḄQ,W,AU"@Aজᳮ-Ḅ0⌮p,V,Tᓄ>?AU=AH=0஺4gAr(g)ḄᱥWḄX4:4g=0.10mol39.95gmol-iQ=-W=nRT

34J^RRp2^(0.10x8.314x300)Jxln506-6=228.6J202.6ঝZ40⌮>?[\/>?ᡠ)U=A”=O஺Q=-W=p(V-V)RR221(nRTnRTy(p\=p___-___=nRT\1-2\P)IPJ2]0.10x8.314x300)X'1—2°2.6jJ=1497\k506.6#10.ᙠ573K^1molNe(0G4ᳮ-)`1000kPaab0⌮ᑮ100kPa஺dQ,W,AU"AH஺@Ae=>?4b0⌮>?ᦑQ=0,AU=W=C(T-T)o✌ᐜ;V21?k?l2TCln==-RlnXV,mTV11

35e4ᳮ-᪷jm᝱k?ᨵ2=Lxnoᐭql0rVTp112Cln^=-/?lnZL-/?lnAKm
TD1112Ts⚗r(C+R)In2=Rin02Vmfp11e4uឋᓫxᑖ᪷jyXᙳᑖxᳮc=2/?ᡠV.m2c=ஹR஺ᳮ-ḄC-C=R,oᐭqlrp,m2P'mv'mTPCln_2_=/?ln_rPmTpTCp2.5/?10001p,m1@rT=228K2W=AU="C(T-T)V.m21=(1x1.5x8.314)J-K-ix(228-573)K=-4.30kJ2H=஻C(T-T)p.m21=(1X2,5X8.314)J•K-1X(228-573)K=-7.17kJ11.ᨵ1.0m3ḄᓫxᑖḄᳮ-3᝱4273K,1000kPa஺{ᑖJaজ/0⌮ঝb0⌮ঞb/᜜#ᑮ}~Ḅ6᝱#$100kPaoᑖJ;<6᝱!Tஹ6᝱8"ᡠḄ஺22@Aজ/0⌮T=T=273K,21pV1000kPax1.0m3V=ii==10.0m32n100kPa12pV1000kPaXl.om3…1n=/i=_______________________=440.6mol~RT8.314J-K-i-mol-ix273Ki

36V(440.6x8.314x273xln10m3)J=-2302.7kJW=nRT

37110.0m3ঝ@1:᪷jᳮ-Ḅb0⌮>?k?lCInH=-/?InIkmTVe4ᳮ-᪷jm᝱k?ᨵ2=oᐭql0rVTpII2CIn=-Rin-RinV'm11Tlp2s⚗r(C+R)ln£=RlnVmTpI13e4uឋᓫxᑖ᪷jyXᙳᑖxᳮ,ᡠc=)R஺ᳮ-ḄC—C=R,oᐭqlrp,m2PTpCln_i=/?ln_2.PmTpTCp2.5/?10001p.m1@rT=108.6K2@2Aᵨb0⌮>?k?lpVy=ᦪᓽ=ᓫx1I22ᳮ-y=CIC=2.5R/1.5R=5/3p,mmV=1CxyV=fτ°°°x1.0m3=3.98n”2(pj'1100JpV100kPax3.98m3T=22=_________________________________________=108.6KnR440.6molx8.314J-K-i-mol-iW=^U=nC(T-T)22V,m213=[440.6x_x8.314x(108.6-273)]J=—903.3kJ

38ঞᳮ-Ḅb0⌮>?yᵨb0⌮>?k?l஺[2U=஻C(T-T)=Wlb0⌮\b0⌮>?y2V,m21ᵨ஺ᡠb/᜜#ᵨl஻C(T-T)=Wd6᝱!஺e4V,m21p=p=100kPae2nC(T-T)=-p(V-V)V,m21e213(nRTnRTஹ”2?-273K)=-pIn2-_22(^^)P3(pTஹ100x273K_(T-273K)=-|T-2i|--T+_________22I2P)21000@rT=174.7K2Vᔩ1440.6x8.314xl74.%=6.40ms2aI100000)w=-p(V-V)=-100kPaX(6.40-1.0)m3=-540kJ3e21`;<0/0⌮Ḅᨬᜧb0⌮Ḅb0⌮Ḅᜧᡠ>?ঝḄ6᝱!"8>?ঞḄ஺ᑮ}~6᝱#$b0⌮Ḅ/0⌮¡b0⌮¢£஺0¤¥¦22¢§ᑮ}~Ḅ6᝱8ᑣb0⌮Ḅ©ª/0⌮¡b220⌮¢£஺12.ᙠ373K"101.325kPa#$ᨵ1molH2஺஺)0⌮«¬ᡂ~ஹ~#ḄHo(g),®0(1)Ḅ᥅°±ᓄᯚ)H=40.66kJ-mol-u7vapmপ:;<=>?Ḅ஺´"4U,0µᶍ·᝱¸Ḅ8஺vapm(2)¹)”¡)UḄᜧ»¼½xe஺vapmvapm@AপQ=Q=bHnpvapm=1molx40.66kJ-mol1=40.66kJW=-p(V-V)^-pV=-nRTgig

39¾—(lx8.314x373)J=—3101JAU=)"-A(pV)/72=AH-

40RT/nvapmvapmvapm=(40.66-3.101)kJmol-i=37.56kJmol-ifA஻Q+W(40.66-3.101)kJ-u¿[ᡈAU=T--------=*---------------------!—=37.56kJ•moL௃vapmn1mol(2)AH>A(/oe4¸ᙠ/ஹ/#Ḅ«¬>?ÂᔾᦈḄXvapmvapmÅᑖᵨ᜜ÅᑖᵨÆÇᑖ£È$Éᑖ£ÊË&$Ìy஺¥4UÍᵨÆÇᑖ£È$Éᑖ£Êᡠ)HḄÎvapmvapm⌕AUᜧ஺vapm13.ᙠ300K^1.0molḄZn(s)Ð>XḄÑÒ⏚Â஺§ᑖJᙠÔÕḄÖ×"ØÙḄÚᘤÂÜÝ஺ÞNßà¹áâ;?ᦔ4Q,ᙠØÙÚᘤÂÜÝᦔP4Qoåὅe4ᡠḄ¹á஺MᦔḄäÎ4AVQ-Q=knRTpv=1molx8.314J-moli-K-ix300K=2494J14.ᙠ373K"101.325kPaḄᩩèI,^lgH?஺஺)a:জ/ஹ/#0⌮±ᓄQঝᙠឤ373KḄêëìÂíᯠ±ᓄ/~ஹ~#ḄHO(g)஺ᑖJ;<MN>?Ḅ஺ஹ´ஹAU")”ḄÎ஺®¸Ḅ±ᓄ42259J.gr,0µᶍ·᝱¸Ḅ8஺@AজAH=Qp=1gx2259Jg-i=2259JW^-p(V-V)^-pV_=nRT1g1g=-———x8.314JKimol-ix373K=-172.3J18g•mol-1)U=Q+W=2087Jঝe4¡জ⚪ÂḄ3ஹ6᝱~ᡠm᝱ñᦪḄX©~AUஹAH

41ḄΡ(1)ÂḄ~஺[஺"W~ᵫê뫬᜜#4óᡠW=-pAV=O2eê뫬Ḅᦔ®/#ᦔQW¥0//Úᦔᡠ2Q=AU=2087J215.ᙠ298Kᨵôᓄ(COOH)(S)+2CHOH(1)=(COOCH)(S)+2HO(1),;<ôᓄḄ᪗ö᥅°23322ᯏA"஺®A((COOH),s)=-120.2kJmol-i,rmcm2AH(CHOH,l)=-726.5kJmoli,\H((COOCH),s)=-l678kJmol-iocm3cm32@Aᑭᵨ᪗ö᥅°ùÖᯏᩭ;<᪗ö᥅°û)We(298K)=2vAHe(B)rmBCmB=[-120.2+2x(-726.5)+1678]kJmol-i=104.8kJ-mol-i16.ᙠ298K;<2c(s)+2H2(g)+C)2(g)=CH3COOHQ)Ḅ᪗ö᥅°ᯏ)Ho®Iᑡᙠ298KḄ᪗ö᥅°ᯏᑖJ4Arm(1)CHCOOH(l)+2O(g)=2CO(g)+2HO(l)\H(l)=-870.3kJmol-i,3222(2)C(s)+Q(g)=CQ(g)AH(2)=-393.5kJmol-irm(3)H(g)+^O(g)=HO(l)AH(3)=-285.8kJmol222@Aᡠdᵫ2x(2)+2x(3)-(l)ýᡂ᪷jHessªþAᵨ(298K)=[2x(-393.5)+2x(-285.8)-(-870.3)]kJmol-irm=-488.3kJ-mol-i17.ᙠ298KC2H5(DH(1)Ḅ᪗ö᥅°ùÖᯚ4-1367kJmol-i,CO(g)2HO(1)Ḅ᪗ö᥅°ᡂ∑ᑖ
-393.5kJmoL-285.8kJ.moli,2982KC2H50H(1)Ḅ᪗᥅ᡂ஺C2H50H(1)ḄCHOH(1)+3O(g)=2CO(g)+3H0(1)25222

