DB43∕T 1899-2020 果园免耕生草栽培技术规程(湖南省)

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ICS65.020.20CCSB35DB43湖南省地方标准DB43/T1899—2020果园免耕生草栽培技术规程Cultivationtechnicalrulesofno-tillagegrassinorchard2020-12-29发布2021-03-29实施湖南省市场监督管理局发布

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2DB43/T1899—2020目次前言························································································································Ⅲ1范围·····················································································································12规范性引用文件······································································································13术语和定义············································································································14免耕定植···············································································································24.1果园选址与前期建设··························································································24.2挖定植穴·········································································································24.3施底肥············································································································24.4定植···············································································································25定植后管理············································································································25.1免耕栽培·········································································································25.2生草栽培·········································································································25.3肥水管理·········································································································35.4防治病虫害······································································································46田间档案···············································································································46.1生产操作记载档案·····························································································46.2投入品使用档案································································································46.3物候期记载档案································································································4附录A（资料性）适宜人工生草草种的生物学特征···························································5附录B（资料性）适宜人工生草草种的建植与管理方法·····················································6附录C（规范性）田间档案记载表················································································7I

3DB43/T1899—2020II

4DB43/T1899—2020前言本文件按照GB/T1.1—2020给出的规则起草。请注意本文件的某些内容可能涉及专利，本文件的发布机构不承担识别这些专利的责任。本文件由湖南省农业农村厅提出。本文件由农业标准化技术委员会归口。本文件主要起草单位：湖南省农业科学院。本文件主要起草人：熊继东、柏连阳、文吉辉、程菊娥、龙菊花、石梅、章宜、李洁、李袓任、马国兰。III

5DB43/T1899—2020IV

6DB43/T1899—2020果园免耕生草栽培技术规程1范围本文件规定了各种果园免耕生草栽培技术的的建园和定植、定植后管理、田间档案等内容。本文件适用于湖南省果园免耕生草栽培。2规范性引用文件下列文件中的内容通过文中的规范性引用而构成本文件必不可少的条款。其中，注日期的引用文件，仅该日期对应的版本适用于本文件；不注日期的引用文件，其最新版本（包括所有的修改单）适用于本文件。GB/T8321农药合理使用准则NY/T496肥料合理使用准则通则NY/T2798.4无公害农产品生产质量安全控制技术规范第四部分水果3术语和定义下列术语和定义适用于本文件。3.1果园的草Grassinorchard泛指果园里果树以外的植物。包括自然生长的或人工种植的。3.2果园自然生草Naturalgrassinorchard除清除竞争力强的，如缠绕攀沿性的葎草、萝藦、莬丝子、牵牛花等，或妨碍操作的,如带刺的植物。让其它草生长，当这些草株高长至遮挡果树光照时及时采用人工或割草机刈割控制，使这些草生长不遮挡果树光照。对这些草进行合理调控，达到这些草的生长能产生改良土壤和提高抗旱、爽水能力等系列好处。进而促进果树生长的一种果园管理措施。3.3果园免耕栽培Notillagecultivationinorchard果园免耕栽培分苗前免耕栽培和苗后的幼苗期、成龄期免耕栽培，苗前免耕栽培在果园建园时不全垦荒、不挖过大的定植穴（或定植沟），尽量不破坏土壤的自然结构与层次、不造成水土流失的定植方式，为有利于定植后约两年在定植穴处盖膜防草,和防定植穴积水与提高定植穴位置来提高抑草能力，可适当把修工作道的表土层移到定植穴处拢堆。苗后免耕栽培是指对果园土壤不进行耕翻、中耕、冬挖等作业的栽培方式，以达到保护土壤、防止水土流失和促进果树生长的目的。免耕栽培施肥采用挖施肥穴（沟）施用。3.4果园免耕生草栽培Notillageandgrassgrowingcultivationinorchard果园免耕生草栽培是指既要免耕，又要长草；既要让草长好的，还要合理调控的栽培管理形式。生1

