《考研英语真题》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在教育资源-天天文库。
ᑖᵨᑖ⚪Ḅᱯ ஹᵨᑖᑖ᪆2002ᜧ“”“ᵨ” !"ᵨ#$Ḅ⌕'()*ஹ+,-᪀ᵨ0ᵨ1⚗⌱4(MultipleChoiceClozeTest)Ḅ5ᩭὃ8(Cloze):;<ᔠᡈ?ᦻABCD20EF50GHIJ#$ḄKLMA1956NOᵨD#$ᙠᡃSᵨD#$ᑣ(U20EF70GVWḄ(ᵨᩭ#$ὃXḄYẠ,Jᵨ[\Ḅ^⚪`AaὃXḄ+-᪀ஹ)bcd,▅fᳮh[\ij<ᔠὃ8(measuringoverallability)»Ḅkl,OᵨA(YDm5ᛞoᳮp(GestaltPsychology),oᳮJp(Psycholinguistics)Ḅᳮq"rsᙠtஹuvᱥḄxA(z{|}Ḅ~ᨵxḄ{|ᓝᑖArsᙢḄᑖ⊡ᐰA᪀ᡂ ḄᩭuᩭAᡃsᑮ1,2xAᡃsᯠᙢsᑖ( ᙊ, A¡( ¢£¤,'12¥᪵AᙠJ⊤¨,ᳮhḄ©ªMA«◤⌕ᳮh{|Ḅ~ᐸMᨵ ®)ᡈ?N¯°A±©¢²³Ḅᑍµ{|Ars¶ᯠ[·¸N¯°Ḅ{|AU¡¨ᑮaᦻ¹Ḅᳮh᪷»¼ ½ᳮA¾⚪r¿ᵨ¼ ^⚪`——U Á?ᦻMᑤ° ®{|AᶇBmAᵫὃX⊡ᐰ——ᩭὃ8J,J<ᔠᵨḄ[\(-)ᵨᑖ¾⚪ḄYÇᢣÉÊËᵨᑖ¾⚪ḄᢣÉÊË(:±©Ḅ5Íὃ8ὃXaD¥MḄJ⌕Ð(ᒹÒ)*ஹ⊤¨I5,+-᪀)Ḅᵨ[\A¡ÓÔὃ8ὃXa¢ᱯÖ(ØÙឋ, ÛឋÜ)ḄÝ[\¼ÞᕡḼ“ᵨ”ᑖḄ$⚪ᵫ©°áâaᓫäJ'Ḅὃ8ᔣaÁ[\(discoursecompetence)Ḅὃ8æçA¼ ὃ8âoḄæç⌕èὃX[·a¥MJ¿ᵨḄឋஹឋ,Á¹ᱯÖᨵéêḄÝ[\(ë)⌱ᩞᱯ'ᵨᑖḄᩞᧇ Á240-280)Ḅᦻ¹A±©aîïᵨ$⚪Ḅᑖ᪆ðzBA¼ᑖ$⚪ᙠñò1zóqᦻ}A ᦻôA¡⚪ᩞò⌲ö÷DøCGùXúûᑗýᐵḄᦻ¹ÿ ⊤⚪ᩞ⌕ᑁ2000ᦻḄ2001ᦻ !᮴#$& '()*+ ▲ᑴ2002./ᦻ0123!ᢈ5Ḅ67
12003ᦻᦻᓄᦟ[☘]Ḅᦟ[^⚪2004ᦻ012☘]_`EaḄbc2005./ᦻdefgḄhi2006ᦻ012jkKlὅnoḄMp2007ᦻ ᔊrstᱛℍ⃔ᱛxyᙢ{+|☢~Ḅ^⚪2008./ᦻᱥdᖪ⍡32009ᦻᱥᖪẆᑮḄᨵᐵfgḄ᪷:;<=>?ᵨAᑖC⚪ḄD⚪EᑣGḄD⚪HI,KL6MNAᑖC⚪ᙠ⌱ᩞQ.ᨵLTUᱯWXT⌱ᩞᑁ1TAᑖf>⚪ᔲᑣ1¡¢£CḄ¤¥ᦔ¥a§¨ᨵᜧªᨵ«¬ஹᦪª¬ᢈ5ឋ¬<Ḅ°ᦻT±1²M⚪ᩞoL012ஹᦻᓄᦟ[g³deឋᦻ´ᨵµ²MḄHI¶·Lf¸2¹ᑗ»ᐵḄ=>³⚪ᩞᨵT¼½¾ឋ98ஹ99LÀ³03ஹ04L☘]^⚪³Áᦻ´Â¥〉T±ÄÅᜧAᑖὃᩭ.ᦻ´ᙠÈᨵ)*ᑤÊLxËÌᩭÍÎÈᨵÏÂÐᦻ´ᑁAÑÒÓ᪀Õ³Ö¹j×./ᦻØ×ᦻoLÙ——ᑖᡈÙTᑖ——ÙḄÜݲMᵫß<°ᦻᐸáAᑖḄÂ¥1ᓝᑖTãᡠLT±⌱ᵨ¨ᨵåoß<Ḅᦻ´(Ð)C⚪ḄᐹDᑴ(1)< =>C⚪ḄDᑴ“;<=>?ᵨ”Aᑖὃëὃ< Ó᪀=>Ḅì▭?ᵨîa§ᙠᨬ|▤ñḄ¾òóὃôõö÷UøẠឋḄ< =>Ḅúûᑗüýþÿ ᱯḄ⚪ᱯḄὃ(2)⚪Ḅᑴ ὃ ⚪ᦪ! "ᙠ12~15⚪$%&Ḅ'()⌕ᒹ,-./0ஹ23ஹ24ஹ5ᵨ78Ḅ9: ; <<Ḅ=>ឋஹ@ឋBC ḄᱯD4Ḅὃ⌕EὃFᙠGHIJᵨាLḄ⌱NOPḄ(3)QRS᪀⚪Ḅᑴ⚪ᦪ! "ᙠ2~3⚪$%)⌕UBVWX -জZ[Z$%Ḅ\]ᐵ_-ঝabDcḄ>DefঞᦻRḄ>S᪀fটjὅa l⚪Ḅm ஹoஹpqᙠ⚪Ḅrst)⌕uᙠ⊤x\]ᐵ_ḄyஹzḄὃtὃF⌕{DḄ - ⚪|} ὃG▭t◤⌕ᐜ᪷tWᦻ•DcḄ>DeᯠᙠẠtᑨb⌱⚗I bᔠ⚪Ḅᐵ - ᑭᵨtWᦻ⚪ᐵ{Z▭$%Ḅ\]ᐵ_ஹ'(JᵨᑖḄ⚪e[ᢈ'(Jᵨᑖ)⌕ὃὃFḄ\]e¡ஹᳮᑨ£ᔜ¥¦Ḅ§ᔠJᵨ¨ὃFᙠ©ªᑖ⚪«¬®¯LḄ!ᐹᜓ ²Ḅ▅´¨µ¶·PஹាLᙢJᵨ£'(¹ᙠ3ºt »b¼½ᡠ¿Ḅb⌱⚗À·P⌱NG▭t &ὃFQ.ᦻḄᳮ£¦'(Ḅ§ᔠJᵨ¨¹ÁÂÃÄᓽtWᦻḄὶ_⌱N·P[ᔲÉÉÊËÌtWᦻḄᳮ ᔲOPVB¦'(ḄJᵨ ᔲាL©'(JᵨᑖḄ⚪◤⌕ ²ḄᢈᐸIήϩ⚪Ḅe[⁚Ñ ᙠὃÒt·ÂÓᢵÕÖ×ÂÓᢵḄØÙ᪷&ÚḄÛᳮB⚪ÜÝᡃßÙ“ bÛᑣâãä”Ḅ©⚪eæὃFçὃ“ bÛᑣ”è -éêᦻRḄeᑖ᪆:⌱Ní ᢥ᯿ðñḄe⌕òðñḄe[ᦻRḄeóᢝ õí òᦻRḄeöḼðñḄeä
2“âãä”ᢣ©úûᑖâãä-ü ýþÿ ᐰᦻᦻ⚪⍝ᦻ⌕ᡈḄ⌲▅ ᦻ ᑖ᪆"#$%&'()*᪀,-)ஹ/)/01Ḅᐵ3456789 ᐰᦻ:ᔲ9<ᔠᳮ?')01@)@01ᔲAஹBCDEᔊGὃIḄ6⚪JKᨬᐺNḄᜫPᙠR⚪STUVWX⚪YᑖὃIᙠ6⚪Z[ᐵ?⌕$ᐭ]^ஹ_`Ḅ&abc_ᦻḄᑁefghiḄjk''[mᩈbmp”ᐸ*tuᳮRUVWvwḄxyzA⌱|┯P~6⚪Z16⚪ḄᨵZ◚ᙠUᦻὃIᙠᡂᡠᨵX⚪079 ᐰᦻᙠEU᪶ᡠḄ⌱|ᔲ_ᦻḄᑁe)*᪀ᙠEU:¡⚪Ḅ⌱|ᔲ¢ᨵᐙᑖḄ¤¥[ᨵ¦᪵¨©ª«ᑖ☢`®¯ᵨ±¡Ḅ⌕ᑁe²R⚪(³(-)`T*᪀®`T®ᳮR`Ḅ·Ạ9¹cᔊº¡⚪Ḅᑖ᪆»,:Vᓫ½ὃ`T®⚪Ḅ¾wb¿ᜧ¦⌕iWÁᜧÂÃ?wὃὃIḄ`Ä▭ÆÇÈὃIᵨÉஹஹ ஹᑏḄËÌÍᓫ½Ḅ`T®ÎÏḄ±¡zᔣѦb'ᕡḼcὃI`TÔkÕÖḄ⌕×ØÙ[ᨵc`T®ᨵÚÛḄÔk¨ᙠ▭Ḅ`ܯᵨÝ®ßᔜá`TWâcᦻfgᳮRãVäḄᑨæ☢wç`Tᑁeè,h*éὃIêὃ1.ëAᐵ3ëA(SubjectVerbAgreement)ᢣë`í]⌕)`Ḅî]`ᙠ“ðñ”ò“ᦪ”ḄS☢ôᢝA¦ᙠR⚪¹Õ◤⌕Z÷?'ḄR6¦øX⚪Ḅᐵù⌕úû`Ḅî]`Example1ThenovelsofJohnCheevertoaliterarytraditionthatisconcernedprimarilywithmanners.[A]belongs[BJbelong[CJisbelonged[DJarebelongedbelongb-ᱥí]bᵨýþí` ✌ᐜ◀CDḄthenovels(ᦪ) ᡠ⚪Ḅ⌱⚗B2. ᙠ ᵫ!"#$Ḅ%&'( )*Ḅ⊤,-./01'( 23◤⌕ᵨ'(Ḅ“ ”ᩭ⊤: ᨵ<= >(1)▰@ (theIndicativeMood)ᵨᩭ▰@AB>Theteacherisverypopularwithhisstudents.(2)ἌE (theImperativeMood)FGHIஹKLM>Pleaseopenthedoor.(3) (theSubjunctiveMood)⊤:NOPᎷRḄST>IfIwereyou,Iwouldthrowitaway.ᡠU Vᓫᙢ" 3YBSTZ[ᵫ! ᔊᩭ ]^Ḅ_`ab cᐸefᨵ_gᱯi-.ᵨj ᡠ/klᡂnὃbExample2Hadtheyexaminedthequestionoveramuchlongerperiod,[overthewholelifecycle,they2reachedadifferentconclusion.1.*[A]particularly[B]exclusively[C]preferably[D]precisely
32.[A]musthavefB]willhave[C]mayhave[D]wouldhave✌ᐜ᪷r"Hadtheyexaminedthequestion...”sG2_`ḕᶍifḄ ᩩwᙠ⊤xyzSTḄ ᩩw {ḄUᵨhad+yzᑖ* ḄUᵨwouldhave+yzᑖ*ᡠ }2⚪~⌱D3.[▲ឋ)*[▲ឋ)*)*Ḅ[U-. ⌕ᢣ'.(theInfinitive) ᑖ*(theParticiple))*(theGerund)o[▲ឋ)*ḄEᵨl᪵ ᧕ ᡠeᔊᩭᔜ= ὃḄbExample3Wedidmakeourcomfortsanddiscomforts],butbasicallyothers2ourexperiencestous.Wewerevirtuallyhelplessand3themercyofothers,usuallyourparents.Aswegrewolder,increasedintellectualdevelopmentresultedinincreasedbehavioraloptions'4availabletous.1[A]knowing[B]known[C]know[D]toknow2[A]distributed:[B]dictated[C]allocatedlD]ordered3[A]with[B]in*[C]at[D]on4[A]became[B]become[C]becoming[D]tobecome}1⚪makeᙠn⊤x“E”%Ḅ)* ᐸḄ)*ᐸ)ᐵ,ᡠᙠᐸḄ)*⌕ᵨyzᑖ*-. Hewastryingtomakehimselfunderstood.ᡠ⚪~⌱Bo}4⚪ὃ)*Ḅᵨj᪷rᦻ resultedin☢~_`*ஹ**£ᡈ¥¦!*Ḅᡂᑖ§ᨵ⌱⚗Cl᪀ᡂ_`©☢ªᨵ**£ᡠᨵ«Ḅ)*¬᪀ 2ḄincreasedbehavioraloptionsbecomeᙠḄᡠ⚪~⌱CExample4Therewasabigdropduringthesunspotyearsof1986and1987,andthenumberofpeople\_fromdiseasescausedbyalymphocytedeficiency2doubledduringthetremendoussolarexplosionofFebruary1986.1[A]suffered[B]suffer[C]suffering[D]tosuffer}1⚪ὃ®,ᙠᑖ*¯Ḅ°±ᙠand²³Ḅ_Zᑡ{ ]fromdiseasescausedbyalymphocytedeficiency22`ᡂᑖ¶⛲▲thenumberofpeople,¸ᵨḄᙠ¹`⌱⚗ºᯠ⌱⚗AஹCஹD¼ᨵ¯Ḅl ᯠ½{¾ᦻḄ%<`⌱⚗ᔜ¿⊤xḄஹlᩭᑨ thenumberofpeoplesufferḄ )sufferḄÃ)ὅ ᡠ⚪⌱C⚗sufferingᨬᔠ〉Example5ExpertsspeculatethathardshipsmightpromptsomeRussianscientiststheirknow-howontheblackmarket.[AJtosellLBJtosellinglC]sell[DJsoldto⚪~⌱Aprompt³'.᪀ᡂprompttodosth.o4{{ᨵ▲ᑴឋ{[▲ᑴឋ{1ᑖ▲ᑴឋ{ÉᐸᐜÊ*ᨵḼ'kᑖᒘḄᐵ ÍÎÏ®{ ᐜÊ*Ð'lÑᙢ⊤xᡠᢣÒÓÔ>Thisisthecar(that)Iboughtlastyear.½[▲ᑴឋ{eḄᐜÊ*1ÕḄᐵ3Ö×Øᦣ,eZ'ᐜÊ*'kÎÏḄ£ᡂÚᑖ ½ÛÛÒᐜÊ*Ḅ_=⊡ᐙ"ÑÔ>
4Imseeingthemanagertomorrow,whenhewillbebackfromNewYork.{ÒᔊÞḄẆàá ⚪Ḅᑖ᪆ᩭã ᙠ °±äᵨ⚪⌕⌱〉¦Ḅᐵå*ᡈᐵæ*Ḅ-.ᩭὃ2Úᑖ°±Example6Whentheworkiswelldone,a[ofaccident-freeoperationsisestablished2timelostduetoinjuriesiskeptataminimum.1999Þ}44⚪ç1[AJregulation*[B]climate[CJcircumstance[D]requirement2[A]where[B]how[C]what[DJunless}2⚪Ḅ⌱⚗Awhereᙠ2èé_`{"wheretimelostduetoinjuriesiskeptataminimum”,ᐜÊ,*climate«ᙠ2where¥¦!inwhich,ᓽintheclimateëç%ì>íᐰïᑜBñsò _=óAᦑõḄö÷3ùúû¸ᩭ 2᪵üöý⌼ᡂḄÕÿᜫᨬ▲how᪵unless◀ᙠ what!"#$% &' 5)*Ḅ,⊝.ᑡ012134567ᵨ.ᑡ0113ᩭ:ᢝ)*Ḅ,⊝7<Ḅᨵ>and.but,or,aswellas,notonly...butalso...,neither...nor...,either...or…@ABCD⚪F$⌕H IJKᑣᓽNOPᐸRJḄS1ᡈU1:ᢝVWExample7Concernswereraised]witnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourtto2guiltyverdicts.2001XY49⚪1[A]what[BJwhen[C]which[D]that2[A]assure[B]confide*[C]ensure[D]guaranteeY1⚪⌱D[⚪ὃ]^_#))*,⊝Ḅ`athatbcḄ^_#)dconcernsḄ^_efggVhḄAithatbcḄ^_#)jᩭO[klmᙠconcernsḄn☢pq)*rstuv)*ᜮxyz#{)*ᜫ|,⊝ᡠ~ᙠn☢6U1ḄᵨU1ᙠ45Ḅ{ᵨ.᪵ὃ]U1ᡂqὃ4,ḄVx⌕ὃᙠXḄẆ4ὃ5U1ᑖ⌕ὃ] U1ᐵU1ḄᵨᐵᐵU1Ḅ⚪'A<#)ᑖḄ'AExample8Avarietyofactivitiesshouldbeorganized]participantscanremainactiveaslongastheywantandthengoonto2elsewithoutfeelingguiltyandwithoutlettingtheotherparticipants3.2003XY36⚪1[A]ifonly[B]nowthat*[C]sothat[D]evenif2[A]everything(BJanything[C]nothing[D]something3[A]off*[B]down[C]out[D]aloneY2⚪ὃ]ὃe U1Ḅᵨᑖ¡A⚗everything Pelse0ᵨB⚗anythingPelse᪀ᡂ13⊤¥“§Ḅ”ᐸ5ᨵ“§Ḅ~ª«¬”Ḅ #®ᦻḄ ᩭ°±ᜐᵨanything ³C⚗nothingV´ᵨᙠnothingelsethanµ ¶·ᨵ5D⚗somethingPelse᪀ᡂ13⊤¥“§Ḅ«¬”ᵨᙠ¸)5#¹n ᐵᩭ°D⚗%º»⌱⚗¼1½1½%⊤¾¿ÀḄᨬÁj⌕Â᪷ÄÅᜧÇÈÉÊ“4`aËᵨ” ⌕ÌὃÍÎᡠÏḄ1½⌕ÌὃᙠÐÑ5ËᵨាÓḄ1½⌱ÔÕ»Ḅ1½CÖ%×Ø
5Ù1½ µÚ1 Ûx⌕Ḅ%ØtាÓᙢËᵨ1½ὃ]Ḅx% 1ḄÝ᪆~2ß13Ùàáâ᪷ÄeᓝX4`aËᵨ⚪Ḅäåᑖ᪆1½⚪,ᙳçᓰ4`aËᵨ⚪é⚪êḄ70%,%ὃë⚪Ḅxᐸ5ì1S1%ᔊXὃ]Ḅx5îxᡃðñᓝXḄ4`aËᵨ5Ḅ1½ὃ]ᳮ®ôὃὃ2000200120022003200420052006200720082009ὃ,4ஹì13734578676S12556411122ø11243251224ù11001021231ßᵨ11312011441½⚪80%75%75%75%60%75%60%65%90%85%úᑖû#⊤`ÍÎü1½`aeὃdü“4`aËᵨ”Cᑖὃ⚪ᓝᑖx⌕᪷ÄᔊXὃḄý✄4`aËᵨᑖîᡠ~Vk%ὃḄÿ⚗ᜧᙠὃḄᨵᑮᜧ ὃ᪶Ḅ ᪗!"⌕$ὃᙠ%&Ḅ'()*ᑮ+,)-.“0ᡂ”ஹ“04”5Ḅ67Ḅ88ᕜ▲;<ᙢ>?⊤A4BḄ-CDEFG!DḄᐸIJEKᵨ5MNOK⌼ᡂὃḄ$AQᐸ-QᐸRាា$!DTUVWNὃᙠX“YJQZ[ᵨ”\ᑖ^⚪`abc“de”Ḅbfᙠὃg)ᵫ`ijklm ᙢ⌱N-D⌼ᡂo⌕Ḅᜫᑖ%&Ḅ ᪗$⌕ᑮqrஹាsᙢ[ᵨ4tuA$ᑮ!- ᪗Ḅvwᡠyᙠ!zᡃ|}~ὃᡂḄ%&&[ᵨḄ)ᩭ%&YJᙠO⚪`Ḽ"⌕ᨵyCD1᪷)ᦻJuXa⌱Example1Manyprofessionsareassociatedwithaparticularstereotype.The]imageofawriter,forinstance,is2aslightlycrazy-lookingperson,lockedinanattic,writing3furiouslyfordays4.1[A]historicfB]antique[C]senior[D]classic2*[AJinlB]of©with[DJfor3[A]away[B]off*[C]on[Dldown4lAJonfinish[B]onfinal(CJonendIDJonstopḄ1⚪Ḅqrᫀ$D⚪-ḄaparticularstereotypeK|ḄᓺfḄaslightlycrazy-lookingperson,lockedinanattic,writing3furiouslyfordaysL¡⌱ᫀw¢N£!$-¤“classic¥ᐺ§Ḅ¨”©f.-«¬4⚪✌ᐜ⌱⚗AஹD¯◀¡ᨵ²³ᡃ|$⌱B⚗onfinal¥ᨬµ¨¶$C⚗onend¥·¸¨ᕖº᪷)ᦻJ¼½¾┝ᙠ▁ÁzÂÃ-Âᙢᑏwriting3furiouslyfordays,ᡠy!DÅÆÇ$Èᙢ·¸ᙢ⚪⌱CÉÊ⁰fḼᙠÌDὃÍÎÏᱯÑw⏨ὃÓEḄ$ÔᵨḄÕᵨuḄὃÍÖ⚪ὅᨵ`,ᵨÔØḄÙEFᩭÚÛὃ⚪1999ÝÞ§ßàḄ2⚪K3⚪áâØᔊÝä⚪O᪆\ᑖᙠ%&`.æᐸ$-.Ôᵨ⌕çè4téḄᔜ¤ëuìíᨬ$4tÇḄYᦻOî
62᪷ïðñòXa⌱Example2Thisconstantneedtoprovethatoneisasgoodas,]notbetterthan,one'sfellow-competitorcreatesconstant2andstress,the3causesofunhappinessandillness.1[AJwhile*[B]ifICJwhenIDJlest2fA]casualtyfB]fatality[C]concem[Dlanxiety3*[A]veryIBJsuitableICJoneIDJmultiple2⚪ὃÍuóñòqrᫀ$D!ÉḄᜧE$I|◤⌕õᙢö÷½¾øᐸùúὅ-᪵üýì⌼ᡂNᢝ¸Ḅjÿ ᯖ⇋Ḅ Ḅ᪷A.B.ᜩC.ᐵᐵD.ᯖ⇋ ⌱⚗ ᨵanxiety"ᔠ$%ᦻ'()*stress+, anxiety-./ᵨExample3...inthatyear,overamillioncouples]theirmarriagesdissolved,oftenathighfinancialandsocial2.l.[A]let[B]wanted[C]wished*[D]had2.[A]fare[B]duty[CJcharge[D]cost1⚪ὃ4ὃ5678-.Ḅ9:;<=>?at,ᨵcost@ at-.ᡠB1⚪⌱Dduty on,in,off-.DchargeḄ-.in(the)chargeof,underthechargeofEḄᩭGHIJ9:,ᵨ?KLMN-.H៉?PḄ(Q)9:ᐸᵨSTU1⚪ḄᐵV(X)'Zᑖ᪆'Zᑖ᪆]^_'`abᵨcdḄef ὃ4ghᙠ_'`abᵨd⚪ j⌕ὃ4ὃ5]ᔲᳮnᦻoḄ'(p᪀J'(rsᐵt'Zu+vf8Ḅ⊖xyz{f|(Q}ᐵḄ~ᢥ᯿rsKᙠfḄ'(ᵫ?K~ᵫ~ᡂZᙠfv; ?'Ḅ/ᵨJrsᐵtg⌕ᵨᡃᑖ“?P”J“rs”ᡃ]ஹᙢᦻoḄ“?P”J“rs”u]ᙢᳮᦻoᜧ(:ὅ¢£1?P?Pj⌕ᢣᙠf 'Z¥ ¦Q?ஹ§Q?Ḅ/ᵨJᐵV?Ḅg¨©¥ὅª«f ¬⚪®¯⊤±Ḅ(Q²}ᐵḄᡠB@³´ᙢ⌕/ᵨ¦Q?ஹ§Q?Jg᰿ᐵV?B¶ᢝᦻoḄ=>`⍝'ZḄfᱯhᡃᙠT_'`abᵨd⚪¯ា¥ᙢbᵨfᢈ¼{ᨵ½¾ᦻoj⚪)⚪¿ÀÁÂ=>ᡃB2001ÃᐰÅẆÇ5ᐭÉὃd_'dᔁ ḄËᦻÌᑡÎᦻᔜzḄj⚪?Bоὃ59:ᑭᵨ?Pᦻoj⚪Ḅᢈ¼government,ban,paymentstowitnesses,newspapers,buyup,peopleinvolvedin,casesDlegalcontrolsoverthepress,bill,paymentstowitnesses,controltheamountDselfregulation,sufficientcontrolDmedia,privacycontrols,legislation,judgesDtheHumanRightsBill,privacy,publicfigures,protectDPressfreedoms,judgesDWitnesspayments,witnesses,receivedpayments,tellingstoriestonewspapers,exaggeratetheirstories,guiltyverdicts«
7᪷ÒB$?'ᦻoḄj⚪fÓᯠÕÖ×6Ø᮴ÚÜSÝÞßàS▲ᑴ¦¯ᦻoḄp᪀ãnä%☢ᡃpᔠæ Ì⚪ᑖ᪆çd⚪Ḅè⚪¢£Example1ManpowerInc,with560000workers,istheworld*slargesttemporaryemploymentagency.Everymorning,itspeopleintotheofficesandfactoriesofAmerica,seekingaday,sworkforaday'spay.1997Ãé41⚪ê[A]swarm[B]stride[C]separate[DJslip1⚪ḄèᫀA¿À=>ḄᐵV?with560000workersJlargest>,éì~í¿ᑮ|ï¯ðñᑮᔜ ÝÜJðᔆ$óḄôõ@Bö÷56øðñùᜩúᨌ$óḄôüffñýᐭᔜ ÝÜJðᔆSwarmf?Uþ®᪵ ☢ᐸḄExample2Atthebeginningofthecentury,medicalscientistsmadeasurprisingdiscovery:thatweare]_notjustoffleshandbloodbutalsooftime.Theywereableto2thatweallhaveaninternal“bodyclock^^which3theriseandfallofourbodyenergies,makingusdifferentfromonedaytothe4.Theseforcesbecameknownasbiorhythms;theycreatethe5inoureverydaylife.1*[A]built[B]shaped[C]molded[DJgrown2*[A]demonstrate[B]illustrate[C]present[DJpropose3[A]designates[B]fluctuates[C]calculates*[D]regulates4[A]second[B]latter*[C]other[DJnext5[A]"ups"and"downs”[B]"goods"and"bads"[C]"pros'‘and"cons"[D]"highs‘'and"lows”ᙠ5⚪•ὃᦻḄ ᱯ!"#⊤%& 'Ḅ(⌕ᑁ+!,-ᱥ/0bodyclockḄ123ᱥ/4,-Ḅ568ᡃ:ᑮᦻ<Ḅtheriseandfallofourbodyenergies,=>?@ᱥ/56,-ḄAB⁚DḄEF&᪵5⚪HIᜐ⌱ L“EF”ᨵᐵḄQA⌱⚗STᵨVW%,ḄXYZᫀD⌱⚗ា]ᙢW%_& `abᓄtheriseandfallofourbodyenergiesd“highs"and"lows"inoureverydaylifeZe! 4"#⊤%2fghifghiᒹk⊤ lᢚஹoᵭஹᑡrஹs8ஹ4tufgᐵvḄwxST!yஹyzឋ|d}~@ᵨᑖὃὃḄsZᵨ⊤ fgᐵvḄwx!ᔊᩭḄ ⌕Ḅὃᑁ+•☢ᑡrTḄfgᐵvwxlᢚhowever200229⚪ஹ199847⚪ஹ20079⚪ஹ200814⚪yet,but,anyhow,anyway,nevertheless,while20051⚪whereas199748⚪,20059⚪,instead,insteadof200041⚪;⌴besides,further,moreover,mostimportant,inaddition,furthermore,too,also200516⚪,andthen,again,indeed20061⚪ᩩஹif,onlyif200042⚪,inspiteof,despite,though,although200231⚪,20067⚪evenso,eventhough199744⚪rather,afterall,regardless,while200614⚪sஹ8because200422⚪,200324⚪,since,as199742⚪,for,dueto,so,therefore,thus,hence,inthat,accordingly,consequently,asaresult,asaconsequence,sothat200335⚪,tothisend
8tஹ4tlikewise,atthesametime,inthesameway,incomparison,incontrast,like,as,justas,conversely,onthecontrary200338⚪while200712⚪!Jrஹrfirst,second,inthefirstplace,inthesecondplace,next,another,finally,still,namely,thatis,forinstance200914⚪forexample200328⚪,asanexample,specifically,inparticularᐵvbefore200136⚪,after,until,till,meanwhile,subsequently¡¢certainly,indeed,aboveall200918⚪surely,mostimportant,infact,nodoubt,truly,obviously£&¤yஹyzឋ|d}A¥¦ §ὅḄ©ª3ᦻ«#¬Ḅbᣚs®¯fgwx!°¯§ὅ©±ᾭ³d«᪀Ḅ⌕µ'☢ᡃ:r ¶·ᓫᙢ¹º Example3Itcan,ofcourse,bearguedthatthoughthevastmajorityofpeoplecontributetothefundsofsocialsecurityequally,working-classpersonsaremorelikelytoreceivesocialsecuritybenefitsthanupper-classpersons.Thisistrueforthosebenefitswhichcanbeclassedasbeingforformsofdiswelfare,touseTitmusssterm,i.e.aformofmonetarycompensationforthehardshiptheysufferthroughtheoperationofthesocialandeconomicsystem-benefitsforindustrialdisability,unemploymentandillnessaswellassupplementarybenefits.Itisnot,],trueofretirementpensionsandtheyafterallaccountforatleasthalftheexpenditureofsocialsecuritywidelydefined.Sinceretirementpensionsarepaidtoallwhohavepaidthenecessarynumberofcontributionstheyinvolveanegativeformofverticalredistributionofincome-fromthepoortotherich—2retiredpersonsofhigherincomegroupslivelongerthanthoseoflowerincomegroups.1.[A]furthermore[B]therefore[C]however[D]otherwise2.[A]thoughIB]if[C]because[DJwhile1⚪! tᐺ¼Ḅfgᐵv⚪ὃ½ᨵ°¯ᦻdᦻḄᑁ+¾¿ᦻÀḄ#ᐵvÁA⌱Zᫀ&'⌱ᦻ(⌕!ÂÃÄÅÆÇᙠ"ᦈᐭ,Ê<ḄᑖËᡠoEḄÍΗ—aᦈᐭ,Êt`ᦈᐭ,ÊÐᨵ>A?ᑮÃÄÅÆÇ2ÑThisistrueforthosebenefitswhich…d3ÑItisnot,1,trueof...ᑖ▰%_ÔÕÖ×Q3Ñᙠᑁ+L2Ñ᪀ᡂ_ ÕlᢚḄ#ᐵvᡠ£⚪⌱C.howeverQfurthermore⊤ ⌴therefore⊤ s8otherwise⊤ ⊡ᐙ&Û⌱⚗¦ᯠᔠ〉ᡃ:ßᩭà2⚪⚪á◤⌕4ᦻᨵ ã-Ḅ°¯ÁAä4å☢ Ñ!¹⌨çÇ1èᡠᨵéêëì íîïḄ,,&᪵ᦈᐭaḄ,:=◍ᐭ_ ÕñḄᦈᐭᚖôßᑖË——õaᦈᐭ,Êöᔣ`ᦈᐭ,Êᡃ:ßàHIøḄ Ñ`ᦈᐭḄ⌨çὅtaᦈᐭḄ⌨çὅù?ú¦ᯠø Ñ!å ÑḄsû:À!s8ᐵvᡠ£C.becauseüZ⌱⚗3'F(⚪ÑḄ§ᵨᙠ⚪>£ᑭᵨþᦻ Ñdᨬ ᦻ⚪⚪ᓝᵨ ᦻ✌ Ḅᑖ᪆$%&'()ᯠ+, Ḅ ᓾᒹ/Ḽ1234Ḅ56ᦻ7ᜮ9ᨵ;,⚪ᨵ;<,⚪=>>?ᡈAᡈBᙢᒹ/DE56FwhatGHḄIJ/IᱥHᐸNOᡈᱯQwhere—ᙢRwhen-;S
9who- UᐵḄWᱥwhy—UᐵXYhow-*ᨵᐵḄZRE☢,1999 2008Ẇ]^ᐭ`ὃbbᔁdeᵨḄ ᦻḄ✌ᡃgᐸdᑖhᒹ/Ḅ56ᳮEFResearchonanimalintelligencealwaysmakesmewonderjusthowsmarthumansare.(2009what,how)Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreintelligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.(2008what,how);By1830theformerSpanishandPortuguesecolonieshadbecomeindependentnations.(2007when,who,how) ThehomelessmakeupagrowingpercentageofAmerica'spopulation.(2006who,how);Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.(2005what,how);Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinguency(crimescommittedbyyoungpeople)focuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.(2004what,how);Teachersneedtobeawareoftheemotional,intellectual,andphysicalchangesthatyoungadultsexperience.(2003who,how) Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.(2002what,how,when) Thegovernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeopleinvolvedinprominentcases1thetrialofRosemaryWest.(2001who,what,how) Ifafarmerwishestosucceed,hemusttrytokeepawidegapbetweenhisconsumptionandhisproduction.(2000who,why,how) Industrialsafetydoesnotjusthappen.(1999what,how) lmᡃgno⍝qr ᦻᜧᭆ⌕vZḄᑁxᡃgyᩭ{{qᓝr ᦻ| ḄᱯR}~ᐰᦻᨬ }ὅ2?ḄRD%&ᡈᓄ᪀ᡂ✌ q᪵ᩭᦻᢝ;~⚪ 2ᒹ/DE56Fconclusion&ZsuggestionfᡈsummaryᐰᦻḄᭆᡈ%&resultIJ'Ḅ&influence-^I¡Ḅ¢£ᡈ E☢,ᔊẆ]^ᐭ`ὃbbᔁdeᵨḄ ᦻḄᨬ F_20theresultsareinconclusive.(2009influence)Hisargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas19themtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis20stateofaffairs.(2008condusion)Egalitariansentimentswereoftentemperedbyfearsthatthemassofthepopulationwas20self-ruleanddemocracy.(2007condusion)AsEdwardBlotkowsk...putsit,uTherehastobe20ofprograms.WhatweneedisapackagedeaL,,(2006conclusion)Thebrainfindsitbesttokeepsmellreceptors19forunfamiliarandemergencysignals
1020thesmellofsmoke,whichmightindicatethedangeroffire.2005conclusionAlltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact,20adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.2004conclusion,summary38_theycanhelpstudentsacquireasenseofcommitmentby39forrolesthatarewithintheir40andtheirattentionspansandbyhavingclearlystatedrules.2003suggestion=Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.2002conclusionConcernswereraised19witnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourtto20guiltyverdicts.2001resultNaturallyhewilltrytoborrowmoneyatalow9ofinterest,butloansofthiskindarenot10obtainable.2000result,suggestion=Thismaymeanthedifferencebetweenoperatingat10orataloss.1999influence,suggestion=¥¦§¨ᢕª✌ ,ᦻlr«☢¬%®Ḅᐵ¯°±ᡠ³ὃ^ᙠµᵨ⚪;ᨵ¶®·ᐰᦻᑁx¬%®ᵨ,ᵨḄo¸¬°ᔠὃºᐸ»ஹ½¾ᵨro¸Ḅὃº,¿ÀᙠÁḄᡃg⍗ᑮ⍝ὃ⚪ᨵ; 11(1)⚪¯°âãᢥ᯿ὃᜧ}Ḅ⌕滼v⚪ᓽᢥ᯿ὃᜧ}èéḄ᪗ᔁÃ᪀»¼v⚪v⚪ᑁëoᜧ}Ḅ᪗⚪[⚪j=⌕âãᢥ᯿ᜧ}Ḅèéᙠ⌱ì▅ᳮAᑖḄᦻQ⌕íRᦻQḄ⌱ᩞîïÍÊðὃ0ᙠᐙᑖᳮᦻQḄGẠVò⚪óôõöḄ÷W⌕ø⚪ᐹᨵ〉úḄïÍûüḄᦔÍஹÍÎᑖÍ(2)⚪ᢣᔣឋÝÞÿ ஹஹᕜ᧕ᳮ⚪ஹ⚪⚪ឋ┯ᑭ Ꮙ Ḅஹᨵᔜ#$Ḅ%&ᩞᧇ)ᫀ⌕,ஹᔠᳮஹ./(3)ᙠ1ᑴ▅4ᳮA5ᑖ⚪7ᱯ9:;<=>?@☢BC/DE<ὃGHIJKLMḄ<ὃG%NᡈPQLMḄRᯠὃGὃTUVW=ᦻYZP[Ḅ\]^_D⌕ḄC` a᪷c/defgᵨ▅4ᦻij\I)ᫀḄ⚪MCk<ὃGᦻilmḄnJKLopὃGὃTᦻisḄJK\]LMḄ1ᑴὃGt#uvஹt#ᶖJKḄ⚪MC>ὃGpy%&ᩞᧇᑁ{Ḅ⌚}☢~\ᐰ☢_▅4ᳮA5ᑖ⚪1ᑴḄᨬo⌕Ḅᑣ(4)⚪⌱⚗Ḅ1ᑴ⍳Ḅ?ᑣ=B✌ᐜᐵ⚪Ḅ1ᑴC/⚪/?ᓫ••Ḅ⚪ᨬ_/?ᡈ/?ᐰḄ▰⚪⌱⚗ḆV⌕ஹ ὃp,~¡¢£D⌕ḄP%ᙠᔜ⌱⚗sᐳ¥¦ᵨḄᦻ§ᡈ¨%©ᙠ⚪WC`⚪⌱⚗s«ᨵ¬ᡠὃGᑁ{ᐵḄᩞᧇ~¡ ᙠ⚪s¦ᵨᔲ¯P/°ᙠ⚪s±²ᔲ¯Pᱯ9³<´µᵨ¶·ᡈὅᐰᜧᑏCk⚪¬»⌱⚗ ¦ᵨ¼¥Ḅ½⛲P%,<■ÁὃTlm⌱Â)ᫀḄÃÄC>⚪¬Å/?⌱⚗ḄÆÇᙠÈÉWஹÊËWஹ%ÌWÎ1ᑴ⚪7\aᶇÐ⚪¬»⌱⚗ḄÆÇ⊤gÒÓ¬⚗ḄÆǦὃTIᑮᨩ×ᔜ⌱⚗DEØᒹ{ᔲᑣÚÛÜḄÈÉᐵÝjÞᨩ×»⌱⚗,g¦⚪ᜫàᐸᨵḄᦔãᐸvᐵᜓ⌱⚗Ḅ1ᑴC/ᔜ⌱⚗Ḅãஹåã%&æ᪀ᜧè¼¥éLêᙠ1ᑴë⚪71⚪ὅL¦»⚗ìy»è¦ᐸãᡈæ᪀íᐸÚ⌱⚗îïðᨵí⌱⚗ññÞᡂLὃTóYḄyôC`ᔜ⚗⌕ᨵõöឋ÷\øᑮ〉RḄúᵨ•/@☢⚗\┯Iû,üᔲᑣÊ¥ýþ©g¦ὃTÿ ᧕ᑭᵨ◀ᑮᫀ☢ᜧᑖὃ⌱ ⚗!ᳮ#%&'(⚪*Ḅ⌱⚗Ḅᑡ-ᢥ'/ᑣஹ'2345ஹ'678ᔣ:;<>?ᢥ᯿ABḄᐜDஹᦪFḄᜧGH67ᑡᔜ⚪-JᜧKᢥL᧕ᑮMḄ45ᑡNOὃᙠQR-SAᨵ(⌲V〉-ḄXYZ᪵Ḅᑡ\]^_`abc4ᑭ:ᐭeḄfᳮgSᔁj⌱⚗kl5m([A],[B],[C],[D])opḄqᦪ-JᜧKrHZ᪵>st uὃNvw ⌱⚗x“z{ᙢ”~ᑖḄ>ឋᨬDᐵ ⚗ḄᱯXᔊὃẆ⚪Ḅᑖ᪆8Ẇᡃ_ ⚗Ḅᱯ%ᔠᳮᑣ?ᭆᐰஹ⌕¡ᑭᵨᙠᦻj£ᨵ¤ᑮḄ¥e¦§⌼⌱⚗⌕¡©ᦻjḄª8«⁚®¯©ᱏ☢Ḅஹq⌕Ḅ±ᡂ®⌕±N³ὃa⌕Lᦻj´µஹᫀ“ᔠᳮ⚗”!a¶·⌱⚗ᙠ®¯⚪8®⌕±⚪j-J◀«⁚ ©¸ᦻḄ®⚪%¹Ꮥᣚ½¾¿Àᡚ⌕¡/ÂjḄ«ÃᜐÅᦋÇ⌕¡È/ᦻjᨵḄÉÊᡈÌḄ᪀:;§⌼⌕¡ᙠᜓ⌱⚗j©NÏᡂÐஹ©ÑÒḄ±ᡈÓὅÕḄ±Ïᡂ·ÓὅḄ±N³ὃ⌕Ö×XrḄ⌱⚗!a◀ØÙḄYÚஹÜHÝ/ᦻÞᐰKὃ⌕Öד/ÉßàḄ>ឋ¶ßG”%&ᵨe6áâãᵨÉᙠäÊÊåjæàÉᡈçÊèᙠàḄpéὃÐvê¸ᐸeᵨḄìíÉ·!îḄᙠ▅ðñjò!ᵨóê¸ḄeᵨÉôâãᵨÉLxõKÉᡈÂ×Ḅö÷ᡈø÷ù⚪ὅᙠùᑴÉÂ×⚪ 12A¶e©⌕ὃûḄÉᡈÂ×Ḅe6áÓO ⚗?üýὃN³ὃþÿ᪷ᦻᐸᙠᱯḄᵭᜓ⌱⚗ᯠ ᦻᳮᵭ"ᩭḄ,% ᓾ'"(ᦻ)ᐕ+Ḅ-ὃ/ᑗ12ᢵ4ᑗ5 ᦻ678ஹ▅;ᳮ 13¹¥⚪²ᙠᔊ⚪²»¼Ḅ⚣᳛ÀÁ»ÂὃÃeὃIÄᔠஹᭆQஹÆÇᑖ᪆È⚪ḄÉÊ⌕ËὃIÌÍNᦻḄ▅CÏÐlmᦻᡈḄW⚪W¸⚪Ñᑖ(ᦻW¸W¸ÒÓ⚪ÔÕ×{1ᦻW¸⚪(1)Thepassageismainlyabout.(2)Whatisthemainpointtheauthormakesinthepassage?(3)Whichofthefollowingbestreflectsthemainideaofthepassage?(4)Whatisthemaintopicforthispassage?(5)Thepropersubjectofthisarticleis.(6)Thebesttitleforthispassagemightbe.(7)Whattheauthortriestosuggestmaybestbeinterpretedas.