42ᵫᙠO(g)ᑺ8(g)H0(1)ᢣ!Ḅᨬ#$ᱥ222&'Ḅ᪗᥅ᯚ)*+ᡠ-C2H50H(1)Ḅ᪗᥅ᰚ/01Ḅ᪗᥅ᯚ2ᓽ4"©=4ne(CHOH,1)o᪷9ᵨ᪗᥅rmCm25ᡂᰚ;<᪗᥅ᯏ2Ḅ>c2H50H(1)Ḅ᪗᥅ᡂᯚ?@ḄABᦪᓽDE஺AWe=2AHe(CO,g)+3AHe(H0,1)-AW®(CHOH,1)rmfm2fm2fm25AWe(CHOH,1)=2AHe(CO,g)+3AWe(H0,1)-AH©fm25fm2fm2rmAHe(CHOH,l)=[2x(-393.5)+3x(-285.8)-(-1367)]kJmol-ifm25=-277.4kJ-mol-118.FB298KCH'g),CO(g),H2஺஺)Ḅ᪗᥅ᡂᯚᑖ
2-74.8kJ-mol-i,@393.5kJ-mol-1-285.8kJmol-௃I;<298KCH'g)Ḅ᪗᥅ᯚ஺:CH/g)ḄCH(g)+2O(g)-2Ho(1)+CO(g),C.(g)Ḅ᪗᥅ᯚ0*1Ḅ᪗᥅ᯚ2஺᪷9ᵨ᪗᥅ᡂᯚ;<᪗᥅ᯏ2Ḅ>AHe(CH,g)=AH©cm4rm=2AHe(H0,1)+4He(CO,g)-AWe(CH,g)fm2fm2fm4=(2x(-285.8)+(-393.5)-(-74.8)]kJ-mol-1=-890.3kJ-mol-i19.LᵨMNO;P!QRSḄ᪗᥅ᯚ஺TUVQRS᪵X0.50g,Yᐭ[ᙳ]^298KḄMNO;ᐙᐭ`abᵨᵯdef஺ᵫQRSḄL]^gᓣ2.94K,FBMNO;Ḅjkl▬nḄ[ᙳOo=8.177kJK-iop;<ᙠ298KQRSḄ᪗᥅ᯚ஺VFBQRSḄ᥅qN100.2g-mol-ioᙠMNO;P!ḄO*oO0.5gQRSrYEḄ*oOQ=-AT=-8.177kJK1x2.94K=-24.04kJVV

43QRSḄCH(1)+110(g)=7CO(g)+8HO(1)7162221molQRSḄ*oO0*᥅OstuḄ2ᓄ24.04kJ4t/e=-------------------------=-4818kJ•mobicm0.50g/100.2gmol-iA=A[/e+ZvRTcmcmBB=-4818kJ-mol-i+[(7-11)x8.314x298]Jmol-i=-4828kJ-mol-i20.ᙠ᪗ws298KH(g)xO(g)Ḅ22H(g)+_O(g)O(g)yzxḄᱥqᙳD-{ᳮ}a~ᜐᳮFB=Ho2222AH©(HO,g)=-241.82kJmol1,&'Ḅ᪗*w᥅Oo(yx]^ᐵ)fm2ᑖ
:C©(H,g)=28.82J-K-i-mol-i,C©(O,g)=29.36J-Ki-mol-i,p,m2p,m2C©(HO,g)=33.58J-K-1mol-1஺p;<:p,m2(1)ᙠ298K᪗᥅ᯏ2AWe(298K),Ostu2ᓄrmAue998K)rm(2)ᙠ498KḄ᪗᥅ᯏ2AWe(498K)஺rm(1)᪷9ᵨFBḄ᪗᥅ᡂᯚ;<Ḅ᪗᥅ᯏ2஺!ᓫqḄ᪗᥅ᡂᯚ)*+ᡠ-AH®(298K)=SvAHe(298K)rmBfmB=4”O,g)=-241.82kJ-mol-ifm2AC/e(298K)=AH©(298K)-A(pV)rmrm=AHe(298K)-RTZVrmBB=[(-241.82-8.314x298x(l-l-0.5)xl0-3)kJmol-i-240.58kJ-mol-i

44(2)᪷9᪗*w᥅OoḄSvce(B)=(33.58-28.82-0.5x29.36)J-K-i-mol-iBp,mB=-9.92J-K-i-mol-i4“e(T)=A//e(T)+Zvce(B)(T-T)rm2rmIBp,m21A”e(498K)=AH©(298K)+EvCe(B)(T-T)rmrmBp,m21B=[-241.82-9.92x(498-298)xlO-3]kJ-mol-i=-243.80kJmol-i®¯Ost°!±@.²j⌕I.µ¶·2ᓄḄᐳ¹ᱯ»¼៉Ost°!±Ḅᦻ¿ᦪt⊤Á-IXÂIO2ÃÄCarnotÉÊᔜÌÍḄÎOḄ;<µ᝞ÐÑCarnotÉÊfEÒÓÔÕ᝱×ᦪ஺3ᳮClausiusÚ*ÛÜÝÞᳮḄß⌕ឋá¼â;<@ãäåæ᝞*]ஹ*wஹ*o)ᦋ2æḄᯏ2táé@ãêᓫḄÚD⌮æy;ᡂìஹ#᝱í¹ḄD⌮æ஺4µÛḄjqOst®!±ḄîïáLᵨ᪗᥅Òᩭ;<ᓄt2ᓄḄÒ2஺5ᳮñò⌕!ïHelmholtz¶ᵫuGibbs¶ᵫuÓ÷Ôø×ᦪᨵñòᵨᜐú¼âÃÄ@ãêᓫæḄ4".AS,"!AGḄ;<஺6ÃÄäᵨḄ®ÔOstᑨ9ḄLᵨᩩn¼âLᵨOstᦪ9⊤ᩭ;<ᓄt2ᓄḄ4”ASAG,ᳮ᝞ÐᑭᵨÛᑨ9Gibbs¶ᵫurmrmrmᑨ

459ᩭᑨÿᓄḄᔣ▲஺7ḄḄᵫᩭᦪḄᱯᑭᵨdGḄ⊤#$%&'(Gibbs)ᵫ*Ḅ+,஺-./01⌕3Ḅ45)678Ḅᐳ:ᱯ;<=⌮ឋ;ᓫᔣḄ஺)678AB6CD<◤⌕F᛻HI=J)KLMN*(F᛻OP஺Q;ᑨSTUV)6ᓄḄWX᝞Z[\WX]^_`◤⌕UVa⌕Ḅᩩc஺d᝞ᜐfgfthḄiᨵ)6ᔣkᜐlḄWXQ;᝞mᨵAᜧopq`;l

46ᙠ$%æçA⌕ᵨ=⌮78Ḅᦔ஺᝞m_▭78;A<=⌮78,ᑣ⌕é$êஹë᝱¯:Ḅ=⌮78ᡠJ⌕í0îïé$=⌮78Ḅð஺d᝞᝞Z[<=⌮¯é$ᡂ=⌮ᙢòᑮ=⌮¯3ó᝞ᰚ3ஹõ3ᡈ⛳÷ø'3ùḄ=⌮78N*º»ᙢí0=⌮78¼AGḄ$%஺

47Ìa¹¢ÍÎãÍÎdG=-SdT+Vdpᙠ½¾äᵨ/ᨬÇÈåæ஺ç$Maxwell9¶⌕ᵨᙠè+4ᦪ0p,V,T²éḄ;ᓄᐵëqì᝞p,ᓃT
îïðPqì᝞ᡈᙠÂñ«⚪AQ⍝᝞óôõᑖÍÎḄ;ᣚ஺'$Ãᓄ÷øḄ¼?Àᑖᑁ¢ᦟᩞüᑤ◀ÿ◍ᙠᑖᑮ᝞ḄᜫᐸᑖᓄḄ⌕Ẇ#$%஺'ὅ)Ḅ*+ᭆ-./᧕12345678569:ᑮᐹ<=⚪?.@ᑨB஺ᡠDᙠEFGHFIJKLMᨬO⌕PQGRᔜTUᦪWXḄYZ[\G]/᧕^_Ḅ=⚪ᡈa⌱G]⌱c⚪dGefghijkGRlmnopᙠ៝rḄmnᳮtHuvḄ*+ᭆ-஺w.yὃ⚪{ὃgᫀ1}~GJ.⌮ḄᡠD.⌮GJ}~Ḅ஺)ᔩg)Ḅ9M┯Ḅ஺.⌮.GJ}~Ḅ᝞.⌮G.}~Ḅ஺2ஹ.Dᔾஹᔩᔲ¡FIJK¢£ᕖC:.¢£஺ClaususeḄ“.¦ᱥ<¨ᑮᱥ<.©ªᐸ«Wᓄ”஺®¯°ᑡᱥ<¨ᑮ6ᱥ<²᛻´6ᵯ¶ᓾᑮ6஺W¶.⌮ᡠD²᛻~¸6Wᓄ஺3¦ᔲ°¹º»⊝½¾¿ᨬᜧGibbs}ᵫ¦ᨬÂg.¦Gᭆ\᪵⌕ᨵÅᓽÇ°¹ᡈ◞É°¹º»⊝½Ê¿ᨬᜧ஺ËஹËஹ.´ÌͶ°¹º»⊝½Gibbs}ᵫ¦ᨬÂ஺ÎÏᵨᑨѽGJ⌕ÒᔠᑨÑᡠ⌕ÔḄ〉ᵨᩩ×஺4Ø°¹Ù᝱~ÛGÇ.⌮ᑮºÜ᝱஺6YZÝ¿¦ᔲÞYGÇ⌮ᩭYZg.¦஺àáGÙ᝱~Ç⌮HÇ.⌮âḄÜ᝱Ç.@ãá஺äLàᨵãáḄÜ᝱âÇ.@ᨵãáḄÙ᝱஺ᡠDåᨵÞYG◀ÇD᜜Ḅᐸ«⌮è¦ᨵãáḄÙஹÜ᝱஺

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53(C)ஹTஹ⌮y(D)ஹஹ⌮y2(A)஺ᙠஹ⌮yHelmholtzᵫ#Ḅ)ᓄA᛻Ḅᨬᜧᒹ\$Helmholtzᵫ#Ḅ஺ᙠ1Helmholtzᵫ#a@eᐭFḄᩩ஺14.!"1n5⊤()(A)ᙠ0KaᨔḄ(B)ᙠ0Ka¡᦮ᨔḄᯏ(C)ᙠ0°CaᨔḄ¤(D)ᙠ0°Ca¡᦮ᨔḄ¥23(B)஺¡᦮ᨔ¦@ᨵ]i᣸ᑡ©᪷«¬∑ḄM¯ḄBoltzmann°©S=/cln஺±ᑮᙠ0Ka¡᦮ᨔḄ஺=1,ᑣ¥஺B15.´H0(1)ᙠ᪗¶T!H·^aஹT⌮¸ᓄᑣ()2(A)AU=\H,AA=AG,AS>0\7vapvapvapvapvap(vB)7ALKkH,AG,AS>0vapvapvapvapvap(C)7AU>AH,AA>AG,AS<0'vapvapvapvapvap(D)7AH,AG,AS<0\vapvapvapvapvap23(B)஺¹ᙠ¸ᓄaᐸAap6O஺ᙠH·^ஹT⌮¸ᓄaºஹ»¼஺¹T)
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ᑖᳮᙠᩩᵫ300Kᑮ600K,!ḄAS஺#$জ&!'ஹ)*!
ᑖᳮḄC=?/?,ᡠ0V.m2TAS=nCIn.5298ஹ5xx8.314xlnJK-i=—42.4JKi2/ঝ&!'ஹ)*!ᓫ
ᑖᳮḄc=±Rp,m2T&S=nCIn1p,mTf5600)=3xx8.314xln|J,Kτ=43.2JKi230Q3.2345ᙠ323K6)ឋ89ᑮ:⊝<᝱ᓽ$ᜩᯠ345A^)ឋ345CD&)ឋ!Ḅ᥅Fᯚ)=29.288kJmol-nH&IJḄ᥅Frm♦ᯏ)ASorm°#$LMC9ᑮ:⊝<᝱N0OM)ឋ!Ḅᯏ)PQN⌮ᦔJ,QAHS=....R==rmrmTT29.288kJ-mol-i,----------------------=90.67JT-K-i-mol-1323K4.1molᳮᙠ*ᑖTUᔊ᝞!$জN⌮XY!;

55ঝᔣ]^XY!_᝱`aQb᝱`Ḅ10e஺ᑖT!'fḄg)஺#$জL&!'ᳮ*N⌮XY!ᡠ0$VAS=77/?ln_2.iVi(10ஹ=|^lx8,314xln—JJ-K-i=19.14J-K-iঝ}ᯠ~(1)ḄXYᐸbஹ_᝱Q<᝱ᦪᡠ0&!Ḅ)~জḄᓽAS=19.14J-K-io25ᨵ2moiᓫ
ᑖᳮᵫb᝱500kPa,323Kᑮ_᝱1000kPa,373K஺Ḅg)஺#$QAaᦋ)Ḅ!)⌕ᑖ஺A*N⌮ᦋ)Ḅ!N⌮ᦋ)*Ḅ!)ḄMTAS=஻Rln2+஻CpPmT21Ip5T=nRIni+xln2IT2T)(5005xln373hl!=12x8.314xIn+23231J-K-iLIrouoA•—஻=-5.54J-K-i6ᙠ300K6ᨵᱥ5Ḅ¦M஻Ḅᓫ
ᑖᳮ§b᝱100kPa,122dm3,Iᢙ50kPaḄ᜜*XYᑮ50kPa஺$(1)AU,AH,_᝱`V,0᝞®!QN⌮!Ḅ஺¯°Wo2RRফ᝞®!QN⌮!Ḅ஺¯°WoIIবAS,³S¯³S஺SySsuriso#:(1)QᳮḄ*XYᡠ0K=0,At/=OopV100kPaxl22dm3n=௃i=_________________=4.89mol~RT(8.314x300)Jmol-inRTr(4.89x8.314x300)1V=-----=I----------------jpa=0.244m32Pli50x1032Ꮇ¹ᳮ*N⌮XYº_᝱ᑣ

56Q=_¼=nRTInRRp2(100ஹ=|4.89x8.314x300xlnA1x10-3J=8.45kJI50)(2)ᳮ*ஹ᜜XYº_᝱Q=-W=p(V-V)IIe21=[50x103x(0.244-0.122)]J=6.10kJ(3)'fḄ)ᵨᎷ¹ḄN⌮!Ḅ*ᖪ8.45xl03j_2S=%28.17J-K-isysT300KÂ᛻ḄÄ)ᵨ'fÅ▭N⌮!ḄḄÇÈᩭLMÂ᛻QᜧËÌÍ'fQN⌮ḄᦔJQÌÍÂ᛻ÎQN0OMQN⌮Ḅ஺AC-Q6.10X103JccCCT”2s=_L=-=-20.33J-K1surT300KAS=AS+ASisosyssur=(28.17-20.33)J-K-i=7.84J-K-i7.ᨵAÔḄÕឋᘤ×Øᵨ◞ÚÛᘤᑖMÜᑖᑖTᐙ0*ḄN2(g)¯஺2@)᝞áᡠâ஺N2(g)¯஺2È)ḆNäMᳮ஺1molN1mol022293K283Kপ¹×Ø◞ÚQæḄ8çèé0êᢝìḄ஺᦮'f9ᑮ:⊝6ḄAS஺(2)9ᑮ:⊝îÛ◞ÚïðH'fḄñᔠó)AmixS஺#$(1)✌ᐜ⌕Hö9ᑮ:⊝6Ḅ*ToLM÷Ḅø`ù)úQÔᘤᡠ0W=0,஺=0,ᑣAU$஺஺CDN(g)Ḅ*Mû=293K,O2(g)Ḅ*MT=283K,9ᑮ:⊝6ᨵAU=nC(N)(7-T}+nC(O)(T-T)=01V,m212V,m22LM÷aQ
ᑖᳮ᥅Fᱥ5Ḅ¦üᡠ0ᨵ$(T-293K)+(T-283K)=0#ýT=288K

57ᐸÅÌÍᱥ5Ḅ¦ஹ᥅FüḄ÷*Ḅ9:⊝6Ḅ*PÍὅ*Ḅ:ᙳ
T=(T+T)/2=288K஺12ᙠ⌮ḄḄ
ᡠTTkS=nCln_+ncln_1p,mT2p,mT12CTஹn=nCIIn+lnPmெTT)12/5(288288Mn+ln11JKi=0.006JKi2X8一,(283£᜛.(2)⊝!"◞$
%&'(Ḅ()*᡽ᜧ-.,1rLi+Ini1AS=-RZnInxmixBB22B11-Ix8.314xln-JJ-K-i=11.53J-K-i80(1234ᳮ67ᙠឤ9:;ᵯ=Ḅ67஺>ᙠ298K?,lmolℍ⃔BᨬDEFGDHEIᩭGK0(123Lᢝ4NOᵨ஺QRᙠ298K?Sℍ⃔BḄ᪗U᥅WXYᯚAH(CHO)=-2808kJmol-i
S(CHO)=212.0JK1-molcm6126m6126S(CO)=213.74JK-1molm2S(H0,1)=69.9lJK-imol-1
S(O,g)=205.14JK-imol-1m2m2[S⌕]^ᨬᜧḄ:;ᵯ=
_▭]^1molℍ⃔BᙠXY?Ḅ᥅WabGibbscᵫEḄeᓄ஺ℍ⃔BḄXYabgCHO(s)+60(g)=6CO(g)+6H0(1)6126222AH(CHO)=AH(CHO)=-2808kJmolirm6126cm6126AS(CHO)=SvS(B)rm6126BmB=(6x213.74+6x69.91-6x205.14-212.0)JKi-mol-i259.06J-K-imol-iAG(CHO)=AH(CHO)—TAS(CHO)rm6126rm6126rm6126