(8)Thepassagewaswrittentoexplain.2W¸⚪(1)Fromthefirst(2nd,3rd,4th,etc)paragraph,welearnthat.(2)Fromthelast(1st,2nd,etc)paragraphtheconclusioncanbedrawnthat.(3)Welearnfromthefirst(last,etc)paragraphthat.3◚ÙḄᦻW¸⚪(1)Fromthepassagewelearn(infer)that.(2)Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?(3)Whattheauthortriestosuggestmaybeinterpretedas.ExampleMuchofthelanguageusedtodescribemonetarypolicy,suchas"steeringtheeconomytoasoftlanding^^or“atouchonthebrakes",makesitsoundlikeaprecisescience.Nothingcouldbefurtherfromthetruth.Thelinkbetweeninterestratesandinflationisuncertain.Andtherearelong,variablelagsbeforepolicychangeshaveanyeffectontheeconomy.Hencetheanalogythatlikenstheconductofmonetarypolicytodrivingacarwithablackenedwindscreen,acrackedrear-viewmirrorandafaultysteeringwheel.Givenallthesedisadvantages,centralbankersseemtohavehadmuchtoboastaboutoflate.Averageinflationinthebigsevenindustrialeconomiesfelltoamere23%lastyear,closetoitslowestlevelin30years,beforerisingslightlyto25%thisJuly.Thisisalongwaybelowthedouble-digitrateswhichmanycountriesexperiencedinthe1970sandearly1980s.Itisalsolassthanmostforecastershadpredicted.Inlate1994thepanelofeconomistswhichTheEconomistpollseachmonthsaidthatAmerica'sinflationratewouldaverage35%in1995.Infact,itfellto26%inAugust,andisexpectedtoaverageonlyabout3%fortheyearasawhole.InBritainandJapaninflationisrunninghalfapercentagepointbelowtheratepredictedattheendoflastyear.Thisisnoflashinthepan;overthepastcoupleofyears,inflationhasbeenconsistentlylowerthanexpectedinBritainandAmerica.EconomistshavebaveparticularlysurprisedbyfavourableinflationfiguresinBritainandtheUnitedStates,sinceconventionalmeasuressuggestthatbotheconomies,andespeciallyAmericaJs,havelittleproductiveslack.Americayscapacityutilisation,forexample,hithistoricallyhighlevelsearlierthisyear,anditsjoblessrate(56%inAugust)hasfallenbelowmostestimatesofthenaturalrateofunemployment—theratebelowwhichinflationhastakenoffinthepast.Whyhasinflationpovedsomild?Themostthrillingexplanationis,unfortunately,alittle 14defective.Someeconomistsarguethatpowerfulstructuralchangesintheworldhaveup-endedtheoldeconomicmodelsthatwerebaseduponthehistoricallinkbetweengrowthandinflation.1997Passage5Fromthepassagewelearnthat.[A]thereisadefiniterelationshipbetweeninflationandinterestrates[B]economywillalwaysfollowcertainmodels[C]theeconomicsituationisbetterthanexpected[D]economistshadforeseenthepresenteconomicsituation⚪ÛÈḄzᦻÑÝÞ»×☢ß_à¢▭ázᙠâãᙢÈᐰᦻḄUæzçèᐰᦻᙠt|éḄêëìíî⚜æḄ⌕ð2&[C]⌱⚗òòóôᑮêëö÷ø⚜ùᯠwûᩭêëìíᓾîþðò±✌ ᑮ“ᢣᙳ᳛ᦪ⚜ὅ⚜Ḅᦪ⌕” Ḽ ᐹᦪ!"#$%&'()+,-✌ /ᢣ0“1234"5678ᨵᑭḄ᳛ᱯ<=ᑮ>?”4@A⚪Ḅᱯ%CDEᙠ-GHIEᙠᦻKHE)LIE◚N@AḄ0@⌕ᨵ,OPQ1✌-ᡈ✌ STUVᢣ0HWᡈXDḄY⚪ExampleThefullimportmaytakeawhiletosinkin.TheNTRightsoftheTerminallyIlllawhasleftphysiciansandcitizensaliketryingtodealwithitsmoralandpracticalimplications.Somehavebreathedsighsofrelief,others,includingchurches,right-to-lifegroupsandtheAustralianMedicalAssociation,bitterlyattackedthebillandthehasteofitspassage.Butthetideisunlikelytoturnback.InAustralia—whereanagingpopulation,life-extendingtechnologyandchangingcommunityattitudeshaveallplayedtheirpartZotherstatesaregoingtoconsidermakingasimilarlawtodealwitheuthanasia.IntheUSandCanada,wheretheright-to-diemovementisgatheringstrength,observersarewaitingforthedominoestostartfalling.1997[Passage1Fromthesecondparagraphwelearnthat.IA]theobjectiontoeuthanasiaisslowtocomeinothercountries[B]physiciansandcitizenssharethesameviewoneuthanasia[CJchangingtechnologyischieflyresponsibleforthehastypassageofthelaw[D]ittakestimetorealizethesignificanceofthelaw'spassage]-Eᐺ_Ḅ✌ @A⚪'✌ `-G@⚪ ᐸbᔜ def# gSDhijkᫀ`[D]⌱⚗ὃpq"sinkinᳮsᨵtuIv'w-Gxyz{0@Aᜧ}2ᦻKH~ᡈ-GH~0HWExampleCouldthebadolddaysofeconomicdeclinebeabouttoreturn?SinceOPECagreedtosupply-cutsinMarch,thepriceofcrudeoilhasjumpedtoalmost$26abarrel,upfromlessthan$10lastDecember.Thisnear-triplingofoilpricescallsupscarymemoriesofthe1973oilshock,whenpricesquadrupled,and1979 1980,whentheyalsoalmosttripled.Bothpreviousshocksresultedindouble-digitinflationandglobaleconomicdecline.Sowherearetheheadlineswarningofgloomanddoomthistime?TheoilpricewasgivenanotherpushupthisweekwhenIraqsuspendedoilexports.Strengtheningeconomicgrowth,atthesametimeaswintergripsthenorthernhemisphere,couldpushthepricehigherstillintheshortterm.Yettherearegoodreasonstoexpecttheeconomicconsequencesnowtobelessseverethan 15inthe1970s.Inmostcountriesthecostofcrudeoilnowaccountsforasmallershareofthepriceofpetrolthanitdidinthe1970s.InEurope,taxesaccountforuptofour-fifthsoftheretailprice,soevenquitebigchangesinthepriceofcrudehaveamoremutedeffectonpumppricesthaninthepast.Richeconomiesarealsolessdependentonoilthantheywere,andsolesssensitivetoswingsintheoilprice.Energyconservation,ashifttootherfuelsandadeclineintheimportanceofheavy,energy-intensiveindustrieshavereducedoilconsumption.Software,consultancyandmobiletelephonesusefarlessoilthansteelorcarproduction.ForeachdollarofGDP(inconstantprices)richeconomiesnowusenearly50%lessoilthanin1973.TheOECDestimatesinitslatestEconomicOutlookthat,ifoilpricesaveraged$22abarrelforafullyear,comparedwith$13in1998,thiswouldincreasetheoilimportbillinricheconomiesbyonly025% 05%ofGDP.Thatislessthanone-quarteroftheincomelossin1974or1980.Ontheotherhand,oil-importingemergingeconomiesZtowhichheavyindustryhasshiftedZhavebecomemoreenergy-intensive,andsocouldbemoreseriouslysqueezed.Onemorereasonnottolosesleepovertheriseinoilpricesisthat,unliketherisesinthe1970s,ithasnotoccurredagainstthebackgroundofgeneralcommodity-priceinflationandglobalexcessdemand.Asizableportionoftheworldisonlyjustemergingfromeconomicdecline.TheEconomist'scommoditypriceindexisbroadlyunchangingfromayearago.In1973commoditypricesjumpedby70%,andin1979byalmost30%.(2002Text3)Wecandrawaconclusionfromthetextthat.[A]oil-priceshocksarelessshockingnow[B]inflationseemsirrelevanttooil-priceshocks[C]energyconservationcankeepdowntheoilprices[D]thepriceriseofcrudeleadstotheshrinkingofheavyindustryᦻK☢7-h0ZOᢣ0ᨬᜧ ḼᙠᦻKH~ᑖ0ᦻK@A“⌼ᡂ12⊦⌨Ḅ”ᙠ'ᔜ-ᑖ 16earth,providethemeasuringinstrumentsneededtoresolvethequestion.Fromananalysisofthehot-spotpopulationitappearsthattheAfricanplateisstationaryandthatithasnotmovedduringthepast30millionyears.Thesignificanceofhocspotsisnotconfinedtolhei>roleasaframeofreference.Iteowappearsthattheyalsohaveanimportantinfluenceonthegeophysicalprocessesthatpropeltheplatesacrossthegjobe.Whenacontinentalplatecomestorestoverahotspot,thematerialrisingfromdeeperlayerscreatesabroaddome.Asthedomegrows,itdevelopsdeepfissures(cracks);inatleastafewcasesthecontinentmaybreakentirelyalongsomeofthesefissures,sothatthehotspotinitiatestheformationofanewocean.Thusjustasearliertheorieshaveexplainedthemobilityofthecontinents,sohotspotsmayexplaintheirmutability(inconstancy).(1998[Passage5)Thepassageismainlyabout.IAJthefeaturesofvolcanicactivitiesfB]theimportanceofthetheoryaboutdriftingplates[CJthesignificanceofhotspotsingeophysicalstudiesfDltheprocessoftheformationofvolcanoesᦻKxᐳ¹-+Z-"º%»¼½¾º%ᐸ¿VÀÁEÂᙽÄÅḄ᪗Ç+È-É+¹-@⌕Dhº%ᳮDḄÊᵨᐰᦻ@A E+¹-Ḅ7 ÌÍλᢣ0º%ÏᨵÐ᯿ÊᵨI"ÒÅÂᙽÄÅḄᙢÔᱥᳮ3 Ö×ØsÙ•ijkᫀ`[C]⌱⚗(4)ᦻKᡈ-GH)j0HWὃp⌕᪷!ᔜ-HWᡈᔜ ḄᑁÞ³´xyßàÒ0@AExampleAhistoryoflongandeffortlesssuccesscanbeadreadfulhandicap,but,ifproperlyhandled,itmaybecomeadrivingforce.WhentheUnitedStatesenteredjustsuchaglowingperiodaftertheendoftheSecondWorldWar,ithadamarketeighttimeslargerthananycompetitor,givingitsindustriesunparalleledeconomiesofscale.Itsscientistsweretheworld'sbest,itsworkersthemostskilled.AmericaandAmericanswereprosperousbeyondthedreamsoftheEuropeansandAsianswhoseeconomiesthewarhaddestroyed.ItwasinevitablethatthisprimacyshouldhavenaiTowedasothercountriesgrewricher.Justasinevitably,theretreatfrompredominanceprovedpainful.Bythemid_1980sAmericanshadfoundthemselvesatalossovertheirfadingindustrialcompetitiveness.SomehugeAmericanindustries,suchasconsumerelectronics,hadshrunkorvanishedinthefaceofforeigncompetition.By1987therewasonlyoneAmericantelevisionmakerleft,Zenith.(Nowthereisnone:ZenithwasboughtbySouthKorea'sLGElectronicsinJuly.)Foreign-madecarsandtextilesweresweepingintothedomesticmarket.America*smachine-toolindustrywasontheropes.Forawhileitlookedasthoughthemakingofsemiconductors,whichAmericahadinventedandwhichsatattheheartofthenewcomputerage,wasgoingtobethenextcasualty.Allofthiscausedacrisisofconfidence.Americansstoppedtakingprosperityforgranted.Theybegantobelievethattheirwayofdoingbusinesswasfailing,andthattheirincomeswouldthereforeshortlybegintofallaswell.Themid-1980sbroughtoneinquiryafteranotherintothecausesofAmerica'sindustrialdecline.Theirsometimessensationalfindingswerefilledwithwarningsaboutthegrowingcompetitionfromoverseas.Howthingshavechanged!In1995theUnitedStatescanlookbackonfiveyearsofsolidgrowthwhileJapanhasbeenstruggling.FewAmericansattributethissolelytosuchobvious 17causesasadevalueddollarortheturningofthebusinesscycle.Self-doubthasyieldedtoblindpride."Americanindustryhaschangeditsstructure,hasgoneonadiet,haslearnttobemorequick-witted,vaccordingtoRichardCavanaugh,executivedeanofHarvardJsKennedySchoolofGovernment."ItmakesmeproudtobeanAmericanjusttoseehowourbusinessesareimprovingtheirproductivity,saysStephenMooreoftheCatoInstitute,athink-tankinWashington,D.C.AndWilliamSahlmanoftheHarvardBusinessSchoolbelievesthatpeoplewilllookbackonthisperiodasuagoldenageofbusinessmanagementintheUnitedStates.v2000[Passage1Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?[A]Itishumannaturetoshiftbetweenself-doubtandblindpride.[B]Intensecompetitionmaycontributetoeconomicprogress.[C]Therevivaloftheeconomydependsoninternationalcooperation.[D]Alonghistoryofsuccessmaypavethewayforfurtherdevelopment.kᫀ¾Bs᪆¾ᦻKḄ@⚪âᙠ✌-/ᙠ±-◤⌕ὃpäᔠᔜ-ᑁÞµ0wᐰᦻæ,ᦻKèhØ6812wé₫ᑮ⊦ëìᑮé₫Ḅ Öíᱯ<îïðñ68òᩭ90[ôḄ12õö[B]⌱⚗“÷øḄðñvùú³12Ḅûg”iᔠᐰᦻᜧ}5@A⚪Ḅs⚪ᢈ¤᪷!h,OPQᑴ¼»s⚪"þ¾+Z`ὃp◤⌕¢ÿᐰᦻᦻ⚪ᡠᙠ⚪ὃ⌕ញᫀ ᙠ !"# $%ᨬ'(⍝⚪ᩭ+ᙠ+-.0⍝⚪'1ᶧ3ᨵ5ὃ678:ᦻḄᳮ=>?ᑮᦻAB⚪Cὃ⌕ḼEᳮ✌GᡈIGJ᪵GLA⚪M⌕EN✌IOPQRSᦻT TUVWᨬ⚣YḄ!"=ZᦻA ᙠT[Ḅ\]^_P᪵ḄAO(`abcdefḄ$ᵨ⍗ᑮᦻTi'GjVkᢚὃmnopqr ssQAᡠᙠGLTtuMv=wyᦻTzᨵ{|Ḅ⚪O⚪VW⌕}~ᔜGḄ⌕ᑁPὃ⌕ḼE?ᔜGḄ✌IO⚪TḄTitle⚪Mntuὃ}ᐰᦻ ᫀ⚪Tᨵ(ᐹᵨḄ⚪ᢈ✌ᐜᐵ⚪OḄᑨ=ஹGL⚪OḄᑨ⌕?nGḄ=>Oᡈ=ZOy Q8=(O▊=(OQ⚪O¡yQ8=>O▊=>OQ⚪O¡⚪OM¢ ᙠIO£ᨬ'(OQ8ᐰG¤¥nOQ⚪O8⚪OᙠOTḄtu£GLT kᢚnO¦¢Q⚪OᦻAᡠᙠGLḄᑨ§¨J=>$ὅᨵjªᙢ¬EḄ®¯}°QA=Z✌G ᶧ±On±⚪Qᐰᦻ²³Ḅᑁ8n±⚪ḄQᦻA=w$ὅo ᦻA°°´ᨵᦻµo¶therefore,thus,but.however,inshort··ᐸ¹⌱⚗ᱯ¯½|⌱⚗ᱯ¯¾1 ¿⁚Á¡¾2Ã~ᑖÅÆᡈÇ8jÈḄÉÊ⚗ᱯ¯¾1(`ÌᭆᐰÎQᦻḄ¿ÏI⁚ÐÑᐰᦻᑁ¡¾2 ¿⁚ឋḄÓÉÁ¡¾3~ÔÕ¾ߟ×$ὅ®¯⚪ØÚ⚪ᙠ(ÛᦻTÜ$ὅ8Ý(®¯QÞᢝஹ¬8QTàQJtஹáâQᜫäQᢇæQçè®Qé®#⊤ëì$ὅ(ÆḄ®¯ØÚÎQP®¯ÚḄo ᨵḄíîì£ᨵḄ◚Ãᙠµð[ᨵḄ}~ᡠᵨÉSḄ⋐òᩭ ᨵḄᑣ◤⌕} 18ᐰᦻA⚞3(`tufᡠ⌱Ḅᦻ÷ᨵøùḄút⁐üý3þbÿᜧḄᑖ⚪ᑖὅ⚪⊤ὅḄូὅ⚪⊤ὅ ᱥḄ⚪ Ḅᐵ"#ᡈ#%ᨵattitude,opinion,tone''ᐸ)⚪*+-1ὅ⚪1Whatisthetonemoodofthepassage?2Theauthor,sattitudetowards...mightbesummarizedasseemstobe.3Whichofthefollowingcanbestdescribetheattitudeoftheauthortowards...?4Theauthorismostcriticalof.2ὅ⚪1Accordingtotheauthor,.2Intheauthor*sopinion,.3WhatistheauthorJsopinionideaabout?4Theauthorthinksbelieves,suggests,deems,assertsthat.5Intheauthor'seyes...⚪Ḅ⌱⚗01234#5ᢥ᯿ὅᡠ▊:;⚪Ḅ<=ᑖ5>ᑖ?@?objectiveBḄ5impartialCDḄ5helpfulᨵEFḄ5positiveDGḄ5supportingHᢝḄ,admiringK᠋Ḅ,interestingMNᐶPḄ5unbiasedQᨵRSḄ,concernedᐵTḄ5confidentUVḄ5impressiveWXᓺZ[\Ḅ,optimistic]Ḅ'^_:detachedaᯠḄ,factualc▭Ḅ,indifferenteᐵf⌕Ḅ5impassivehiḄ5uninterestedjkᐶPḄ5ambivalentlmḄ5apatheticeno⊭Ḅ5neutral_Ḅ5jGqḄ5impersonaljrsX⁐uḄ'^v:disgustingwXxូḄ5criticalᢇzḄ5negativeᔲqḄ5intolerablej|}~Ḅ5disappointedᜫḄ5subjectiveḄ,biasedᨵRSḄ,doubtfulᝰᶧḄ,compromisingᢚḄ,worriedTḄ,pessimisticḄ,hostileḄ'ᔊὅ⚪?DG⌱⚗ ⚗2X7Text2[B]skepticalv[A]Supportive@[C]Impartial_[D]Biasedv2006Text2[DJissympathetictotheRSC@[A]issupportiveofbothsides@[B]favorsthetownsfolkJsview@ICJtakesadetachedattitude_2004Text4[A]optimistic@[B]Confused.v[CJCarefree.@[D]Panicked.v2003Text4IB]reservedconsent@[A]strongdisapprovalvfC]slightcontemptv[D]enthusiasticsupport@T2002Text3[A]optimistic@fB]sensitive_[CJgloomyv[D]scaredv 192001Passage4[B]objective@[A]optimistic@[C]pessimisticv[DJbiasedv3ὅ⚪Ḅ⚪ᢈ05 0 ᱥ22ὅ2Hᢝ25G5r_⁐uḄ#ᨬj|2DGᫀ;ὅ ᱥḄ5⊤“B”Ḅ#DG⌱⚗5?objective,impartial,unbiased'^;ὅᐸ¡ᑮḄX£ḄḄ5ᫀ¤|2¥qᡈᔲq5Hᢝᡈ?critical,approval,opposition,supporting'¦5§ᯠᑏ©ᦻ«5¬ὅḄ®j|ijᐵT5¯Sᑮindifferent,uninterested°#>✌ᐜ◀µ5¶·j⌕¸ὃºU»Ḅូ¼<ᐸ5⌕¶·½ᑖὅ¾XḄὅMᵨḄḄÀ5ÁὅḄQᨵG¡Â5ὃº⌕ÃÄ᪷ÆὅÇᵨḄ#ÈḄ⋐ÊឋÌᑨÎὅ5?wonderful(y),successful(y),positive(ly),active(ly),negative(ly),unfortunate(ly),doubtful(ly)'ExampleUnderthenewNorthernTerritorylaw,anadultpatientcanrequestdeathprobablybyadeadlyinjectionorpill-toputanendtosuffering.Thepatientmustbediagnosedasterminallyillbytwodoctors.Aftera"coolingoff'periodofsevendays,thepatientcansignacertificateofrequest.After48hoursthewishfordeathcanbemet.ForLloydNickson,a54-year-oldDarwinresidentsufferingfromlungcancer,theNTRightsofTerminallyIlllawmeanshecangetonwithlivingwithoutthehauntingfearofhissuffering:aterrifyingdeathfromhisbreathingcondition.'Tmnotafraidofdyingfromaspiritualpointofview,butwhatIwasafraidofwashowI'dgo,becauseVvewatchedpeopledieinthehospitalfightingforoxygenandclawingattheirmasks,"hesays.(1997Passage1)Theauthor'sattitudetowardseuthanasiaseemstobethatof____.[AJopposition|B]suspicion[C]approval[D]indifferenceὅÏÐlivingwithoutthehauntingfearofhissuffering°0¥qឋ#È⊤ÑÂU»Ḅ2[C]approval,,⚪Ò¶·Ó?05½ÔὅḄÕᐸÖXḄ;ᦻ X ᱥḄ01×ᐭ c⁚⚪¦,⌱⚗|jÚ2GḄ¥qᡈᔲqḄ34#5ᦋrᨵÜ▲ᑴḄ34#01rᨵßᓄᡈÐoáâḄ⊤Ḅ#ã┯5strong/complete/entire/enthusiastic'ᨵåᶇḄçèB5¯2DG⌱⚗5reserved(åᶇḄ)/qualified(ᨵ▲ᑴḄ5ᨵᩩìḄ)/tempered(ᨵᡠíᑴḄ)/guarded(îïḄ)/consent(ðñ)'4ὅ⚪Ḅ⚪ᢈ05ᦻ«▰:Ḅᑁ4ô2ὅḄὅMᵨÔXḄ52HᢝᡈõöḄZ5¯ÔXḄ2©÷ὅḄøƦ5ὅ01Õᦻ«ùúᐵὶ(µ)#ü/þ·⚪)ᑴḄÿ⚪ᨵ⌕ὃḄ⚪ὅ⌕ ὃ ὃ !ᦻ#ᑨ%&ஹ(Ḅ)*&⚪Ḅὃ ᨵ+,-./01&Ḅ2%34-5.67&ᡈ.ᙠᱯ;<ᔠḄ(> 201&(⚪@⚪AB(1)Thephrase(word,sentence)(inline...)mostprobablymeans.(2)Byw...,thewrier(probably)means.(3)Whatdoestheauthorprobablymeanby"”in...paragraph?(4)Thephrase(word,sentence)suggests___.(5)Fromthepassage,wecaninferthattheword"”is.(6)Accordingtopassage,whatis"”?(7)Whentheauthorsaysthat...,hemeans.2&⚪Ḅ⚪ᢈD(1)᪷F!ᦻGH2ᳮJKὃLMNO3PQᡠὃḄᨵS/03)T !ᦻUᐸ(>WPQX5ᨵS6៉3LM !ᦻUᐸᙠᱯ;<ᔠḄ(>ᙠZ[\]^ᳮḄ_`3a⌕bcdeᵨgh6៉Ḅ(&#&Ḅᳮa⌕ ijᐵὶḄGH2KmᑭᵨijḄmp᯿ᐵrஹᑭᵨᦻsḄ;&ᡈtGHḄuஹᑭᵨᡠvḄwGHxyஹᑭᵨ_&/{&/|&ஹᑭᵨᱯ}᪗ExampleWeliveinasocietyinwhichthemedicalandsocialuseofsubstances(drugs)ispervasive:anaspirintoquietaheadache,somewinetobesociable,coffeetogetgoinginthemorning,acigaretteforthenervesWhendothesesociallyacceptableandapparentlyconstructiveusesofasubstancebecomemisuses?Firstofall,mostsubstancestakeninexcesswillproducenegativeeffectssuchaspoisoningorintenseperceptualdistortions.Repeateduseofasubstancecanalsoleadtophysicaladdictionorsubstancedependence.Dependenceismarkedfirstbyanincreasedtolerance,withmoreandmoreofthesubstancerequiredtoproducethedesiredeffect,andthenbytheappearanceofunpleasantwithdrawalsymptomswhenthesubstanceisdiscontinued.(1997Passage3)Theword“pervasive”(Line1,Paragraph2)mightmean.[A]widespreadIB]overwhelming[C]piercing[DJfashionableᡠ⌕Ḅpervasivejᨵᑈ3NḄᵨ ᑈjḄᑁ⍝Ḅ1&ὅᙠᑈj☢ᑡvᱥᙠḄᔜ5☢Ḅᵨ32[A]⌱⚗“ᑖ¡¢Ḅ3£¤Ḅ”¦§O¨ᫀ(2)/01&Ḅ2%.⌼ᡂ▅®¯Ḅ°±²-▅³ᦻḄ´-µP/ ᜧ0Ḅ¸3¹aᨵ5%º»Ḅ¼ᔠᡂ32% 3%Ḅ/0 ½ᑖ/0¾¿ÀÁឋpÃḄ3ᙠpÄḄÅÆ@⚪ὅÇÈs ᐸÉ(>3,1991Passage1Ḅchlorophyll(ËÌÍ)ஹcarbohydrates(ÏÐᓄᔠᱥ)W1992Passage2Ḅinertia(Òឋ),Passage3Ḅhockey(ÔÕᳫ);1993Passage1Ḅbabbling(ØᕀÚ),Passage241bureaucratic(ÛÜ&Ḅ),Passage3Ḅmonopoly(ᚘ%)W1994Passage4Ḅpancreas(Þß)ஹgenes(à)3Passage5Ḅmold(◭)¹.jᩭḄ@⚪ãäåæX+çB3ᐸ(èᙠ éὃêSᙢ#JK1&.ᐸíîS³ᦻïḄ/0´ðPñòᐰᦻḄᳮ3¾¿ᡃõ!Å+ö#JKᐸ1&জ᪀ö,ùúûḄü᪷ஹý3 ᑖ᪆Ḅ᪷ஹiýஹjý#2K&1996Passage5Ḅnonfundamentalist(ÿ ᦟnon-fundamentẠ ᳮ-al-ist…ὅ)ঝឋ ᐜᑨ ᙠᦻ#$Ḅឋ&'()*+,-.ᨬ᪷12 213Ḅ4567ᐸᜧᭆ;ঞ=>ஹ>@AᡈCDC@A ᙠEFᦻ$=GḄᐸH⊤JK-LMN(C)ஹPQ@AᡈP+ᨩSট=>U EFᦻ$-LᨵWXGYḄZ[Ḅ\]^᪀=Gᐸ$Dᜐa>PUbḄcd7ὃ-.〉gh+᪷.ᜓjk◤ geo- n,⊤S“ᙢᳫ":geography ᙢᳮuᙢᳮgeology ᙢvugeophysic ᙢᳫᱥᳮuhydro- n⊤S“x"“yz” hydrobiology xᱥu;hydro-cooling x}Khydro-mania ᢗx2hydroelectric xᵯḄover- n⊤S“" overcrowdedness aᢴoverestimate oversensitive aoverplease ᑖᐶoveractive aExampleMoreover,demographersseethecontinuingshiftsouthandwestjoinedbyarelatedbutnewerphenomenon:Moreandmore,Americansapparentlyarelookingnotjustforplaceswithmorejobsbutwithfewerpeople,too.SomeinstancesP•Regionally,theRockyMountainstatesreportedthemostrapidgrowthrate-371percentsince1970inavastareawithonly5percentoftheUSpopulation.•Amongstates,NevadaandArizonagrewfastestofall:635and531percentrespectively.ExceptforFloridaandTexas,thetop10inrateofgrowthiscomposedofWesternstateswith75millionpeople—about9persquaremile.(1998Passage4)Theword“demographers”(line1,paragraph8)mostprobablymeans.IAJpeopleinfavorofthetrendofdemocracy[B]advocatesofmigrationbetweenstatesICJscientistsengagedinthestudyofpopulation[D]conservativesclingingtooldpatternsoflife᪷1EFᦻdemographersᑮḄQH¡¢M“£Ẇ¥¦☢Ḅ"[C]⌱⚗”Ẇ¥Ḅªu«¬M£u«”M¢Ḅ®¯;>j¬-°ᵨ᪀KḄ²5demo=people,graph=write,-erᢣ´6G(ᢣ“hµ¦☢ᦪ1Ḅᓅ(3)Z¸⚪@⚪ᢈ»¼⚪$GYZ¸⚪jὃ◤⌕᪷1EFᦻḄᑁὶÀc67Z¸ᡈÁᡠὃḄZ[)(ḄEFᦻÃ]ᐵÀÅ᯿=G()EFᦻḄᐵÀÇᢚஹÉᑡஹ⌴Ãஹ@AÌÍÎᯠ┐Å>ḄᐵÀÅEFᦻÑÒÒஹ=>ΦKÃ]@⚪ExampleItisalsolessthanmostforecastershadpredicted.Inlate1994thepanelofeconomistswhichTheEconomistpollseachmonthsaidthatAmerica'sinflationratewouldaverage35%in1995Infact,itfellto26%inAugust,andisexpectedtoaverageonlyabout3%fortheyearasawhole.InBritainandJapaninflationisrunninghalfapercentagepointbelowtheratepredictedattheendoflastyear.Thisisnoflashinthepan overthepastcoupleofyears,inflationhasbeenconsistentlylowerthanexpectedinBritainandAmerica.