58=(—2808-298x259.06x10-3)kJ-mol-i=-2885kJ-mobi9.}ᓄ~ab
ᙠ298K3᪗U
40.00kJ,ab6⌮ᵯᩭᡂ
ᙠᓄ~abḄஹ᝱?
ᑣᔾ4.00kJo]^S(1)ᓄ~abḄS»rm(2)abc
9ᵯ=?Ḅ᛻e
◞Ḅ¡e஺ব]^E9Ḅᨬᜧᵯ=஺[S(1)ᓄ~abEc
£¤-⌮67
Eᵨ¥Ḅᦔbᩭ]^¡e
⌕ᑭᵨ᝱Ḅ⌮ᵯḄᦔbᩭ]^¡e
ᡠAu,©ª1Q4.00kJ-mol-i,„,S()—_==13.42J-Ki-mol-irmT298K(2)ᙠᓄ~ab¯Ḅ⌮
᛻ᢥ⌮Ḅ±²ᩭ³ᦈ
ᡠAS()=஺¶40.0kJ•moU134.2JK-i-mol-irmT298K~~AS(◞)=AS()+AS()=147.6J•K-i•mol-irmrmrm(3)ᙠ⌮ᵯ¯
E9Ḅᨬᜧᵯ=ᙠᦪ½¾¿AG,ᡠrmAG=AH-TASrmrmrm=(-40.0-4.00)kJ-mol-i=-44.0kJ-mol-iW=ÃAG=-44.0kJf,maxrmIQᙠ298KḄÅ
%Æᘤ¯ÈᨵÊËÌ
Í?-Î0.2molO(g),g20kpa,Ó-Î0.8molN(g),g80kPa,ᡭÍÊ22Ë
%'(×Øᔠ
'(ᙳgᳮ'(஺]^S(1)᝱?Æᘤ¯Ḅ஺(2)Øᔠ67ḄQ,W,U,AS3AGomixmixmix(3)᝞ÝᙠÅ
⌮ᙢ'(ᑖ
*ឮáâã
]^67ḄQ3W஺[S(1)✌ᐜ]^ÊË%ÎÆᘤḄ()
ᯠçᑮ%ÆᘤḄé()
¾E]^ᨬØᔠḄnRT(0.2x8.314x298^V=_j___=______________|m3=0.025m31pI20x103)

59nRT(0.8x8.314x298ஹV=Jm3=0.025m3280x103P
+3)íjL0x&314x298%=50kPaV+VI0,050)12(2)ᳮ'(ḄÅØᔠ67
AU=0,AH=0,Øᔠ?îᨵᦔb
Q=0,ᡠW=0஺mixmixï_½
ð%&'(ñò
îᨵó᛻9=
ᡠw=o஺AS='RZn\X\XmixBBBôôini=-8.314x10.2xln+0.8xlnIIJ-K-i=5.76J-K-i[I7ᑣAG=kH-T\S=-TASmixmixmixmix=—298Kx5.76JK=—1716J(3)Q=-T\S=-298Kx5.76JK-i=-l716JRmixAU=0,W=—Q=1716JmixRIL1molᳮ'(
ᙠ273KÅ⌮ᙢõ1000kPaö÷ᑮ100kPa,]^ø67ḄQ,W'(ḄAS,AG3A/lo[Sᳮ'(Å⌮ö÷
AU=0,AH=0,PW=nRT

60g=-5.23kJP1Q=—W=5.23kJQ_5.23x103JAS=19.16JKivapm~T~273KAG=AA=—TAS=W=-5.23kJmax12ᙠ300K?
ð1molᳮ'(
õ100kPaùÅ⌮úᑮ1000kPa,]^Q,W,MJ,A”
AS,AA3AG஺[Sᳮ'(ḄÅᱥᳮeᓄ
AU=0,"=()PW=nRTIn2maxp1=ô1x8.314x300x13°0°'J=5.74kJ100

61஺=-ü=-5.74kJmaxAA=AG=W=5.74kJmaxA&_Q-üf5.74x103ஹ.1Q3-_n=max=—________________J•K-l=-19.1JK-1TTI,300y13.Imolᓫâþᑖþᳮ'(
᝱Åÿ273K,
ᑖᑡ⌮ᓄজឤ
ঝឤ
ঞឤ
஺ᑖᐸGibbsᵫḄᓄ"AG஺Ꮇ$ᙠ273K&᪗(
)*+Ḅ᥅-∑S=100JK-imol-i஺m0জ12345ᦋ
Ḅ⌮78)2G=J&Vdp=nRTIn9᜜R(2ஹ='1x8.314x273x11)J=1.573kJITJঝᙠឤ
)ᑣ=>)T=27,᪷@GibbsᵫḄ$A2IB)CG=—&TS)dT=>(7—T)TP22,=2x8.314x2731J=5.674kJ12JT2S=nCln_xp.mT=|Gx4.314XIn2ஹJ.K-l=14.41J-K-iS=S+AS=114.4J-K-121AG=AH—(TS-TS)22I1=5.674kJ-(2x273x114.43273x100)J=-29.49kJঞឤ
)T=2T2I

62TAS=nCIn஺V.mT=(1x3x8.314xJ-K-i=8.64J-K-i2S=S+AS=108.6JK-iᡠF21AG=AH-(TS-TS)2211=5.674kJ-(2x273x108.6-273x100)J=-26.32kJ&ᙠ373KH101.325kPaᩩJ)K2moiL⌮MNOஹO
ḄM+஺P78ḄQ,W,AU,C"&AS஺RSLḄ᥅-TᓄᯚAH=40.68kJ-molioᎷVL+WᳮY+)Zᶍ\᝱LḄ஺vapm0Q=AH=nAH=(2x40.68)kJ=81.36kJvapmW=-p\V=-p[V-V)^-pV=-nRTeeg1eg=-(2x8.314x373x10-3)kJ=-6.20kJCU=Q+W=(81.36-6.20)kJ=75.16kJQAH^81.36x103ஹCS=`=—,=||JK-i=218.1J-K-iTTI373J5ᙠ3dᴻᳫghᐭ
101.3kPa,=373K஺Kdᴻᳫjᐭ34klᘤg)klᘤាoplmoll01.3kPa,373KḄHO(g)»VqKrᳫsẚ)LᐰvTᓄᡂ101.3kPa,373KḄLM+஺Q,2W,\U,AH,AS,AG,AA஺᪷@xyz{)13782NḄᔩ}Fᵨ34ឋWᑨ@}RSLᙠ101.3kPa,373KḄ᥅-TᓄᯏA0,1)=40.68kJ-mol-1஺vapm20Ho(l)ᔣklTᓄ)w=o21234⌮᝱OḄ78)ᡠFAG=0AH=nA0,1)=Imolx40.68kJ-mol-i=40.68kJvapm2Q=AU=AH—A(pU)=AH—CRT=(40.68-1x8.314x373x10-3)kJ=37.58kJCS=£=40.68kJ_jog]1KiT373K

63AA=AU-TAS=(37.58-40.68)kJ=-3.10kJᡈ\A=W=-C/7=-(1x8.314x373)J=-3.10kJmax*782ឤஹឤ78)ᦑᵨMWᑨ@)AA<0,ᦑ*782NḄ⌮78஺ᯠ)>FᵨASWᑨ@)iso2s=._4O.68kJ_109]JKJT373KCS=~Q,__37-58kJ-_100,7J.K-isurT373KAS=AS+ASisosyssur=(109.1-100.7)J-K-i=8.4J-K-i>0ᡠF)LḄklMN782NḄ⌮78஺16.1molᳮY+)ᙠ122K5Ḅᢙឤ$᜜
)10dm3ᑮ᝱஺RSᙠ*78g)¡Ḅ¢19.14J-K1,*78¡ᢙḄ᜜
P)᝱Ḅᓃ)¤*C”)AA,AG,§᛻¢AS&©e/surª¡᱘ASoiso02ᳮY+Ḅ5ᱥᳮᓄ)ᡠFAU=0,C"=(),AA=AG=—TASoRSḄ"F0®᝱Ḅv2VAS=Vi(Vஹ19.14J-K1=lx8.314xln2|J-K1ஹ10dm3)0¯V-100dm32nRT<1x8.314x122^p=p=___=IIPa=10.14kPae2ᓃI0.10)AA=AG=-TAS=—(122x19.14)J=-2.34kJ-QW_-p(V-v)3=y.=°—______e___2_____TtT

6410.14kPax(100-10)dm3“)c,------------------------------=-7.48J-K-i122KAS=AS+ASisosyssur=(19.14-7.48)J-K1=11.66J-Ki17ᙠ-5C&᪗(
)1mol7²\³´µOஹO
Ḅµ³)*78ḄAS&AG஺RS-5࠷)µ᝱³&\᝱³Ḅ⛳&M+
ᑖ2.25kPa&2.64kPa,ᙠ*ᩩJ)³Ḅ᥅-ᰚᓄᰚAH(CH,s)=9.86kJmol-iomeltm6607²\Ḅ´µ234⌮78)⌕V34ஹ᝱OḄ⌮78)ºAS&AG஺»ᢝ=½-5°C,VḄ⌮78ᨵ᝞5À᪀ᡂCH(l,p஺)3HWCH(l,2.64kPa)—i^CH(g,2.64kPa)666666—ÂfCH(g,2.25kPa)ভஹCH(s,2.25kPa)ߟÄÄCH(s,pQ)66T6666AG=AG+AG+AG+AG+AG12345ÅফÀ&Å(4)À)2ᙠ⛳&M+
ḄᩩJ)ឤஹឤ
Ḅ⌮)ᡠFAG=AG=O஺\&µḄ
ÇឋÈr)É
ÊËᜧ)ÍÎ24Ḅ᥅-Ïᜧ)ÐÑÒAG+AG«0oᡠF15AG=AG=nRT

65P237^^Ix8.314x268xln2-25>lJ=-356,2J[2.641AW-AG(-9.86+0.356)kJAS==2_____________=-35.46J.KiT268KB³ḄÓÔÕÖ353K,᥅-+ᓄᯚAH=30.77kJmol-iÄᙠ353vapmoK&᪗(
)Klmol\᝱³ᔣkl5TᓄOO
Ḅ³M+(VᳮY+)஺×(1)*78g³ᔾᦈḄÚ஺&ÛḄÜWo(2)³Ḅ᥅-+ᓄGibbsᵫAanGm&᥅-+ᓄ¢AaNm஺(3)§᛻Ḅ¢஺(4)Ýᵨᑨ@)FᑨÞß78⌮ᔲ}¤ᵨxyáâᑨ஺0(1)klTᓄW=0஺=C0=C/7-C(஻ä)^\H-

66RT30.77kJ-lmolx8.314Jmol-iK-ix353K=27.84kJ

670V\᝱³ᙠOஹO
⌮MN+)12⌮)CG=0vapmQC"30.77kJmol-i1å.Cs_.=vapm==87.2J-K-l-mol-ivapn,TT353K0¡Ḅ⌮ᦔò)ó§᛻ᩭzFõW2⌮ḄAc3஺-27.84kJmol-icc,“CS=_==-78.9JK-ik'ᓽsurT353K0ᵨ¢ᑨ@ᩭᑨù78Ḅ⌮ឋAS=CS+AS=8.3)KT>0ᡠF)78⌮ḄN78஺isovapmvapsurBᙠ298K,101.3kPaᩩJ)Zn(s)C11SO4þ\Ḅÿᣚ
ᙠ⌮ᵯᨬᜧᵯ200kJ,6kJo
ḄAW,AA,4G(
Ḅᓄᶍ!")஺%&ᙠ'(ஹ'*Ḅᩩ,-.᜜ᡠḄ⌮ᵯ1'234Gibbs5ᵫ7Ḅ-89\G=W=-200kJr£maxᵫ2
:;ᱥ=>?ᡠ@W=o,w=w+W=W=-200kJeef.maxf.maxAU=Q+W=(-6-200)kJ=-206kJAS_Q-6000JB஺C_=_______=—ZU.13J-K-irT298Kᵫ2
:;ᱥ=>?AW=At/=-206kJAA=AG=-200kJ2ᙠ(FG298KḄឤ(IJ2molᳮL;MN!⌮OPQR஺QR34.S᛻3.5kJ,ᑮVW᝱Y34ḄGZ᝱Ḅ10[஺\QRḄQ,W];ḄAS,AGA4஺%&^Gᙠឤ(Iᡠ@ᳮL;ḄAU=0,A//=0o`aW=—3.5kJ,஺=—W=3.5kJ"CcZஹW᝱deḄ⌮QRAS=g_=஻RlnvigTF21()ஹ2x8.314xln--JJ-K-i=38.3J-K-i

68AA=AG=-TAS=-(298x38.3)J=-11.41kJ21ᙠ101.3kPa373K-hlmolij;⌮*kGl"mQ,W,AU,\H,\A,AGAS஺`aᙠ373K101.3kPa-iḄ᥅opᓄᯚAH=40.68kJ-mol-io;@rGᳮL;ᜐᳮᶍlḄ஺vapm%&AH=-nAHe(HO,l)=-lmolx40.68kJ-mol-i=-40.68kJvapm2Q=AH=—40.68kJW=-pAV=-p(V-V)«pV=nRTee1geg=(1x8.314x373)J=3.10kJAU=Q+W=(-40.68+3.10)kJ=—37.58kJoQf-40.68x103)ICQ13AAS=7.=_________|JK-i=-109.1J-KirmTI~~373~tuvᜐᙠ⌮dwxḄ'(ஹ'*⌮dᡠ@AG=0AA=W=3.10kJ0"m-ᑡ
ᙠ298K᪗{*|-ḄᯏASrm3CHOH(l)+_O()——>CO(g)+2H0(1)g32222`aᙠ298K᪗{*|-ᔜᱥ=Ḅ᪗{᥅oᑖG&S(CHOH,1)=126.80JKi-mol-i,S(O,g)=205.14J-Ki-mol-im3m2S(CO,g)=213.74JKimol-1,S(H0,1)=69.91J-Kimol-im2m2%&.2ᓄ
Ḅ᪗{᥅os=zVs(B)rmBmB=(213.74+2x69.91-126.80-1.5x205.14)JK-imol-i=-80.95J-K-i-mol-i3ᙠ600K,100kPa*|-NḄῃi
GCaSO.2HO(s)=CaSO(s)+2HO(g)4242"m
FG111101YḄ஺,᮱4//஺,45஺4©2\6©஺`aᔜ

69ᱥ=ᙠ298.15K,100kPaYḄ|ᦪG:ᱥ=A/(kJ-mol-i)SQ/(J-K-1-mol-1)fmmC/(J-K-i-mol-i)P,mCaSO.2HO(s)-2022.12193.97186.2042CaSO(s)-1432.68106.7099.604HO(g)-241.82188.8333.582CḄ9ᙠ298K—600KḄ(Fᑁv?(F:ᐵḄᦪ;p,mᢥᳮL;ᜐᳮᙠ;?᝱ᐳY᝱Ḅᶍ!"஺%&AHe(298.15K)=EvAWe(B,298.15K)rmBfmB=[2x(-241.82)-1432.68+2022.12]kJmol-i=104.80kJ•mol-iASe(298.15K)=XvSqB,298.15K)rmBmB=[2x188.83+106.70-193.97]J-K-i-mol-i=290.39J-K-i-mol-iAC=XvC(B)pBp,mB=[2x33.58+99.60-186.20]J-Ki-mol-i=-19.44J-K-i-mol-iAH©(600K)=A//e(298K)+AC(T-T)rmrmp21=[104.8+(-19.44)x(600-298)x10-3]kJ-mol-i=98.93kJ-moliTASe(600K)=ASe(298K)+ACIn^.rmrmpT1r6ooi=[290.39+(-19.44)xIn—JJ-K-i-mol-i

70=276.78J-K-i-mol-i^Gv'*
Q=A/7©(6OOK)x&=98.93kJprmW=-pAV«-pV=-nRTeeg=-(2x8.314x600)x10-3kJ=-9.98kJABBQ+W(98.93—9.98)kJA஺೐(600K)=^-----=2-------------i—=88.95k1J-Tmol-1irm&1molAA஺(600K)=A600K)-TA^(600K)rmrmrm=[88.95-600x276.78x10-3]kJ-mobi=-77.12kJ-mol-iAGe(600K)=AHQ(600K)-TASe(600K)rmrmrm=[98.93-600x276.78x10-3]kJmol-i=-67.14kJmol-i»`aᵬᙠ¡w383KYḄ᥅o;ᓄᯚGA”=13.343kJmoU,vapm;GᳮL;᝱Ḅ?;d£ᶍ!"஺(1)1molᵬᙠ¡w383K,⌮jMGe(ஹe*(101.325kPa)Ḅ;"mQRḄ0,W,AS,AAAG஺(2)᝞¥vᔣ§¨jMGe(e*Ḅ;বªᵨᑨQ"m®¯§¨jMḄ⌮ឋ5Mឋ஺%&(1)^Gvᙠ¡wYḄ±d²⊝ᡠ@46=0Q==´Hvapm=1molx13.343kJmol-i=13.343kJW=-pAVpV=-nRTeeg--(1x8.314x383)x10-3kJ--3.184kJAU=Q+W=(13.343—3.184)kJ=10.159kJ

71AS=4_13.343kJ=3484JµsysT383KAA=W=-3.184kJmaxᡈM=At/-TA5=10.159-13.343
kJ=-3.184kJ·2
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76Ḅᓄ56Ãᙠ»¼Ḅ⌕-Z⌕ÅƸ¹Çᔣ»¼/0ᡠP¤ᱥZ®¯\¦§஺II.᝱ᱥÊᔠ|ÌÍᡂ᝱Êᔠᱥ=|ᨵÎÏÐ⌕ḄÊᔠឋBC"Êᔠ|ÑÒAÓÑÒ7ᔜVX᝱ᱥÑÒḄÔ<)ᯏAÓ;Êᔠ×ØÔ)ÊᔠGibbsMᵫNᓽ"AV=0,AH=0,AS>0,AG<0mixmixmixmix12ᓅtàáᜩᔛäåæçäåèᐭêëìÆdí|îïäåᑁðäñ}⊤☢óñdôↈö஺°±²BC"êgÃäåg-O÷äåä஺äåᨵᑖᦑäåᑁðḄ&'(Ḅö(஺Àäåᑁðä|⌕ᔾᦈûäïḄäåᑁðgüᶍḄö(ᡠPäåᑁðäñäå⊤☢þü&ódôↈö஺ÿ.ᭆ⚪ὃᫀ1.2molAᱥ3molBᱥᙠஹᔠᡂᳮ!᝱ᔠᱥ#$%&ABḄ(᥅*+,ᑖ./1.79x10-5m3mol-i,2.15x10-5m3-mol-i,ᑣᔠᱥḄ9+,/()(A)9.67x10-5m3(B)9.85x10-5m3(C)1.003x10-4m3(D)8.95x10-5m3A(C)oBᵨ(᥅*DḄEFGV=nV+nV1122=(2xl.79+3x2.15)xl0-5m3=1.003x10-»m32.ᑡ(Mᑖ&NO/(᥅*DḄP((A)L\ஹT.p.n(C*B)(C)Rᑭ)ெdnjp,V.n(C*B)Bc(A)஺᪷W(᥅*DXYZP[Dឋ]ᨵ(᥅*D,nopX⌕mᔠஹஹ◀B`᜜Ḅᐸcdᡂefgh[DឋiᱥBḄᱥḄDḄfᓄ᳛]NO/(᥅*Dlᨵ(A)mᔠ஺3,ᑡ(MᑖrePᓄstḄP((BuvSW(CHB)T,p.n(CHB)cBB