(1997Passage5)Thesentence“Thisisnoflashinthepan95(Line5,Paragraph3)meansthat. 22[A]thelowinflationratewilllastforsometime[BJtheinflationratewillsoonrise[C]theinflationwilldisappearquickly[D]thereisnoinflationatpresent⚪◤⌕᪷1EFᦻd7Z¸ᙠThisisnoflashinthepanknÓὅÔGNᩭÖ×ஹØ×DÙḄÚÛÜÝ᳛ßaàáu«⚜ãḄᦪäkåᢣGᙠcḄæØ×DÖ×ḄÚÛÜÝ᳛çèßa⚜ãḄx\ᵫ-.d ¢Z¸êM“ÉPjYëÉMíPYî[A]⌱⚗“ßÚÛÜÝ᳛ÁïᢝñPòjó”ôᔠ⚪¸(4)⌱⚗ᱯ÷®¯⌱⚗ᱯ÷ øP⚪$MùḄ4ú;øîZ¸⚪$®¯⌱⚗;ᨵ¸aûÅᓄḄ,´Mᵨýþ,ÿ ᡈExampleTheAmericaneconomicsystemisorganizedaroundabasicallyprivate-enterprise,market-orientedeconomyinwhichconsumerslargelydeterminewhatshallbeproducedbyspendingtheirmoneyinthemarketplaceforthosegoodsandservicesthattheywantmost.Privatebusinessmen,strivingtomakeprofits,producethesegoodsandservicesincompetitionwithotherbusinessmen;andtheprofitmotive,operatingundercompetitivepressures,largelydetermineshowthesegoodsandservicesareproduced.Thus,intheAmericaneconomicsystemitisthedemandofindividualconsumers,coupledwiththedesireofbusinessmentomaximizeprofitsandthedesireofindividualstomaximizetheirincomes,thattogetherdeterminewhatshallbeproducedandhowresourcesareusedtoproduceit.(1994Passage1)Inline8,paragraph1,“thedesireofindividualstomaximizetheirincomes,,means.|AJAmericansareneversatisfiedwiththeirincomes[B]AmericanstendtooverstatetheirincomesICJAmericanswanttohavetheirincomesincreased[D]Americanswanttoincreasethepurchasingpoweroftheirincomes[A],[B]⌱⚗ᵨᨵḄ neververstate ◀[C][D]!"#$[D]Ḅ%& '[D]&(ᫀ*+ᜐḄincome-$./ ‘'ᦈᐭ"*$“ᦈᐭḄ678”ᦑ- ⌱(ᫀ[C];⚗ᱯ>?@ABᡠὃ EFG@HIὃḄ$J Kᨵ./ ḄAL$┯N⌱⚗@O᪷QR⚪TᑣVW⌱⚗-XᵨBTᦻZ[!\Ḅ]^_`ḄaKᨵZ[T_abᨵḄ cḄ⌱⚗Ad$┯NḄ(f)hᳮjᵭ⚪hᳮjᵭ⚪l⌕noὃpᳮqrsᦻtuᐵwḄx8⌕yὃp⚞{ᡠ|ᩞᧇa_`Ḅtuᐵw+᪷QᩞᧇḄb'ᑖ᪆ஹhᳮᑨhᳮx8ᳮAᦻᓝᑖ⌕ᱯ$ᳮὅ]ḄஹὅḄ>ஹᑏR⚪ᙠRᑴ¢o⚪£¤.⌕yὃpᦻᡈ¥¦§hᳮᳮ- x¨o⚪Ḅ(ᫀ©. ᙢ«☄⌱⚗aὃp®¯°¨±B²³´⁚⚪¶·ᩭhᳮjᵭ⚪¹º»²³&¼Q#$½¾Ḅ¿IÀ-$²³ÁÂᓽ-x“IJŲ”hᳮjᵭ⚪AÆÇẠÉÊↈÌḄὃp*$AÍÎ>ὃpGÏᦻ|Ð( Ñ&“ÒᡃÔÕÖ×”)ᯠ*ᙠ⚪£ᓾÚÛ-'ÜsÝo⚪Þß½-×à$ὃpáᨵ⚞XR⚪âãhᳮjᵭo⚪ḄᵨḄäᦑ²³rhᳮjᵭ⚪ὃåḄ-æ$ὃp]☢Ḅᳮ%⌕yὃpèZᦻḄ]éhnὅêëì*Àí⊤ïḄK¢⚪ὃp®¯᪷QᦻaḄᩞᧇᨵᐵḄᑨஹhᳮjᵭ 23ðḄhᳮjᵭ⚪ñòḄôᐸð÷±ø »ÄùúÞ »Äᐹúᡈᱯdüùúü¤.ᒹþᦻlÿ⚪ஹὅ⚪ᢣ⚪ஹ/⚪ !"#$!%⚣᳛()*+ᨵᐺ.ឋḄ⚪.1ᡃ34☢6ᑮḄ8ᳮ:ᵭ⚪ ◀>?@AḄBᭆD1E⚪FGBḄ8ᳮ:ᵭ⚪⚪HIᨵinfer,imply,suggest,deduce,concludeJ!%1KḄE⚪FGᨵ(1)Itcanbeinferredfromthetext/thelastparagraph/thefirstsentencethat...(2)Wecaninfer(assume,deduce)that.(3)Whichofthefollowingcan(not)beinferredfromthepassage?(4)Itisimplied(indicated,suggested)inthepassage/thefirstparagraph/thesecondsentence/theexamplethat.(5)By...theauthorimplies(suggests,indicates)that.(6)Thepassageimpliesinthepassagethat.(7)Theauthorsuggests(indicates)inthepassagethat.(8)Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat.(9)Fromthepassage/thethirdparagraph/thelastsentence/theexamplethat...wecandrawtheconclusionthat.(10)Whatconclusioncanbedrawnfromthepassage(thefirstparagraph,thelastparagraph)?:ᵭ8ᳮ⚪ᢥ᯿N⚪OP⌕R>ᑖ ᨩᢣ⚪ஹ8ᳮ⚪UVW⚪ᨩᢣ⚪Ḅᱯ ⌕YZὅ[ᕡ“^`”1bcdefghijklmn"op⚪,ὃs✌ᐜ⌕ᑖv wxy ᨩᢣ1ᓽ^ᑁy ^|ᐸ~1⌕ᨬᜧReE⚪ὅᡂ“ᐳ”1 E⚪ᐜḄᫀᐕὃsḄᨵ|ᨬ1⌕mᦻIḄᨵᐵUiᑖ᪆UẆ1ᢥ᯿Ḅ¡¢~£1¤V!ᔠ@ᔠᳮḄVWExample1Ifexperimentsareplannedandcarriedoutaccordingtoplanasfaithfullyasthereportsinthesciencejournalsindicate,thenitisperfectlylogicalformanagementtoexpectresearchtoproduceresultsmeasurableindollarsandcents.(1999¦Passage5)Theauthorimpliesthattheresultsofscientificresearch.(AJmaynotbeasprofitableastheyareexpected[BlcanbemeasuredindollarsandcentsICJrelyonconformitytoastandardpattern[DIaremostlyunderestimatedbymanagement¨ ©Ꮇ«ᩩ1ᢣ!“Ꮇ¯°±²¯°ᩖ´µ¶Ḅ¯°·¸¹ºḄ»᪵½ᐰᢥᐜḄ¿ᑜÁÂᑜUÃ1»Ä1mÅᳮÆᩭÈ1ÉÊẆeËÌsR>ᵨÎÏ⊝ÑḄVÒ ½ᐰᔠᳮḄ”ÓᜐÕÖ×È1ὅḄ^` 1¯°±¤ᨵR⚜Ḅ%Ù1ÌsḄVÒÚÛ>⚜1ÓeÜᨵᦔÞ[A]⌱⚗"Re²⚜ᧇḄ»᪵ᨵᑭRä”å ὅæÕç⌕⊤ḄéExample2Whymentiontheelementaryschools?Becausethankstotheseschoolsourearlymechanics,especiallyintheNewEnglandandMiddleAtlanticstates,weregenerallyliterateandathomeinarithmeticandinsomeaspectsofgeometryandtrigonometry.AcuteforeignobserversrelatedAmericanadaptivenessandinventivenesstothis 24educationaladvantage.AsamemberofaBritishcommissionvisitingherein1853reported,“Withamindpreparedbythoroughschooldiscipline,theAmericanboydevelopsrapidlyintotheskilledworkman.”(1996¦Passage4)ItisimpliedthatadaptivenessandinventivenessoftheearlyAmericanmechanics.[A]benefitedalotfromtheirmathematicalknowledge[BJshedlightondisciplinedschoolmanagement[C]wasbroughtaboutbyprivilegedhometraining[D]owedalottothetechnologicaldevelopment"hêëḄ✌ᢣ!ì┦ḄîïðñòîḄ〉ôeõUö÷eõ"©ᦟùúûὶýᙠÿ thisᢣḄᨬᑁᑮḄ“ᢈᨵᦻᓄ !"#ஹ%&'ஹ()'”+,-!./ᦟ123456ᦪ'8,9ὅᨩᢣḄ<=[A]⌱⚗”@AᜧCDEFGHᦪ'”Iᳮ⚪Lᨩᢣ⚪MᯠᨵOPQRSᜐUᐸ=WLXYZ[\HIᳮ.^⌕`aὃcḄ=dᑨfghᓽjk!ḄlmnopqrFs!Ḅt.uὃcv⚪w✌ᐜ⌕z6Iᳮ|——ᜧ~ᡈᐰᦻ~ᡈᐸ⌕⍳ᢝḄ=dCḄ-ᑭᵨQᐵᑖḄlmஹ¡!¢£¢qIᳮ¤⚗Ḅᱯ§¨᪷pᦻª«¬lm®-I¯ᯠ,°±²ᡠ´(1)IfᦻªᑁḄ·¸¹ᵭ<=ExampleExamplesofbenefitsorcostsofthecurrentconcentrationwavearescanty.Yetitishardtoimaginethatthemergerofafewoilfirmstodaycouldre-createthesamethreatstocompetitionthatwerefearednearlyacenturyagointheU,SwhentheStandardOilTrustwasbrokenup.Themergersoftelecomcompanies,suchasWorldCom,hardlyseemtobringhigherpricesforconsumersorareductioninthepaceoftechnicalprogress.Onthecontrary,thepriceofcommunicationsiscomingdownfast.Incars,too,concentrationisincreasing-witnessDaimlerandChrysler,RenaultandNissan—butitdoesnotappearthatconsumersarebeinghurt.(2001»Passage4)FromParagraph4wecaninferthat____.|AJtheincreasingconcentrationiscertaintohurtconsumers[B]WorldComservesasagoodexampleofbothbenefitsandcosts[CJthecostsoftheglobalizationprocessareenormous[DItheStandardOilTrustmighthavethreatenedcompetition¼⚪ὅ½¾Ḅ¿§ÀÁ«Â+ḄᳮvÃᦻᑮ“Ä¿⚜ᧇᦪÇÈÉÊËḄᔠ ᔲÎÏÐÑ⌼ᡂÔÕ100»Ö×Ḅ᪗ÙÈÉὶᔠÊË(StandardOilTrust)Ûvᦣ8nÝwÞßà@ÎÏÐÑ᪀ᡂÔÕ”ᵫã¹ᵭIᳮ-![D]⚗"᪗ÙÈÉὶᔠÊË-gåÏÐÑæᡂÔÕ”ãὃcè◤⌕ê 25Altogether,theUspopulationroseinthe1970sby23.2millionpeoplenumericallythethird-largestgrowtheverrecordedinasingledecade.Evenso,thatgainaddsuptoonly11.4percent,lowestinAmericanannualrecordsexceptfortheDepressionyears.AmericanshavebeenmigratingsouthandwestinlargernumberssinceWorldWarII,andthepatternstillprevails.(1998»Passage4)Discernedfromtheperplexingpictureofpopulationgrowththe1980censusprovided,Americain1970s.[A]enjoyedthelowestnetgrowthofpopulationinhistory[B]witnessedasouthwesternshiftofpopulation[C]underwentanunparalleledperiodofpopulationgrowthIDJbroughttoastandstillitspatternofmigrationsinceWorldWarII.⍝ö÷ᦪñḄ⚪Ä+᪗ø1970s-ÂùnᦻªÀ(úᢣû¨“20üý70»þÖ×Þÿ ᐳ2320——ᦪᨵᩭ10Ḅ ᓽ" ᦪ#$%11.4%,◀ᜧ⃫ᩩ*+,-.ᨬ0Ḅ᳛”3"[A]⌱⚗6[C]⌱⚗7ᦻ9:;<Ḽᦻ>?@AᑮCDEFG“IJKLᜧᡊᩭ+,:NOPQR6ᓭRTᙠVWXYᯠ[ᙠ”3"\]G[B]⌱⚗^_`ᫀb[D]⌱⚗7c@ᑁe^fgh(3)ᵨjkḄlm⌕oὃqrstᳮvwExample1Therearetwobasicwaystoseegrowth:oneasaproduct,theotherasaprocess.Peoplehavegenerallyviewedpersonalgrowthasanexternalresultorproductthatcaneasilybeidentifiedandmeasured.Theworkerwhogetsapromotion,thestudentwhosegradesimprove,theforeignerwholearnsanewlanguage-alltheseareexamplesofpeoplewhohavemeasurableresultstoshowfortheirefforts.Bycontrast,theprocessofpersonalgrowthismuchmoredifficulttodetermine,sincebydefinitionitisajourneyandnotthespecificsignpostsorlandmarksalongtheway.Theprocessisnottheroaditself,butrathertheattitudesandfeelingspeoplehave,theircautionorcourage,astheyencounternewexperiencesandunexpectedobstacles.Inthisprocess,thejourneyneverreallyends;therearealwaysnewwaystoexperiencetheworld,newideastotry,newchallengestoaccept.(1995Passage2)Apersonisgenerallybelievedtoachievepersonalgrowthwhen____.[A]hehasgivenuphissmokinghabit[BJhehasmadegreateffortsinhiswork[Clheiskeenonlearninganythingnew[DJhehastriedtodeterminewhereheisonhisjourneyᩈᦻᢣGzḄᡂᨵ|}~@ᐹᑮV~ḄᑁeᜧRᑖᢝᨵḄ~ᙠ3ᐸ\ᓄ\ᐹlhGᩭ]ᑮᓣஹqᡂ 6,¡¢Ḅ£¤I@IV~Ḅᑁe:ᡂᙠ⍗ᑮ¢Ḅ§ᔊ69◅ª*⊤TGᩭḄ-6®b:¯ᙠḄ°Ḅ᪷²V~³´Vᡂ⊤TᦻµjkḄlm\¶$ᨵ[A]⌱⚗¯ᙠḄ·⚪7tᳮ⚪ᙠ¹⚪º»6¼½ᨵ¾¿gÀÁᜐÃtᳮ⚪ÄÅtᳮb·⚪ÄÅÆǹ`·⚪*•É⌕᪷²⚪Ê⌕oËÌᦻᨵᐵᑁeÎGᔠÐÑÒḄஹ\☠Ḅ·ᨵ*ÔÕᱏ☢ឋ\ᜧ▅ÛÝᔲᑣà]áâḄÝãä 26·åæç3"¹`"jè⚪é⌕¯Y²#⌕Y²êëḄìí6§îïé⌕ᦻ>ð⚪#⌕ñòᡈᓺõð⚪Ḅ⁚ïb÷⌕ḄøùúὅḄᑏú9ýþ9Åᭆ ஹᐰ☢ᡈ⁚ᓄḄ⌱⚗⚗(1)ᐜᐰᦻ⚪ὃ ✌!"ஹᦻ#$᪀ஹᡈ&'ᳮᔜ"+,-.⚪ᯠ01 ⚪2⁚Ḅᐵ456ᔠ8ᳮឋḄ&'ExampleTheattacksonambitionaremanyandcomefromvariousangles;itspublicdefendersarefewandunimpressive,wheretheyarenotextremelyunattractive.Asaresult,thesupportforambitionasahealthyimpulse,aqualitytobeadmiredandfixedinthemindoftheyoung,isprobablylowerthanithaseverbeenintheUnitedStates.Thisdoesnotmeanthatambitionisatanend,thatpeoplenolongerfeelitsstirringsandpromptings,butonlythat,nolongeropenlyhonored,itislessopenlyprofessed.Consequencesfollowfromthis,ofcourse,someofwhicharethatambitionisdrivenunderground,ormadesly.Such,then,isthewaythingsstand:ontheleftangrycritics,ontherightstupidsupporters,andinthemiddle,asusual,themajorityofearnestpeopletryingtogetoninlife.(2000:Passage5)Fromthelastparagraphtheconclusioncanbedrawnthatambitionshouldbemaintained.IAJsecretlyandvigorously[B]openlyandenthusiastically[CJeasilyandmomentarily[D]verballyandspiritually<"=ᑮ?@ABCḄDEFGAHḄIJKLMNO•QᏉSTUḄVWXYᑮZG[ᢝ]^_`]a_ᢣcYTU⊤eBCfᩭḄYh0iᵫL kc?@YN<◚ṰnoḄBCLqrᐰᦻsὅuḄOwxAyBCᚆ{noḄ|}KL[B]⌱⚗“TUᙢ”OsὅuḄAyBCḄwx(2)sὅḄᑏsExampleNoclear-cutdistinctioncanbedrawnbetweenprofessionalsandamateursinscience:exceptionscanbefoundtoanyrule.Nevertheless,theword“amateur“doescarryaconnotationthatthepersonconcernedisnotfullyintegratedintothescientificcommunityand,inparticular,maynotfullyshareitsvalues.Thegrowthofspecialisationinthenineteenthcentury,withitsconsequentrequirementofalonger,morecomplextraining,impliedgreaterproblemsforamateurparticipationinscience.Thetrendwasnaturallymostobviousinthoseareasofsciencebasedespeciallyonamathematicalorlaboratorytraining,andcanbeillustratedintermsofthedevelopmentofgeologyintheUnitedKingdom.(2001:Passage1)Theauthorwritesofthedevelopmentofgeologytodemonstrate.[A]theprocessofspecialisationandprofessionalisation[B]thehardshipofamateursinscientificstudy[Clthechangeofpoliciesinscientificpublications|D]thediscriminationofprofessionalsagainstamateurs"=ᑮẆὅ5ᐭ⚞ZḄᙠ⚞cᙢWḄ¡¢£¤¥¦§⚪0" A19¨©ᙢWªᐸc᱐ᱥḄ®ᓄஹẆ¯°Ḅ®ᓄஹ±?ᕒẆ³Ḅ´µḄ▰·¤¥?ᕒ`?ᕒ¸¹Ḅᑖᓄ»ᩭ 27»¥¼KL ½ᵭkᳮcsὅḄᑏs¿ḄwOÀ·[AJ⌱⚗“Áᓄ`ᓄÂᡂḄYÄO2kᳮ½ᵭ⚪ḄÅᢈÇ(1)kᳮ½ᵭ⚪Ḅᑜᑖkᳮ½ᵭ⚪ᢥ᯿᧕ ᑖÌÍᓫkᳮ⚪`Ïᩖkᳮ⚪]ÍᓫḄkᳮ⚪ÑᯠᙠÒᦻÓYÔÕÖ×ᑮÅᫀÙOᨵ¹ÖḄᨩÜ`ÝÞH@2Åᫀ¸¹Ḅᐵ4ßàáâὶ4äᩭ0å XcÅᫀæÅᫀ2ᐸç⌱⚗èéêàᜧ]ìÏᩖḄkᳮ⚪ᙠÒᦻÓ×Yᑮ¥xḄ⚪ÝÞὃ íÔ᪷ï◚ðᙠñ_0☢Ḅòó᪷ïsὅ¤ôḄõö÷Ïᑖ᪆ùÔ×ᑮÅᫀæ⚗Ḅàúὃ ᙠûü⌱⚗ÓýþYÿ ⌱ᳮ⚪⚪ḄExampleHereisanexample,whichIheardatanurses'convention,ofastorywhichworkswellbecausetheaudienceallsharedthesameviewofdoctors.AmanarrivesinheavenandisbeingshownaroundbySt.Peter.Heseeswonderfulaccommodations,beautifulgardens,sunnyweather,andsoon.Everyoneisverypeaceful,politeandfriendlyuntil,waitinginalineforlunch,thenewarrivalissuddenlypushedasidebyamaninawhitecoat,whorushestotheheadoftheline,grabshisfoodandstompsovertoatablebyhimself."Whoisthat?”thenewarrivalaskedSt.Peter.“Oh,that'sGod,“camethereply,“butsometimeshethinkshe'sadoctor.v(2002Text1)Thejokeaboutdoctorsimpliesthat,intheeyesofnurses,theyare.IAJimpolitetonewarrivals[B]veryconsciousoftheirgodlikerole[CJentitledtosomeprivileges[D]verybusyevenduringlunchhoursὃ⌕᪷ᐰᦻḄ !"ὅḄ$% &'ᐵ)*Ḅ+,-ᳮ*./0ᨵ23Ḅᱯ56*78ஹ:᠒ <=>/0•᪵AḼCDEFG*ḄHI6JKᙠM 28makeapassingremarkabouttheinediblecanteenfoodorthechairmanJsnotoriousbadtasteinties.Withotheraudiencesyoumustn'tattempttocutinwithhumorastheywillresentanoutsidermakingdisparagingremarksabouttheircanteenortheirchairman.YouwillbeonsafergroundifyousticktoscapegoatslikethePostOfficeorthetelephonesystem.(2002Passage1)Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthatpublicservices[A]havebenefitedmanypeople[B]arethefocusofpublicattention[C]areaninappropriatesubjectforhumor[D]haveoftenbeenthelaughingstockæçГvéêᐳìíîï"=ðñò(scapegoats)±óîô õröᜐ)øᐰᙢ”Ýûüýgþ Ἥ ⌕ᑮᐳᱯᕖὶᦻ☢Ḅᑁ Ḅ!“#$%&'⌕()*! !+,-Ḅ.0 !1ᨵ345.67”:;ᳮ=>?@ABCḄD:FG@ḄHIᓽ⌱⚗[D]6Ḅᑁ :ᐳ!ᜧPQRSTḄᐳ-%ᧇᐸW᪷Y⚪[Ḅᐵ]^_`abcdefgcᳮhYḄjᑭᵨmnஹ^pஹmrbstᓫBḄHIvwxᦻḄyzᐵᯠ>ᢥ⚪}~ᳮ⚪34⌕ὃBCᡈᦪBC~gᳮtᡈI34BCᡈC:ExampleInmostcountriesthecostofcrudeoilnowaccountsforasmallershareofthepriceofpetrolthanitdidinthe1970s.InEurope,taxesaccountforuptofour-fifthsoftheretailprice,soevenquitebigchangesinthepriceofcrudehaveamoremutedeffectonpumppricesthaninthepast.(2002Passage3)Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthattheretailpriceofpetrolwillgoupdramaticallyif|A]priceofcruderises[B]commoditypricesriseICJconsumptionrises[D]oiltaxesrise⚪[Ḅᐵ]^!“theretailpriceofpetrol”᪷Ycdᑮᦻᦻᐜᓰ¡¢Ḅ:£¤ᑖᐸᜧ¤ᑖ!¦ᦈᙠ©ª«P¬®¯!°±²ᑖ=³´µḄ¶·¸¹ ᜧYµ3eºὅḄ¼ᙠᐵ¸¹Ḅ½⌕´¾!¦ᦈ¿¦ᦈÀᜧÁÂᙢÀ3ᱯḄÄᵭᳮ⚪Æ(1)┐ÊὅËÌḄͽ⌕!Îxᦻ34ÏḄÐÑ✌ᐜὃÓÔᙠᑖ᪆ᭆ×ᦻḄᑏÊÙ᪀ÛẠ~ᳮᦻ!ᢥᱥᑖÞḄßàáᡠ⌱ᩞᧇ!ᐸ:Þäxᦻ134!ᐸåÞæḄßàᐸW0⌕ὃÎçᦻ=>•Ḅᑁ 1ÓÔᱯæé}ᐸÙê¤ᑖ¿0⌕ὃÎ=Ḅᑁ 1ÓÔᱯæé}çᦻḄ#ë¤ᑖᐸì⚪íîxItcanbeassumedthattheparagraph,preceding(following)thepassagemostprobablydiscusses____.Theparagraphpreceding(following)thisoneisprobablyabout____.µÞ⚪ÆᑮïðGᙠẆòὃóḄ▅õ¤ᑖÏ,Mi÷ø 4◀!ûᩭḄ:ýþ⚪Æ(2)ÍᦻᩭÿḄ 29⌕ὃᙠᐰᦻḄẠᑨᦻ⌱ஹᩖ ᡈᦻḄ ᑖ"⚪$%%ᙠᦻ&ᨵᡠᨩ*ὃ+,᪷.ᦻḄᑏ01᪀ஹ3ᦻ4567ᐸᦻ9:⚪Ḅ;⚪<=?@Thispassageappearstobeadigestof.Thepassageismostlikelyapartofa.ExampleRumorhasitthatmorethan20booksoncreationism/evolutionareinthepublisher'spipelines.Afewhavealreadyappeared.Thegoalofallwillbetotrytoexplaintoaconfusedandoftenunenlightenedcitizenrythattherearenottwoequallyvalidscientifictheoriesfortheoriginandevolutionofuniverseandlife.Cosmology,geology,andbiologyhaveprovidedaconsistent,unified,andconstantlyimprovingaccountofwhathappened.t6Scientific^^creationism,whichisbeingpushedbysomefor“equaltime“intheclassroomswheneverthescientificaccountsofevolutionaregiven,isbasedonreligion,notscience.Virtuallyallscientistsandthemajorityofnonfundamentalistreligiousleadershavecometoregard“scientific''creationismasbadscienceandbadreligion.ThefirstfourchaptersofKitcher*sbookgiveaverybriefintroductiontoevolution.Atappropriateplaces,heintroducesthecriticismsofthecreationistsandprovidesanswers.Inthelastthreechapters,hetakesoffhisglovesandgivesthecreationistsagoodbeating.Hedescribestheirprogrammesandtactics,and,forthoseunfamiliarwiththewaysofcreationists,theextentoftheirdeceptionanddistortionmaycomeasanunpleasantsurprise.Whentheirbasicmotivationisreligious,onemighthaveexpectedmoreChristianbehavior.Kitcherisaphilosopher,andthismayaccount,inpart,fortheclarityandeffectivenessofhisarguments.Thenon-specialistwillbeabletoobtainatleastanotionofthesortsofdataandargumentthatsupportevolutionarytheory.Thefinalchaptersonthecreationistswillbeextremelycleartoall.Onthedustjacketofthisfinebook,StephenJayGouldsays:"Thisbookstandsforreasonitself."Andsoitdoes—andallwouldbewellwerereasontheonlyjudgeinthecreationism/evolutiondebate.(1996APassage5)Thispassageappearstobeadigestof.[A]abookreview[BJascientificpaper[C]amagazinefeature[D]anewspapereditorialᦻ✌CD20ᐵFG⌼IJKᓄIMNḄOPQᯠSᙠTUCVTWCXYZ[\ᑗ^℉0Ḅ1᪀ᑁaVbcᱯeQᨬSgᵨi™k•ᩲ•n^oḄpqp:rcstuvQw:,Dxc"y ᐺḄu{|uḄᑏ0ᱯey@ }~ᐜcQḼZ[Ḅ⌕ᑁaQᨬSpᡠZ[Ḅrc 9uvᫀy[A]⌱⚗(3)ᑨᦻᑏ0"⚪ᙠ2005A⚪&✌cQ9▅ᳮ⌱⚪OPp Ḅὃ¡ᔣpᦻ£¤1᪀Ḅὃὃ◤⌕¦§{|ᦻḄᱯeQOᜮஹ1©=ªC«Ḅ¬ᢈ¯Q°ᨵpᦻ9£¤1᪀ᨵ²³ḄQ:⚪´µ¶·¸ExampleEverybodylovesafatpayrise.Yetpleasureatyourowncanvanishifyoulearnthatacolleaguehasbeengivenabiggerone.Indeed,ifhehasareputationforslacking,youmightevenbeourtaged.Suchbehaviourisregardedas“alltoohuman”,withtheunderlyingassumptionthatotheranimalswouldnotbecapableofthisfinelydevelopedsenseofgrievance.Butastudyby 30SarahBrosnanandFransdeWaalofEmoryUniversityinAtlanta,Georgia,whichhasjustbeenpublishedinNature,suggeststhatitisalltoomonkey,aswell.(2005AText1)Intheopeningparagraph,theauthorintroduceshistopicby[A]posingacontrast.[B]justifyinganassumption.[C]makingacomparison.[D]explainingaphenomenon.T Cᐜ¹;@º⍝¼ᦣḄ§¾¿ᑮÁÂÃÄḄÅÆÇQÈÉÊ~ËÌḼᦻᢣcQ"᪵Ḅ3ÐÑx0y“ÉMÓÔ”QÖ×ᙠᙢᎷÚᐸÛÜᱥÞᨵ"stßàḄ¦áÔâ¡ᢚbutᙠ✌CcäÓå⌕QÖ%%y⚪cḄ᪗ Qᓽè☢ḄᑁaÑ7êQMSḄëìe´y⌕IíḄ⚪CbutMSîc⚪@Ẇð⊤òᲦô+ᨵõḄÔö,÷QT C⌕øᵨÁIí¸QùᲦôJÉrÁúQûcÖüḄýõMᜐw:[C][A]⌱⚗&Ḅcontrast( ᯿)ᱥḄ[B]⌱⚗ᦻᦻᎷ ᦻᑮ"#ᙠ%&'(Ḅ)*+ᦻ,-./012⚪◀[D]⌱⚗(7)89⁚⚪ᙠ▅<ᳮ>?@ABᜧDḄ⚪Eὃ9⁚Ḅ8(ᙠ ᔊH@⚪Ḅᑖ᪆A")89⁚⚪ḄDᓰLM(ᦻ,AḄ9⁚NOᢣḄQὅST ᦻ,2⚪ᱯVT WXḄᜧY ZᵨḄᐹ]^_`S/aTᦻbc ᦻ dQὅᙠ▊ fᜓThḄi⚪ᡈklNOmᵨᜧnᐹ]Ḅ89⁚oc ᡈpᢝrstu9⁚vMᳮᵫஹDyஹᦪ{,}vM~ᵨ ஹQஹ ஹᡭo᪷ᐹ]ὃḄᑁᡈ89⁚⚪vM9ᑖS`9⁚⚪ஹ9⁚⚪ஹk9⁚⚪ஹ&9⁚⚪ஹᔠ9⁚⚪bᐹ]9⁚⚪1OḄ⚪(1)Accordingtothepassage/theauthor,who(what,where,which,when,why,how,etc.)(2)Whichofthefollowingistrue/correct/false/notincluded?(3)Allofthefollowingare(not)true,are(not)mentionedexcept___.(4)Theauthormentionsalloftheitemslistedbelow/allofthefollowingexcept.(5)Welearnfromthelastparagraph(thefirstthreeparagraphs,thetext)that___.89⁚ḄὃᑁbvMc7+ᜧvMSMᓱA&¡¢(1)According¡⚪FA£ᵨwho,what,where,which,when,why,howᶧi¥¦§ᑭᵨ¥ឋஹ¥ஹª¥ᡈuY«¬Ḅ®oὃὃ# ᦻ⊤°9⁚^_Ḅ¥±ஹ²ᵨḄ³´ᳮ>⌕¶ὃ#ᙠᦻA·¸¹⌕89⁚ὃ#vMᑭᵨ⚪EḄᐵ»¥o·¸ᦻA ¼¥ᙠ ¼¥ᕜ¸¾ᫀÀY¢0&⚪AὃwhatbwhyḄᨬ£(2)◚ÃḄ8b9⁚¡?@ὃ# ᦻ,ÄÅḄ9⁚ḄᔠᭆÇÈÉÊ◤⌕ᙠ<ÌᐰᦻḄÎẠ(ᔠᭆÇQὅÄÅḄᔜÑ9⁚Huntingforajoblatelastyear,lawyerGantRedmonstumbledacrossCareerBuilder,ajobdatabaseontheInternet.Hesearcheditwithnosuccessbutwasattractedbythesite'supersonalsearchagent",It'saninteractivefeaturethatletsvisitorskeyinjobcriteriasuchaslocation,title,andsalary,thenE-mailsthemwhenamatchingpositionispostedinthedatabase.Redmonchosethekeywordslegal,intellectualpropertyandWashington,D.C.Threeweekslater,hegothisfirstnotificationofanopening."Istruckgold,“saysRedmon,whoE-mailedhisresumetotheemployerandwonapositionasin-housecounselfora 31company.(2004HPassage1)HowdidRedmonfindhisjob?[A]Bysearchingopeningsinajobdatabase.[B]Bypostingamatchingpositioninadatabase.[C]Byusingaspecialserviceofadatabase.[DIByE-mailinghisresumetoadatabase.ᐰᦻḄ2⚪ÔÕ“×ØÙᳮ”tÑÛ(ÜÝÞᐹ ßWàáâãNä“%×ØÙᳮ”¶ÝḄ%åᔊÄæTh᪷WXḄ9⁚ᑁbᐰᦻḄ2⚪vMᑨè1[C]⌱⚗³´é⌱⚗AḄ“ᱯêëì”ᢣḄ/“%×ØÙᳮ”tÑëìᐸîï⚗ñòᔠᦻY(3)³óᑨè⚪0&@⚪£᪷ᦻ,ḄWᡈᦪWiὃὃ#ᙠ)8#ôAḄ▅<ᢈÈᓽ÷øஹf´·¸ᡠ◤^_ḄÈÉtÑ⚪E`S⌚û☢ý×Ø þÿ ᜧ᧕ὃᩭᳮὃ⍗ᑮ⚪✌ᐜ⌕ ᳮ!#☟ᙢ&'ᑮᦻ)*+,-.ᫀ01⚪2ᦻ33ᨵ5ᑡᐸ8⚪9:;=>✌ᐜ?@⚪ABCD⌱⚗ḄᑁIJBKLMNḄO⌕PQRᐸSḼU⚪+▅?ᦻ)WXBY,Z[\]⚪^_`ᐵḄbcBdefghi`ᐵZ[djklᑣ⌕n᠒pqrᙢs᯿2ᦻB⌱⚗IuḄZ[Rᨬw“syᐭ{”-ᑮ8⚪~w◀ḄA⚗ᯠw“⌲Dẚ”s=Ḅ⌱⚗⌱⌱⚗Ḅ~ᩭᑨḄ᳛ᩭᑨ⚪ᨵ1⚪>9B9ᓽ⌕ὃ-CD⌱⚗*•ḄDB⌕ὃᑨD⌱⚗]ᦻ)_¡0* ¢£ᱯ¥IᑮḄ¦wὅ¨©except⚪ᐸᱯ\¦⚪A*ªª«ᨵᔲP®¯°except,not(mentioned/true),least±⌕ὃ²³´q⁚ᦻ)*¶I·8⚪¸⍳º»☢Ḅ9D:;ᙠsyᐭ{¾¿À2ᦻ*IᑮḄᑁᑜÂ⊤Ħ◀ḄᑁRÅÆsyḄᓽ¦.ᫀExampleMoneyspentonadvertisingismoneyspentaswellasanyIknowof.Itservesdirectlytoassistarapiddistributionofgoodsatreasonableprices,therebyestablishingafirmhomemarketandsomakingitpossibletoprovideforexportatcompetitiveprices.Bydrawingattentiontonewideasithelpsenormouslytoraisestandardsofliving.Byhelpingtoincreasedemanditensuresanincreasedneedforlabour,andisthereforeaneffectivewaytofightunemployment.Itlowersthecostsofmanyservices:withoutadvertisementsyourdailynewspaperwouldcostfourtimesasmuch,thepriceofyourtelevisionlicencewouldneedtobedoubledandtravelbybusortubewouldcost20percentmore.(1995ÇPassage1)Inthepassage,whichofthefollowingisNOTincludedintheadvantagesofadvertising?IAJSecuringgreaterfame,[B]Providingmorejobs.[C]Enhancinglivingstandards.[D]Reducingnewspapercost.0¦⍝ᐺḄexcept⚪ᐜᶍ?⚪AB⌱⚗ÌÍ⚪^O⌕UḄ¦ÎÏḄÐᜐÒᑮᦻ)Óe0eᑡÔÕÎÏḄC\Ðᜐ:aᨵ×ØÙÚ¿ᔠᳮÜÝÞßᑁàá¿ᨵâãḄÜÝᐭß▭àáRbᨵᑭØIæNḄç᪗RcéêÕàá◤ᜧÕíîRdïðñᐳóîḄôõÜÝö÷syᐭ{øùúᨵ⌱⚗[A]ᦻ*¶I·2óûq⁚ü⚪Ḅ⌱⚗ᱯ\B8⚪ᢈþ 32(1)⌱⚗Ḅᱯ\জiᙠᦻᡈᑮᫀ▅ᩞᧇ᪵ ᵨ Ḅ!"ᡈ#$%⊤'( Ḅ)*-.ᦻᵨ/0ᔲ2⌱⚗ᵨ52Ḅ#6789 :!;ᣚᡈ#=>᪀Ḅ@ᣚ7ᡈ.ᦻ⌱⚗AᣚB:!CCᯠ EF!"G#HIḄ@ᓄK)LḄ6M-⚪O+QR⌱⚗ḄSTU=/X.ᦻY#ḄSTUঝ[\])*ᨵ_`QR⌱⚗abᙠcdef#ExampleTheworldisgoingthroughthebiggestwaveofmergersandacquisitionseverwitnessed.TheprocesssweepsfromhyperactiveAmericatoEuropeandreachestheemergingcountrieswithunsurpassedmight.Manyinthesecountriesarelookingatthisprocessandworrying:"Won'tthewaveofbusinessconcentrationturnintoanuncontrollableanti-competitiveforce?,,(2001gPassage4)Whatisthetypicaltrendofbusinessestoday?[A]Totakeinmoreforeignfunds.[B]Toinvestmoreabroad.[C]Tocombineandbecomebigger.[DJTotradewithmorecountries.ᦻḄicᢣklmnopk\Ḅq\rᓽqupQᙠvᔊxyᡠ{ᨵḄ|}GᦈE}Ḅᑮ'}Ḅᑮᐶv[C]⌱⚗"ᔠ}}@ᜧ”¡c✌#£ᑮḄmergersandacquisitions,ᓽlmno¤¥Ḅe⌕§¨¡cḄcdef#✌#ঞᙠª⁚Ḅ¬ᐵ¯ᜐ±⚪QR⚗`Mᐸ³´.¬ᡈe⌕.¬µᨵ¶·ὃ>ḄExampleIbelievethatthemostimportantforcesbehindthemassiveM&Awavearethesamethatunderlietheglobalizationprocess:fallingtransportationandcommunicationcosts,lowertradeandinvestmentbarriersandenlargedmarketsthatrequireenlargedoperationscapableofmeetingcustomers?demands.Allthesearebeneficial,notdetrimental,toconsumers.Asproductivitygrows,theworldTswealthincreases.(2001gPassage4)Accordingtotheauthor,oneofthedrivingforcesbehindM&Awaveis.[A]thegreatercustomerdemands[B]asurplussupplyforthemarketICJagrowingproductivity[D]theincreaseoftheworld'swealth¡cᒈ᪆»⌼ᡂ}¾Ḅᦪq0⌕.¬-ÀÁGÁÂᡂÃḄħÅÆÇ᧕GᢗÊËᚠḄÆÍÎᜧḄÐx⌕ÑᜧoÒ%ÓÔÕÖḄ◤⌕[A]⌱⚗“ÕÖᜧḄ◤⌕”I☢£ᑮḄiÚq¬Û¬Ü[A]MQR⌱⚗[B]⌱⚗”ÝÐxḄÞßàáᐙã”ᓽÐxÞäàᒕä¡noæç´³Ḅ.¬[C]⌱⚗“ÄèéêḄ´³᳛”noᔠ}ìḄ> [D]⌱⚗“upíîḄéê”ï´³£ðḄ>(2)O⚗ḄᱯóজõᑖQRõᑖ┯ø7ঝ.ᦻST⚪ù⌕ÑḄᑁû-᪷ý⚪OḄᐵþ!2ÿᑮ⌱⚗ᐸḄᑁ┯ঞᔠ ᦻ!Ḅᑁট#$%Ḅᑁ'() ᙠ+,-ᨵ/0134ᦻ5678ᓄḄᑁ78ᓄᡈᏕᣚ>ᦋ1@/ᐵBCঠEF ᦻ!ḄGH#ᦻIJ(Kᡈ 33(3)IJN⁚P⚪ḄR⚪ᢈTজV⚪WIJN⁚ᑁ (X(ᡂḄZ[\V⚪]^_`ᳮRN⁚ᩞᧇḄdᵨf᪵8ᐹiN⁚ᨵj'ᐰ☢ḄᳮRm^nopᙢᑨEV⚪ὃt⌕vw@$ᑣ3ᦻ!Ḅy@Cஹ%ஹ{Wᦻ!V⚪(ᐵ ᵨᩭ}EV⚪Ḅ~m dὅ⌕ᢇᑨḄ~ঝᦻ!ḄIJN⁚ᑁ ᙢ#Ḅᑁᑗ(ᐵᦻ!ᡈḄN⁚{ᙠᑁᙠḄὶ3ᐵᐵஹᐜᐵὃtᙠ▅ᑭᵨ/ᐵ4ḄN⁚ᡂ@ᨵḄiঞ¢N⁚ᑁ⌕“¤”ᩭ¢ᓽ⌕8ᦻ!Ḅ§¨᪀\ᢣ«¬⍝®ᑖN⁚ '°±V⚪²³Ḅ]^´µᣓᣍᑮᡠ◤ḄGHট@º{ᙠᦻ!»¼ᡈ¼½ᑮ¾ᫀ⍳Á“ÂÂVÔ$ᦻ'R⚪ḄÄ@ÅÆ ÇᡃÉᢵᡈËÌÍÎ⚪3⌱⚗ᦻ!ÏÐÑḄÒC✌ᐜ◀ঠὃt⌕ᶇ×ᦻ!ᡈ⚪Ø@/NÙḄᙢÚ3ÛZÜÝᦻÞCḄᡠᢣᐵß '\àá-âᦻãäÆåᵨḄæçᨵஹéêëExampleIfthepreoccupationofschoolswithacademicworkwaslessened,moretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselectionforthecaringprofessions,especiallymedicine,couldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuchconsiderationsassensitivityandsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromA-typestock.B'sareimportantandshouldbeencouraged.(1995ìText4)Theselectionofmedicalprofessionalsarecurrentlybasedon____.LAJcandidates;sensitivityLBJacademicachievements[C]competitivespirit[D]surervaluesᦻ!íÂ- îïéêᓽᡠðḄN⁚Wñò{#ᙠḄIJ(Kóᯠᨬö% »¼▰øéê ᓾúᨵ»¼ᢣE[A]W[B]ᙠûᐹiÞ⊤°±ÆP⚪ýḄ ᙠḄñòæ8þÿ ᔠᑖ᪆ᩭ⊤ᙠḄ⌱᪗academicworkᡈgoodgrades [B] !"ᫀo%ஹᐸ(Ḅ)ὃ+(-)/0)ὃᦻ23Ḅ/04567ὃ+89ᵨ;<Ḅ⚪>?Aᳮ/ᵭ⚪ஹDᳮE⚪ஹFὅDH⚪IIᱯKLD✌N/0ḄOPFᵨQR-F SᢝFὅU+ḄVWXRYF FὅᢇᑨḄ☰]XRO^ᦻ2ᜧ`aExample1Tight-lippedeldersusedtosay,"It'snotwhatyouwantinthisworld,butwhatyouget.”Psychologyteachesthatyoudogetwhatyouwantifyouknowwhatyouwantandwanttherightthings.(1996bPassage1)Whatdotheeldersmeanwhentheysay,"It'snotwhatyouwantinthisworld,butwhatyouget?”[A]You'11certainlygetwhatyouwant.[B]It'snousedreaming.IC]Youshouldbedissatisfiedwithwhatyouhave.[D]It'sessentialtosetagoalforyourself. ⚪c/dF ᦻ2✌F FὅᢇᑨḄ☰]e/fḄU+ᓽhijklᑴnoᑜq⚪rḄᙠstuὃvwᔲ!yzwhatyouwant{whatyougetᐹ}ᓄḄ 34it'snot...but…᪀ᔲnḄ“ᡠ”nḄ“ᡠ”ᓽᑮ⌕⌕[B]⌱⚗ !"ᫀExample2Nocompanylikestobetolditiscontributingtothemoraldeclineofanation.4tIsthiswhatyouintendedtoaccomplishwithyourcareers?^^SenatorRobertDoleaskedTimeWarnerexecutiveslastweek.44Youhavesoldyoursouls,butmustyoucorruptournationandthreatenourchildrenaswell?”AtTimeWarner,however,suchquestionsaresimplythelatestmanifestationofthesoul-searchingthathasinvolvedthecompanyeversincethecompanywasbornin1990.It'saself-examinationthathas,atvarioustimes,involvedissuesofresponsibility,creativefreedomandthecorporatebottomline.(1997bPassage4)SenatorRobertDolecriticizedTimeWarnerfor.[A]itsraisingofthecorporatestockprice[B]itsself-examinationofsoul[C]itsneglectofsocialresponsibility[D]itsemphasisoncreativefreedom ᜐ/dḄFᵨ^ᦻ2Ḅᜧ`a⌕ὃvl/dAᜓTimeWamerḄ "ᫀ [C]⌱⚗(Y)])ὃ])ᙠq⚪3⚪> FὅU+⚪ ⚪>⌕┐ᦻ23ᡠ¡¢ḄFᵨe£¤¥ὃvklLD]Ḅ¦§ᨵ©Pª«Q-ᐜU+¡XYᐜ¡U+lU+Fὅ/ᵨ]ᡠ⌕®¯ᡈ°Ḅ ±ᑮ]ὃvkl²³u´ᐸ6µᦻrḄ¶ᙠᐸ3ᔊbf⚪ᑖ᪆¤ᐜU+¡Ḅª«ᓰᦪExample1Youcanmakeamentalblueprintofadesireasyouwouldmakeablueprintofahouse,andeachofusiscontinuallymakingtheseblueprintsinthegeneralroutineofeverydayliving.Ifweintendtohavefriendstodinner,weplanthemenu,makeashoppinglist,decidewhichfoodtocookfirst,andsuchplanningisanessentialforanytypeofmealtobeserved.Likewise,ifyouwanttofindajob,takeasheetofpaper,andwriteabriefaccountofyourself.Inmakingablueprintforajob,beginwithyourself,forwhenyouknowexactlywhatyouhavetooffer,youcanintelligentlyplanwheretosellyourservices.(1996bPassage1)Ablueprintmadebeforeinvitingafriendtodinnerisusedinthispassageas.[AJanillustrationofhowtowriteanapplicationforajob[B]anindicationofhowtosecureagoodjob[CJaguidelineforjobdescription[D]aprincipleforjobevaluation¡ º®¯ᡈ°»¼½U+ᙠ¾¿ᦻ23]ÀÁᙠU+ᐺ>ḄᐜU+¡ḄÄÅFὅᐜ⊤ᐸU+QYoucanmakeamentalblueprintofadesire...andeachofusiscontinuallymakingtheseblueprintsingeneralroutineofeverydaylivingoÁÆᩭFὅcÇÈᔛÊḄ]ᩭ®¯amentalblueprintofadesire,yËÌ“´ÍF”ḄÎÅὶÐÑᩭᢣ©ὅḄÓ<¢ᜐ7⌕“ÔÕ-Ö×ØÙH: [A]⌱⚗ !"ᫀExample2Totakeadvantageofthistool,someimpoverishedcountrieswillhavetogetovertheiroutdatedanti-colonialprejudiceswithrespecttoforeigninvestment.Countriesthatstillthink 35foreigninvestmentisaninvasionoftheirsovereigntymightwellstudythehistoryofinfrastructure(thebasicstructuralfoundationsofasociety)intheUnitedStates.WhentheUnitedStatesbuiltitsindustrialinfrastructure,itdidn,thavethecapitaltodoso.AndthatiswhyAmerica?sSecondWaveinfrastructure—includingroads,harbors,highways,portsandsoon—werebuiltwithforeigninvestment.TheEnglish,theGermans,theDutchandtheFrenchwereinvestinginBritain?sformercolony.Theyfinancedthem.ImmigrantAmericansbuiltthem.Guesswhoownsthemnow?TheAmericans.IbelievethesamethingwouldbetrueinplaceslikeBraziloranywhereelseforthatmatter.ThemoreforeigncapitalyouhavehelpingyoubuildyourThirdWaveinfrastructure,whichtodayisanelectronicinfrastructure,thebetteroffyou'regoingtobe.Thatdoesn'tmeanlyingdownandbecomingfooled,orlettingforeigncorporationsrununcontrolled.ButitdoesmeanrecognizinghowimportanttheycanbeinbuildingtheenergyandtelecominfrastructuresneededtotakefulladvantageoftheInternet.(2001bPassage2)ThewritermentionedthecaseoftheUnitedStatestojustifythepolicyof.[A]providingfinancialsupportoverseasIB]preventingforeigncapital'scontrol[C]buildingindustrialinfrastructure[DJacceptingforeigninvestment ⚪ᐺ>Ḅᐜ¡U+ḄÄÅcÛÜ ¢Fὅ“ݽÜÞᑭᵨáݽÜÞâãäå”ḄVᵫVçcÀÁ"ᫀ!"ᫀ [D]⌱⚗(O)èé)ὃὃ+-êë3ᙠèé6¾ì]Ḅᐳ<+<î0ஹn0{ᑖïX0{ð0¢ñḄòóïôõö)÷ᨵøᐭᡂᑖ⌕ὃu]¢ñḄᢣûᡈüýᐵÐc/ᵭAᳮ⚪ஹiÿ ⁚⚪ᳮḄ⌕⚞ᐜᓄ ᯠ !ᔜ#ᑖᡈ&⛲ᡂᑖ)*Ḅᐵ,ExampleInadditiontothis,thereisthegrowingmobilityofpeoplesinceWorldWarII.Asfamiliesmoveawayfromtheirstablecommunity,theirfriendsofmanyyears,theirextendedfamilyrelationships,theinformalflowofinformationiscutoff,andwithittheconfidencethatinformationwillbeavailablewhenneededandwillbetrustworthyandreliable.Thealmostunconsciousflowofinformationaboutthesimplestaspectsoflivingcanbecutoff.Thus,thingsoncelearnedsubconsciouslythroughthecasualcommunicationsoftheextendedfamilymustbeconsciouslylearned.(1995-Text3)Theword"it"(Line3,Paragraph2)mostprobablyrefersto.[A]thelackofstablecommunitiesIB]thebreakdownofinformalinformationchannels[C]theincreasedmobilityoffamiliesIDJthegrowingnumberofpeoplemovingfromplacetoplace✌ᐜ01#3Ḅ4theinformalflowofinformationiscutoff5☢as78Ḅ9:;theirstablecommunity,theirfriendsofmanyyears,theirextendedfamilyrelationships<#=>?:@fromḄA:withitB>C᪀&⛲confidence,⊤FGHᢥ᯿K>ᢣKᐵ,MḄNO•QRᑣTUVᦻḄXYitZ[ᢣK*5☢Ḅ\]ᓽ“`aḄ\]bcdᑗf”hiajkᫀ ]⌱⚗(q)sᢚᜐᡈvwᜐxὃᙠᔊ-ὃ⚪MsᢚTvw|}~ᑮ⚪ὅḄ☘Ṇᦻchowever,but,infact, 36yet>sᢚsᢚ Ḅᑁxxὅa⊤Ḅᑁvwxᵨunlike,differentfrom,until,notsomuchas>:78ὃḄvwḄឋvsᢚ⚪ὃ⌕Ḽ01ὅsᢚ ḄvᦻMḄᡈvwὃ⌕j01•Ḅᱯ¡¢d£¤¥ᡚḄ⌱⚗§¨Example1Fewcreationsofbigtechnologycapturetheimaginationlikegiantdams.PerhapsitishumankindJslongsufferingatthemercyoffloodanddroughtthatmakestheideaofforcingthewaterstodoourbiddingsofascinating.Buttobefascinatedisalso,sometimes,tobeblind.Severalgiantdamprojectsthreatentodomoreharmthangood.(1998-Passage1)Thethirdsentenceofparagraph1impliesthat.[A]peoplewouldbehappyiftheyshuttheireyestoreality[B]theblindcouldbehappierthanthesightedICJover-excitedpeopletendtoneglectvitalthings[D]fascinationmakespeoplelosetheireyesight[©5ᢣª«⊦®Ḅ¯°T«⊭Ḅ²ᯠR³H´<butiµ|s7ὅ¶·Ḅ⚪ajkᫀ [C]⌱⚗Example2Aninvisibleborderdividesthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomonthebehalfofstudents'careerprospectsandthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomforbroaderreasonsofradicaleducationalreform.Veryfewwritersonthesubjecthaveexploredthisdistinction|indeed,contradiction—whichgoestotheheartofwhatiswrongwiththecampaigntoputcomputersintheclassroom.(1999-Passage3)Theauthorthinksthepresentrushtoputcomputersintheclassroomis____.[A]far-reachingIB]dubiouslyoriented[C]self-contradictoryIDJradicallyreformatoryὅ¹º»vwᢣv¼½¾¿ᚪᦟªᙠUÃᙠḼ|ᩩÅḄÆ▲4|ÈÂḄÉ5Ê ᳮᵫÌ|ÈÍḄᦟÎᦋ☩ ᳮᵫ³Ñ[B] kᫀ(Ò)³Óxὃ(1)hÔ⚪ᦻM|Õ@ᨵsince,for,because,as,therefore,resultin,originatefromh×᪗Ù>Úᨵ᪗Ù>Ḅ◤⌕ὃcUVᦻÜÝὅḄ³Óᐵ,Example1Technically,anysubstanceotherthanfoodthataltersourbodilyormentalfunctioningisadrug.Manypeoplemistakenlybelievethetermdrugrefersonlytosomesortofmedicineoranillegalchemicaltakenbydrugaddicts.Theydon*trealizethatfamiliarsubstancessuchasalcoholandtobaccoarealsodrugs.Thisiswhythemoreneutraltermsubstanceisnowusedbymanyphysiciansandpsychologists.Thephraset6substanceabuse”isoftenusedinsteadof“drugabuse”tomakeclearthatsubstancessuchasalcoholandtobaccocanbejustasharmfullymisusedasheroinandcocaine.(1997-Passage3)Substanceabuse,,(Line5,Paragraph1)ispreferableto“drugabuse“inthat.[A]substancescanalterourbodilyormentalfunctioningifillegallyused[B]"drugabuse“isonlyrelatedtoalimitednumberofdrugtakers[Clalcoholandtobaccoareasfatalasheroinandcocaine 37[D]manysubstancesotherthanheroinorcocainecanalsobepoisonous[©ᨬ |ᵨtoßj⊤ᵨ“ᱥáâᵨ”Kã“äᱥâᵨ”ḄåḄᡠᙠçR³ajkᫀ [D]⌱⚗(2)èᨵR³⌕R³xὃExample2Couldthebadolddaysofeconomicdeclinebeabouttoreturn?SinceOPECagreedtosupply-cutsinMarch,thepriceofcrudeoilhasjumpedtoalmost$26abarrel,upfromlessthan$10lastDecember.Thisnear-triplingofoilpricescallsupscarymemoriesofthe1973oilshock,whenpricesquadrupled,and1979~1980,whentheyalsoalmosttripled.Bothpreviousshocksresultedindouble-digitinflationandglobaleconomicdecline.Sowherearetheheadlineswarningofgloomanddoomthistime?TheoilpricewasgivenanotherpushupthisweekwhenIraqsuspendedoilexports.Strengtheningeconomicgrowth,atthesametimeaswintergripsthenorthernhemisphere,couldpushthepricehigherstillintheshortterm.(2002-Text3)Themainreasonforthelatestriseofoilpriceis.[A]globalinflation[BJreductioninsupply[ClfastgrowthineconomyIDJIraq,ssuspensionofexportsᦻ´|ஹÝ©ê»R³“ëìíᨚïðñò”ஹ“óôõö÷”T“øùḄᑮᩭ”´Ý©ûᑮḄ|üÜýñþUÿḄᑮḄ“ᙠ3ᨴ” ᨬ ⌕Ḅ!"#ᫀ%[B]⌱⚗())✌,-ὃὃẆ▅1ᡠ⌱Ḅᦻ4ᙳ 67ᦻ89:ᦻ;<ᦻ4Ḅᦻ=⌕>ᙠ✌?@AஹCDE;FGH ᐰJᦻ4ḄKLM"Nᦻ4Ḅ ⌕ᑁPQR-- KSᯠḄ ⚪Q✌✌QSᯠFᡂ%-ὃWXὃḄKὃAᨵZKSᯠḄ ⚪Q[\]ᙠ^;ὃA_`aᔣ^QExample1Ifyouintendusinghumorinyourtalktomakepeoplesmile,youmustknowhowtoidentifysharedexperiencesandproblems.Yourhumormustberelevanttotheaudienceandshouldhelptoshowthemthatyouareoneofthemorthatyouunderstandtheirsituationandareinsympathywiththeirpointofview.Dependingonwhomyouareaddressing,theproblemswillbedifferent.Ifyouaretalkingtoagroupofmanagers,youmayrefertothedisorganizedmethodsoftheirsecretaries;alternativelyifyouareaddressingsecretaries,youmaywanttocommentontheirdisorganizedbosses.(2002cText1)Tomakeyourhumorwork,youshould____.IAJtakeadvantageofdifferentkindsofaudience[B]makefunofthedisorganizedpeople[CJaddressdifferentproblemstodifferentpeople[D]showsympathyforyourlistenerse⚪Ḅ#ᫀ ⌕fDᙠ✌8,g✌QᢣjklᙠRDᵨnopqrs,kFXuv⍝xyzᐳ|Ḅ}ᔊ8ᐳ|Ḅ⚪Ḽὅ;NᓽkḄnoXuᨵᐵk DḄᕒᡈkᳮḄᜐᡂḄ@AὅᙠQ7ᓽDependingonwhomyouareaddressing,theproblemswillbedifferent. 38(┐|Ḅ|Ḅ⚪)ᵫ;[v[C]⌱⚗ាG gDEḄᭆ¤%!"#ᫀExample2...WithregardtoFuturistpoetry,however,thecaseisratherdifficult,forwhateverFuturistpoetrymaybe-evenadmittingthatthetheoryonwhichitisbasedmayberight-itcanhardlybeclassedasLiterature.This,thoughitfulfillsthelawsandrequirementsofFuturistpoetry,canhardlybeclassedasLiterature...(2000cPassage3)TheauthorbelievesthatFuturistpoetryis____.[A]basedonreasonableprinciples[B]newandacceptabletoordinarypeople[C]indicativeofabasicchangeinhumannature[D]moreofatransientphenomenonthanliterature¥¦✌^Q8^✌QḄ§¨©ὅªᩭ¬Ḅ@A8®¯ᯠ°±ᓽªᩭ¬²³´µ¶·¸ᦻ¹º»\ ¼ᨚZḄ]¾!"#ᫀ%[D]⌱⚗;✌ᨵQ]ḄgQ_¥-Àᡂ%Á⚪AÁ⚪Âà Ä⚪;Åᑮ✌ḄQg✌ᐜὃ⇋È ᦻ4ᡠ⌕ÉÊḄ ⌕⚪Example3WhydosomanyAmericansdistrustwhattheyreadintheirnewspapers?TheAmericanSocietyofNewspaperEditorsistryingtoanswerthispainfulquestion.Theorganizationisdeepintoalongself-analysisknownasthejournalismcredibilityproject.(2001cPassage3)Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?[A]Needsofthereadersallovertheworld.IB]Causesofthepublicdisappointmentaboutnewspapers.[C]Originsofthedecliningnewspaperindustry.IDJAimsofajournalismcredibilityproject.ᦻ4ËᜮFÍÊ7ḄR⚪“⌼ᡂÏаᜫÒḄ”ÓᩭḄᑁPÔÕÖÈ×Ë!"#ᫀ%[B]⌱⚗(Ø)<ÙÙÚ-ὃ67ᦻ89:ᦻᙠ7Û9:ÜᳮḄZᙳ´Þ¾%Nß1ὅà¾ᙢᳮâÞ¾ḄᑁPᦻ4-ãᵨ<ÙḄäå¾Ḅ<Ùæᨵç¸èÞ¾Ḅ⍝ᳮ▊êëà[ìß1ὅíîᓺ¾<ÙᙠᦻDᨵð¼=]ñà :ÚᓽAHB᪵óô ᨩÚ9A B,ö¸ᨩÚàí◚øùcᩭÁ⚪úûüᩭüýᔣ¸ᙠᨩÚᑁP±þExampleIfambitionistobewellregarded,therewardsofambition—wealth,distinction,controloverone'sdestinymustbedeemedworthyofthesacrificesmadeonambitionsbehalf.Ifthetraditionofambitionistohavevitality,itmustbewidelyshared;anditespeciallymustbehighlyregardedbypeoplewhoarethemselvesadmired,theeducatednotleastamongthem.Inanoddway,however,itistheeducatedwhohaveclaimedtohavegivenuponambitionasanideal.Whatisoddisthattheyhaveperhapsmostbenefitedfromambition——ifnotalwaystheirownthenthatoftheirparentsandgrandparents.Thereisaheavynoteofhypocrisyinthis,acaseofclosingthebarndoorafterthehorseshaveescapedwiththeeducatedthemselvesridingonthem.(2000cPassage5) 39Thelastsentenceofthefirstparagraphmostprobablyimpliesthatitis.[A]customaryoftheeducatedtodiscardambitioninwords[B]toolatetocheckambitiononceithasbeenletout[C]dishonesttodenyambitionafterthefulfillmentofthegoal[D]impracticalfortheeducatedtoenjoybenefitsfromambitionÿ ⌕ὃᳮ“ᐵḄ”Ḅ ᦻḄᑁ"#$%&ᵨᩭ“)*+ ,-ᦟ/Ḅ01234ᦈ678%9:;<ᓾ>?⌕@AB23CᳮD”ḄEFGC%ᐸ4horsesI⊤ambition,ridingI⊤ambitionKᩭḄ-ᜐMNOᫀC[C]⌱⚗(T)VᢣᜐXὃὃY:VᢣIZᡈ\Vᢣ]Z^ᵨ_`ḄZ1996Ba&b⚪dᜧf:ghiὃᦻjk4ḄitᡈthatᢣIlmnop&b⚪dḄiqrstᔣ◚wὃᙠ⍗ᑮ&b⚪{|}~%⚪dḄOᫀᡠᙠᙠVᢣZḄᦻ4&%◤ᦻ%ᙠVᢣZᓽ#ᑮMNOᫀExampleForalongperiodoftimeandinmanypartsofthecountry,atravelerwasawelcomebreakinanotherwisedullexistence.Dullnessandlonelinesswerecommonproblemsofthefamilieswhogenerallyliveddistantfromoneanother.Strangersandtravelerswerewelcomesourcesofdiversion,andbroughtnewsoftheoutsideworld.Theharshrealitiesofthefrontieralsoshapedthistraditionofhospitality.Someonetravelingalone,ifhungry,injured,orill,oftenhadnowheretoturnexcepttothenearestcabinorsettlement.Itwasnotamatterofchoiceforthetravelerormerelyacharitableimpulseonthepartofthesettlers.Itreflectedtheharshnessofdailylife:ifyoudidn'ttakeinthestrangerandtakecareofhim,therewasnooneelsewhowould.Andsomeday,remember,youmightbeinthesamesituation.(1997pPassage2)Familiesinfrontiersettlementsusedtoentertainstrangers.[A]toimprovetheirhardlife[B|inviewoftheirlong-distancetravelICJtoaddsomeflavortotheirowndailylife[DIoutofacharitableimpulsethisᢣIḄ:ᦻᑮḄ“0Gὅ+; 40!"#$%&'(Ḅὃ*᪷,-.Ḅ/ឋ123456ᐹ8Ḅ⚪:;<ᮣ>ᜐᳮABCD⚪ஹFG/I⚪ஹJKL⁚⚪NOP⚪QᵨRSᑮ☢ḄVCD⚪ஹWὅZ/[S⚪ஹ\ᵭ^ᳮ⚪_`aᐰᦻcPᡈὃefᦻghᐵjᑣ◤⌕R☢ᑮSᯠVn⚪ὅopq᧕s⊝Ḅὃ⇋vwexyz{|%ᨵ}⍝⍝ᐰOឋP⚪ᡠὃ*ὃ⇋S☢Ḅ-ᦻN&1ᨵᐵஹᜮ⊖ஹxᙢ⊡ᐙឋ2ẚᢚcḄ3¡ᩖḄq◀ Cஹ¤ஹ¥Ḅᐸ¨©ª◀«1 ⚪ᨵᐵ4¬ஹ®¯°±Ḅ\ᵨḄᐹ8ᑁ³ᐜ&Vµ¶☢Ḅ[Sᡈ!·N1⚪¸L¹º⚪'}/ ⌕»⁚⚪¸ᒹ½ ⚪Ḅᐵ¾¿ÀÁÂêὃ*ᙠÄÅᦻÆÇ⌱É“Ëᑁ³”ÍÎÏÐᓄஹᳮÓÔÕ1⚪:ÖᐵḄ,◀¸RVÚÛ▅ÝÞcß ⚪Ḅàáឋ2⌱⚗_`n⚪⌕ã⌱⚗ᑖḄä°qZ⌕åpᦻä°ḄqZᡠæ⌱⚗Ḅä°ççxêὃ*àáᳮ ᦻḄᑁ³3ᦻḄᑏWᜧêᐜ⌕P-.·/P⚪"জwᦻᨬ ⌕ḄJᱥᡈ[S'îïðঝWὅòḄ'C⚪Ḅ/ᡈN☢ðঞWὅᙠ☢ôNîïð▅⌕ᵨõö⌕ᵨᾯøᑨúN' ⌕û⌕ᙠᾯüýþஹᳮRVÿ ᐰᦻḄ4⚪ᨵᙠᡲ ᦻ Ḅ ᔜḄ""#$⚪⊤&⚪Ḅ'()*+,Ḅ-.ᙠ/01-.ᙠ23ᨵ41* 5◤⌕ὃ9:;<⚪=ᐸ?@ḄAB)CDḄᭆFឋHIJKLMஹOP5ᐵRSTUᦻ 5⚣᳛ᨬYḄSZ[\CDᨵ4)]^Ḅ_`ᨵ4.*^Ḅab 5c)d᪷2f)ᢣ^hᱥᡈhklmno-p)q[ᦻḄ ᡈᐵRr⚪ᡈhᱥᐵRSZSsptu=ஹ=vwḄᐵxHyz{|⌕vwḄ“”ὅᢣ|“@”)ᐰᦻḄὃ9ᙠᦻ 4ᢕஹᢕmᐵRn-.