77(C)wপ)Rw\onr,V,n(C#B)rBB(B)஺ᓄstḄyYXYPᙠzᢝh|}s~ᦪḄᱯfD◀B`᜜ḄᐸcdᑖefḄ#|}s~ᦪ஻(MᑖO/ᓄst஺ᯏḄᱯfDPS,p,ᡠ`(B)P(᥅*DnePᓄst஺4.373Kg!+AḄ⛳/133.24kPa,!+BḄ⛳/66.62kPa஺ABᡂᳮ!᝱ᔠᱥAᙠ!&Ḅ᥅*ᑖᦪ/0.5gᙠ&AḄ᥅*ᑖᦪy()A(A)1(B)1/2(C)2/3(D)1/3A(C)஺ᵨRoultX9AḄ◀`9஺p=p*x+p*xAABB=(133.24x().5+66.62x().5)kPa=99.93kPapp*x133.24kPax0.52y=_A_=AA=_______________=0.67=_Ap-99.93kPa-3pp*x133.24kPax0.52ᡈy=A=AA=______________________=App*%+p*x(133.24+66.62)x0.5kPa3AABB5.ᙠ298K᪗}ᵬᡂᳮḄ!᝱ᔠᱥ஺¡p¢ᔠᱥ+,/2dm3,Ḅ᥅*ᑖᦪ/0.25,Ḅᓄst/¡£¢ᔠᱥḄ+,/1dm3,Ḅ᥅*ᑖᦪ/0.5,ᓄst/஻2ᑣ()(A)¤¥¦ᑅ¨᜜(C))(D)e©XA(B)஺ᓄstP(᥅*GibbsªᵫNP¬ឋ®ᔠᱥḄ9+,¯ᐵn®ᔠᱥḄ±ᨵᐵ஺᪷Wᳮ!᝱ᔠᱥḄᓄst⊤³G´(T,p)=|i*(T)+RT

78xB(l)B(l)Bµ/¡p¢&Ḅ᥅*ᑖᦪ¶¡£¢&Ḅ᥅*ᑖᦪᦑᓄst¸஺6.ᙠTg¹!+AḄ⛳/p*,ᓄst/º»oᙠAAᜧ}Ḅ½¾¿/T*,A&ᐭÁD®Aeᡂ¾᝱!ḄnᡂfÂ!gÃÄÅᱥᳮDᑖ./p,ºT,ᑣ)AAf(A)p*P,r*

79(C)p'T(D)p>p,n*>n,T*>TAAAAffAAAAffA(D)஺¹!+AḄ⛳ᓄstÆÂ!&ḄᜧEᐭÇÂ!Ḅ½¾¿ÈÉ஺7.ᙠ298KgABÊ+ᓫÌᙠhpᑺ&Î⍳ÐHenryXHenryÑᦪᑖ./Ò<oqᑣAB(¤⊝g)Ḅ}ÕgᙠpXDḄ#ᑺ&ᡠÎḄABḄDḄᐵ$/()(A)AḄDᜧBḄD(B)AḄD¸BḄD(C)AḄDBḄD(D)AḄD®BḄD¯ÖÆ×A(B)஺᪷WHeniyX¤⊝}ÕgHentyÑᦪᜧḄ+ᐸÎḄDØn¸஺8.ᙠ400Kg!+AḄ/4x104Pa,!+BḄ/6x104Pa,ὅdᡂᳮ!᝱ᔠᱥ஺ᙠÚ¤⊝Ḅ!&AḄ᥅*ᑖᦪ/0.6,ᑣ&BḄ᥅*ᑖᦪy()B(A)0.60(B)0.50(C)0.40(D)0.30A(B)஺ᵨRoultX9BḄ◀`9ppx6x104Pax0.4y=B=___BB=____________________=0.50Bppx+px(4x0.6+6x0.4)x104PaAABB9.ᙠ50࠷g!+AḄ⛳P!+BḄ⛳Ḅ3ÜAB!+ᡂᳮ!᝱ᔠᱥ஺Ú-!¤⊝gᙠ!&AḄ᥅*ᑖᦪ/0.5,ᑣᙠ&BḄ᥅*ᑖᦪy/()B(A)0.15(B)0.25(C)0.5(D)0.65A(B)஺ᵨRoultX9BḄ◀`9pp*xp-x0.5_y=B=BB=B=0.25Bppx+px(3p*+p*)x0.5AABBBB10.ᙠ298K᪗}ᨵÝÞⅉḄ!஺ᙠ¡pÝ&ᨵ2dm3!ᨵ0.5molⅉᓄst/¸ᙠ¡£Ý&ᨵldm3!ᨵ0.25molⅉ,1ᓄst/Noᓄstᜧ¸Ḅᐵ$/()2(A)|i=10|i(B)p=2|11212(C)´(D)M=M21212

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81ᓄᑖᱥᔣh¡6pᱥU஺¢.¤⚪᪆1.ᙠ298KCᨵ0¬HSO2B3Ḅ±ᐸ²G`1.0603x103kg-m-3,24HSOḄᑖᦪvv=0.0947஺¿ÀᙠÁ+G!5Ḅ²G`997.1kg.m-3஺24BÂÃÄHSOḄOজ᥅ÇÈG8ঝᱥḄÈGc4ঞᱥḄᑖᦪ24BBXOBOজ᥅ÇÈGᢣᙠ1kgᑺXḄᱥḄÎ⊤#HSOḄ᥅ÇM=0.09808kgmol-ioÔḄ`1.0kg,24Bn஻72B3/Mm=B=__________BBm2A3m2A30.0947x1.0kg/0.09808kg-mol-i==1.067mol-kg-1(1-0.0947)x1.0kgঝᱥḄÈGᢣᙠ1dm3XḄᱥḄÔ`1kgc=\=-(B)/ÛBVm()/p()0.0947xl.Okg/0.09808kg•mol-i1.0kg/1.0603x103kg-m-3=1.024x103moim-3=1.024mol-dm-3233Ô`LOkg,BAn=0.0947xl.Okg/0.09808kgmol-i=0.966molBn=(1-0.0947)xl.Okg/0.018kgmoli=50.29molAn0.966molXB=0.0188B(0.966+50,29)molBA2.:0.6molḄâ⏣2B340.4molḄ2A3gᔠ#â⏣ḄḄ²G`849.4kg•m3¿Àâ⏣Ḅå᥅ÇæçV=57.5x10-6m3-mol-i,0BÂèḄå᥅ÇæçVo¿À4â⏣Ḅ᥅Çᑖé`A

82M-18gmol-i,M=46gmoli஺ABO᪷ëå᥅ÇḄi4ìíᨵV=nV+nV(1)AABBmm(A)+m(B)nM+nMV=—=------=—A——A--------B-B-(2)PPPï☢íðÁ8Jᡠ&ᨵ(18x0.4+46x0.6)x10-3kg0.4molxV+(0.6x57.5xl0-6)m3=-----------------------A849.4kg-rn-3#V=1.618x10-5m3-mol-iA3.ᙠ298KCᨵᜧḄᵬô(A)4ô(B)Ḅ᝱gᔠᱥᐸôḄ᥅Çᑖᦪx=0.20஺᝞÷:1mol5ôiᐭøgᔠᱥÃÄø¬ùúḄAG஺BOÔ1mol5ôḄGibbsþᵫ
G*,ᙠ᝱ᔠᱥ1molḄ᥅m,BGibbsᵫ
G,ᡠḄAG1mol!ᙠ"ᐭᔠᱥḄ$%!GibbsBᵫḄ&'!AG=G-G*=*=RTlnxBm,BBBB=(8.314x298xln0.20)Jmol-i=-3.99kJ-mol-i4.ᙠ263K:100kPa=!ᨵ1mol?@ABCᡂEFஹEHḄI஺KᵨᓄNOPQ?RḄAG஺STᙠ263KU!H0(1)Ḅ⛳:XYH2p*(H0,1)=287Pa,HO(s)Ḅ⛳:XYHp*(HO,s)=259Pa஺222]^?@A_I`ab⌮?R!bdePf`gஹh᝱iEḄb⌮?R஺ᙠjᢝFlamḄno=!ᑖ᝞=rstFb⌮mH?Ruv^(1)w100kPatFb⌮xHyH0(1)Ḅ⛳:XYHz2(2)ᙠH0(1)Ḅ⛳:XYH={ᡂY-|i}⊝z2(3)HO(g)ḄtFb⌮mH?Rz2(4)ᙠHO(s)Ḅ⛳:XYH={ᡂY-C|i}⊝2(5)tFb⌮ᓣHy100kPa஺ᓽH0(1,100kPa)^->H0(1,287Pa)O(g,287Pa)222