ᳮᦻ Ḅ⌕ᑁஹ[⚪4wExampleTheAmericaneconomicsystemisorganizedaroundabasicallyprivate-enterprise,market-orientedeconomyinwhichconsumerslargelydeterminewhatshallbeproducedbyspendingtheirmoneyinthemai'ketplaceforthosegoodsandservicesthattheywantmost.Privatebusinessmen,strivingtomakeprofits,producethesegoodsandservicesincompetitionwithotherbusinessmen;andtheprofitmotive,operatingundercompetitivepressures,largelydetermineshowthesegoodsandservicesareproduced.Thus,intheAmericaneconomicsystemitisthedemandofindividualconsumers,coupledwiththedesireofbusinessmentomaximizeprofitsandthedesireofindividualstomaximizetheirincomes,thattogetherdeterminewhatshallbeproducedandhowresourcesareusedtoproduceit.Animportantfactorinamarket-orientedeconomyisthemechanismbywhichconsumerdemandscanbeexpressedandrespondedtobyproducers.IntheAmericaneconomy,thismechanismisprovidedbyapricesystem,aprocessinwhichpricesriseandfallinresponsetorelativedemandsofconsumersandsuppliesofferedbyseller-producers.Iftheproductisinshortsupplyrelativetothedemand,thepricewillbebidupandsomeconsumerswillbeeliminated 41fromthemarket.If,ontheotherhand,producingmoreofacommodityresultsinreducingitscost,thiswilltendtoincreasethesupplyofferedbyseller-producers,whichinturnwilllowerthepriceandpermitmoreconsumerstobuytheproduct.Thus,priceistheregulatingmechanismintheAmericaneconomicsystem.Theimportantfactorinaprivate-enterpriseeconomyisthatindividualareallowedtoownproductiveresources(privateproperty),andtheyarepermittedtohirelabor,gaincontrolovernaturalresources,andproducegoodsandservicesforsaleataprofit.IntheAmericaneconomy,theconceptofprivatepropertyembracesnotonlytheownershipofproductiveresourcesbutalsocertainrights,includingtherighttodeterminethepriceofaproductortomakeafreecontractwithanotherprivateindividual.qᦻ ḄᐵR[\)Americaneconomicsystem,ᙠᦻ ` 5Cn)ᐰᦻḄᑏPᢕ|ᐵR¡¢“᪗”Sᦻ Ḅ2᪀¥|ᯠᦻ ✌ |¨ᨵᑏPḄ⚪ᓽª«¬®ᑴḄᱯ)#$±ᨵ²³Z´µ¶ᔣ¸⁚ᵨ»thus¼☢)⚪Ḅ¾¿▊Áᑖ᪆Zᢣ ÄÅὅḄ◤Æஹ²³ÇᨬᜧᑭÊḄËÆZÌᦈᐭÏÐᨬᜧᦈÑḄÒÓᐳ^Õ,Ḽ9×ØÙ.ÚÜuᵨÝÞ¾ß9×àáâ´µ¶ᔣã¬Ḅ_⌕ᱯv)äåæᑴàçâ±⃩¬ḄឋéZᱯ)ê×±ᨵZ^4ëᨵ]ᐵᩗᑭ(6)“᪗”Sᙠ▅ᳮ ᨵîᑖ“ïS”J“ðS”H_⌕CDn)m⊤&ὅ Ḅ$ñSஹ[\ᡈ@ᨵᑭòὅ Ḅ⊖ôZõᢚᢕCDὃ9nptᐰᦻḄ2᪀¥|ᯠn*÷ 5“Søùn)*ú⍝ᐰᦻᙠüØÙ”ḄkýCDn)ᙠ▅ß¾$þ ᢣ&ᵨḄ“᪗”ÿ ⏨ὃ⌕ᑮ“᪗”ᢥ᯿ᑖজ !"#Ḅ%&'ஹ⌴ *ᵨ,ᢣ.ὅ01234,ᐸ67ᙠ9ᑡஹ⌴ ஹ;<ஹ=>?ᐵA,22'3ᩭḄ%*ὅ⌕CDḄE⌕ᑁGand,also,more,moreover,morethanthat,furthermore,likewise,equallyimportant,first,second,inadditionto,thus,so,therefore,consequently,accordingly,asaresult?ঝJK ᪗LḼ6NOPQᡈSTUVḄJᢚᡈXYᐵA,ὅ⌕Z[ᙢ]^ᑮ6☢`aḄ%b☢cᯠefḄgᱥᡈij,klX*ὅḄmn o⚜qbut,yet,while,however,nevertheless,although,though,otherwise,despite,instead,onthecontrary,incontrast,notwithstanding?ঞsj ᪗LḼ3☢ḄᑁG%X☢Ḅᭆu!vwtoconclude,tosumup,insum,inconclusion,inshort,inbrief,onthewhole?টᐸy⊤.{V|}(near,far,beside,nextto,above,onthesideof,across,behindḄ(forthispurpose,sothat,inorderto)ஹCD(indeed,infact,surely,certainly,tobesure,Iamcertain)(forexample,forinstance,inparticular)>ᩩ(inthatcase,thatbeingso,inthesecircumstance,if,unless)?%ᐵ▅ᳮ=Ḅ ^!ᢈḄv,%eᐝ☠ ▅ U,▅¡¢Ḅ,£¤ᙢ⌕☠ὃᙠ¥▭▅Ḅ§¨©ª«!¬᥅;®¯°ὃᙠ±ᜓὃ©´µᔊ·¸⚪º»ஹº¼,½¾«▅ᳮ=ḄᔜOÀᑖ,klÁÂḄÃÄ ᑖ▅ᳮBᑖ⚪Ḅᱯ ஹ▅ᳮ=BÀᑖvᑖ᪆ 42Æ-ÈÉ⚪ḄᢣÊmn᪷Ì2006·ÍÎÏὃÐᜧÒÓÔÕÀᑖḄᑁG,▅ᳮ=BÀᑖaᨵ×ᜓ⌱⚪ Æᒹu2005·ÚÛḄ⌱ÜÝÞß⚪ ÈàáὃÐk ×ᜓ⌱⚪ ©⌱Ü × oὃâᜓ⌱⚪ ᨵ1. ävåæ500~600Ḅᦻè,ᐸ©ᨵ5S{é,ᦻè6ᨵ6~7Sᦻê⌕ëὃ᪷ÌᦻèᑁGk 6~7Sᦻê©⌱Üᑖìí ᦻè©5O{éᜐḄ5S2.ᙠ äåæï500~600Ḅᦻè©,ᔜSTḄðᨵ&ñòóᡭõ⌕ëὃ᪷ÌᦻèᑁG!w᪀ᡠᑡST7~8OÈEßñ,ᐸ©2~3OSTᙠᦻè©Ḅ|}òù`3.ᙠ äåæï500Ḅᦻèᡈ6ᨵ6-7Sᦻêᡈ6~7OᭆuPᡈú᪗⚪ ᦻêᡈ᪗⚪ᑖì%Xᦻè©û ÀᑖḄᭆuஹ▊ýᡈ⌕ëὃ᪷ÌᦻèᑁG,k 6~7O⌱⚗©⌱`ᨬាḄ5ᦻᡈ5᪗⚪ᐭᦻḄᜐ-⚪ᱯ▅ᳮBᑖ⚪ ⌕ὃὃ!"#$ឋஹ'(ឋஹ)*ឋ+,-ஹ,/ឋᱯ012ᦻ3᪀Ḅᳮ5ᓽ⌕7ὃ!ᙠᳮᐰᦻḄ:Ạ<=>ᦻḄ/?@A3᪀ὃ!B⌕ᳮ?C>ᦻD/3᪀?ᑏFGH5I⌕JK 43cdḄHaὅ⊤£cdḄ¥ᡈᡂᡈ§ ©aὅᢝᡂ¥«¬g lSm®©ᢝ§ ¥Ḅᑣ°⌕7cdḄe8±²ᐙᑖ;m£⍗ᑮ#$%&Ḅᦻ(ὃ✌⌕Ḅ¶·«_¸eᐰᦻº»¼ᐸu½_aὅḄe8u½_aὅ⌕~Ḅe8¾½e8¿ᨵuv;aAÀᥛ«[\ÂᡂÃᵫÅ#Æ☢ᜧFᨵ£ÈḄÉᢚËÌὃ{SÍ$v7Î6However/But/Nevertheless/Asamatteroffact,#vÏÎÐÐ{SaAaὅe8ÑᐸÒe8ḄᑖÓÔ4.Õ©&6<©¶Ö$×Õ/ᡂÕ#$%&Ḅᦻ(gØÅÙ£ᦻᦻ(ᜧFS$ᡈὅ$<©ÚᯠoÛ$ÜÝÞß#ᡈ<©Ḅ×ÕᡈᡂÕᦻ(ᜧFàáâãᦻᓄᦟæç⚞é¢ê ë⚪&ᡠὃìḄ⌕8ᙠ▅qᦻ(ᨵËíᙢlî ᦻ(ᑏaÌðÑ<᪀òóôḄᳮ ÷øùî%ë⚪&ḄV ú°_ûÐᨵüýḄÕὃ{Sᙠᜓὃ▤ ⌱ᦻᑜᣵ⌕⚪ 1. ⚪ !ᦻ"#ᨵ᪶&Ḅ()ᡈ ⚪+ ,-ᨵᐸᑖ ⚪0ᦻᐸ12ᑖ345678ஹ:ᵨஹᑡᦪ>?@AᡈBCD ᩭFG▊I ⚪JKᙠ⚪MᐵO⌕PQᢕS ⚪ᡈB)ᡈὅ᪷V ⚪ᡈB)⌱WXḄY8ᡈ:ᵨḄZ!ᡈὅ᪷Vᡠ\ḄY8ஹ:ᵨḄZ!ᡈᦪ>ᩭ"]^_`abWᐵḄ ⚪⌕)c0⌱WdXḄB)ᡈ ⚪eBfgᙠhᜐ3⌕jklmnᑣ56fgpqᦻḄrs t` ⚪2.ᐵὶv/x!ὃzX{៉!ᦻ}~ᑮᔠᵨḄᐵὶvx!ᦻḄᑏ#]᪀t`ᫀᡭẠᢚhowever,yet,but,anyhow,anyway,nevertheless,while,whereas,instead,insteadofljஹ⌴and,indeed,almost,even,similarly,like,besides,further,moreover,mostimportant,inaddition,furthermore,too,also,andthen,againᩩ¢ஹ£¤if,onlyif,inspiteof,despite,though,although,evenso,eventhough,rather,afterall,regardlessnJஹ]¥because,since,as,for,dueto,so,therefore,thus,hence,inthat,accordingly,consequently,asaresult,asaconsequence,sothat,tothisend¦§ஹd¦likewise,atthesametime,inthesameway,incomparison,incontrast,like,as,justas,conversely,onthecontrary;ll7ஹ78first,second,etc.inthefirstplace,inthesecondplace,next,another,finally,still,namely,thatis,forinstance,forexample,asanexample,specifically,inparticularM¨ᐵ©before,after,until,till,meanwhile3.fªᜐḄ«¬fªᜐḄ«¬®ᙠ ✌ஹ ,}¨ஹ °±²Q4ᦻḄ³ ´µ¶q·²Q4ᨬ¹ ¥fgᙠ ✌ᑣ⌱Ḅᑁ¼⌕½4¾ ⚪⌕½4¿ÀÁ ¾ ᑁ¼~ᑮpqᵨḄ¥fg`Âᙠ }ᑣ⌕ὶ©Ã Ḅ ⚪⚪¥fgᙠ Äᑣ ´ᡠ⌱ḄᫀX~ᑮ Å"]^_ஹq]BḄᵨᡈὅ4d¾ pᦻᑁ¼Ḅ⊡ᐙ@A4.ᱯÉvᱯÉvᒹËÌÍvஹᦪ>ஹvÎᦋᑏvஹÐÑᐵ©v?`ÂÍvḄ⌱⚗ÓÓ²®Ôᙠ✌ᐸÕ⌕Ö×ᢣÍᡂÚḄᩩ¢ÌitᢣÍᓫᦪÜvᡈtheyᡈthemᢣÍÝᦪÜvoneᢣÍᓫᦪᦪÜvthatᢣͲᦪÜvᡈthisᢣÍᓫᦪÜvᡈ 44Þ⌱⚗}`Âᦪ>ßᐸ4M¨àÍMÓÓ⌕Ö×anᦻ}àÍḄÁ¹dXᐵ©⌱⚗}`ÂanᦻáÎᦋᑏḄvâãḄÓÓl4⌱⚗ÐÑᐵ©väÀ\`fgᜐapqᦻḄÐÑᐵ©ᨵᑭæὃz`ᑨèéஹê⚪ëᐹ#íî³ Åᜓ⌱⚪ë42005àêðñḄ⚪ëᓽGappedtext⌱óô⚪ᡈõö÷/ ⚪øù⚪ëúᯠ4✌ÕXᵨᑮẆýz!ὃþ}ᩭ±ÿᙠḄ⚪⌕ὃḄ▅ᡠ⌱ Ḅᦻ !"⚪#$ᜐḄ&'ᡈ)*+,-.Ḽᦻ Ḅ⚪ᜧ1234Ḅὃ⌕᪷6ᐰᦻḄᑁ9:ᑏ<=>?ᡠ@Ḅ)*ABᙢ⌱ ᑮᐸ〉ᔠḄHIJ-LM⚪ᢣO⚪ᵫQRSᑖUᡂWXSᑖ:⌱⚗SᑖXSᑖ"Zᨵ\ᜐ#]Ḅᦻ ⌱⚗Sᑖ^\R&'ᡈ)*⌕_ὃ?⌱⚗Ḅᑁ9`#]abcdeᐭghᦻ ᑁ9ij᪀ln⚪ᦻ Ḅop:⌱⚗ḄᦪrᙠstuὃstḄ2ᙠẆwᐭxὃyZ▅ᦻ zᦻ{op|^500~600}ᐸᨵ5)#$ᜐᦻ ~ᨵ6~7)ᦻ,ὃ᪷6ᦻ ḄᳮM⌱ ᑖᦻ 5R#$ᜐḄ5R⌱ ᫀJ-LM⚪J1ᐜᐰᦻXSᑖ⌕Mᦻ ᑁ9ᜧ1iᔜ)*ḄᐵXᑁ9:j᪀Ḅᐵ:ᵨ¡¢£▅¤▅ᐰᦻ⌕}&ஹ✌§)ஹ¨)✌&©iª«ᡂ)Ḅ&':ᦻ ¬ᢚ}Ḅ&'¯ᙠ#$ᜐὃ⚜?⌕ᑮḄᑁ92¡¢ᔜ⌱⚗Ḅᑁ9²⌱⚗o©?ᐸᑁ9³⌕ᙢᭆµ¶ᩭᑏᙠ¸¹ᐸḄº}}"»¼sB½ᐸ¾¿©ÀÁÂᶇᐸy᪵Å©ÆǨÈÉ⚪»,?ᡠᨵ⌱⚗ḄᐰSᑁ9ÊË"Ì+©ÍÎÏ⍝¨R⌱⚗Ḅ⌕1=3ÁḼ᪷6ᔜR#$ᜐᡠᙠḄHIjᔠÑᦻᑁ9ᑖÒ¶⌱⚗Sᑖj᪀:ᑁ9ËÓÔᦻ ÕRSᑖg©`#$ᜐḄÑᦻᨵÖᙢ⊖ÁØᩭÙÚẆᦻ #$ᜐḄÑᦻÛ1ÑᦻḄÜݤஹ}Þஹ᪗ᱯáâᯠä@¶ᨩæçὃèéêsëᑖᐵÛᐹíḄÚ⁚2⌕ḼïÔᐰᦻëᦻ ᑁ9ðñஹj᪀ðñஹðñJ»ஹᙢஹò²ᐵஹÓᐵ¯Ló¶ôBᫀÛ1QW"⚪©sᢥö÷ᐜÉ9᧕ḄᙠùúẠÊüýþºḄÿ ⌕ᶇ⌱ᙠ⍝ᫀᐜᎷ4ᯠᵨ ᐭ !ᫀᔲᔠᳮ•&ᡠᨵ⌱)ᫀ*+,ᜐ./ᐰᦻ!ᦻ2ᑁ45ᔲ6789ᔠᳮஹ;ᡷ=⚪6?@᪀5ᔲ.B89ஹᐹᨵDឋஹᔠFGHᑏJKLᔲMᨎOPQRᵨ6ᔲាTUᑗWXᑨZ⌱)Ḅᫀᔲ\]^_ᨵ`aḄbὃdᨬfgh!iᨵᐭ⌱ḄjkḄlmᡈopᔲqḄ〉ᔠsᐭtuvwxᜧz᪵⚪ᑖ᪆vSample1~2001q⚪ᑖ᪆ ᜓ⌱⚪⚪⌕ὃd&ᡠḄopᐸᡂ?ᩩᳮMᨎᑁ489Ḅᦻ2◤⌕ὃdᙠ▅/ᔜo`ḄK&ᔜoḄᜧᔠᳮMaḄGHBvx⚪ᢣᐜ.ᐰᦻᙠ¡¢£⁚5¥¦`a§ᶇ¨©GHᐵ«Ḅᱯ®¯first,finally,ofcourse,however°§ᵫ²³ὃ⚪iᨵjk⌱⚗ᡠὃd⌕WᨬᨵḄᐭµ¶·ᐸ¸¹⚗º¡»_½ᨬ¾ᫀ 45( )⚪ÂÃ(1)ÅÆÇÈÉopÊË*ᙠ✌ÍÎlᭆÐÑÉopḄᜧ(2)º¡▅/ÓÔÑḄ✌ÍÎo»Õᦻ2ḄGHᐵ«_½ᦻ2@᪀³Ö(3)ᢥ᯿Ó»ÕÑḄGHᐵ«&ᡠop(4)./ᐰᦻ!opᑡᔲᔠᳮ(w)ᜧz᪵⚪ᑖ᪆(Sample2)~2002q⚪ᑖ᪆wᜓ⌱⚪Ö▭5ᒹÞÎßQà᪷â᪗⚪⌱ᑁ4ᡈὅ᪷âᑁ4⌱᪗⚪⚪Ö=⌕ὃ!ὃdåᑖæËஹæâæËæâDឋḄçè⌕ὃdᳮᔜæË/ËḄÊËêÞ7çëÑìæËDḄæâ☢γÖḄ⚪îᑖïðñᑖ᪆àਭóôõö᪷â᪗⚪⌱ᑁ4⚪Ö(ᓛöæâ)(-)⚪ᢣ³ÖḄù⚪úûæᦻḄßQÑ©ὃ!ὃd·æËæâḄDឋḄù⚪⌕ὃdᙠᳮᦻ2ᑁ4Ḅ\Ạ5ý_ᦻ2ᔜæËḄÞ7êþÊËᯠWᡠ⌱⚗⌱ÑÿᢝḄ⚪ᦻᒑᩭ⌕ὃ ᦻḄᓛ!"#ὃ◤⌕%៉'ᵨḄ)*+(1)/)+012▭4ᨵ6⊤ឋḄ9/ᩭ:;9ᱥ=>?@AஹCᩖḄ9ᱥ(ᡈ9ᳮ):;GHIᐹK4;ᨎ4MᦻNO᧕Qᐹᨵ:RS•'UḄᨵᐺ1/+Wᑡ1+YZὅᵨᐺஹᐹKḄ9/ᩭ:;\]^_ὅᵨ`]a⁚cd⚪efgh:;(2)"j)+0Nkᑖ᪆9ᱥnoḄ "Wpjᩭ▊rd⚪stuᐜ"_jwstuᐜj_"(4)>?+0ᵨ%yḄ9ᱥz⌕:;ḄcA{>?|}~ὅᳮ9ᱥḄᱯ┐c9ᱥḄᐳᡈgh▊stghKḄ>?wst⌲⚗>?>?ᨵ0\ஹ9ᱥḄ>?ஹ9ᱥḄ>?ஹ\9ᱥᐜ_7ᐘḄ>?(5)ᑖ+0cCᩖḄ9ᱥst᪷ Ḅឋஹᡂ"ஹᐵஹᵨᩭghᑖ(6)>¡)+0¢£=CᩖḄ9ᱥW@AḄ9ᳮ:GᐹKஹ¤¥ஹ¦§§¨ᵨ\]9ᱥᩭ:;©\]9ᱥ(7)ªr+0\«arᭆḄ*+N'ᙠ¯°_ᑭᵨªr²⊡ᐙ¯°µM~ὅc9ᱥ¶ᨵᭆ·ឋ¸¹ºᨵᐹKឋ£(8)¼)+0¼ᵨ\ᨵᐵ½ᧇஹ¿ÀஹẆÂᡂjᩭᐙᑖ:;⌕:ḄᑁÄ|}~ὅHÅᐭ£9ᱥ(-)⚪ᢈÉtÊËÌḄÍ⚪(1)ÎÏÑᑜ¯Ó⚪Ḅ▅~Õᒹ·ᦻW⌱⚗YØᑖÙÚÕᱯᜧjὃᑖÝÞÓßàáâ`ḄãWäS"#ὃ⌕ᐜåÓᓽ✌èéè✌êéêtÊᦻḄëKì(2)íå°ᡈîïð¶ᯠ⌱⚗u¢òóḄôõᐸᑁÄ÷¯WᦻøḄᔜ]ᑖúᙠûüᐵ0ýᑡᐵoᐵ⊡ᐙᐵÿ ᐵᨵᐳᜐḄ᧕ᩭ !"#Ḅ$ᵨὃ'()*+,ᐭ.+ ᡈ 0Ḅ1ᣚᨵ 34567 7paymoreattention-focuson 46 ឋIᣚ7bebrief—brevityisthebest"#Iᣚ7thecasualfriendlinessofAmericansshouldbeinterpretedneitherassuperficialnorasartificial------thetraditionofhospitalitytostrangerstendstobesuperficialandartificialJLMNᶇᦪQஹᙢT ᐸVᱯXḄYᨵZ (3)[Ḅ\]L⌕_`abcᐵḄb⌕deᑗgᙠijk⁚mᤁᐰ☢▅rᙠᜧt᪵⚪wx yzLᨵ{ |}Q56~zḄ᪗⚪L᧕ὃ'ᑖ TL+{᪗⚪(ᑖ Tᡈὅ"LVᜧὅᵨᩭrὅḄLᡈὅ~ᦻḄ☢JLᙠ⚪ḄL(ᒺᒺ¡¡ᙢ3 L¢]Ḅ£¤ᔠ¢ᦻ¦ᳮ᪗⚪Ḅ¨¢©ªᡠᢣ(4)®i¯°⌱⚗ᨵ!⌱⚗ḄL⌕³ᑖ´ᜐLᑗ(xញ¶ᡂLᢕ¹º 0»ᒺ¡£~ᫀ(5)ᔠᳮᑖ½¾ὃ'N¿ᙠ3☢⚪ÀÁwÂÃÄÀᵨ{¾ªÅÆLÂÀªÂÇÀÈÉÊË(Ä)⚪ÀÁ(1)ÍrᐰᦻÎᡂJ⚪#ḄÂÀ»Írᐰᦻὃ'ᙠÂÏ▅rḄÐ◤ÒᐵᦻḄijk⁚LÓ⌕ÔÕÖ×3LØ`ÙᦻᨵᜧᭆÛÛ⁚ḕ¾Lὃ'x ÝÞTßᙠ✌áªâáL áãḄ✌"ªâ"L*äᳮåLᦻḄᜧªáãᜧᓽb⚪N¿ᙠ+ºçᑖᨵᐙᑖḄéêᙠ▅rÒëwLìᐸ⌕ᦻwḄ|}QçᑖL+᪵ᙠᜮᾯw»x 5ᡂÙὅÞTïðᑁḄòÀᓺôÛ■öᙠ▅rÒëw⍡øLὃ'x ᵨùᓫḄ ûÙᔜᑖ Týþᭆÿ (2)⌱⚗⚪ᜧᡈ⌱⚗⌱ᫀ ⌱⚗ !ὃ#$%&'()ᔜ⌱⚗+ᐸ-.⌱⚗Ḅ012ᜐ4⌕Ḅ6ὃ#89᪷;<=Ḅᳮ?ᙠABᜐC᪗E(3)F▅HIᡠKḄF▅ᢣḄMᦻOḄPQR▅SᙠHR▅ḄTUᔠᦻOW⌱⚗Cᫀὃ#89᪷;ᜮᾯMᦻOW⌱⚗ḄZ[\?W<=Ḅ]E^⌕_ᐙḄᦻOaᑖW⌱⚗ḄᐵdefᎷhḄijk⌱⚗ᢥHfijmnᑮᦻOpᔜᑖqB2rᜧSᑡᐵdH6t89┝hvfᐹxḄᑖqBḼA▅zᑖqB-ᐵḄ?{WK|}ᯠ⌱⚗ᑁᵨᩭ|ᡈὅ▊{ᑖqBḄzᦻO^Ḅ?{WK|aᑖᙠᑁW'$%ᐹᨵᜧḄfឋ,ὃ#89hᫀ⌱⚗(4) 6rᐙzᔲὃ# $%ᙠCᫀᢕ6rftMᐰᦻP¡R▅HfR▅ὃ#89¢k&'£mᙠ⌱⚗Wz⌱⚗-ᐵḄᑁaᑖf¤Qὅᔲ¥¦§¨(ª)ᜧ¬᪵⚪ᑖ᪆(Sample3)¯2003°±⚪ᑖ᪆ਭ³´¥¦2᪷;ᑁ⌱᪗⚪(ᭆ¶ᜧ')(f)?⚪ᢣ·%Ḅ¸⚪f¹9ºqᦻḄ»j¼ὃḄὃ#M½ᦻOᔜ¾¿ḄÀÁḄÂÃᓽ Åƾ¿ᜧ'Ḅ £¸⚪⌕Çὃ#▅fÈ500ÉÊËḄᦻO%ᦻOᵫÍξ¿Ïᡂ⌱⚗Mᔜ¾¿ÀÁḄᭆ¶ÑÒ⌱⚗ᦪÔÕÖ½¾¿ᦪÔὃ#ᙠ×Øᳮ?ᔜ¾¿ḄÙẠᓃpᐸ⌱ᔠ〉Ḅ⌱⚗-¨½pᔜ¾¿⌱Ý᪗⚪(-)?⚪[ß(1)▅⌱⚗H⚪Ḅ⌱⚗ÕÖ6—79Ý᪗⚪»j¼ḄàáḄâãäᨵfåÎ⚗ç èéêὃ#TḄ6rWë£ὃ#✌ᐜîïf¤ᔜ⌱⚗ð8 479Z[òóᦻOḄᜧᭆᑁ\?ᑮᦻOÀ⌕ôõḄMöᡈὅÀ⌕÷qḄø⚪ÑÒHù⌱⚗âãàáúðὃ#Eû4⌕6ὃ#89Cù]Eᶍý⛲ÿ ᐵ,ᶧ(2)▅ᙠὃ !"ᦻ$Ḅᑁ'(ᙠᙠ)*Ạ,-.ᙢ0ᐰᦻ23ᦻ$Ḅ4⚪6789:ὃ;<=ᨵ▲ᡠABὃḄCAᶍEBFGHᡠὃḄ▅IJKLMNOᑗQRSTU9:)V⚪WXYὃZὃ[\ᔜ^_ᜧaḄbcd,ᦻefᨵghᐵὶὃCA⌲kᡂᙠ▅ᔜ^<:InaB⌕ᢕqr⌲s⌲tḄᑖ᪆▅Awxy<=z2Ḅ{|}ᐜF✌tᦻᑏḄ7⌕|ᨵVV}|ᓽᙠᡈᦻ$Ḅ!78ᩭᑖ᪆▊V}|*\᪀}ᐜ!ᑡḄ(ஹᯠUᑖ᪆[\!ᜧaᙠ)V7⌕Ḅᑏ||¡¢£☘Ṇ9¦ὃI§Y¨F©tª«▅¬ᐸUḄᑁ')᪵°b±F!✌tdᦻḄᐵ²23}ᔲ©•t°}Ḅ78tµB}¶FᨬUtµ✌¸¹B!\º¶ὃ⇋▅^½!ᜧa¾U¶d⌱⚗{ÁÂ23z2Ãᫀ(Æ)È⚪ᢈÊAËI§naḄ⚪ᢈÊ(1)½!Æ^ᐵÆ^ᐵḄᐹÍᑁ'}ÎḄᐵÏᑖᐵÏᑖḄᐵt,ᐵtḄᐵ ½!Æ^ᐵḄÐÑÒ°}ÓÔ▅Ö½!78ḄÐÑ ᦻ$Ḅ7⚪Ïᑖ0KᵫÁÂØᩖḄtÍ(!ᩭὃᙠ▅ 48whichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)[A]Whattodoasastudent?[B]Variousdefinitionsofplagiarism[C]Ideasshouldalwaysbesourced[D]Ignorancecanbeforgiven[E]Plagiarismisequivalenttotheft[F]TheconsequencesofplagiarismScholars,writersandteachersinthemodemacademiccommunityhavestrongfeelingsaboutacknowledgingtheuseofanotherpersonTsideas.IntheEnglish-speakingworld,thetermplagiarismisusedtolabelthepracticeofnotgivingcreditforthesourceofone'sideas.Simplystated,plagiarismis“thewrongfulappropriationorpurloinning,andpublicationasone'sownoftheideas,ortheexpressionofideasofanother.”41._____________________Thepenaltiesforplagiarismvaryfromsituationtosituation.Inmanyuniversities,thepunishmentmayrangefromfailureinaparticularcoursetoexpulsionfromtheuniversity.Intheliteraryworld,wherewritersareprotectedfromplagiarismbyinternationalcopyrightlaws,thepenaltymayrangefromasmallfinetoimprisonmentandaruinedcareer.Protectionofscholarsandwriters,throughthecopyrightlawsandthroughthesocialpressuresoftheacademicandliterarycommunities,isarelativelyrecentconcept.Suchsocialpressuresandcopyrightlawsrequirewriterstogivescrupulousattentiontodocumentationoftheirsources.42._____________________Students,asinexperiencedscholarsthemselves,mustavoidvarioustypesofplagiarismbybeingself-criticalintheiruseofotherscholarsJideasandbygivingappropriatecreditforthesourceofborrowedideasandwords,otherwisedireconsequencesmayoccur.Thereareatleastthreeclassificationsofplagiarismasitisrevealedinstudents'inexactnessinidentifyingsourcesproperly.Theyareplagiarismbyaccident,byignorance,andbyintention.43._____________________Plagiarismbyaccident,oroversight,sometimesistheresultofthewriter,sinabilitytodecideorrememberwheretheideacamefrom.Hemayhavereaditlongago,hearditinalecturesinceforgotten,oracquireditsecond-handorthird-handfromdiscussionswithcolleagues.Hemayalsohavedifficultyindecidingwhethertheideaissuchcommonknowledgethatnoreferencetotheoriginalsourceisneeded.Althoughthistypeofplagiarismmustbeguardedagainst,itistheleastseriousand,iflessonslearned,canbeexemptfrombeingseverelypunished.44._____________________Plagiarismthroughignoranceissimplyawayofsayingthatinexperiencedwritersoftendonotknowhoworwhentoacknowledgetheirsources.Thetechniquesfordocumentation-note-taking,quoting,footnoting,listingbibliographyareeasilylearnedandcanpreventthewriterfrommakingunknowingmistakesoromissionsinhisreferences.Although4thereisnocopyrightinnews,orinideas,onlyintheexpressionofthem/thewritercannotpleadignorancewhenhissourcesforideasarechallenged.45._____________________Themostseriouskindofacademicthieveryisplagiarismbyintention.Thewriter,limitedbyhislazinessanddullness,copiesthethoughtsandlanguageofothersandclaimsthemforhisown.Henotonlysteals,hetriestodeceivethereaderintobelievingtheideasareoriginal.Suchwords 49asimmoral,dishonest,offensive,anddespicableareusedtodescribethepracticeofplagiarismbyintention.Theoppositeofplagiarismisacknowledgement.Allmatureandtrustworthywritersmakeuseoftheideasofothersbuttheyarecarefultoacknowledgetheirindebtednesstotheirsources.Students,asdevelopingscholars,writers,teachers,andprofessionalleaders,shouldrecognizeandassumetheirresponsibilitytodocumentallsourcesfromwhichlanguageandthoughtsareborrowed.Othermembersoftheprofessionwillnotonlyrespectthescholarship,theywilladmirethehumilityandhonesty.ஹᦻSiᑖ᪆´ᦻIᐵµ¶·ᢌ¹Ḅº}ᦻ1ᦻS»¼ᑖ}ᐜ½¾¿ÀIᢌ¹ᒹmÁÂÃÄÅ;ÇḼº}§ᢌ¹ḄÉÊZ˶+ᢌ¹Ḅ>8ᨬ"ᢣV¶·ÎÏÐ01¡¢ᢌ¹OyÁᢌ¹ÃÄÅ$Oy½¾§ᢌ¹ḄrÑᜐÊ>ÓÔOyᵨᑖÖº}¶+ᢌ¹Ḅ>×ØÙOyᢣV¶·ÎÏÐ01Ú ÛÜ¡¢ᢌ¹$ஹÝ⚪ᐹiᑖ᪆ß-áâã▅⌱⚗]ä⌱⚗ËᦻSᜧ4⚪Ḅ⌱⚗åæµᦻSç☢⊤C©è}]s᧕ᳮäâãêëÃᐸᜧ4"ìZíV1ᦻSḄ6⌕î⚪Iᢌ¹ß⌱⚗ï¬ðᐰᦻï¬áß$á▅ᡠὃOPᭆmOPᜧ4ÇÃᩭḄ6⌕óôIᭆmᡠὃOPḄ6õìö÷øùOP6⚪úᡂOÁ¶·ᢌ¹ÃÄÅ141⚪ᡠᙠOPᓽ$Oº}]ᢌ¹ᙠrÑ×ØÃᡠýᑮḄᜐÊO✌ ⚪ penalty,punishment,fine,imprisonment,aruinedcareerᐵ⊤ᐵḄᔜF⚗consequences ᯠឋ"#$%&ᭆ(ᡠᨵḄᜐ,-".0ᨵ1ᔠ〉Ḅ⌱⚗256Ḅ✌ ᢣ"9:;<=>⌕@AB"CDᵨFGᡈὅJḄᜐ"&KLᔜḄᢌNOPᯠA⚗ᭆ(ḄᑁR#OSὃ:ᒺVWX%YZ⌱[BJ⚗"\]^Ḅ_`aὅbᑮᢌNḄ6"ᓽbyaccident,byignorance,andbyintentionᏔᯠᢌN"fgᢌN"ᨵhᢌN #\]^ibᑮO6ᢌN"j$klmᑗoḄqrsᑖ᪆ḄᑁRᙠw☢6"\.B⚗yᙠOSz{ា}35~⌼ᡂᏔᯠᢌNḄ\^☢ᑖᵨhemay…᪀Ḅ ᢌNὅᢌNḄ\ὃ:^ChḄO`ᨵ⊤ᢚᐵḄalthough,ᢚḄᑁRaὅ⊤Ḅᨬ aὅᢣ" ᔾᦟ"O,ᢌN]%&L¡=¢ḄiᨵD⚗ᭆ(O £ḄᑁRᐸcanbeforgivenjᦻḄcanbeexemptfrombeingseverelypunished..45¦aὅ⌕§¨ḄfgᢌN"&©ªKL.,]«᪵OX&ᢚᐵḄ `«ᳮ"^ ⚪ $bᑮ"¯°◀²³ஹFGḄ⊤W"²³sFGµ¶z0ᨵ᱐ᩗ%¹"#}FGᩭ»¡ᑮ¼ᶧ¾"aὅ¿fÀ]ABḄfgÁÂᣚ¹W"XÄ¿^ChFGḄᩭ»⌱⚗]0^ ᯠignorance 50"#{Y\.Ä⌱[ÅDÇ⚗\]ÈÉḄ^9Z᪗CËᵨḄᩭ»ᵫ.%Í"ὃ:{Y\]ÎJÏlᑨÑ"Ï^&ᔜÒ]ÓÔ5 5Öaὅᣚᵨthievery,steal,deceiveä⊤åæḄJᩭᢌNOç"ÏèéêḄ¾"ᨵO᪵ £ìᨬ=¢Ḅ9íåæᨵhᢌN\.ÅEÇ⚗ᨬYᭆ(OḄïᑁR6ஹᐰᦻñòó9íôḄ9ὅஹaõsᦟöj÷øËᵨùúḄFGûÈüᙠýþJḄÿ ᢌᵨᩭᢣᢣᡠᵨḄᩭḄᢌ ⍝ ᙢ!ᡈ#ᵨ$%&'ᡈὅ&'Ḅ⊤*+,ᐸ./ᨵ123Ḅ4ᢌḄ5678F:;<ᢌḄ=>?@ABCDEᙠGHᜧJKᑣMNOPQRCᑣJ᪥T◀JVᙠᨵW▭᱐ᩗ'[\] ^᱐ᩗ_`Ḅᦻbcᜐ>efegᦪiḄ>jᜧᑮlἭnfpqrstuvwxyz{|᱐ᩗ'}ᩭ~JcஹᦻbcḄt[\Jὅ}] pḄᭆt}᱐ᩗ'⌕]ὅᙠᵨ$%Ḅᦻᧇ]J78A:;J]¡ḄJὅᙠᵨᐸ$JὅḄBR⌕~/¢£ᵨᡈὅ¤Ḅ¥ᜐ¦§¨ᔜªA«ḄᢌᔲᑣtᐸBCḄ56ᙠJ¯ᨵ°±±²ᧇᩭḄ@³´☄¥ᩭḄᢌf¶·¦ᑖ¦¹ºªA«»Ꮤᯠᢌ¾ᢌ}ᨵ¿ᢌ¾·¦ÀÁQD¥2ᏔᯠᡈÂÃḄᢌᨵ ]ὅ<2ḄᩭűEᡈÆÇḄÈ6]ὅ·Å ᙠÉʦzËᑮḄÌ·Å ᙠMpÍÎÆḄÏÐÑᑮḄᡈὅ ᙠ}ÒÓÔÕÖḄ×ØḄᡈὅºØḄᧇ$ÌGÉÙcEÚ ᔲÍÛQᑮ◤⌕᪗ÞßᩭḄPàáâãᢌÌäå■èé PàᨬKḄ6ᔾíᦟï·¦¨◀BCḄ=>ð ᪗¥ᜐ78C:;¾ᢌᓫᙢó ᢣôõ¡Ḅ]ὅöö¾⍝ß᪗¢ß᪗¢~/ᦻḄᩭᢈøᧇgÆஹᦻஹù¢ஹúὃüyᑡ⊤þJÿᩭ᧕■ὅᙠὃ┯◀ ஹ!"Ḅ⊤%& (!")*+,ᨵ᱐ᩗ012!"ᩭ34ᑮ6ᶧ8ὅ9:;<Ḅ=>ᢌ@ABCDEEᨬGHḄIJDEᨵKᢌ@ᵫC;*ḄMN(OPὅᢌ@QRḄ!"(S0+T<ᨵUVὅWXYEZᾯ\]^_ὅ` ;<ᡠ0bc!"Rdeeᵨ⍝hஹWijஹᑈlஹᓧ⎟AopᩭqᨵKᢌ@Urstuᢌ@`vḄwxyᵨ+vᐸὅ⊤{|}ᡠᨵὃ⇋ᐙᑖḄஹ ḄᵨᐸQRḄ!"1Qdᙢwx;<4Cyᦻᩭ3IᙠḄIὅஹஹᦟr⚞ᜮRxᑮ+w; 51ÂÃÄᑖ▅_ᳮÇCÄᑖÈ⚪Ḅᱯ"(ÊË̱ÍắÏẆÑᐭIÌSÓ⚪▅_ᳮÇḄrÄᑖᐸÔḄÕÓὃÖᳮÇ×☢ÌSᩞᧇḄÛÜÝᜧ»Þʵ̱Íßerà400áâãḄäᦻ⌕æὃᙠ30ᑖçᑁᙠvbᦻéÖᳮÇḄêẠìí5´ᑜïḄÌSÄᑖéÖஹðஹßòᙢ±ᡂÍS°±róôS0Ḅᦻᓄö÷ᦻᓄḄøùWBᦻᓄḄS0ᐹᨵᐸ;*ḄᱯûüÌÍýóS00ÌSróqᔠ·hypotaxisḄS0ÍSᑣ ᔠparataxisḄᕡḼ◤⌕☠ᵨᡈᐵὶ⊤ᔜ ᑖḄ!ᐵ"#$%&'(Ḅ))!ᐵ"ᑣ“◚-"/01ᦻ4Ishallbeverydis5pointedifyoudonotcome.78ᩭᡃ;ᜫ=Ḅ>?@A◤⌕ifᩭB#ᔲᑣᐸ8ᡂFG HḄ$%ᑣJK“L”'NḄOP⊤QR#Sᡂ“L78ᩭ#TUᡃ;ᜫ=Ḅ”V$WXYZ[\]^.ᯠ$`8 a#%bᨵdᔠef0#%Ḅdᔠᨵg;hZijk#lmnopqᢈᦻs$#dᔠᨵᑭ/uᨎᙢSxyᑁ ᡠ-Ḅ|Lஹ~Ḅஹᢚஹ⌱ஹ`ᑡஹᩩஹ⌴ᐵ"Ḅ 8dᔠᙠ☢#)O8ᯠ)Ḅ?Ḅ#ᯠ$ஹ¡Ḅᨵ'ᜐ#Oᨵ8'ᜐ£G#ḄAᮣ¥#P¦§ᙠ?Ḅ☢ᡈὅ☢#$%ᑣ•ª§ᙠ?Ḅ☢ᙠḄ«0#GªF4¬+ᙢ®+g(#$%ᑣ 4g(+ᙢ®+¬£¯#%Ḅ¡ᙠᜧ ᑖ±²1 ᙠ³´⛲Ḅ☢#$Ḅ¡ᑣP§ᙠ³´⛲'d¶ஹ·´⛲>ᡈ'¡A´⛲>£¸#¹ºஹ»ᦣ½ᙠ✌>#$%¹¿@ᙊᕜ½ᙠÂ>%)ÃᨵĹ☢8#·ᵨḄ⚣᳛%ÇGÈ#$%Éᵨ⚣᳛Ç#ᕡḼʹḄ·◤⌕Sᡂ%ḄÉËÌÍᔠ%ÎÏ4Theemphasisondatagatheredfirst-hand,combinedwithacross-culturalperspectivebroughttotheanalysisofculturespastandpresent,makesthisstudyauniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocialscience.2003У63⚪>Sᦻ4ÓÔᦈÖ£ᵨ×ᧇ#Ù0ᙠᑖ᪆Û@Üᙠᦻᓄdgßᵨàᦻᓄáâ#ZGẆäᡂFGåæᱯ`èéêk⌕Ḅë;qìḄ? G -ÉíḄ·᪀ᡂḄïemphasisondata,FðÍᔠᦻñᦻÎÏ#ò⌕ßᵨ·ᣚᡂÉḄSô#ᓽöSF“ÓÔ×ᧇḄᦈÖ>”#$8 “÷ᦈÖḄ>×ᧇḄÓÔ”ᨵ Ûᑖø᪀´⛲·Ḅd¬#ᓽdatagatheredfirst-hand@across-culturalperspectivebroughttotheanalysisoòùúßᵨûSḄôü8Íᔠ%ÎÏ#|RᣚFýÉឋÿḄ᪀ᓽ“ᦈḄᧇ”“ᵨᩭᑖ᪆Ḅᦻᓄ ” “ᦈᧇ”“ᑖ᪆…"#ᵨᦻᓄ ”%'(ᙠ*Ḅ+,-./Ḅ0123ᜧ'5*6*Ḅ+,(5ᨵ89Ḅᙢ;<=>?Ḅ=9@%⌕᪷C(5Ḅ+,D⌱F*5ஹ'(HᑖḄI⚪KLᢣNOP1I⚪KLᢣNOPQᑖ᪗S 1I⚪ᢣNOP 52UᜧVWXYZ'([⚪I⚪ḄKL\ᑣ=^_ᑁaᏉcḄஹdᨵᔜfghḄ5iᩞᧇk[⚪lmnឋ┯qkrstᵨ-.Ḅὃv'(HᑖḄI⚪ᢣNOP=〉xyz'(ᦻ{Ḅ|}~⌕ὃᙠᦻ{ᳮḄ9"tᵨᨬKLḄ'(ᢈ(2)Qᑖ᪗SẆᐭnὃ['(Ḅ᪗S=“\ᦻ”=“”ᡠ“\ᦻ”=ᦻ⌕Sᙢ⊤\ᦻḄᑁa¡⊡-⍡¤-¥ᐭ¦§Ḅ¨©xᯠ“\ᦻ”=⌕⌲¬⌲ᙢ®¯ᙢ°±ᑖ²³\ᦻ´ µ¶⌼ᡂᦻḄ¹|º“”ᑣ=ᢣᦻ5iᔠ¼(5ḄX5i¾¿⌕ᨵ5Àஹ┯1¬.ÁᑮÃÄ᧽ᵹI⚪ÇÈᑴYḄQᑖ᪗SÊ⌕ᨵZÌÍᦻÎÏ\ᦻOᐸᑖᨬ?ѱ1ᑖ2=Ìὃᦻ\ᦻOᜧ8ÒÓᡈÕ\ᦻO8័ᓽ×(5⊤ØÙᑭᑖ2-ѱ1ᑖÌÛÜÝfᡈÝf~/Þßàᑖkᐸáfß┯qὅãäᡷᑖᡷᑖᨬ?ѱ1ᑖæçὃÁ%Hᑖ[⚪Ḅ"éêëÝfᡈÝf~/ḄᦻÌìéêḄ?fᦻíÞᑣàᑖkÌéêḄᦻáᨵfß┯qᑣãäᡷᑖ<=ᡷᑖ-ѱ1ᑖî(5┯1¬ï1ᡷᑖᢥòóôᡷᑖᙠõöOḄ÷éøùîï┯1¬ᡷ05ᑖ,l0.25ᡷᑖ2.[⚪ᩞᧇḄ⌱û±ᔊý[⚪Ḅᑖ᪆þÿ ᑖ⚪ᑴḄᩞᧇ⌕ஹஹᦻᓄᦟ !☢⌕$%&'(ᦟ ஹ)*ᵯ,-.ஹ/0ᰦ2ஹ34ஹ56ᦟ ஹ7ᧇᦈ9ஹᜧ;ஹ<=ஹ>?@ஹAB⌱Dஹ᪗Fᓄᦟ ஹGᳮIஹᔊK;LஹMN;Oᦻᓄ/P;!☢⌕ᨵ&᪶ST:V□XஹᵯḄYᵨஹ[ᱥ]ᧇஹᵯ,ஹX^ᓻ`ஹaᖪஹcdஹᢈfOgᐹ☩jஹ;ẆlmnoḄpqஹᜩᦻsஹtᩭvwxᦻᓄᦟ !☢⌕$%yzḄᦟ ஹ{|ᦻ}a~ஹ“ᑖ”Ḅzᓝᑖ⚪Ḅᦻ ᜧ400 ᨵᜧḄ⚪⌕ᦻḄ ᒹ¡¢£ᵨ'ḄḄᳮ¤%ᐸ¦ᑖḄᦻᐹᨵ¨ᱯª&« ᙠᵨ!☢ ᵨ®¯°±Ḅ«² ᦻᑁ´®¯µ¶ஹஹᡂᑖ¸ᩖ(»¼ ᨵ½Ḅ»¾ᨵ¿ )ÁÂ⚪ḄÃᙳÅ35ᦻḄÆ»ஹÇÆ»ஹÈÉÆஹËᢣËO®¯ÍÆ»⚪ᑴḄÎªÏ ËᢣËᢣthis,that,it,theyxḄᢣËᙠᦻ ÐÑᓫÓᙢË⊤Ö×ᓫØ ÙÚËᢣÛᦻᡈ¨ᦻḄÝÞஹßx¸ᩖḄàᮯÍÆ»âãäÞᱥᦪஹæÅxᐹ.!☢Ḅ®¯ ÙËçḄᢣ¯N¸ᩖḄஹµ¶èzÛḄ®¯éᓃ ìPᦻḄᱯªí.ÚᙠÈÉᦪîï¼ ðᱯªñὃóôõâᜧÅᙠ¦ Pᦻ.½ ⌕öᡂF÷ஹ×øஹùᔠḄᦻ²ஹᑖ⚪ᑴḄᱯª1.üý᪀¸ᩖஹᑁ´µ¶ 53 ⌕⊤ᙠᦪᨵஹὃḄᳮ ᩭ "Onthewholesuchaconclusioncanbedrawnwithacertaindegreeofconfidence,butonlyifthechildcanbeassumedtohavehadthesameattitudetowardsthetestastheotherwithwhomheisbeingcompared,andonlyifhewasnotpunishedbylackofrelevantinformationwhichtheypossessed.#ᦻ"%Ḅᩭ&'()*+,-ᨵ./01Ḅ2-34ᐹᜓ78ᩩ:";<Ꮇ/)8>?@AḄCDEFGHḄᐸF>ḄCJKLFMNᨵOPQRSḄ>ᐹᨵḄᨵᐵUVWᡷᑖ)8ᵫ568[ᡂ-.ᑡ^ᔠ`a7bᑖᵫbutcd⊤eᢚ-ᑡḄ78ᑖbutgahᨵ78onlyifijḄᩩ:ᐸkl(m/nஹḕᶍqrsq^ᩖTheyarethepossessionsoftheautonomousself-governingmanoftraditionaltheory,andtheyareessentialtopracticesinwhichapersonisheldresponsibleforhisconductandgivencreditforhisachievements.2002uv64⚪y#ᦻ"zᵫD{|}~y-ᳮ,/Ḅz ᨵḄ-⌕.8?zḄPOᐸW/Ḅ3qrḄ`)8ᨵ358ᵫ78ᑡ[ᡂᒹm.8/nஹ78nGH◤⌕ᦻḄᑁ(ᔠ〉Ḅpossessions,autonomous,practices2.ᦻ᤺z᱐ᱥᡈ¡ᱥ¢⊤£¤¥ஹn¦¤☢¨m©nnªḄ«¬Dᱯ®¯°mA⚪Ḅ C"Sciencemovesforward,theysay,notsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools.#ᦻ"F}±²³´²µy&´²Ḅ¶·Eᐸ&¸¹ᜩ»¼Ḅ½U¾Vq&¸¹ᦋÀmḄᢈÂDÃᐹÄPÅÆḄÇÈkḄnotsomuch...as-ᐺÊḄ©n⊤ˤ¥ÌnÍ?+᪀ᡠÐᡂP⚪Ḅ ®◤⌕ὃᨵ./Ḅᳮ;ÑDnªeᣚ;ÑUntilsuchtimeasmankindhasthesensetoloweritspopulationtothepointwheretheplanetcanprovideacomfortablesupportforall,peoplewillhavetoacceptmore“unnaturalfood".#ᦻ"◀ÔÕÖ¹£Vᑮ⌕0ØÙᑮ)᪵ḄÛCÜᙢᳫ;PᡠᨵÕßà<Ḅáâᔲᑣåq'qdæÄḄ“⌼âé”)*Ðuntilᡈnot...untilcdḄ¨m©ஹëḄìí¤¥ᙠ©Ìî#ï⌕ð¦»òᔠkᦻḄ⊤Ë«¬.3.ᑜõbᑖḄᳮEî#?ö÷ᦻḄøùឋ¢û)᪵ü⚪ḄýḄ-⌕ὃᙠþᐰᦻḄẠᐵᑖ2002ᔁᐭ▅ᳮ ᑖḄ !ὃ#ᙠ%&'⌕)*ᳮ ᦻḄ+,-./⌕Ḅ0⁚2346Tocriticizeitforsuchfailureisroughlycomparabletocriticizingathermometerfornotmeasuringwindvelocity.ᦻ6ᢇ89:;<=?@ABᢇ8CDE 54sᵭᙠuv<ὃ⇋VᦻḄ◤⌕᯿yfᐺḄ {|ᡂ~ᦻ#| 55 ©YRubberisfoundtobeagoodisolatingmaterial.%ᦻWå78éêe/ÈëìḄíîᩞᧇTheareahasbeenmarkedoutforbuildingmorehotels.%ᦻWåᑜòFᙽᙢôᵨõö⌼"Ḅøù(3)úby)+}Ḅµὅ ©YrᦻüaḄ©Y ýYTheresultoftheinventionofthesteamenginewasthathumanpowerwasreplacedbymechanicalpower.%ᦻWþÊÿ ḄWhatmeasureshavebeenorarebeingadoptedbythegovernmenttoreduceairpollution?ᦻᡈᙠ !"Ḅ#$%&ᕖ((4)ᡂ*+,Ḅ-./0᪷234ᦻᡈᱯ6789:;<.=>?ᯠ9ᡈὅBCDEFGHIJ9KLᵨNOPTheamountofcarbonmonoxidethatanenginegivesoffcanbereducedbyspecialdevicesdesignedtomaketheenginebumthefuelmoreefficiently.ᦻQ RSᨵᦔᙢWXWᧇZ[\Ḅᱯ]^_KL R>`ᓄbḄdeAdditionalInternationalStandardsmaybeaddedtotheseriesinthefuture.ᦻfᩭhKi:jkᑡ᪗nop0q⚗s▭᪗n(5)ᦋᡂ*+Ḅᑨw/9ᓽy⊤+Ḅ.R/“}“~“ᙠ…”R+⊤>OKLᡂ*+Ḅᑨw/MyfirstfortyyearswerespentinSouthernEurope.ᦻᡃḄᙠᓭ&Thesemachinesareoperatedbyaworkeronly.ᦻNᘤᵫ>(6)ᡂḄR/9LBRNᒹ/9hᒹ*+ᱯᨵḄ⊤RḄ¡9“¢ஹஹ¤ஹᢸஹ¦ஹ§ஹ¨ஹᵫஹ<ஹ<…ᡠ…ஹªஹpLஹQ”«KL⊤RInindustry,naturalmaterialsdifficulttogetareoftenreplacedbyplastics.ᦻᙠ¬,9᧕®¯ḄᜩᯠᩞᧇᛛᧇOvertheyears,toolsandtechnologythemselvesasasourceoffundamentalinnovationhavelargelybeenignoredbyhistoriansandphilosophersofscience.ᦻᐹFᢈµj¶·<᪷jឋ¹ºḄ»¼9½ᩭᙠ¾ᜧ%&3ᔊÁÂÃFÄÂḄÅÆÃÇÈProblemsshouldberesolvedingoodtime.ᦻÉ⚪ËÌÍpLÎÏTheApolloXUcrewreportedthattheirspaceshipwasbeingfollowedbytwoUFOs.ᦻ:ÑÒÓᓝÕÖḄ×ØᕒÚÛÜÝ,ßàḄ×áâ¨ᑮåæâ;ᱥḄèé(ᵨ“¨ᑮ”)Forseparatingironfromtheimpuritiestheironoremustbemelted.ᦻ 56Itcannotbedeniedthat...KᔲúIthasbeenillustratedthat…2Ýû2üûü,⊤Ithasbeenprovedthat...ýItisusuallyconsideredthat...2þÿ Itisassumedthat…ᎷItisbelievedthat...ᜧItisallegedthat…Itisdemonstratedthat…ᦻ⊤Itisestimatedthat…Itisexpectedthat… Itisfoundthat... Itisgenerallyagreed/recognizedthat... /"Itishoped/stilltobehopedthat...ᡃ /$ Itismentionedthat...%Itisnoticed/notedthat...&'ᑮ/)☢ᢣ,Itisproposedthat...ᨵ./ᢣtilItisrecommendedthat…ᨵ0Itisregardedthat…Itisreportedthat...2⍝Itissaidthat...%Itisstressedthat…45%Itissupposedthat…06ᎷItisthoughtthat…ᨵItisuniversallyacceptedthat...78Itiswellknownthat…9ᡠᕜ 57ᨵÃᮣᜐᳮᡂ±ᑡᑖE¸É£J〉ᔠḄ▲ᑴឋCDEd▲ᑴឋCDEḄGHTheywouldhavehadtolivetherestoftheirlivesunderthestigmathathehadrecklesslyprecipitatedanactionwhichwreckedtheSummitConferenceandconceivablycouldhavelaunchedanuclearwar.HᦻËA̤ͤÎḼrÉÐÑtÒᐸÔÕ¸¹ÐÑLËÖ'ᑈᯠyz⚗O©¸⚗O©ẚÜÝÞᾯàᨈ±âAZãäYMÌå ræ᪶ᡊéḄ▲ᑴឋCDE»¼“¸¹ÐÑ”Itishewhoreceivedtheletterthatannouncedthedeathofhisuncle.HᦻLËêᑮÝëì%ËḄííîÝ▲ᑴឋCDE|{ḕᶍᐜOPItoldthestorytoJohn,whotoldittohisbrother.Hᦻᡃï¸ðñòóÝôõôõöòóᡃËḄ÷÷▲ᑴឋCDE|{ᜐᳮᡂ±ᑡᑖE»¼ᐜOP“ôõ”Christmascarolsarelovedbyallwhohearandsingiteveryyear.Hᦻᙛù⚚ûᜧü᰿þÿ ᖛ▲ᑴឋᜐᳮᡂᑡᑖᐜ “ ”"WorldWarIIwas,however,morecomplexthanWorldWarI,whichwasacollisionamongtheimperialistpowersoverthespoilsofmarkets,resourcesandterritories.#ᦻ%&'()*ᜧᡊ-./01ᑡ2345678ஹ:;⚞=Ḅ?@,B&C()*ᜧᡊᓾE&'(ᩖ▲ᑴឋG"Insuchanexperimenttheinsectscanbetaughttollytotheultra-violet,whichforusisjustdarkness.#ᦻ%ᙠI᪵ḄKLMNOPQSTᔣVXBVXYᡃᩭ\]-'ᱏ_ᨩ▲ᑴឋᐜ "3aᔠcaᔠcd-e▲ᑴឋf0aᔠᡂ'gTherearemanypeoplewhowanttoreadthebook.#ᦻ%hi jkIlmaᔠᡂ'g'n〉ᵨqThereber"Homeworkersarepeoplewhohavemadedecisionsregardingtheircareersandlife-styles.#ᦻ%ᙠstuḄ -ᢥ᯿xyḄz{|}~IḄ3. Ḅ#cᢈMᨵ ᓄḄᔣIᐸMᒹ'ᵫ ᩭḄu examination,examing,I᪵Ḅ ldᨵ2Ḅ ᕡᦑᙠ#ḄY¡#ᡂ ¢£ᨵ'-¤¥ ¦§-ity,-ness,-ability᪀ᡂḄ #ḄY©ªᮣ}#ᡂ¬Ḅ ஹ®"ஹᑖஹᔠ¯¯WewerecaughtupinadiscussionaboutthesituationinAfghanistanwhentheprofessorwalkedintotheclassroom.#ᦻ%°ᦟᣴ³´ᦟµYᡃ¶ᙠᐶ¸¹¹ᙢ»¼½¾¿ÀÁItwouldbewisetohandlethisdelicateproblemwithcalmnessandpatience.#ᦻ%Â☟ὊÅᙢᜐᳮIÆÇᝯḄÉ⚪-ËÌḄEvenanelementaryknowledgeofstatisticsissufficienttoenablethejournalisttoavoidmisleadinghisreaders.#ᦻ%ᓽÎ]ÏÐ'ÑÒÓÔḄÕÖ×Ø,ÙÚªÎÛὅÝÞß⍝ᜫâ ã#ᡂ®ᔆ 584.¶1æ#æ1¶#¶1æ#æ1¶#⌕è#ὅé'êcëìᵨíḄ¬îï᪀´ ⊤ñḄòï᪀⊤ñ~¬æḄóô´ ¡ᣚíöò÷øùî⌕¦2úûᦔýᡈ⌕ÿ ᑗᙢ⊤ᦻḄᵨ☢⊤ᦻḼᵨ ☢⊤ᡈ ᦻḄ ☢⊤ᦋᵨ☢⊤!ᦻ"#ᵹThereismoreagreementonthekindsofbehaviorreferredtobythetermthanthereisonhowtointerpretorclassifythem.ᦻ&'()*+,-.ᡠᢣḄ1⊤2345678),9⊤:;<ᡈᑖ>ᑣᨵ1ḄABCmoreAthanBDEFG)BḄᔲIJKᡃ(MNOBPᑖᵨᔲIB theterm᪷RFSᦻT“*+,-.”WAndthecyclecontinues.ᦻ&KXYZ[\C WItcannotbetoomuchemphasizedthatlisteningisthemostimportantinlearningEnglish.ᦻ&]^ᱯ`abc+ᙠefghiGᨬk⌕Ḅm⚪C W>oḄp᪀rᨵ&cannot...enoughscannot...morescannot...sufficientscannotsufficientlyscannot...overchargedCNtᐸvᵫover-᪀ᡂḄyᔠ.W,9p᪀MNT“{|}…ᑖ”Thetargetiswrong,forinattackingthetests,criticsdivertattentionfromthefaultthatlieswithill-informedorincompetentusers.ᦻ&O᪗ᓄT᪗G┯ḄJTᙠ,>ᢇὅὃ⇋ᐸᩭ'();ᡈ!ᵨ^Cdivertattentionfromᡂ“ὃ⇋: WThemethodofscientificinvestigationisnothingbuttheexpressionofthenecessarymodeofworkingofthehumanmind;itissimplythemodebywhichallphenomenaarereasonedaboutandgivenpreciseandexactexplanation.ᦻ&gẆḄBG'>Ḅ⌕⊤¡G)6ᑗ¢£¤¥¦§¨ 8©ª;<Ḅ⊤Cnothingbutᡂ“«" WTheUnitedNationshasnot,sofar,justifiedthehopeswhichthepeopleoftheworldsetonit.ᦻ&®T[ὶᔠ°±²³´'µ¶¨Ḅ·¸C WIthusappearedtothemtobequitefamiliarwiththissortofsituation,anditconfirmedthemintheirbeliefthatIwasathoroughlydisreputablecharacter.ᦻ&,᪵6ᩭᙠv(º»ᡃ¡¼G½¾¿៉,6ᝅḄ!v(" ÃᡃG6-ᙢᙢ⍝⍝ḄÅÆC WTocriticizeitforsuchfailureisroughlycomparabletocriticizingathermometerfornotmeasuringwindvelocity.ᦻ&ᢇ*+ FÈÉÊËᢇÌÍÎÏÐÑÒ6᪵suchfailureG☢⊤ÓGÔFSᦻAGᢣAnintelligencetestdoesnotmeasurecharacter,socialadjustments...,ᡠNᡂ“ FÈÉÊGalileo,sgreatestglorywasthatin1609hewasthefirstpersontoturnthenewlyinventedtelescopeontheheavenstoprovethattheplanetsrevolvearoundthesunratherthanaroundtheEarth.ᦻ&ÖᑭᶍḄᨬᐝÚḄÛÜᙠÝvᙠ1609Þß6-OàáâḄ¸ãä)ᜩæNçèD¤éGêëì□îï8GêëᙢᳫîïCratherthanG☢⊤ÓGñᔲI2]òᡂ“8G”WᨵS.fó¾ᵨ ஹ B& 59.&fail,miss,lack,liveupto,ignore,refuse,withhold,neglect,refrain,deny,overlook,excludeõ.&absence,failure,refusal,ignorance,neglect,exclusionö÷.&few,little,freefrom,farfrom,shortof,safefrom,thin,worthyof,ignorant...ø.&little,less,otherwise,too...to...,vainlyù.&more...than,unless,before,until,ratherthan,orú.&without,about,except,beyond,insteadof,inplaceof,outof5.hûᵨBḄẆüᐭgὃió¾69hûᵨBþÿ ὃ⍝ᡈᦻḄᳮ ᐰ┯ Ḅᳮᡠᱫ"ᑮ$%ᵨ'() Ḅ*ᑖὃ,,ᜫᑖ./ᡃ1ᨵ3⌕56789:ᙠὃẆ⚪>?@Ḅ$%ᵨ'() @AὃẆ⚪>9:?@Ḅ$%ᵨ'BCEF(1)moreAthanB,lessBthanA,notsomuchBas/butAGHIJᵨ'IKLMᳮ“OᐸQRB,SQRA"T8) Ḅ:UGV“W…Y”FTherearemorecarsontheroadsinsummerthaninwinter.[ᜩ]^_Ḅ`WaᜩbRTcdVe〉ᔠᡠᨵḄhᔠᙠijkET8lm>AஹB⊤pḄRJqrḄWstuR⊤pᙠWsḄvẠ_Ḅ7q⌱yᐵ{|}~“OᐸQ…SQFTeachingcanbemorelikeguidingandassistingthanforcinginformationintoasupposedlyemptyhead.~ᦻFᦟOᐸQRᑮᎷ7ᱏḄᜮᾯ>SQRᐸ((lMᳮA“”ḄO“(”ḄWQᦟ⌱yḄR7qᦑ~“OᐸQ…SQ”G~ᦻOᦻḄ I)ItremainsourviewthatadefinitionwouldbemorelikelytointerferewiththantoassistthecompetentorgansoftheUnitedNationstotakequickandeffectiveactiontoensurethemaintenanceofpeace.~ᦻFᡃ1ᯠ7⚗VOᐸQRᨵSQRᨵὶᔠ¢ᔜc¤¥¦᪀¨©ª«tᨵᦔḄ®¯(°Itwasacuriousexchange,/essadebatethanaquarrelbetweentwoaggressivemen,eachofthemdeterminedtoimpresstheaudienceasmorepeacefulthantheother.~ᦻFTR7±ᝯḄ´µOᐸQR¶c·ᧅḄ¹º»Ḅ7h¼½SQR7-±ᔻᘂÁÂLÃÄÅÆÇÈÉÊËÌWÂY᰿(°However,thisisnotsomuchaweaknessinhisworkasitistheinevitableresultofscholars'neglectofthisperiod.~ᦻFᯠtTOᐸQRÎÏÐ>ḄÑÒ᎔QRὅ1ÕᶍTc×ØḄẆÙt⌼ᡂḄ3ᯠÜÝ(2)nomore...than,notanymorethan⊤prWGHR“(…7᪵L""W…Y"nomore…àanOnotanymoreáâᓫᙢåæmore...thanḄᔲèéT7ÜÝMáRêᨵ7Ḅj⁐ìḄᔲèéíMáR7qsᱯïḄrWèéð7qjkF⊤pJrᔲWsM~“W…Y”ᡈ“L…J᪵”Theheartisnomoreintelligentthanthestomach,fortheyarebothcontrolledbythebrain.~ᦻFñò(ó7᪵ôõÄMö÷1LRᵫᜧᾯúᑴḄThefoodontheshipwasnobetterthanonanyothershiponwhichBillyhadsailed.~ᦻFTᩩ_Ḅ(þ|Ḅ)ÿ ᑭḄᐸḄ ᪵ 60⊤ὅḄ ᐵ !"#“%…(…)(”Thereisnoreasontheyshouldlimithowmuchvitaminyoutake,anymorethantheycanlimithowmuchwateryoudrink."ᦻ,-ᨵᳮᵫ▲ᑴ34ᵨ6789:%;,(<▲ᑴ3=67>᪵0(@ABC▭EFGHᑖJK ḄᵨL)Noonecanholdbackthetideofrevolutionanymorethanamanwithabroomcanholdafloodthathasburstthedam."ᦻNOPQRLSᢱ☩VWX%YP( 61(8)Cannot...too“…ᑖ”“…”ᢈḄ“ᑭ” ᑖYoucannotbetoocarefulinthismatter.ᦻ ᙠ!"#$%ᑖWecannotestimatethevalueofmodernsciencetoomuch.ᦻ &'()*Ḅ+,-.ᑖ(9)muchless,stilllessᵨ0ᔲ23⊤56789Ḅᔲ2:;<“=ᵨ>ஹ=⌕>ABḄ>CDᨵtosaynothingof,nottospeakof,nottomention,letalone,FGḄ:;H“=ᵨ>”IHJ23Kᔲ23LMNᵨHeknowslittleofmathematics,andstilllessofchemistry.ᦻ OPQRᦪ*=ᵨ>ᓄ*UInoldChina,therewashardlyanymachine-buildingindustry,tosaynothingofanelectronicindustry.ᦻ ᙠVWPQXᨵYᘤᑴ⌼]=ᵨ>ᵯ_`]USomepeopleneverreadanewspaper,/eraloneabook.ᦻ ᨵabcdefg=ᵨ>hiUHeisthemostintelligent,nottomentionhandsome,peopleIknow.ᦻ OHᡃk⍝ḄᨬnoḄbp6qrODstu(10)thelast+vw+2yᡈthelast+vw+2{c3,:;H“…ᨬM}Ḅ,ᨬ~:Ḅ”YouarethelastpersonIwanttosee.ᦻ #Hᡃᨬ~:ḄbHewouldbethelastpersontogoalongwiththeproposal.ᦻ OHᨬM}:⚗ḄbBreachofpromiseisthelastthingthatheislikelytocommit.ᦻ Ḅ!OHḄ/O0Ḅ!(11)onlylo+w“ᓾ…”⊤5Q:ᧇḄ67Theydon'thavetopayforexpensiveseatsatthetheatre,thecinemaortheopera,onlytodiscover,perhaps,thattheshowisdisappointing.ᦻ OGᒓ▾ஹᵯ▾ᡈᒓ▾+Ḅἠᓾ¡'ᡠ£⁚¥¦bᜫ¨Iwenttopayavisittomyteacheronlytofindthatthedoorwaslocked.ᦻ ᡃ©ªὁ¬ᓾ¡'ᜧ®¯┝"U(12)no...but“Xᨵ…”“±²…L”Thereisnomanbuthasfaults.ᦻ XᨵbXᨵ┯´/bḆᨵ┯´bulᙠH6ᔲ2ᐵ·(w¸(¹º☢Ḅvw¼½c3qrᐹᨵᔲ2:MᳮÀ 62Thefoodsupplywillnotincreasenearlyenoughtomatchthis,whichmeansthatweareheadingintoacrisisinthematterofproducingandmarketingfood.ᦻ æçèääé"bêḄëì:ᕡḼᡃGᙠæçÝîKï├ñò☢◍ᐭᓻY15nolessthanö÷HøᙠHùnoless…IhanI…qrItisnolessthanblackmailtoasksuchapriceforamerevase.ᦻ úú6ûü⌕ý+ö÷HÿTherewerenolessthanonethousandpeopleatthemeeting.ᦻᑮḄ1000Therewerenotlessthanonethousandpeopleatthemeeting.ljḄᨵ1000""Chinainsistsalwaysontheneedforself-reliance,nolessineconomicpoliciesthaninmakingrevolution.ᦻ ᢝ!"#$ᙠ&'☩)*☢,ᙠ-./0*☢1345noless...than6789:ᑡḄᡂᑖḄ>?ᙠ@☢A3BCDḄEᑖ⌕Gᙠ“,”JK16anythingbut᪷MNallbutOPQRSNbutfor>butthat+TU"⌕VAloneinadesertedhouse,hewassobusywithhisresearchworkthathefeltanythingbutlonely.ᦻWᯠYᓫR[ᙠ\ᡠ^_Ḅ`ab$VYcᜮefẆhᡠiRSjkᨵlᑮmanythingbut5nVnotatall,butpqr5sexceptThemethodofscientificinvestigationisnothingbuttheexpressionofthenecessarymodeofworkingofthehumanmind;itissimplythemodebywhichallphenomenaarereasonedaboutandgivenpreciseandexactexplanation.ᦻtuẆhḄ*vwVxnyz{Ḅ|⌕⊤~*vjVRᑗ&'n:ḄḄ⊤~*vItwasallbutimpossibletoclimbbackintotheboat.ᦻ⌕ᑮOPallbutnearly,almostButfortherainwewouldhavehadaniceholiday.ᦻ⌕VAsᡃḄᎷRw5Butthatyouhadseenmeinthewater,Iwouldhavedrowned.ᦻ⌕V¡¢ᡃᣵᙠ¤bᡃ¥¦§6.ᔲḄª«¬ḄᔲᨵᐸᱯᨵḄ°vᙠª⌕ᱯ±>²D⊤~Ḅ5nVᐰEᔲஹEᑖᔲஹµV¶>ᔲi·ᨵkᨵᔲ¸¹Ḅ1ᔲ¸¹TheobjectdidnotmovebecauseIpushedonit.TheobjectmovednotbecauseIpushedonit.8UºḄ5n»V¼ᱥ¾Ḅ¹{VAsᡃḄ¿{ᡠÀÁRUbᨵᔲ¸¹Wedidnotbuildinstitutesoftechnologytoeducateourboysforexport.ᦻᡃᡂ!ᳮeu▾VsÄÅuÆKÇ2Eᑖᔲᐹᨵᐰ¾5ÉḄrall,every,both,alwaysÊᵨᔲÌ᪀C⊤Îᐰ¾ᔲ⊤ÎᐸREᑖDᔲp“Rᑗ»…”Ðᡂ“:ÑRᑗ…»V” 63Allisnotgoldthatglitters.ÒᐝḄÔÕ:RVÖa×Idonotlikebothofthebooks.\8MØᡃ:»ÙÚ7.UaÌ᪀ÛDᑖÜÌ᪀Ḅ«¬ÝᡈßḄUaààÇÌ᪀ᑖÜ,ᙠªC45⌕âᢝ9UaÌ᪀ÛDᑖÜḄÌ᪀ḄR¾ឋ1vᑖÜåtoḄvæàVçèḄ$ᏔêjᨵëìríᐭᐸḄïð\Dñsᑖòv\óëtoÛK☢Ḅ{rçèḄp«Vsôõö\RíᐭḄìrGᙠUᐸ÷øùúÆḄûÉ☢8U5nü©Hefailedentirelytocomprehendit.ঝHefailedtoentirelycomprehendit.ᙠজUentirelyÿ ⛲failed, ⛲tocomprehend,ᙠঝᑣ⛲comprehendḄᑖᨵᱯᵨḄᙠ ᔠ ᪀!ᙠᑖ"#TheexistenceofthegiantcloudswasvirtuallyrequiredfortheBigBang,firstputforwardinthe1920s,tomaintainitsreignasthedominantexplanationofthecosmos.1998$%72⚪()*+Ḅtomaintainitsreign,-☢ḄfortheBigBand/0Ḅ123᪀ᡂḄ ᔠ ᪀for...todo...,5ᐭ7firstputforwardinthe1920s829U:;ᑖ<ᩭ1>?Ḅ@⌕()ឮ 23Ḅ/0ឋ1ᓽ“GHIᜧᰦLMNOᢝᐸRSᙢU”2ᔲXUYZ[\ᓽHᐸ2ᓫX/^/᪵1aᔲXᣚᙢc1)dᨵef1gজIwasn,tanxioustogo.GᡃjᱯfklIঝIwasanxiousnottogo.GᡃmklIঞIwasn'tsorrytobreakthecup.Gᡃoᡭqr+sᑮ⍡vI©Iwassorrynottobreakthecup.Gᡃm⍡vwᨵᡭqxyr+I ᑖᑏAᑖ⚪Ḅᱯ2005$Ẇ{|ᐭ}ὃ7ὃḄᓄ/ᙠᑏᑖᵨᦻᑏ1ᐸḄᙠὃὃ|/ឋᵨᦻᑏஹᵨ7☢7⊤▭▭◤⌕Ḅ7ᵨᦻᢣᙠ,|ᵨḄᦻ01ᐸ¡¢᪵1ᒹ¤¥¦ஹᜓ¨©ஹ᤺⌕ஹ«¬ஹ®¯ᑏ°ᵨᦻ1ὃ|ᐵ²⌕³´ᐸµ¶7· ᪀¸ᐹ07º1ᓽ»⌕¼N½/¡ᵨᦻḄ¾¸¿À᪾ÂGᐜᑏÄÅ1ÆᑏÄÅI1Ç⌕N0ᙢᵨាÉḄ7ºGᒹ¤ᐹ0ḄXÊ,¡IËÌ@ὃ|oᵨᦻḄᑏÍᐵ(1Îᵫᐸ¡ᓄ¢᪵,ὃ|ᙠ Ò▤Ô◤ᐰ☢Ö៉ØᵨᦻḄ¿À¾1j¢ÙÒ1ÚᵨᦻᑏᡭÛᱞÝḄ¿Ạ⌕ᑏ°ᵨᦻ1()gG1Iᑮ⚪Ḅßᦪ⌕á1Ẇ{|ᐭ}ὃᵨᦻ/ßᦪ⌕áÚ100ßâã1·äåæᡈåèéê2ᑁìíᙠ⌚ï⌕áḄᡠᨵ¥ñòḄZ@⌕()7Ḅóô1ᑏ@ ᑭᵨö÷7Ḅᐵ²X1øùᐰ᯿ᢌ᯿üý⚪ö÷G3ᑏ¾⌕þ ᪷ᑁ ⌱Ḅᑏ4▭ᑣ᪷ᵨᦻᑏḄ ▭ Ḅ⌱ᔠ〉Ḅ! "# 64%ஹ'()ᑏ*+,'-Ẇ/0ᵨᦻᑏὃ2Ḅ3I.4ᦻḄ5ᜓ7᪀ὃẆᵨᦻ◤⌕,';<=> ?◤⌕@A'B4ᦻḄ7᪀'B4ᦻ7᪀⌕C 5EᒹGHIJKL☢NজPQ4ᦻR%<⚔ᑏPQᓽᑏ'Uᦈ'UḄPW XYZ[ᑏ'U ᦈ'U\]Ḅᐵ_`a'(bPQḄ%cd-DearMr./Mrs./Ms./Miss+ᦈ'UḄefgh⍝ᦈ'UejklPQDearSir/Madam/Sirs/Mesdames,ᡈTowhomitmayconcernᑏnᐵ_oᑗḄUk ᵨDearᡈMydearqrPQᡈLjstNMydearmother,DearMaryvwlH᪷⚪ 'y ᵨᜮ⊖ஹ|}ஹ|Pஹ~}vqefᡈef jstNDearProf.Zhang,DearDr.JohnSmith,,Ḅᜮ⊖(᯿)INᦟᣴProfessor;Doctor(Dr.,Ph,D.);~MedicalDoctor(M.D.);*ᡈ᪥President;ᡈℏChairman;ᡈℏViceChairman;*ᡈ᪥VicePresident;✌PrimeMinister;*ᳮPremier,ḕᡈGovernor;Mayor;ᕒSenator;ᜧAmbassador;,SecretaryGeneral;▾Director,Dean;▾ViceDirector;_Dean,Head,Chair;✂ChiefLibrarian,Curator<.ঝ4ᦻ4ᦻ-%£,'bᨬ⌕Ḅ¥ᑖ w-,'ᑏὃ2Ḅ3X ᑏ§ᦻ¨©,⌕ᑖ«¬;<4ᦻlᵫ%ᡈ®K¯°±ᡂ ?ᐸᑁᒹG´K¥ᑖNµ¶ஹ·¸ 7¹¥ᑖµ¶¥ᑖº»ᑏ' Ḅ(N¼|ஹᵭ¾~᪥ ¿Àv) ᑏ'ÁÂ(NÃÄᑏ'ḄÅBᡈÅKÆÇ)ஹ·¸¥ᑖ▰+ᐵ⌕3 É¥ᑖg[%ÊᦻËḄ̯° ᑁÍÎஹᐹÌ7¹¥ᑖlÐ⌕ᵭb]¥ᑖḄ⌕3ᡈÑÒஹᦦÃᦈ'UÔÕÖ'vὃ0@Aᙠᑏ⚪ ⌕¼bØØÙÚÛ®ᑁ⌕3 ÜÝὃ0ᢥ᯿⌕¼⌲¯⊤áÉâ⌕3 ᦻs⌕¼Ð»ãäஹåæ⌕¼ᩩᳮèᨎ klHêë%3ᐙᡂ%¯4ᦻîPQI%<ïð ᐸᨵò; óᜮôõöᵨò;Ḅ4ᦻë¯R%<Ø÷ò;øJùKsú Rû<üîý☢⚔ᑏüöᵨóᜮ ᑣë%<þîý☢⚔ᑏüঞ Ḅᦻᑏᨵ⊤Ḅ ᑏᦈḄᝅ ◤⌕᪷"ᑏ#ᦈ$%Ḅᐵ'()ᨬ+,Ḅᨵ-YourssincerelyᡈSincerelyyours(〉ᵨ2ᔜᐵ')567Ḅ ᨵ-(Very)Respectfullyyours,Yours(very)respectfully,ᵨ2ᙢ9:Ḅᡈ;<=(Very)Trulyyours,Yours(very)truly,ᵨ2>ᜧ@៉(BC%D◤⌕EḄ=(Very)Faithfullyyours,Yours(very)faFfully,ᵨ2GᐵḄ7HIJ7Ḅ ᨵ-Affectionatelyyours,Yoursaffectionately,Lovinglyyours,ᵨ2ᨬKLḄM$%=Yourslovingly,Yourslovingfatherᵨ2KLḄN$%=Lovingly,Devotedly,Yourown,Allmyloveᵨ2OஹQR$% SᓰUV2ᦻWUXYḄZ%ᡈ[\Ḅᙢ]^_ᑏ`abḄ✌de⌕ᜧᑏfᵨ⌹hটjkᙠ mWUXYZ%[\Ḅᙢ]^_ᑏὃᔁZ>⌕pqrsḄtuvkwᵨLiMingxy2.z{|ᵨᦻḄᑏ}Z~⌕ᨵ7#J7Ḅzᡈὅ{☢z#Uzὃ᪷"{|ஹᦈ⌱ᔠ〉ḄzM%Ḅ{⌕ᵨJ7z(ᑏḄ᪵ḄH7ḄஹḄᨵ|Ḅ{ 65¡ᵨ7#J7z⊤¢-⍸¤¥¦§¨Ḅ{56©ªஹ«¬=(⍸¤¥¦®¨¯Ḅ{ᑣ±²¤³mᑡµ{-DearZhaoXiang,MybrotherandIaregoingtohaveasmalldancingpartytocelebratetheNewYearathome.Wearegoingtoinvitesomeoldfriendsandhopeyoucancome.ThetimeisnextSaturday,February7,atseveno'clockintheevening.Iknowyouhavebeenverybusyrecently,butIdohopeyoucanmanageit.Wearelookingforwardtoyourcomingwithgreatpleasure.Yoursaffectionately,LiMingDearProfessorZhang:IampleasedtoinformyouthatBeijingQQTechnologyCompanyisorganizingathreedayseminarentitled“CruisingtheInternetSecurely^^inSeptember2005inBeijing,aspartofitscontinuouseffortstoprovideaplatformforexpertstomeetandexchangeexpertise.Youarecordiallyinvitedtoparticipateinthisimportantacademiceventofthecityasourguest.Yourroundtripairticket,accommodationandmealexpenseswillbesubsidized.Shouldyoubeinterested,pleaseletusknowatyourearliestconvenience.Lookforwardtoseeingyouinthisconference,andtohavingyouasanimportantpartofthisevent.Sincerely,LiMingManagerQQTechnologyCo.LtdEncl.SeminarAnnouncement,Timetable,MemberListX¶·³p7z¸J7z{¹ᯠᙠ»¼½¾ᨵ¿ÀÁÂÃᙠÄ7ᨵÅÆḄ7zḄ{>ÇᙠÈᦻz5J7Ḅ⌕²(Éᐸ⊤¢]7>᪵ËË56ÌÍᦻ¡ÎÏÐÎÑÒᐹz3.Ô⚪᪀×ØᶍÔ⚪᪀×ÚÛᭆÝÞ“àaá)aÌÍ”1᪷"ᑏ}ãá)ᦻäᵨ7åJ7Ḅᦻz=2᪷"⚪æZḄᐵçbá)~zᑁéḄêëìí=3᪷"î⚪ïá◤⌕⊤¢ḄðO| ᔠñ▭æḄá)⊤¢]7⌱ᵨᔠ〉ḄᝅÌÍ-⌕óô⌱ᵨrs@៉Ḅ⊤õ]74.ᑏ}÷ᩞùᜓØᶍHû¢ðOñüÍ,ḄýzþCÿ Ḅᜧᑖᡂ☢1⊤23.▰ὃẆ ⌕# ᑏḄ%ᵹஹᑮ)%Ḅ*Ḅ✌ᐜ◤⌕./Ḅ01⊤2ᙠ456789Ḅᨵ;ஹஹ>ᐶஹ@ABCD⌕ᶇFGHḄ⊤2IJitsmypleasureto...LᙠὃẆMᦻ5OP#⊤ḄាᐸᑖSᯠOUᦻVWXYᑏZὃẆMᦻ[◤⌕\F▰]ᑖᨵᡠ_ᜓὃẆaᵨᦻᙠc⚪⌱f☢ᨵᐸSgḄᱯij05klmaᵨᦻὃnᩭὃnᑁqFὃrs៉ḄruᨵḼᓟxyzḄὶ|ᡈὃr~7ruI05kḄஹ07k┐\4✂Ḅஹ08k\CDḄ⍝ᡈi⚪ᑗᐭiI06kᣎḄᵭஹ09k┐\▲ᛛ¡¢ᨵᑮᳮ¤ᦔLḄ¦§ὃr◤⌕_ᜓi⚪Ḅ¨ 66ᐵª«⊤¬ᜧMᦻc⚪_ᜓM®¯°±Yὃr ⌕ᶇ~7ruḄ¨ᐵª«⊤²ᡂᙠ~³5ᵨª«117ruḄ´µ¶ஹ7 Ḅ·¸¹º»ᑁq⌕i1.Ḅ·¸¹ºªᦻ4¼⌕ᑖ½ᜧ¹¾¿ FÀÁ ¾¿ Âᢣ¬ÄÅஹÆ¿ÇÈḄÉᩭ4ᐸᑁqJÊSᵫÌ◤⌕ᒹÎÏÐ]ᑖᓽ~ÒஹÓÔஹ0ᦻஹÕÖÀÁ ¹º×᪵aᵨÚÛ7ÜÝÞ02ᦻ8ᒹÎßஹஹàὺஹâஹãâஹᶇäFᝄäæᵭஹᢗèஹéãêëB§¹Ḅᐳ®ᱯiÂ1.ᑁqî1 ïð*᪗ò2.óôឹᚆᯠ Oᜲøò3.«ùúᨎஹüýஹᨵþjÿ ὃᨵ◤ᵨᑮ☢Ḅ 2.ᔜḄᑁ#⌕%&'(⌕┐*+,-./0Ḅ12ᱯ%*4ᐸ6789:Ḅ;ὃ<=&᪷?2Ḅ+,@ᑮABCDᙠᜓὃ▤Hὃ<I៉ᔜḄᑏL M/ᵨNOPQRS(1)TU(LettersofApplyingforaJob)W/ᒹYDZ[ᑖ]a)^_[ᑖᑏ`ᑏaஹᐹ dTḄUeஹfgᵭijḄᩭl($11]mnopஹIq+,)sb)tu[ᑖvwxy:z{|UeᡠᐹᜓḄᩩ;ᒹᦟஹᔊஹs[ᑖᑁ#⌕ᐹ 7⌕ᡈὅᑡAᵨᨵC)[ᑖ⊤*UeḄ¡☢¢£iTM¥¦ஹ§¨☢©ªஹ«¬B®¯°Ḅὶ²³ ᡈᢣµ▬;·ᨵ¸ᐵḄº`ᦻ;sTUḄ_¼½ஹ¾ஹg ᐸ/ᵨᝅᨵ]ÁI_]Iamwritingtoapplyforthepostof...advertisedin...Inanswertoyouradvertisementin...forthepostof...,Iwouldliketoapplyfor...Ihavelearnedfrom...(sb)ofyouropening/vacancyfor...(job),andamthereforewritingtoapplyforthepost.tu]lamnowaseniorstudentin(Department)of(University),andlexpecttograduatein(date)withadegreein(discipline).Receivemy(degree)in(subject)from(nameofuniversity)in(date).Sincegraduation,Ihavebeenworkingwith(nameofcompany/organization)as(jobtitle)Iwasawardedtheprizeof(title)in(month/year)for(eg.goodperformanceinetc.)lamconfidentthatmyacademictraininghaspreparedmetohandlethejob.]Enclosedaretestimonialsfrommyuniversityteacherandmypresentemployer.Ifthesemeetyourrequirements,pleasegrantmeaninterview.Â]Directions:Youcomeacrossawantadvertisementin21STCenturyTalentReportforastoremanagerofaPandachainrestaurant.Writealettertoapplyforthejobbyprovidingthefollowinginformation:1)yourinterestintheposition,2)yourqualifications,3)yourhopeforaninterviewopportunity.DearSirorMadam:Youradvertisementin21stCenturyTalentReportappealedtomefortworeasons.Iseekthe 67opportunitytomanageanewlyopenedstoreandyourplantoopenupanewbranchofPandarestaurantscanrealizemywish.Iamalsointerestedinbuildingmycareerinthefoodindustrywhichisjustyourmainbusiness.Therefore,IhavedecidedtosubmitmyresumeinapplicationforthepositionofStoreManager.MyrelevantexperienceincludesbeingachefinaSichuanrestaurantforthreeyearsandanassistantstoremanagerofNewChinarestauranttillnowinBeijing.IlookforwardtodiscussingopportunitiesatPandawithyou.Iwillcallyounextweektomakesureyouhavereceivedmyresumeandtosetupamutuallyagreeabletimeforustospeak.Yourstruly,LiMing2ÃUÄLettersofResignation ḄÃUᐹᜓ&'⌕Å]aÆᳮὅា¨ḄÉÊËbÃUÌÍMᐸᳮÎÄ]ÏÆÐᵨᡈÑᏉÓஹÔÕᡈZqaÖ×BØ〉ᔠxyḄsÛËcÜÝÞßḄà*aᓫeᡠâã£&M«¬Ḅᔊ⊤äåæ*xyÃUçâ*³èᩭḄ7é⊤äêë⊤*aᓫeḄìíîïss◤⌕ðëḄñ]òóô☢õö7ö÷øa7⌕*ùḄÐúûஹὁýஹþᳮqᕒஹ☢ᵨᝅDearMr.SmithᳮWithregret,Iamwritingtoinformyouaboutmydecisiontoresignfrommycurrentposition.IherebyconfirminwritingmyresignationfromABCCompanybecauseoffamilyreasons. Ḅ IwouldliketoexpressmysinceregratitudeandthanksforallthesupportthatIhavereceivedoverthelastfewweeks,andfortheenjoyableexperienceofhavingworkedforyourcompany.Ihopeyouwillconsidermyrequest,andlapologizeforanyinconveniencesImighthavecaused.Iwishallofyouaprosperousfuture!2005"ắ$Ẇ&'ᐭ)ὃ+,ᦻ⚪/01⚪ᑖ᪆43ᶇ)ᝄ)7ᵭ9:/LettersofApplyingforAdmittanceandScholarshipᵭ9ὅ<=>ᵭ9:?