83—O(g,259Pa)O(s,259Pa)—(s^H0(s,100kPa)222(1),(5)|sBiḄtFb⌮mH?R!ᵫBiḄbHឋ,᥅aᜧ!HḄ!ᡠd|sḄGibbsᵫḄmᓄ'bdᶍaP஺(2),(4)|stFஹtHb⌮im!GibbsᵫḄmᓄ't஺ᡠd!ḄGibbsᵫḄmᓄ'tsḄGibbsᵫḄmᓄ'!G=AG(3)=vdp=RT

84^'ᨴ"mὡ259Paஹ=1,8.314x263x111--------IJmol-i=-224.46J-mol-i\287Paᙠ⚪⌕ᵨᓄNOᩭPQ!ᐸ¡⍝ᳮf᪵Ḅ!PQ¥¦ᓫ஺¨
©ªᑖḄᓄNOt᥅Gibbsᵫ!AXYᓄNOḄ᪗¬᝱bdi!ᡠdAG=AG(3)=N(HO,g,259Pa)-k(HO,g,287Pa)22259Pa=RTxln--------=-224.46J-mol-i287Pa5.A®Bbd¯ᡂᳮ°Ḅ᝱ᔠᱥ஺ᙠ343KU!ImolA:2molBᡠ¯ᡂḄᔠᱥḄXYH
50.663kPa,±ᙠ²³"ᐭ3molA,ᑣ²ḄXYHµ"ᑮ70.928kPa,·^(1)A:Bᙠ343KUḄ⛳:XYHp:p஺AB(2)¸f¹ᔠᱥ!ᙠYiA,BḄ᥅ᑖᦪy:y஺AB]^(1)᝱ᔠᱥ»ḄXYHtA:BḄXYHḄ":,p=p-x+AABB50.663kPa=p*£+p*xg(1)A3B370.928kPa=p¼+pxj(2)A3B3ὶ¿(1),(2)À!]Áp*=91.19kPap*=30.40kPaAB9PP*x9M9kPaX3”(2)y=_A_=AA—_____________________=0.6App50.663kPay=1—y=0.4DA6.ᙠ293KU!পḄXYH13.332kPa,ÃÄফḄXYH
2.6664kPa,Æ1molÃIJ4mol!¯ᡂᳮ°Ḅ᝱ᔠᱥ஺·PQ^(1)ÇÈḄXYH஺

85
2ÇÈḄYiªᡂ஺É3ÆÉ2ḄYiÊᐰ@Byi!³{ᑮY}⊝U!YiḄªᡂ஺]^
1Ìp=p+p=p*x+p!x121122
4=[13.332x3+2.6664x_jkPa=11.199kPa(2)y_2_13.332xO.8kPa=0.9524111.199kPay=1-y=1-0.9524=0.047621(3)Æ»ÍYiÊᐰ@ByY•}⊝U!ÏiḄªᡂ®»ÍYiḄªᡂiE஺xf=yxf=y1122pr=p!+p!=p*xr+p*xr121122=(13.332x0.9524+2.6664x0.0476)kPa=12.824kPaUḄYiªᡂ
13.332kPax0.9524=0.9901yÐ~12.824kPay=1-y=0.009927ᙠfÑFl=!A:Bb¯ᡂᳮ°Ḅ᝱ᔠᱥ஺STᙠÒFlU!P*=40.530kPap*=121.590kPa஺Óªᡂ
y=0.40ḄÔᐗY᝱ᔠᱥ!ÖA!BAᐭf×ᨵØÙḄYÚuvឤFH!·PQ^É1ÌÜÝgÞiU!XYḄH஺É2ᙠÒFl:l0l.325kPaH=!A:BḄ᝱ᔠᱥßàUiḄªᡂ஺]^É1Ìe^ÜÝgÞiU!iA:BḄªᡂᑖá
x:x,ᳮAB°᝱ᔠᱥ»ḄHp=p+po¨
p=py,p=py,ᡠdᨵABAABBpp*xxx121.590kPap=B—BB=BÉ[Ìyy0.60BBp=p+p=p*X+/?*XABAABB

86=p*(l-x)+p*X=p*+(p*_p*)xABBBABAB=[40.530+(121.590-40.530)x]kPa(2)BÆÀ(1),(2)ὶ¿!]Á^x=0.3333,p=67.544kPaB(2)A:BḄ᝱ᔠᱥßàU!ᐸXYHt᜜H஺eiḄªᡂ
xBᑣᨵp=஻*+(p*-p*)x=101.325kPaABAB[40.530+(121.590-40.530)x]kPa=101.325kPaB]ÁiḄªᡂ
ä=0.750,x=0.250BA8ᙠ333KU!eA:B¯ᡂᳮ°Ḅ᝱ᔠᱥ஺STᙠÒFlU!A:BḄ⛳:XYHᑖá
p*=93.30kPa,p*=40.00kPa0åªᡂAB
XḄᔠᱥᙠ333KæᓄU!ᦈèÒXYéÆᐸ@Bᓄ!êÁÒ@BḄAXYHp=66.70kPa,·ëḄ'஺A]^XY@BḄªᡂìஹì!tªᡂ
XḄᔠᱥḄXYiḄªᡂAB4y:y,ABp=p+p=p*x+p*x=p*y+p*yABAABBAABB66.70kPa=yx93.30kPa+(l-y)x40.00kPaAA]Áy=0.50PP"y=A=AAApp*X+/?♦(1~X)AABA().50=_________4x93.3()kPa_________xx93.30kPa+(l-x)x40.00kPaAA]ÁX=0.3A9ᙠ298K:᪗¬H=!Æ2mol®3molᵬᔠ!¯ᡂᳮ°Ḅ᝱ᔠᱥ஺Ò?RḄQ,W,U,AH,AS,AA:AG0mixmixmixmixmix

87]^᪷ï¯ᡂᳮ°᝱ᔠᱥḄᱯឋ!ñᨵòᦔ¼!ñᨵḄmᓄ!ᡠdᨵAV=0,AH=0,2=o,w=o,AU=0mixmixmixAS=-7?Zn

88xmixBBB…4x|"+3xln஺…98J.KT=-8.34kJAA=AG=-8.34kJmixmixI)A:Bbd¯ᡂᳮ°Ḅ᝱ᔠᱥ஺ᙠ320KU!Æ3molA:1molBᔠ¯ᡂ᝱ᔠᱥI,XYH
5.33x104Pa஺³"ᐭ2molB¯ᡂᳮ°᝱ᔠᱥII,XYH
6.13x104Pao·PQ^(1)õᔠ$©A:BḄ⛳:XYHp*:p*oAB(2)®ᳮ°᝱ᔠᱥI{}⊝ḄYiªᡂyoB(3)ᙠ¯ᡂᳮ°᝱ᔠᱥIḄ?R!GibbsᵫḄmᓄ'AGomix(4)±ᙠᳮ°᝱ᔠᱥII³"ᐭ3moiB,¯ᡂᳮ°᝱ᔠᱥHIḄXYH஺]^(1)p=p*x+p*xAABB5.33xl04Pa=0.75x+0.25xp*(a)AB6.13xlO4Pa=0.5xp*+0.5xp*(b)ABÆ(a)À®(b)Àὶ¿!]Á^p*=4.53x104Pa,p*=7.73xl04Pap^x(I)7.73x104Pax0.25(2)!(I)=BB==0.36Bpপ5.33x104Pa(3)AG(I)=RTEIIInxmixBBB=[8.314x320x(3xln().75+lxln0.25)]J-5984J

89(4)p(UI)=p*x(III)+p*x(III)AABB=4.53xl04Paxl+7.73xl04Pax£=66.6kPa3311ᙠ298KU!ⅅûüA²ḄXYH
3.094kPa,©AḄXYH
3.168kPao·PQ^পᙠ²!ⅅûḄ᥅ᑖᦪxoB(2)²ḄýþH஺STAḄÿ
1000kg.m-3஺(1)ᵫⅅḄ᪷Raoult#$X&/ᔆP-(3.168-3.094)kPa_00234Bp*A3.168kPa(2)012Ḅ3456n=RTCB◤⌕9(1):;ᑮḄ=ᡂxḄ@ᣚ4ᡂcḄ@CD⌕EF〉HḄIJBBnnnx=B«B—______RBVᓝVnm(A)/MABAA="B=MAXC----------——A-XB----V(A)p/Mp----------V(A)APpBAAc=pX1000kg-m-3x0.0234A----=--------------BM0.018kgmol-iA=1.30x103mol-m-3=1.30mol-dm-3n=cRT=(1.30x103x8.314x298)Pa=3221kPaB12ᙠ293KDWXḄYZ258.95kPa஺\ᙠ0.10kgWX:ᐭ^_ᢵaឋḄᨵdᱥf0.01kg,WXḄYZ2hiᑮ56.79kPa,klmᨵdᱥḄ᥅ofp஺qrWXḄ᥅ofp0.07411kg-mol-i»tu:_ᢵaឋᨵdᱥḄ᥅oᑖᦪx᪷Raoult#$ᨵBp-p*X=/?*(1-x)AAAABP*&஻/,ஹX---ஹ(1)᪷᥅oᑖᦪḄ#|