@AB)CDEᝄ)7ḄFGHIᵭ9)᪥KLᑣ<=>N:ᐸ<ᔲᐹᨵS᪵ḄFGUVSW:◤⌕Z[\E⊤^ᑏ:LᡠᐹᨵḄabHcdLឋfagH)hi,ᡂkll:Ḅᑁn=opaᵭ9N)᪥/ᝄ)7ḄrUsbtuvwdxhy'ᐶ{Ḅ)|}~sci,sd\u\ḄẆ&seᩭhᑜv)᪥ᨵ⌕H▬“dLᔊஹ)CᡂkஹẆ&ᡂḄ᤺⌕lᯠᵭ9:◤⌕⊤^?@FGHᐸ>ᜲH¡¢tᵨ£excellent,remarkable,wonderful,great¤¥Ḅ¦n§ᔿᣟᵭ9Ḅ)᪥ᡈᜲὀHIᯠI¬ 68ᐸᵨᝅᨵIamastudentin...,expectingtograduatewithaBachelorJsdegreethissummer.Iaminterestedin...andplantoapplyforadmissionfor(time).lamwritinginthehopethatImayobtainanopportunitytofurthermystudyin...Ishouldbepleasedtoforwardmycredentials,suchasreferences,transcriptsandphotocopiesofIELTSscores.!Directions:SupposeyouareamajorinEnvironmentalEngineeringofBeijingUniversity.AftergraduationyoudecidetopursuestudyinthegraduateschoolinStateUniversityofNewYork.Writealetterofapplicationforadmission,whichshouldincludethefollowingpoints:1)makeanapplication2)provideyourpersonalinformationandacademicdocuments3)expressyourhopeforareplyToWhomItMayConcern:Iwouldliketoapplyforadmissiontothemaster*sprograminenvironmentalscienceatyourgraduateschool,beginninginfall2006.Asabachelorofscience,IwillgraduatefromBeijingUniversity,Beijing,Chinainthesummerof2005whereImajoredinEnvironmentalEngineering.Ihavecompletedalltherequiredundergraduatecourseswithsatisfactoryscores.OfficialcopiesofmytranscriptandofmyTOEFLandGREscoresarebeingsentseparatelyfromtheofficesconcerned.Threerecommendationlettersarealsobeingsentbymyprofessors.Idonothavethefundstofinancemyeducation;thereforeIwillbeapplyingforanapplicationfeewaiverandfullfinancialsupportfromtheuniversitytocovertuitionandlivingexpenses.Ilookforwardtoyourearlyreply.Pleasedonothesitatetocontactmeifmysupportingdocumentsarenotenoughforconsiderationofmyapplication.Youcancontactmebye-mailatLiMing@yahoo.com.Thankyouforyourkindassistanceinthismatter.Sincerely,LiMing(4)®¯:(LettersofInquiry)®¯:<9v±²◤⌕:³Ḅ:´[ᑖµᜧ·ᑖ¸·ᑖᡃº»¼½®¯¾Ḅ¿À·ᑖ<®¯ḄÁ⌕ᑁnHᒹÃÄd☢HÅÆÇvȾÆᯠHÉÊËÌ,ᙠᑁnḄÏÑ⌕H[ÒᵨᦪÔᑡÖᐹׯ⚪,first,second,thirdᡈ1ஹ2ஹ3ØÙ·ᑖ1ÚᙢÜÝvᵫ®¯ᨵ[\ßvàᩭáâHᡠÒã⌕äåஹÚឹᐸᵨᝅᨵçIAsastudentat...university,lampreparingfor...Youranswerstothequestionsbelowwouldhelpme...Asweareparticularlyinterestedin...,weshouldbegratefulifyouwouldkindly...¿ÀCouldyoupleasesendmetherelevantinformationandapplicationform?ØÙYouranswerwillcontributetomyproject.Iwouldappreciatereceivingyouranswerby...(time).!1 69Directions:YouarepreparingforanEnglishtestandareinneedofsomereferencebooks.Writealettertothesalesdepartmentofabookstoretoaskfor:1)detailedinformationaboutthebooksyouwant,2)methodsofpayment,3)timeandwayofdelivery.DearSir/Madam,AsastudentpreparingforTOEFLinthecomingMay,IamwritingtoaskifyouhaveApproachestoTOEFLwrittenbyProfessorWangSimingandpublishedbyUniversityCollegePressin2004.Ifyouhavethebookforsale,I'dliketomailorderitandpleaseletmeknowifIcanpayforitbymoneyorderorMasterCard.I'dappreciateitifyoucouldsendmethebookatyourearliestconveniencebyEMStothefollowingaddress:LiMingRoom239,StudentDormitoryNo.11WestCampus,BaoshanUniversityBaoshan,103008Thankyouforyourconsideration.Yourstruly,LiMing!2Directions:Youaredoingaresearchprojectonthefutureoftheprintingindustry.WritealettertotheindustrymarketanalystMr.Wangtoaskfor:1)thechallengestheindustryisfacing2)theroleoftechnologies3)thetrendintheindustryDearMr.Wang:AsastudentatBeijingCollegeofprinting,Iamcurrentlydoingaresearchprojectonthefutureoftheprintingindustry.IfeelthataninsideviewofthemarketsituationatthistimeisnecessaryformetohaveaconvincingconclusionsoIameagerforyoursuggestions.Wouldyoupleasespareafewminutesansweringafewquestionsaboutthemarketforprintingindustry?1.Ingeneral,whatchallengesistheprintingindustryfacingatthistime,andwhattypesofstrategiesarebeingusedtomeetthem?2.Whattypesoftechnologiesareimportanttothisindustryatpresentandwhattechnologiesdoyoufeelwillplayanimportantroleinthenearfuture?3.Doyouthinkthatthisindustrywillexperiencegrowthinthefuture,and,ifso,whattrendsdoyouexpecttoseeoccurring?Ifyouwouldkindlytakethetimetoanswerthesequestions,I'dventuretohopeyoucanreplyitbeforetheendofApril-thedeadlineofmyreport.Thankyouinadvanceforyourattentiontomyrequest.Sincerely,LiMing 70(5)ᢗé:ᢗᢗé: 71ᑏST⚪ᨵᡠ4ᔣᐵᡈὅᑏḄᐸ⌕Ḅ.GḄpSTd%Y¡ᑮ¢▭Ḅᡠ.⌕ᔠᳮஹ ஹ ᧕¥¦◀¨ª◤⌕opkl⌕Lᗐ⌕®¯°±4 ²l³Ḅᑁ ´µᒹ 1.G¶·Ḅ⚪¸2ᑖ᪆⌼ᡂ⚪Ḅ¼¸3.G½K.~ᵨᝅkᨵ.G⚪Itseemsthat...nothavedesiredeffects,nothaveobtainedthefullattention;benotsatisfactory/perfect;haveharmful/deadly/serious/negativeeffectsIam...deeply/really/seriously/terribly/greatlyconcerned/worried/sad/confusedabout...ᑖ᪆¼:Currently,...especially…¸Therefore,…¸Thisleadsto...;oneofthefactorsisItisunderstoodthatif...itwill.....GKInordertocombatthegrowingproblemof...,...shouldreduce/increase/ensure...;Ithinkitwouldbemorebeneficialifyoucould....;Ithinkitwouldbehelpfulto....2007Àஹ2009ÀắÂẆÄÅᐭÇὃÉÊᦻ⚪Ì⚪ᑖ᪆Í(7)⍝Ï⍝ÏᑏÐU¨Eᔣᦈ⊤^Ïpᡠᨵ⍝ÏÒ◤⌕opḄÓḄᳮÔ⌕ÌD4ÕÖi⌕×ឹஹkÙ⌕×ÚÛ4Üᦈᳮ¡ᑮᨬÞß⍝ÏḄᑁ ᒹ 1)⊤^Ïp()⍝ÏḄE¸2)ÓḄàᜐᡈá⊭¸3)ãF¼ßᡈ.G⊡ᦗḄK~ᵨᝅkᨵ⊤¡ÏpThere?snoexcusefor...Iforgotto....IamindeedverysorryforbutbelieveIhadnointentionto...Hereismydeepestapologyfor...Pleaseforgivemefor...Óá⊭ThefactisthatIhad.../UnfortunatelyI.../Ihadasmallaccident.../IhavesomeurgentbusinesstodealwithMybehavioryesterdaywasinexcusable,andImusttellyouhow...ãF¼ß.G⊡ᦗKIwantyoutoknowhowbadlyfeelabout...andtoassureyouthatitwillnothappenagain.Irealizethatparticular...isineplaceable,butIhopeyouwillusetheenclosedchecktopurchaseasimilarone.Ihopethissituationcanbemendedtoeveryone'ssatisfaction.Icanonlyhopeyouwillforgive...onmypart.1Directions:Youhavereceivedacomplaintletterfromyourcustomerforthemix-upoforder#:26429782.Writealettertohimto1)expressyourapology2)explainthereason3)providethesolutionandofferthecompensation.DearMr.Bicman:Iapologizeforthemix-upoforder#:26429782.Wehavejustimplementedanewpackagingsystemthatstillhasafewbugstobeworkedout,butwedidfixyourorderandsentitoutthismorning.Foryourtrouble,wehaveencloseda$25giftcertificatewhichcanbeusedatanyofourstores.OnceagainIwouldliketoapologizeforthemix-upinyourorderandanyinconveniences 72thismayhavecausedyou.Sincerely,LiMing22008ÀắÂẆÄÅᐭÇὃÉÊᦻ⚪Ì⚪ᑖ᪆Í8_`_`ḄḄ_æYḄçG_æ¨è⌕é¡êÌÚᯠ ⌕ìpᜲᜧ_`ᡠïðḄᑁ ñòñ᪵# e_`óZ´Eèᙠõá:öGøḄùúCCᐸᑁ ᒹ 1⊤¡_æ¨è2ûüEèḄýv3þÿ Ḅ Ḅ⊤Ḅᵨᝅᨵ⊤ Thankssomuchfor... Abundantthanksto...for...I'mwritingtoexpressmyheartfeltthanksfor...Onbehalfofmywholefamily,Iwishtoextendourheartfeltthanksforallthetroubleyouhadtakenin...Imustwritetothankyouforinvitingmeto...! ḄYouwillneverknowhowmuchweappreciatedyourkindandpracticalhelp.Your...meantmorethanIcanexpressinwords.Nothingcanbemorepreciousformethanyour...⊤:f#ḄIhopeIcanreturnthefavorsomeday...DocallonmeifIcaneverreturnthefavor.$%&'(ᱯ*+,-ὅ☢012☢03ᑏḄ%56$%Ḅᑁ89:+$;+<=$%>,-%Ḅ?ᔠᐸB⌕ᑁ8ᒹEF1$ 2G☢HḄIJKLMG☢0ḄNO>ᡠ,Ḅ-Q F2RMG STUஹS-QḄᐶXYZGḄ[\]ᢈ_`ᔠTUḄ◤⌕⊤b_cTUḄdefghijk⊡ᐙRMᡈopᙠ☢H&rᶍᡈtᨵuMḄv⚪F3xᵭG S-QḄᐶXBz{|}~Ḅᩞᧇ⊤bḄDirections:YouhavejustattendedaninterviewinApfelIncorporatedforthepositionofmarketinganalyst.WritealetterofappreciationtotheinterviewerMr.DavidWayne.Yourlettershouldincludethefollowingpoints:1expressyourappreciationfortheinterview2tellaboutyourjob-relatedskillsandexperienceDearMr.Wayne,ThankyouverymuchfortakingthetimefromyourbusyschedulelastFridaytointerviewmeforthemarketinganalystpositionatApfelIncorporated.Afterourmeeting,Iamconvincedthatyourcompanyisanexcellentplaceformycareer.Iamextremelyexcitedaboutthepositionandbelievethatmyskillsareagoodmatchforthecompany.Asyoumayremember,IcompletedaprojectthatissimilarinnaturetotheworkIwouldbedoingatyourcompany.IbelievethatIcouldmakeanimmediatecontributiontoApfelIncorporated.PleaseletmeknowifIcanprovideyouwithanyadditionalinformationaboutmybackgroundorgoals.MyemailaddressisLiMing@yahoo.com,andmyphonenumberis12345678.Ilookforwardtohearingfromyousoon.Yourssincerely, 73LiMingஹᐸᵨᦻF 74Jack,rmafraidthatIhavetogoat12:00todaytomeetanoverseasvisitor(fromBeijing).Couldyoupleaseringmetomakeanothertime?Manythanks.Ted5thNovember,1991.DearMr.Lin,lamwritingtotellyouhowgratefullamforallyoudidformeinBeijing.Ihopethatyouwillcontactmeifthereisanythingleandoforyou.Inparticular,IwouldbemostgladtosendyouortheDepartmentanybooksyouneed.Yourssincerely,(Signature)ProfessorT.R.Stevens()ᜓîïMemoᜓîïḄB⌕ðᵨ+cñᕒó%ô<=õ▲¼TUᡈª¯ᑁªḄ÷øùTUᡈª¯ ḄÐ<=û9ᑮᐸB⌕ý_ᒹE1.{|J½᤺⌕2.ᕒᕒḄᣩḄ⍝3.ᵯᡈ ☢Ḅᑁ ᜓ"#$%&ᵨ()*ᦻ,-./01᪷3ᑁ 4ᦈᦻ6ᦻᐵ89ᐹ,;<-=ᔣ@AB⍝C⌕DEF◤⌕&ᵨ)*ᦻ,Hᜓ"#ᑁ IJ$K-ᑣ01MNᑖPḄQ*-/0MᵨᦪSTUᜓ"#ḄV᪀Q*$%ᒹY1Z[K\ᑖ](1)᪗⚪]Memo`ab$c)d(2)eᜮ(Headings)]ᒹYTo,From,SubjecthDateijkTol☢mᦈnopஹriFroml☢mᜓ"#ᑏtὅḄop(vwtὅopx☢IᵨDr.,Miss,Mr.,MsyḄz{)Subjectl}ᜓ"#⌕ᑁ ḄᭆYឋ᪗⚪Datelᑏ(3))ᦻP]⚪Z☢cᑏ)ᦻ-Iᵨz{hVk(4)ᡭSᕒop✌S(ReferenceInitials)]ᑏᙠ)ᦻccḄᙢ(5)▬n(Enclosure)=]MemoTo:AllStaffFrom:RobertWhite,ManagingDirectorDate:Jan.102004Subject:EntertainmentsOrGiftsDuringSpringFestivalAtaroundthistimeofyearmanyinvitationsarereceivedfromcompaniesandclientstoSpringFestivaldinners.Giftsarealsosometimesreceived.lamsurethatsuchoffersonlyresultfromajobbeingwelldoneanditiscertainlypleasingtoknowthatthelevelofserviceprovidedbystaffisappreciated.Theacceptanceofanyoffers,entertainmentorgiftscan,however,leadtoeitherarealorperceivedconflictofinterest.Toensurethatthisdoesnotarises,allsuchoffersshouldbedeclinedandgiftsreturned.Ishouldappreciateyourunderstandingandcooperation. 75R.W. ᑖᑏBᑖ⚪ḄᱯᙠẆᐭὃd-ᑏtᔊᩭ}ὃḄ$Kᑏt⌕ὃὃ¡ᵨḄ¢ᔠ¤¥-ᐸdᒹYᵨ§¨©ªPḄ¤¥ஹḄ«⊤¤¥14®Ḅ¢ᔠ¡ᵨ¤¥⌕¯°ᑏt\ᑖḄ⚪-⌕±ὃI²ᐹᨵ´µ¶Ḅ·¸Ạ-9º»⌕¼½$¾ᑏtḄ¸¿ᢈ¤-]eÁḄᑖ᪆h¢ᔠ¤¥14ÃÄḄÅÆ¥ᦻᑏt}$Kᨬ¤,ÈὃÉ☢ÊËhᢈ¤ḄÌ⚗Î$ஹᑏtB\ᑖÏ⚪Ḅ¸¿ᢣÑÒÅὃᜧÔÕᑏtḄÖ×Î᪗᪷3ØᜧÔÙÚ<]ὃÛ᪷3⚪Î14ᑏtÔᡈÚ<ḄEஹÝ⊤ஹÝÞiᑏßᜧà200KkḄáᦻᐹ,⌕±ᭆYZ](1)ᑁ ᑗ⚪-ᒹãÔᡈÝÞḄᐰ\⌕heÁᡠæᑁ ᑗ⚪}ᢣᡠᑏḄáᦻᑗᔠ⚪w-ᓽ)ᳮé⚪ÎḄwÒêé⚪Îᡈëé⚪w-ᑏßᩭḄáᦻì(ᡠíF}î⚪ï-/⌕vwIñᣵÔᡈÝÞdḄ⌕heÁ-HÔdóßôõK⌕-ὃᓾ÷ᑏôK⌕-øᯠúᑁ @FIᑗ⚪ôûü-ý⚪}áᦻᑏtᡂÿḄᐵὃ⌕▅ᑏ⌕⚪⚪ᑏ ᡈ ஹ#⊤Ḅᑁ&()*⊤+⚪▲Ḅ-./01ᑮᑁ&ᑗ⚪(2)⊤+4/56⊤+47ᢣ4ᙢ⊤+/0:;7<=ᐸ?@A;B⌕⚞ᙠᑏEF-ὃG/HᨎJᵨាMḄNO⊤+/*Q⌕᪷S⚪⌕(T-. UVWUVS@Yᦻ[\ᑖ^ᔠ`ab/567ᢣOcdOcஹefdefgh⊖jkᯠnឋpὃGqrJᵨ5jsNᩭuv⊤+wxWdyxWghḄᐵz(3)ᵨsuvO{ᨵ}ᓄN N 7ᢣᙠ⍧s⌼O-GᔠNNᵨ✌ᐜᙠsNJᵨ⌱ᵨាMḄஹv⊤+ḄsUḄs(ᵨs☢)ᐸ\ᑏUḄOcᔠN ᨵᜧN┯O{¡};⌕¢ᵨ£ᓫOᡈ▰¦OG〉M¨©Ocª{Ḅ¡᪵ឋ;¬ᨵYOᨵ®O;¬ᨵ£ᓫOᨵᑡOஹ°ᔠO±±(4)ᦻ²Ḅ®³ᔠ⌕®³7ᢣYᦻḄ´ᦪᔠ⌕Ḅ´ᦪG7160¶200ws·¸¹ºᜧ »ᑏ¼ᑖḄ½ᑖ᪗᤺ÀÂÃ(1)2017ᑖᑁ&ᑗ⚪ᒹÅ⚪-ᡠᑡÇwÈ☢Ḅᑁ&Ã4⊤+ᐸᑁÉᦻ´56O{ᨵ}ᓄOcÊ᪀ᵨsuvᦻ²®³ᔠ⌕(2)1613ᑖᑁ&ᑗ⚪ᒹÅ⚪-ᡠᑡÇwÈ☢Ḅᑁ&4ᙢ⊤+ᐸᑁÉᦻ´ÌÍ56O{ᨵ}ᓄOcÊ᪀ᵨsÎᜧ┯ᦻ²®³ᔠ⌕(3)129ᑖᑁ&ᑗ⚪ÌÍᒹ<⚪-ᡠᑡÇwÈ☢Ḅᑁ&ÌÍ4ᙢ⊤+ᐸᑁÉOcÊ᪀ᵨsÎᜧ┯ᦻ²®³ᔠ⌕(4)85ᑖᑁ&ÌÍᑗ⚪ÌÍᒹ<⚪-ᡠᑡÇwÈ☢Ḅᑁ&NOÏᳮÑÒᨵ¡ḄOcÊ᪀ᵨs┯ᦻ²®³ÌÍᔠ⌕(5)4~1ᑖÌÍᢥ᯿⌕ᑏÒ¢ᨵÕᦪOcÏᳮÑ(6)0ᑖᦻ;ᑗ⚪NOÖ×ÎᳮÑ 76ÙஹᑏB¼ᑖᩞᧇḄ⌱Ü(-)⌱ÜᩞᧇḄᱯWßxᔊáâᔁᑏḄ⚪¡ä-ᙠåæçᳮஹAèᳮஹé᪥ᦟìஹA▭ᐵzîïஹðñÈ{ஹᏉóôÈ{±È☢ᨬö÷áḄø⚪¡dMùḄåæ¹úûWü⚪ᨵᐵ⌕ὃ»åæ¹ýåæḄþÿஹᦻᓄᨵᡠᐵὃᡂḄ⚪ᑁᩭ ᐸᩞᧇᱯ!ᨵ"1.#$ឋ"&ᙠ()Ḅ*+ᔜ-ὃ.ᨵ/0Ḅ1234ᨵ56&720039Ḅ:;<Ḅ=20029Ḅ>?@?▭ḄBCDEF(ᜐHᜐIJKLMᓄ.N>?OᐳQ12Ḅὃ⚪DRὃS/TᑖὃV៉6X•TᑖὃDZḄᑁ[\]R>Ḅ^5_⚪/`DRab2.ᦟdឋ"e⚪ᨵfghᵨḄ3jὃhklὃ7ᨵᐵOmᳮḄ20089“ᔠhḄq⌕ឋ”20079Ḅ“tuvNᡂxḄᐵy”20049Ḅ“z!{N|Ḅ}!”3.]Rឋ"]RᐵvḄஹᐺḄ*20099Ḅ⚪NḄ“”@“”20069Ḅ⚪NᏔ20059ᑣ[ὁO_⚪e20039Ḅ⚪34eᐭ᧕Ḅ>?&ḄK_⚪34¡Ḅᦟd_⚪20029Ḅ⚪N>ᦻᓄBC_⚪£¤ὃ¥¦§ᐵ]RឋḄ_⚪kὃk¨©▅«¬ᦻ®¯°±ᐵ²³ᙠ109Ḅὃ⚪>´ᑖµ•N¶☢KLḄᑖ᪆e¹20049Ḅz!{N}!20029Ḅ“?▭ᓄBC”20019Ḅ“º»¼½ᡈ᰿v¼½”6ᐸÀḄὃ⚪ᐵḄN]R>ÁᙠḄ/J_⚪ÂNôᑖµÄḄ⚪NᨵᐵÅ☢_⚪Ḅᑖ᪆Æ(Ä)hᦻḄ1É1ÉÊ 109Ḅhᦻ.ËeÃᦻeÃᦻḄᱯ!NÃÌÍᔠ/TᑖË[e⚪ḄÃÎ/TᑖËÌeᡈὅᜳÑᜳÌI-ᑏhḄÓ!ᙠ\ÔÃÎᡈÕᑏ@ÌeᨵÖᙢÍᔠ}ᩭᡂ/Ø⊖ÚᯠḄᦻÜÝ⊤ËÝ9ὃ⚪ᱯ!Ḅßͦà>vá⚪ᩞâ20099Ḅ“”@“”]Rãäåhᦻ20089ᔠhḄq⌕ឋOmᳮãäåhᦻ20079tuvNᡂxḄᐵyOmᳮãäåhᦻ20069Ꮤ]Rãäåhᦻ200599æO§çè᱄ê]Rëᳮãäåhᦻ20049z!{N|Ḅ}!Omᳮãäåhᦻ20039:;<Ḅ=D}ìíᦟdᡈ_⚪ãäåhᦻ20029>?@ḄᦻᓄBCᦻᓄ@BCãäåhᦻ20019îÓḄ¦OO.§çð᰿v]Rëᳮãäåhᦻ20009ᯠ¥⊝òẚôõ÷øãäåhᦻ´ஹᑏhBTᑖ⚪ù(ߟ)ãäåhᦻ2000ᑮ20099Iᓝ9àBTᑖᑏhὃḄ.Nãäåhᦻ⚪ὅḄý¨ᩭÃINËZþÿᙢὃὃḄᑏᳮஹ☢ᵫᐕ ὃᙠ Ḅ!ᑁ#$%&ஹᑖ᪆)*+,ὃ-.ᝅᵨὃ-123ḄᦻḄ56Ḅ789:;<9ᡈ᯿ᱏḄ@AB5ᨵḄ89Dᨵ⚪FGHឋᦻJ)KLMNOὃᳮ89ḄᑁPQR-ḄSTUV⚪ஹWXஹYZKᑏ3ᦻḄ[⌕]^⚪89_⚪`ḄᦻJ 77bcKᵨV⚪Ḅde“ᑏ⌕g”iiK┐klmWXḄn.ᑏ⌕gopqYZḄᑖr1.89AᦻḄV⚪stuvẆxᦻᢣzQ⚪F`{B`|}ᑖ᪆~⛲}Qeᙢᢕ⚪FḄ`|ὃ✌ᐜ⌕ᦻḄ⌕gKᔲᨵ᪗⚪?᪗⚪K?KᔲᨵG?ᦻJᦪKᯠQᦻḄ⚪F`ᳮ^⚪ὅ^⚪Ḅ⌕82002ὃ⚪⚪FLuCulture—NationalandInternational"✌ᐜ`|}L"ᦻᓄ",8ᱏ75K,•¡Ḽ`£¤¥¦§Ḅ¨©«Ḅ᯿ᱏtQ«¬®Ḅ¯P°ᡃ²³´UBḄ|¶KḄ·¸e)¹·¸ᩭ»k`£ᦻᓄḄ¼½e¾U~⛲}“¿£Ḅ£▭Ḅ")#tÁÂÃᑏ!LᦻᓄḄÄÅe)¹ÄÅÆMÈ©☢ḄÉÊ•©☢K`£ᦻᓄkËÌᦻᓄḄÍÎdÏt©☢KËÌk`£ᦻᓄḄMÐѽsÒὃ⌕Ó⚪F`ḄᦻJbcUᦻJbc⌕ÔᑮUஹÖஹ×Ø2001ὃ⚪K“᰿|KtÚÛᙠÜÝᨩḄᙢ©Ücß:áὃᑏᑮM᰿|ḄØâ°ã¶⌕ätå᰿|ã¶⌕ätå᰿|)*Kæ⚪çᡠ;æ⚪Ḅéê*KëᨵᢕìíY)tìḄYKî»ᯠK“᰿|”¾UᐸÖYஹ×Yð;UB¿⚪KGᙠ◤⌕Ḅᙢ©ó᰿|s[⌕ôõx89êL89KᦻḄö÷øẠúb⚪FÐᦻJGûM`|Ḅü¬89*GûM`|Ḅᾙ89ᦻḄ`|þÿ ᙠᱥḄஹ⊤ᡈḄᡈὃ ᙠᢕ ⚪!"#ᦻ%Ḅ&Ạ()*+,-.)/Ḅ0120093ὃ⚪)ᡃ56ᑮ89:;<=85Ḅ>?@ᙠ5ABCD8◞F20063ὃ⚪)ᡃ56ᑮ8*#GHḄIJ20023ὃ⚪)ᡃ5 6ᑮKL-8NOᦻᓄḄKL.2.RᦻḄSTᦻḄ⚪UVW/XᑮY⚗ᑏ⌕])ὃᙠST^⌕ᢕ _`⌕]aᯠRᦻḄᑏ⌕]6cdᓄef)gh▭(jkl5mn☢pqrஹᢣ#01ஹᑖ᪆vwஹὶyh▭ஹz/{|}~ᔊ3Ḅὃᑁᨵ▲)ὃᑁḄmᦪ@c)ᩭ"ὃ3mὃᓽjᨵXᩩ⌕])h▭(ᒹm◚ឋᩩ)ᡠ ὃ@⌕kl3ᦻᑏ20093Ḅὃ⚪⌕]p1)describethedrawingbriefly2)explainitsintendedmeaning3)giveyourcomments«ᵫ_`ᑏ⌕]cW)Rᦻ@ ¡Y¢RḄWᦻ£¢ᵨᩭqr¥¦§/ᐸ01(01ᵨᩭᭆ«ᓽ))£¢ᑖ᪆vw)ᨬ¯¢°⊤±²ᡈW/{|T³Ḅ´ᑖµ)£ஹY¢¶ᦻḄ·)¶ᓰ2/33.RᦻḄ¹º»¼ᦻḄ¹º¶½¾¿À)RdᓄÁ᪵)ᯠ¹ÃḄÄÅឋÆ◤ḄÈhᙠÉÊᡈËᑴ}͹º) Îᵨ½¾ᢥ1p3Ḅ´ᡈÐAÑᑏÒ¯)@ÓÔÕᔲᵨ8ᑖ×Ø᪀)}ÚR)ÛÜÝÁÞRßᨵ)〉áRᙠ»¼¹º⌕ᱯäå1æçឋ)æçឋ}~èæ×ஹ¹Ḅᵨ/ᩭ)é·⌕Ḅ¹1Ḅê᯿¶ὃ⌕å1ÓìḄᦻíᔲ!î⚪ïðæñ)´Ñᔲòñóᢝî⚪)õöᔲ÷¶8î⚪ø´Ñ)ÝÝ4.RᦻḄqᑏqᑏùúûüᱥ)ᐸḄÛýᑮᐹḄÿὃẆᦻḄᑏḄ 78⚪⚪ᑏᨬḄᱯ ᢝḄ!⁚#$ᑏ⌕ᢥ᯿(Ḅ)*+,-./12ஹ4256#7ᑏ89:;ஹ<=ஹ>?Waller,Texas,isasmalltownforallotherformsofcivilization.Thereisnomovietheater,nobowlingalley,andcertainlynomall.ThisplacedoesntevenhaveaWalMart.ResidentsofWallerhaveallheardthesayinguThereareonlytwothingsforkidstodoinWaller,andoneofthemisdrinking."Thismayseemhumorousatfirst,but,unfortunately,thereissometruthtoit.@AB(CDEḄFGHI@WallerJK:LḄMNOᦻPCQRL;MNSᩭ⏅⏀5WX⚪/$6Y⊤[ᦻY⊤ᦻAHI\]Ḅ^ᡈ`^ᦪbᩭcefghᡈe⚪ஹi=⌕9ὃ:jY⊤Ḅkᐵᦪb-.@ஹᑖ᪆opqrᔠt)*ḄupvAwᦪbஹ<=xyzᣚBᦻ|xyḄI}Y⊤ᦻ⌕9Ḅ~AjY⊤Ḅᓫ@AᢕY⊤ᡠcḄ⌕⚪BY⊤[ᦻᡠ⌕pḄi=⚪◚ᙠᦪbᡠὃ:Xᑮᑏ⌕ᢕ⌕ᑖ᪆Y⊤ᨬᨵ⊤ឋஹឋḄᦪ|ᡈᓄᜧḄᦪ|vḄᑏ¡¢A£¤¥¦jᦪb☢☢¨ᑮᓾ~ ᢣY⊤ᡠcḄC«~ ᑭᵨᦪb-.ᨵ8Ḅp®¯ḄY⊤°±ᨵজ⊤³v⊤´µ¶·ᱥḄk¹ᐵº#ঝ¼½v⊤´·ᱥḄᓄgh#ঞ¿Àvᵨᩭ⊤´`¶·ᱥḄᓄÁÂÃk¹ᐵº#টÅÀ⊤´ᔜ·ᱥᙠÇÈᡠᓰḄÊÃk¹ᐵº⊤³¼½ᦻḄË⚪Ìᐸΰ±ḄᦻkÏᜧ⌕⊤iᙠὃ:~᧕>?ஹᐰ☢ᙢÓÔY⊤Õ´ḄxyÖ°ᦻ\]×ᜧØᦪbÙ⚪ÚÛÛ⌕9ÜᵨᡠÝᦪbÞßᓫàᑡᦪbâᵨâiᙠ1ãY⊤\]×12äᦪᑣæᵨkḄ1Y⊤ᦻḄᑏèéজᑖ᪆Y⊤Ãêëឋᦻ|#ঝᑖ᪆ᦪ|ᡠcḄrCpì#ঞᑡ\í#টᑏᐵîY⊤[ᦻḄ@ïð¶ÁÂñᔣj@Ö¶Y⊤◤⌕jᔜᦪb2Ḅôõ⌕ᦪöஹ÷ᦪஹᑡ5ï[ᩭ@ᵨù±জAdepartmenthasthelowestsalesfigureinthethreedepartments,followedbytheBdepartmentandCdepartment.ঝThefigureofAisabouttwiceasmuchasthatofB.ঞTheincomefromsalesis10million,makingthecompanythehighestoneinsales.টTheA'sincomereaches20million,whichisinthemiddleofthelist.$¶ÁÂúᔣêëû⌕ᢣ~üᓫýþ2Ḅ@ÿ ⚪᪵Ḅ⊤ᵨ !"জTheriselastedfortwoweeksandthenbegantoleveloffinJune.ঝThetrend/increasesloweddowninMay.3ThetrendofincreasingworkinghoursbegantogainmomentuminJanuary.#$%&'(টPriceswentupby50%,butthenumberofsmokersmaintained.ঠItpickedupspeedattheendofthisyear.+ᵨ ,⊤-."increase,decrease,rise,fall,slowdown,leveloff,pickupspeed,maintain,drop,thetrendreverses,decline,gain/losemomentum,asteady/substantial#/0 79ឋḄ)increase,aminor/slight/dramaticdrop34567"8ᔣஹ;ᔣᙳᨵḄ>?5⊤@A⌕CDEFGᱥḄIᓄKLM⌕CD@EGᱥNOḄPQ,Iᓄ⊤RSᑖU+ᵨ!"জItaccountsfor30%ofthetotalpopulation.ঝThereare4memberswithmaster'sdegrees,makingupnearlyaquarteroftheworkforce.ঞDoctorsmakeup40%ofthestaffinthehospital.⊤R Y᳛Ḅ+ᵨ!"জThefigureofincomeincreasedbyabout200%ascomparedwithtenyearsago.ঝThenumberofstudentshasreached200,indicatingariseof4%,comparedtolastyear.Example"ThetwobarchartsindicatetheannualemissionsofCO2percapitaandpopulationsofsevencountries.IndustrializedcountriescertainlycontributemoretotheCO2levelsintheatmosphere,withtheUSatthetop—3.93tonspercapitaperyear.ItisfollowedbyJapanandtheUK,withemissionsof3.32tonsand2.15tonsrespectively.Thoughthesecountriesusuallydon'thavelargepopulations,theyconsumedisproportionatelylargequantitiesofnaturalresourcesandthereforearemoreblamedforglobalwanning.Developingcountries,ontheotherhand,usuallyhavelowerlevelsofemissions.China,forexample,hasthelargestpopulationinthelist.YetitsemissionofCO2percapitaisonly980kg,beingaboutaquarteroftheemissionleveloftheUS.AnothergoodexampleisKorea.Itspopulationisthesmallestinthelist,soisitspercapitaemissionofCO2ThechartsshownocorrelationbetweenemissionlevelsofCO2andthesizesofpopulation.[ᦻU]7_`abcᓄdfḄIᓄ,ghiUᐵkᐸm⊤noᦻḄ+ᵨ!"জThecurvesshow_inacertainyear.ঝItcanbeseenthat—(sth)fluctuatesquitesubstantiallyinthisyear.(3)Itjustincreasesslightly.টThepiechartsshowthechanges_insomeplacein1999ঠItcanbeseenfromthechartthattheproportionsofAandBaregoingdown,thoughthefallinglevelofthelatterisalothigher/lowerthanthatoftheformer.ডTheexpansionismorenoticeableduringthesecondhalfofthe8—yearperiod.@Itfallsfrom30%ofthestaffin1990to20%in1998andthenthetrendreverses,finishingat34%in2000.@AndAishigherthanBexceptfbrthemonthsJunetoSeptember._dropsdramaticallyfromabout_inJanuaryto_inJune.(9)Thefallingtrendlevelsofffrom—toߟ)—(sth)goesallthewayupto_andthenitbeginstodropto.(4)rsnt⚪oᦻrsnoᦻuᨵv>ᦻMᨵwvᦻmx⌕ὃzḄᑁ|}">?x⚪ᑖ᪆ᡈ."1995Ḅ⚪“”rsḄ⌕"(1)Presentsituation.(2)Necessityoftheproject.(3)Mysuggestion.m⌕ὃ>?“”ᑖ᪆$ḄD ὶkὃrFwᡈᐹḄ.rsḄ⌕rsnt⚪oᦻiὶkḄ⌕@¡ᑏo£Mgi]¤m⌕ὃᙠ¦§ᳮ⚪DḄ©Ạ᪷ 80¬rs⌱¯°ᩞrsr²³´Ḅ´µᜧDᙠ$v@·¸¹rsᡈᦋIᑁ|rsF»}4¼ᑖὃ½┐irs¿ᵨ4´ḄÀ᪀ᩭ$ᦻÃ"Nowadays,China'seconomyisfastdeveloping.People'slivingstandardhasimprovedalot.Insomeareas,however,therearestillmanypeoplelivingbelowthepovertyline.Theyhavedifficultiesfortheverybasicslikefoodandclothes,letalonegettinggoodeducation.Whatcanwedotohelptheselessdevelopedareasinourcountry?Ithinkwecandothefollowingthings.Firstofalbthegovernmentandoursocietymustpaymoreattentiontotheselessdevelopedareas.Thegovernmentshouldspendmoremoneyonthebasicconstructionprojectsintheseareasinsteadofspendingitonculturalandartisticprojectsincities.Itshouldalsoencouragesomeprivateenterprisesandcompaniestodonatetothesepoorareas.Secondly,transportationisveryimportantinlessdevelopedareas.Weshouldhelpthembuildmorerailwaysandmoreroadssothatthelocalpeoplecanbenefitfromtheconvenienttransportation.Itcanalsopromotetheircommunicationwithdevelopedareas.Finally,technologyisnecessaryindevelopingeconomyintheseareas.Poorfarmersshouldbetaughttechnologyandnewskillsandshouldhaveeasieraccesstomoneyinthebank,suchasgettingloanstostartbusinesses.Allinalbsolongaswecontinueoureffortstohelptheselessdevelopedareas,theseareaswillshakeoffpovertysoonerorlater.Ä"Directions"WriteanarticletoanEnglishnewspaperdiscussinglaid-offworkersandre-employmentinChina.Inyourarticleyoushould(I)describebrieflythepresentsituationofunemployment,(2)analyzethecausesofit,(3)giveadviceforre-employment.Youshouldwriteabout200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.ᦻ"Thereisanincreasingnumberofworkers,notonlythemiddle-agedbutalsotheyoungwhoarelaidofffromtheirjobs.Somelaid-offsthusbecomepoverty-strickenandcanhardlysupporttheirchildrentocontinuetheirstudies.Andthoseemployedarealsoworriedagreatdealthatsomedaytheymaylosetheirjobs.Thisphenomenonhascaughtgreatattentioninsociety.Inordertomaintainsocialstability,manyre-employmentservicecentersarebeingsetuptogivethelaid-offsahelpinghand.Theincreasingnumberoflaid-offworkersiscausedmainlybytheindustrialrestructuringandeconomicdevelopmentacrossthecountry.Inmarketeconomy,theenterpriseshavetoreduceworkforceortheredundant.Anotherreasonisthatsomeenterprisesclaimbankruptcyowingtotheirpoormanagementandbackwardproductstructure,whichmademillionsofworkersjobless.Laborersfromthecountrysidearealsocontributingtotheincreasingnumbersofthelaid-offs.Off-jobdoesnJtmeannojob.Thereareplentyofopportunitiesforthelaid-offworkerstobere-employed.TakeShanghaiforexamplethecityisdevelopingintoaninternationaleconomiccenter,shiftingitsoldlaborintensiveindustriesoutofthecityandreplacingthemwithnewenterprises.Butthereisafundamentalrequirementforthelaid-offsiftheywanttobeenrolledinthesenewposts.Theymusthavecertainskills.Tomanylaid-offworkers,theyhavetogetjobtrainingtomakethemselvesqualifiedandcompetitiveinthehumanresourcesmarket. 81ÆஹᑏoB¼ᑖḄx⌕ᑏoÇ.#F(x⚪Ḅᑏ.1.x⚪ḄᱯÉx⚪ᐰ´Ḅ᪶ÌmᵫÌ ▲Ï Ð¼ᑖÑᡂÌ >?ÓvḄx⚪#topic▲Ï Ôx⚪ᐹᓄm▲ÏÓvḄᑁ|Õ $ÇnÖ"Thefirstkeyfactortosuccessisdiligence,whatwhichsimplymeansnowasteoftime.x⚪▲Ï F▲Ï Ithinkyouwillmakethedecisionaccordingtothefollowingfactors.howx⚪▲Ï ὃ×ØÙÚHow?Why?Where?What?Ö⚪ᩭÔx⚪ᐹᓄ⌱Ï▲Ï x⚪Ḅ$×+Û ⚪"#1ØÜÝÞßàx⚪áᢣᑏoᑁ| $Çn"Therelationshipisnotgood.ã×ØÙÚwhatkindofrelationships,towhatextentÖ⚪äNᐹᓄᦋ}"Therelationshipbetweenfamilymembersisnotascloseasbefore.᪵x⚪▲ÏᐵkḄÕᦻÃå☢Ḅ$Çn——èéÜÛᙠᐵkḄ@êëᵨiUḄÇn$Ä"Clothesplayapartinourlife.ãìᨵ▲ÏᑏoḄᜧᑁ|ᡈÇn#⊟îḄïឋð/ᵨឋ(ñὅ@·⚜ô ᦻḄ$Çᔣ×ØÙÚ“how”᪵Ḅ⚪ᡃöäx⚪ᐹᓄᦋ}"Clothesplayacriticalpartintheconclusionswereachbyprovidingcluestowhopeopleare»÷ᦋåḄøÉᦻÃḄᑏoᑁ|——᪷¬îùᑨûü#2ØÜᐹýᐹḄx⚪þ´µå☢ìᨵ$ḄÿᙢHethoughthighlyofherandhelpedhertofindjobsofteachingatseveralinstitutions.ឋḄḄ▰〉ᔠ⚪2.⚪Ḅ 1 ✌!"#$%&'()*ᙠ ✌,-ὅᦻ0ᑁ2ஹ4᪀6ᨵ8(9ᙠ:;<#ᓝᑖ?@ᨵᦔḄBCFromthehealthpointofviewwearelivinginamarvelousage.Weareimmunizedfrombirthagainstmanyofthedangerousdiseases.Alargenumberofoncefatalillnessescannowbecuredbymoderndrugsandsurgery.Itisalmostcertainthatonedayremedieswillbefoundforthemoststubbornremainingdiseases.Theexpectationoflifehasincreasedenormously. ✌⚪DᨎᙢFGH Ḅ 823 ⚪ duF⚪!du4mᦻ-ὅᶇoḄᓺMs.Yang,aged50,worksasacleanerinanofficebuilding,andherannualincomeisabout20000yuan.ShehassignedupforanEnglishlanguagetrainingcourse,thecostofwhichismuchmorethanherannualincome.WhyEnglish?English-basedsuccessstorieshaveindicatedtotheChinesethatEnglishmeansopportunities,wealth,andprospects.Hᦻᐜzᩰ¡¢£¤Ḅ¥ᯠLrG¦⚪§¨©⌕«¬¢®£¤ G4FG¢®£¤Ḅ¯⌕ឋ4°F⚪±uḄᓺ ² gḄ³1. gḄpᵨ✌ᐜaḄ g⌕µ¶ b·ᨵ8⚪¸¹8 83Hemophiliaiscalledthebleeder,sdiseasebecausethsafflictedperson'sbloodisunableloclol.2PQஹSQTUVWHXYZḄTUᡈPQḄᐜ\]ᩞᧇᙠaᑏஹᑖ᪆cdeᓄḄᦻghiᵨTUJKᑏ)6PCDWkᑮmnopḄ)ᵨBeforeastepsi?nwasputup,therewereonehundredandtwentyaccidentsthereinayear.Afterastopsignwasputup,therewereonlyfortyaccidentsinayear.Havingthestopsigntheredecreasedthenumberofaccidentsimmediately.ᦻgᵨPQqḄoᩭp/r᪗tḄ)ᵨEFPQTU]ᩞᧇu᪀wᨎp/᪗tḄ)ᵨAyzo{|ᩖ~2{PὃDᢥ᯿SQTUJKa ᪵ὃDWaᑏᨵᡠ/MDᦻgu᪀wᨎThekitchenwasinamess.AlongtheleftwallwerethecounterandsinkcoveredwithdirtydishesandRarbage.Onihefarwallthewashingmachinegroanedunderaloadoffilthyclothes.RightnexttothedoorwhereIwasstanding,onmyright,Isawatableclutteredwitholdnewspapers,anoverturnedcatsupbottle.Atthefarendoftherightwalltherefrigeratorstoodwithdoorajar.ItwasthemessiestkitchenIhadeverseen.3'ᑖ᪆V 2Vᑖ᪆Vᙠ▊Nhiᵨᢥ'ᐵḄ56DWᑖ-'ஹ'ஹ'ᓫḄ'ᐵᵨᩭᑖ᪆ᓫḄ⚪ᦻg⌕Ḅᑖ᪆ᵨ'ஹ•'Ḅ2V ᪵DWᐰ2 ¢£¤¥ᙢᑖ᪆⚪TheBeijingsubwayistoadoptinternationalsigns.⚪G§TheChinesecharactersoriginallyusedforeast,west,southandnortharetobereplacedbythelettersA,B,CandD.ThesubwayoperatorexplainedthatthefourChinesecharactersindicatingdirectionsnolongermeettheneedsofpassengers,giventhediversityofsubwaystationsandincreasesinthenumberofentrancesandexits.'§Therefore,universalsignsusedworldwidewillbeadopted.§ᦻgᑖ᪆/ᓅ©ᙢªᵨ«▭ᓄ᪗Ḅ®''Ḅ¯°±Themainreasonwhyprofessorsshouldgivefrequentexams§isthatwhenIheydoandwhentheyprovidefeedbacktostudentsonhowwellthey'redoing,studentslearnmoreinthecourseandperformbetteronmajorexams®'1.Moreover,Ifstudentshadfrequentexamsinalltheircourses,theywouldhavetoschedulestudytimeeachweekandgraduallywoulddevelopahabitoffrequentstudy®'2.)ὅᵨ'Ḅ2Vᑖ᪆/ᦟᣴ´iµ¶·Ḅ®'4¸pVὃDWᵨ¹ºḄ¸»¼½Ḅ´ᔊᡈ¿ºḄᦑH)Á¸ᩭÂᐹÄᓄὃḄ)ᦻhᡃÆDWÇ;ÈᑗஹᐹᨵcdÊ£Ḅ¸»DWᨵᦔᙢÊᓄ⚪/Ìᙠὃ¶hÍÎᙢϸÐPᨵcdÑ0Ḅ¸»ÒÓÔஹᑖÕItisverydifficulttoevaluateanotherperson'sperformanceobjectively.Forexample,Janerecentlywroteirresponsibleremarksaboutherinstructorbecauseshewasfailingthecourse.HerfriendSamwroteagreatdescriptionofthesameinstructorbecausehewasreceivinganAinthecourse.BothJaneandSamwerenotfairlyevaluatingtheinstructor.Theywereinfluencedbythegradestheywereearningandwerebiasedintheirjudgement.ÖEF× ¸»Ḅop/ÍØÙᙢÚÛ º 84(5)ᑖÕVᑖÕV᪷Ý56ḄÕÞᩭ DWÍ|ᩖḄᑁeßàáwᨎâᐰ☢“Thewolfhascome!”Nooneknowswhogavethefirstwarning,butitmadealargeimpactontwomaingroupsthecommonpeopleandentrepreneurs.Thecommonpeoplehopedthatitwouldmeanmoreinexpensivecommodities,whileentrepreneursworriedaboutencirclementbytransnationalcompanies.ÖEF×56ÕäḄº6⚪Ḅ56ÇV,⊤æ56Ḅh«ºᐭèḄ56éêLÇV(6)oL᯿VoVo{ḄHᱥḄë6ì᯿Vo{ḄHᱥḄ56EFoᡈ᯿í៉L5í៉ḄHᱥὃDW/M5í៉ḄHᱥìEFoᡈ᯿ë6ᡈ56ὃDWâï1ᙢÚÛHᱥ⌕°ᐜðM× HᱥᙠqḄë6ᡈ5⚪°ᐜðM HᱥḄᔜ 2☢±6±ñðM¹ÆᙠòqḄó6ôᜐðMò Hᱥ÷ÖAlB1÷ÖAlA2÷øÖA2B2÷øÖBlB2:Asacreature,Ieat;asaman,Iread.Althoughoneactionistomeettheprimaryneedofmybodyandtheotheristosatisfytheintellectualneedofmymind,theyareinawayquitesimilar.Tokeepourselvesalive,weneedallkindsofnutrition.1)Eatingisthemostimportantwaybywhichwecangetstarch,protein,vitamin,sugar,fat,andsometraceelements.2)Ontheotherhand,weeatnotonlybecausewehavetodoso,butalsobecauseweenjoydoingso.Havingsatisfiedourhunger,eatingcanthenbeakindofenjoyment.Thecolor,thesmell,andthetasteofthefoodareconsideredasimportantasitsnutritivevalue.Veryoftenweeatsomefoodnotbecauseitisnourishingbutsimplybecausewelikeit.Similarly,toenrichourminds,weneedinformationandknowledge,whichcanbeobtainedthroughreading.1)Readingisoneofthemostimportantwaysoflearning.Withoutreadingourmindswillbecomeemptylikethatofananimal.2)Sometimes,wetakereadingasapastime,andwerelaxandlearnatthesametime.Sincerecreationisinvolved,wewillnaturallyhaveapartialityforsomeparticularkindsofbooks,justaswedoforcertainkindoffood.Besides,thereareothersimilaritiesbetweeneatingandreading.l)Weshouldnoteattoomuchwithoutdigestingandassimilating,norshouldwereadtoomuchwithoutunderstandingandremembering.2)Whileweareeativg,weshouldleaveouttherottenpartofthefoodwhichwilldoharmtoourhealth;andwhilewearereading,weshouldbeabletorejectthepoisonouscontentinabook,foritwillpoisonourminds.So,eatsensiblyandreadsensiblytogiveyourselfastrongbodyandahealthymind.ᦻo{/ᔛûüýþḄó6÷øஹÿ ᵨḄ⚪Ḅᜐ ⌕ᩭḄ( )ᦻ!ᜮ#$%Ḅᑏ'(1.ᦻ!ᜮḄᑏ(1))*ᙠᦻ!ᜮ)ᵨᐹᨵ.⊤ឋḄ121*34ᔾ)6ὅ849⚪;“Bethefirsttobeconcernedwiththeworld'stroublesandthelasttoenjoyworldly 85happiness."FanZhongyan,ascholaroftheSongDynasty,expresseseloquentlytheloftyspiritofChineseintellectualsinhismaxim.OnrealizingthatthecauseofChina'slackofdevelopmentwasitsbackwardnessinscienceandtechnology,manymodernscholarsaccordinglywenttoWesterncountriestostudy.< 9“ᐜᜩ@ABACᜩ@DBD”)FGH29IJḄᓺL(2)MN;Whyareforeignerssogladthalbarriershavebeendismantled?Chinahasapopulationof1.2billion,andUS$1000billionofGDP.Itisacountrywithoneofthefastesteconomicgrowthratesintheworld.China'sentryintotheWTOwillthereforeenablealleconomicentitiesintheworldtoexpandtradeandinvestment,bringingbenefitstoenterprises,consumersandworkersinthesecountries.(3)ᦪQ)ᵨ)ᵨាSḄᦪQTᦻ!ᜮUVஹᨵXYZ⊤['ᦻ\]^_ஹᑖ᪆⊤[ᐭc;Itisreportedthatfrom1995to1998,thenumberofcarsinShanghairoseattherateof20%,buttheaveragespeedofcarsdroppedattherateof30%.Itshouldbenoticedthat43%ofaddedcarsduringtheperiodof1995 1998isprivatecars.Thereforesomepeoplepointoutthatthemosteffectivewaytosolvethetrafficproblemistobanprivatecars.ButIthinktheyhavegoneextremelyfaraway.< )ᵨᦪQYdefghei@jklmLnopḄ^_ᑖ᪆'ὅqᯠᙢ)Ft;uᐰἭxdeyzḄ{(4)ᭆ⌕!}~✌ᐜMFᦻḄ⌕tᯠCᡈᳮ(9o_;Thisreportisdividedintothreemainsectionswhatequipmentyouneed,howtouseequipment,andhowtomaintainequipment.2.ᦻ$%Ḅᑏ(1)$$$%Ḅ'ᵨᙠZᐰᦻஹFT6ὅYᦻᡂlḄ⌕ᑏ$$%⌕ᦻᑁ<Fஹk᪵¢ᩭ£ᨵ4ᢕᙠᑏ$$%¥YZ¦§MᑮḄ⌕©ªᑮ«xBᙠᵭ¦;Onthewhole,lifeinChinahasbecomebetterafter30years,Ordinarypeoplenowenjoyamorecolorfullifethanbefore.Thoughsomeproblemshavearisenintheprogress,westillcan'tdenythispositivetrend.(2)®┐Yᦻ°☢Ḅᑖ᪆MFY©Ḅ²³ᡈ´µ(ᫀ⊤·Y¸ᩭḄ¹ºᡈ»¼ᜧ¾¿©Ḅ¼;Itisessentialthateffectivemeasuresshouldbetakentoredresssuchinequality.Itishightimethatweshouldurgeanimmediateendtothisphenomenon.(3)ÀNᙠÁ%ÂÀN4Tᦻ)2Ãὃ;Psychologicalhealthoftheyouthshouldbeconcernedbyoursociety.Onbeingadvisedbyhisschoolthatheshouldleaveafterfailingseveralexams,aBeijinguniversitystudentdecidedtocommitsuicide,butfirstkilledhisfatherandgrandmothersoastosparetheirgriefathisowndeath.A13-year-oldSichuanProvincegirlranawayfromhomerecentlyinpursuitofherfavorite 86moviestar,andhasnotbeenseensince.Isn'tthereanythingwrongwithpsychologicalhealthoftheyouth?ᵨÀNÅI⚪;ÆÇ2ḄᳮᏉÉᨵÊN⚪©ªËᑮÌgᐵÎ4)Ïᵨ)ÏÐ$ᐰᦻᨵÑÒÓḄ'ᵨTᦻ3Ô¼8ᨵÕÖX;Allofuswishforabrightfutureandhopetomasterausefulcareer.Thosewhopersistinremainingidlewillneverfulfilltheirambitions,“Nopains,nogains"isamottowithmuchmeaning.Meditateandlivebyit.9“×Ø×Ë”{$ÙᙢÐÚnÂᦻH29Û·5✌%Ü©ᙠ✌%Ýᜐ⚪49T ÞḄF;China'sreformshavebroughtChinaalotofbenefitsandhavechangedChinesepeople'slifeagreatdeal.Alivelyatmospherehasprevailedinallwalksoffieldsthroughoutthecountry.Thenationaleconomyhasbeenthrivingandnationaldefensehaseverbeenconsolidated.Inscienceandtechnology,quitealotofachievementshavebeenmade.Certainly,CheprogressmadeinalleldshasledtotheraiseoflivingstandardforChinesepeople.✌%ᙳàánlâᑡᨵᑭZåæçḄᦋ☩Hê2ḄÔëìᩭḄᦋíFîïðᦻᑏ'\ᵨḄᐵὶò1.⊤·ᑡófirstofall,foronething,foranother,tobeginwith,first,second,next,inthefirstsecondplace,furthermore,moreover,beyondthat,also,besides,inaddition,whatismore,suchas,finally;forexample,forinstance2.⊤·ôõsince,becauseof,as,for,owingto,resultfrom,dueto,onaccountof,onthegroundof,asaresultof3.⊤·¥ö÷øatthesametime,assoonas,sofar,since,then,until,when,meanwhile,shortly,later,lately,afterawhile,atthattime,before,earlier,presently,inthemeantime,formerly4.⊤·ùö÷øcloseto,closeathandîúᙠûïnextto,down,far,beyond,againstîYḼïontheoppositesideîYḄïoppositeto,above,across,acrossfrom,around,atthebottom,before,behind,below,beneath,between,inthemiddleof,inthedistance,inthecenterof,farther,ontheleft/right5.⊤·ýinotherwords,again,ashasbeenpointedout,torepeat,asIhavesaidabove,onceagain,afteralbindeed,infact,truly,ofcourse,chiefly,especially,certainly,actually,particularly,tobesure,aboveall,surely,mostimportantofall,evenworse,nodoubt,needlesstosay6.⊤·$þso,then,therefore,thus,hence,consequently,asaresult,accordingly,forthisreason,asaconsequence,onthataccount,itfollowsthat07.⊤·$tosumup,insummary,tosummarize,inshort,inbrief,tobebrief,inotherwords,onthewhole,inconclusion,toconclude8.⊤·YóY᯿ 87(1)᯿but,however,yet,or,nevertheless,still>nonetheless,conversely,nor,rather,whereas,thought.ontheonehand,ontheotherhand,onthecontrary,bycontrastwith/to,incontrast(with/to),eventhough,instead,unlike,differentfrom,instead(of)theopposite(of),unlike,although,while,but(2)similarly,likewise,like,as,althesametime,infact,too,inthesameway,inalikemanner,both,each,also,comparedwith()ᦻᑏḄᐺḄᜓ ὃẆ!ᑏḄ⚪ᩞ$ᦪ&ᡃ()*+,-ᐵ/*01ᱥ3Ḅ4⌕678ᐸ-:ឋஹ-=ឋ>1ᱥ?3Ḅ@AᐵBCᨵE⌕6ὃ+ᑖ᪆1HIJK@ᡈMNO⚪ḄPQ,ᡈSTO⚪UJTVWQᡠὃ+ᙠZ[ᑏE⌕\]^_៉>ab⊤defᐵBḄ*ᵨ ehUiᑏ^jᨵ4ᜧlm1.⊟ᑑp:ឋḄ .©Moralcorruption(A)istotheState(B)asphysicaldisease(C)istoanindividualbody(D).(A?rBsC?rD)©Justaswoodsareindispensabletobirds,soistheearthtohumanbeings.(u……wx)ঞAsfaraspersonalityisconcerned,Tom(A)andPeter(B)havealmosteverythingincommon.(A>Bᨵᐳ&?ᜐ)টMyhobby(A)issimilarlohis(B)inthatwebothlikecollectingrecords,foreignanddomestic.(A}B-:)(5)Astheeconomiesofallcountriesarecloselyinterrelatednocountrycandevelopinself-seclusion.ThesameistrueofChina.(Thesameistrueof.Thesamecanbesaidof...w~x)2.⊤-=ឋḄ জBeijing(A)ispopulousandcrowded,whileCanberra(B)isjusttheopposite.(A}Bu-)ঝChina'scondition(A)differsfromours(B)inthatChinahasthelargestpopulationintheworld.(A&rBᙠr)ঞWhileitmaybetruethatbasketballandvolleyballsharecertainfeatures,theexcitementeacharousesinthespectatorsisnotthesame.(…~-&Ḅ)3.⊤ᩗ⊝ឋḄ জItseemssafetosaythattheadvantagesofmarriageoutweighthedisadvantagesofdivorce.(ᑭᜧr)ঝPerhapsnothingcanrivalthepleasurefromreading.(…~}Ḅ)ঞTherecouldbenodoubtthatjob-hoppinghasitsdrawbacksaswellasmerits.(ᨵwᨵ)@Men(A)maybesuperiortowomen(B)inphysicalaffairs.Yet,thereisnodifferenceinintelligence.(ArB)©People'sattitudetowardsdrugsvariesfrompersontoperson,…~@V=Ḅ)4,⊤ឋḄ (rᐔஹ)জSomepeopleargueasifitisageneraltruththat.Buttobefrank,Icannotagreewiththemforthefollowingreasons.©Accordingto/Ascanbeseeninfigures/statistics/thefindings/datareleased/providedbythegovernment/aninstitute,. 88ঞThereareseveral/manycauses/reasonsforthisdramatic/significantgrowth/change/decline/increasein____.©Therearenolessthanthreeadvantagesinasrenderedbelow.ঠThereasonsarechieflyasfollows.©AnotherreasonwhyIadvocatetheattitudeofisthat.©Lastbutnotleast,.ণWhatismore,____.5.⊤ᦪ}ⅸ¡Ḅ ¢£ᩭ¥⊤ᦻ*J¦ὃ+◤⌕_៉>abSf*ᵨḄ ᩭM¨¥⊤ஹᑖ᪆>⊤dᦪ©3Ḅᦪ>ªᐵBজAsiaranksfirstbothinareaandinpopulationamongthesevenContinents.EuropeissecondtoAsiainpopulation,butinareaitisthelastbutone.ঝWeallhopethatacountry'spopulationshouldbeinproportiontoitsarea,unfortunatelytherealityoftengoesagainstourwill.ঞAisafarlargeruniversity,beingoverthreetimesasbigasB.6.«ᵨ¥⊤ᑁEḄ ¥⊤ᦻ*ᵨas® ¯M¨ឋ°±Ḅ²Ḅ³ᵨ]ᦻᵫ¥µḄ78M¨▽ᯠS¸¹º7ᑮ¼ᵫS½7ᑮT¾¿ᯠজThispictureshows____.Atthebeginning,____)aswecanseeintheupperhalfofthepicture.However,thelowerhalfofthepictureshowsthat.ঝAsisrevealedinthegraph____.ঞAsthesurveyresultsshow.©Aswecouldfindoutlaterinthisunit,hisplanwasnotquiteashehadexpected.ঠThistableprovidesseveralimportantpointsofcomparisonbetweenthetwouniversities.Ascanbeindicatedinthetable,thehousingspaceforthestaffofAin1995was34500squaremeters,whichnearlydoubledtheB'scorrespondingfigure.7.°±¥⊤*ᵨḄᭆÁឋ e Ã/*ᵨrÄÅ>ÆÇজThistableprovides,severalimportantpointsofcomparisonbetweenthetwokeyuniversities.ঝThetwographsdepictthesamethingseenintwodifferentways.ThefirstdiagramsimplyrecordsThesecondgraphthrowsanewlighton____.ঞThekeyfindingstakenfromthesurveysareasfollows.টIfdriverscontinuetodrivemorecarefullyandfurtherstrengthentheirsenseofsafety,therateofaccidentscanbeexpectedtodeclineevenmoredramaticallyintheyear1998.8.«ÈᡈJÆÈḄ @Astheproverbgoes,“____".Itisquiteunderstandablethat.ঝAlongwiththedevelopmentofsocietymoreandmoreproblemsarebroughttoourattention,oneofwhichisthat.ঞAdmittedly,therearemeritstobothsidesoftheargument.©Contrarytowidelyheldbelief,Ibelievethat.ঠNow,itiscommonlybelieved/somepeoplethinkthat,butIwonderwhether.9.⊤¸ᢚḄ ©Onthesurfaceofit,thismayseemtobeagoodsolution,butifthinkingagain,wewould 89pointoutsomedrawbacks.ঝAtfirstthought,itmayseemtobeanattractiveidea,butitdoesnotbearcloseranalysiswhenwefind_____.©Superficially,itseemstobeasoundsolution,butwhencarefullyweighinginthemind,wefindthat.@Acloseinspectionoftheseargumentswouldrevealhowflimsytheyare.ঠTheundeniabledeficiencyinthisremarkisthatitisnegligentofthebarefactthat.©However,wealsocannotdenythat.10.⊤M¨ஹᑖ᪆ஹ«ᵭḄ জOneverystrongargumentforisthat_____.ঝItisanobviousfactthat.@Oneofthemostimportantthingsaboutisthat_____.টAparticularlynotablecaseofthismatteris.@Wemaylookintoeverypossiblereason,however,foremostreasonforis.ডismainly/partly/alsoresponsiblefortherise/increase/decreasein.ঢWemaycite/quote/mentionasingle/commonexampleof.ণArecent/nationwidestudy/survey/pollconducted/takenatauniversity/byscientistsindicates/reveals/suggeststhat.তOfcourse,thiswillhavesomenegativeeffectson.থ______isacaseinpoint.11ÌJÆÈḄ ©Fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wemaysafelydrawtheconclusionthat_____.©Takingintoaccountallthesefactors,wemaysafelyreachtheconclusionthat_____.ঞJudgingfromallevidenceoffered,wemaysafelycometotheconclusionthat.(4)Alltheevidence/analysissupportsa(an)sound/unshakable/justconclusion/viewthat______.12.⊤ÍÎஹÏÐÑÒḄ ©Itisnecessary/essentialthateffectiveactions/quicksteps/propermeasuresshouldbetakentopreventthesituation/correcttendency/endphenomenon.ঝThereislittledoubtthatserious/considerable/specialattentionmustbecalled/paid/devotedtotheproblem/shortageof.ঞItishightimethatweplaced/putgreat/special/considerableemphasisontheimprovement/development/increaseof.
此文档下载收益归作者所有