90X="B="2(B)/“B(2)Bn+n(m(A)/M)+(m(B)/M)ABAB(1)}(2)~xḄ⊤6mᡠᨵB(58.95-56.79)kPa_0.01kg/Z58.95kPa(0.10kg/0.07411kgmol-i)+(0.01kg/A/);M=0.195kgmol-iB13ᙠ101325PaḄ353.35K,ᓣᦪk=2.62Kkgmol-i,lḄ᥅oᓄᯚ஺qrḄ᥅ofpfM=0.078kgmol-ioAtqrᓣᦪḄ⊤6R(T*)2k=b-MbH(A)AvapmAH(A)=R(.)2MvapmkA_8.314JK-imol-ix(353.35K)2x0.078kg•mol-i2.62Kkgmol-i=30.90kJ•moli14.97.900mg⏙ᙠ129.2mgḄᾯ:;mḄ164.0࠷,34Ḅ᥅ofp஺qrᾯḄᰚ172.CTC,hiᦪ=40K-mol-i-kgoft᪷hiḄ3456\T=T--Tfff=[(172.0+273.15)-(164.0+273.15)]K=8.0KAT=km=k--------ffBfm(A)M=k(B)BfAT•/77(A)

9140K•mol-i•kgx7.900x10-6=_________________________=u.306kg-mol-18.0KX129.2X10-6kg15ᙠ298KD922.2g_ᢵaஹḄfB1.0kg:,;mḄ¡P=1.01x103kg.m-3஺qrfBḄ᥅ofpM=0.1llkgmol1,Ḅᓣᦪ¢=0.52K.mol-i.kg஺k34:BbপmḄᓣ@ATobফmḄ012஺(1)ᙠm:fBḄfp᥅o¨n(B)/Mm=B=__________BBm(A);n(A)22.2g/0.111kg-mol-i_“c,,=H&=0.200molkgi1.Okg8\T=km=(0.52x0.200)K=0.104KbbB(2)⌕34012✌ᐜ⌕34fBḄᱥfḄp¨c=%="BV”?()/P22.2g/0.111kgmoli=197.6mol-m-31.0222kg/1.01x103kg-m-3nRT=(197.6x8.314x298)Pa=489.6kPaB16ᙠᜧZ2²913.76gὶ(B)ᐭ100gḄ(A):ᡠ;Ḅ82.4C,qrḄ80.1klt(1)ᑺḄᓣᦪqrὶḄ᥅ofp154.2g-moh஺bফḄ᥅oZᓄᯏ4H(A),qrḄ᥅ofpM=0.078kgmol-iovapmA(1)ᙠᡠ¹ᡂḄ:fBḄfp᥅o¨nm{B}/Mtn=B=_________BB-(A)m(A)13.76g/154.2gmol-i.=Qgg23molkg4

92AT(82.4-80.1)Kk=——b-=-------------------=2.578Kmol-i-kgbm0.8923molkg-iB(2)qrk=4bAH(A)AvapmR(T*)2AH(A)=/MvapmkAb8.314JK-imol-ix(353.25K)2=0.078kg-moli2.578Kkgmol-i=31.39kJ-mol-i17.ᙠ310KD;P»⊈½Ḅ012729.54kPa,k34¾ᑴÀᵨḄℍ⃔:ℍ⃔Ḅfpᑖᦪ஺u⊈½Ḅ¡IJḄ¡P=l.0x103kgm-3qr:ℍ⃔Ḅ᥅ofpM=0.174kgmol-i᝞žᑴo0BḄℍ⃔ƨᡈÆÀÈÉ⌼ᡂËÌÍÎÈÅÏt¾ᑴÀᵨḄℍ⃔ÐÑ0ᓽÓḄ012mÔ⊈½Ḅ012ÕÖ×஺᝞žᑴḄℍ⃔ƨÀÈÉ⌼ᡂ⊈ᳫᑁḄᑖÚ᜜01Ü⊈ÝÞßà஺᝞žᑴḄℍ⃔ÆÀÈÉ⌼ᡂᑖᜧpᔣ⊈ᳫᑁ01Ü⊈ÝÞâᜧãäẚæC᪵èPḄᏉêᑭÍÎDÉᓻíîï஺n=cRTBBRT8.314J-K-imol-ix310Kuℍ⃔Ḅfpᑖᦪ.B”(B)cVMcMW==BB=H᳎B)VPP283.0mol-m-3x0.174kg-mol-i_0_04921.0x103kg-m-318ᙠ0.1kgW⏣}0.1kgḄò:ᑖó6.1x10-3kgḄᵬ⏚஺;W⏣}Ḅᑖóᓣö0.54K}0.60K஺kᵨ34÷øᵬ⏚ᙠW⏣}ᙠ:ᡠùᙠḄú᝱(ஹüᔠþᓫᑖ
᝱)஺⏣Ḅᓣᦪᑖ(CH)=2.6K•kg.mol-ib66

93fc(CHOH)=1.19Kkgmol-i,ᵬ⏚Ḅ᥅M=0.134kgmoliob25B⌕ᵬ⏚ᙠ⏣ᙠ"ᡠ$ᙠḄ᝱%&'⌕()ᵬ⏚ᙠ⏣ᙠ"Ḅ᥅஺nkm(B)/M*T=km=kB=bBbbBbm(A)m(A)M=\771(B)Bm(A)-ATb1.19Kkgmol-ix6.lxl0-3kgM(CHOH")B250.1kgxO.54K=0.134kg-mol-iM(CH")_2.6K-kgmol-ix6.1x10-3kgB660.1kgx0.60K=0.264kg-mol-iᵫ,-.%ᵬ⏚ᙠ⏣"/0ᵯ2%304ᔠ%'6ᓫᑖ
᝱$ᙠ஺8ᙠ"%9:6;ᑖ
4ᔠ<=$ᙠ஺19.ᙠ298K>%?2g@ᓄᔠᱥCD1kgE"%ᐸGHIJ?0.8gℍ⃔M(C6H]2OJL2gⅅM(C]2H22஺]])CD1kgE"ḄGHIPQ஺R()জTᓄᔠᱥḄ᥅UঝTCWḄXYZ[\UঞTCᑺḄ_`IZ[\஺EḄabZᦪk=1.86K.mol-i-kg,298K>EḄ⛳_`If3167.7Pa,dCWḄef-gJEPQ%ℍ⃔MḄ᥅M(CHO)=0.180kgmol-i,ⅅMḄ᥅6126M(CHO)=0.342kg-mol-io122211জCWḄhᦪឋjJCW"CḄᦪkᨵᐵ%JCḄឋnᐵ஺o2g@ᓄᔠᱥḄᱥḄ%0.8gℍ⃔M1.2gⅅMḄqḄᱥḄr஺BsᎷudCWḄef-gJEPQ%ᡠ6vwCWḄxy9:PQ஺᪷{GHI()|=n=cRT=%RTBVvwCWḄxy9:PQ%GHIPQ%ᑣv~CḄᱥḄ3PQ%ᓽn=B0.8x10-3kg1.2x10-3kginin=__________0+__________^=7.953x10-3mol0.180kgmol-i0.342kg-mol-i

94M=(C)=2.0x10-3^2515kg-mol-i0Bn7.953xl0-3molBঝAT=kmffB7.953x10-3mol=1.86Kkgmol-ix-------------=0.0148K1.0kgঞ⌕()CᑺḄ_`IZ[\%⌕ᐜ()CḄ᥅ᑖᦪXBx=஻B=m(B)/Bn+nm(B)/M+m(A)/MBABA_2xl0-3kg/0.2515kgmol-i2xl0-3kg/0.2515kgmol-i+1kg/0.018kg-mol-i=1.43x10-4᪷{Raoultu¦*஻=஻"_஻=஻*—p*(1-x)=p*xAAAABAB=3167.7Paxl.43xl0-4=0.453Pa21ᙠ300K>%WxAB<ᡂᳮ¯ḄW᝱°ᔠᱥ஺W᝱AḄ_`IpU=37.338kPa,WSBḄ_`I%=22.656kPa஺³2molA2moiB°ᔠ´%W☢¶Ḅq_`Ip=50.663kPa஺ᙠ_`"AḄ᥅ᑖᦪy=0.60AᎷu_`ᳮ¯`x஺R()(1)CW"ABḄ6᥅ᑖᦪ⊤¸Ḅ¹f஺aox,Ax,B(2)CW"ABḄPºḄ¹fs
»»ox,Ax,B(3)¼ABᙠ°ᔠ>ḄGibbsÀᵫÁÂᓄ\4p஺1b(1)W᝱ABḄ᪗Ä᝱&'ÅÆḄÇ᝱a=yxa=yxA,AA,AAx,Bx,BBa=}=É=50.663kPax0.60=°&14X,Ap*p*37.338kPaAAa=£B=^.=50-663kPax0-40Q894=”,Bp*p*22.660kPa

95(2)Y="v.A=0.814=]628XAx0.5AyJ-Iு"=1.788X,BX0.5B(3)ÔDᳮ¯ḄW᝱°ᔠᱥ%ᓄÕÖḄ⊤¸=pi(T,p)=R(T,p)+RTln஺BBx.AA6=6(°ᔠ´)-Ø°ᔠÙ)mix=(஻pi+஻pi)—(஻|1*+஻)1*)=஻RT

96a+nRTInaAABBAABBAx,ABx,B=2molxRT(Ina+Ina)xஹA.r,B=[2x8.314x300xln(0.814x0.894]J=-1585.5JᡈÞßᑭᵨ°ᔠGibbsÀᵫÁḄ()|=âã()AG=RTZnInamixBA\BB=2molxRT(Ina+Ina)=-1585.5JxஹA.v,B