7DB43/T1899—2020草分免耕自然生草管理和免耕人工种草管理。免耕人工种草是不耕地，免耕撒播或仅开播种沟（穴））种植非原生草种或绿肥作物，果园原有的草可用或不用除草剂杀死。4免耕定植4.1果园选址与前期建设4.1.1选址应符合NY/T2798.4的相关要求。4.1.2前期建设应：a）修建好工作主次干道。b）开始培育防护林，修建围墙（栏）。c）建设蓄力与排水灌设施。d）砍伐高大植被，尽量少动土壤，避免水土流失，树枝落叶不焚烧，用于覆盖土表，保护与培肥土壤。4.2挖定植穴4.2.1按该果树适宜密度确定定植穴。4.2.2将定植穴周围约1㎡范围的植被地上部割掉，也把会发苗的根蔸全部挖出，防这些地下根蔸再发苗影响果苗生长。4.2.3适当把修工作道的表土层移到定植穴处拢堆，以利于在定植穴处盖膜防草,和防定植穴积水与提高定植穴位置来提高抑草能力。24.2.4定植穴挖的深度确定除能把定植穴周围约1m范围内原植被会再发苗的地下部根蔸挖出外，还能把果根系合理摆放在穴内即可。不要挖得过深，避免把深层不肥沃的土壤带到上层和过多破坏土壤层次、结构。4.3施底肥定植穴尽量多施腐熟的土杂肥，一般每穴10公斤以上，以促进果树快速健壮生长。如无腐熟的土杂肥，离根系2寸远施有机肥和磷钾肥，商品有机肥约100公斤/亩，钙镁磷肥约25公斤/亩，钾肥约10公斤/亩。施肥符合NY/T496肥料合理使用准则通则的相关规定。4.4定植4.4.1选用健壮果苗，严格检疫。4.4.2按该品种最佳定植时间定植。定植后如无雨，需及时浇好定苗水，盖防草膜，未盖防草膜的，就在定植穴的土表上覆盖枯枝落叶。5定植后管理5.1免耕栽培除挖施肥穴外，或人工种草需挖播种沟（穴）外，不再耕挖果园土壤。5.2生草栽培5.2.1自然生草管理2

8DB43/T1899—20205.2.1.1自然植被适应性强，多提倡利用果园自然生草，并满足以下要求：——需清除竞争力强的草，如缠绕攀沿性的葎草、萝藦、莬丝子、牵牛花等，或妨碍操作的,如带刺的植物；——让其它草生长，如：马唐、牛筋草、狗尾草、早熟禾、车前、蒲公英、苦菜、荠菜、野艾蒿等。5.2.1.2果苗移栽定植有损伤，苗又矮小，抑草能力弱，需特别抑制好距定植苗约0.5米的范围内草的生长，覆盖了防草膜定植后约二年不会长草，没盖防草膜的需经常采用刈割等措施控制，距苗蔸约0.25米的草不便用割草机割，难以用人工防治时，可选用对果苗安全的除草剂防除，仅防除距苗蔸约0.25米的草。距苗蔸约0.25米外的草长得高遮挡果苗光照时则及时用割草机或人工将之刈割，同时将割掉的地上部分植被覆盖在土表。不遮挡果苗光照时，让其自然生长。刚定植后及幼龄期需刈割的次数比成龄果园明显多。做到勤检查、定期检查,及时刈割。5.2.2人工种草管理5.2.2.1概述5.2.2.1.1果园自然的草少时，或为更好利用豆科植物固氮和防治某些病虫害的等需要，采用人工种草。5.2.2.1.2草种选择应遵守以下原则：——有利于果园土壤培肥。——有利于减少果园病虫害。——不与果树争水争肥。——以适应性好、较耐阴、耐践踏、管理简单的浅根性草种为佳。——具有一定的植物生产量，最好兼具其他经济效益。5.2.2.1.3适宜草种选择见附录A。5.2.2.2种草过程5.2.2.2.1播前处理当土表自然生草较少，对人工种草没影响时，就不需用除草剂防除自然生长的草；当土表自然生草影响人工种草时，就需用灭生性除草剂防除自然生长的草，要防止这类除草剂漂移到果树上。当枯草残茬少时，可直接播种；当枯草残茬多影响播种时，割掉并移开后再播种。5.2.2.2.2播种播种时间：在湖南春播为3月下旬至4月上旬，秋播为9月下旬至10月中旬。力争抢连续阴雨天播，无降雨需人工喷水保湿。播种量撒播较条播时增加20％-30％。播种时期、播种量等见附录B。5.2.2.2.3播种后管理合理管理水肥，根据草种与土壤情况，确定施肥种类与方法，应避免用肥种类、数量对果树的不利影响。5.3肥水管理5.3.1充分利用土壤免耕生草、秸秆残茬覆盖的自然培肥方法来培肥土壤，并合理配合施用有机肥与化肥，视果苗品种、长势和土壤、天气、季节等情况定施肥种类、数量。3

9DB43/T1899—20205.3.2幼龄期追肥速效肥宜少量多次，施用时间在湖南一般在3月下旬至9月下旬，成龄期施肥次数可适当减少。均沿树冠边垂直下的地面处挖穴（沟）施肥。5.3.3充分利用土壤免耕生草、秸秆残茬覆盖措施提高土壤保水、爽水能力，严重干旱时适当浇水抗旱。有条件的采用滴灌。5.4防治病虫害5.4.1按照“预防为主、综合防治”的植保方针，从农田生态系统整体出发，充分发挥各种因素的自然控害作用，协调运用农业防治、物理防治、生物防治、农药防治等各种防控技术。5.4.2以农业防治、物理防治、生物防治为主，农药防治为辅。农药防治遵照GB/T8321农药合理使用准则。6田间档案6.1生产操作记载档案果园生产过程中的各项农事操作，应逐项如实记载，及时检查实际效果，记载方法、内容按附录C中表C.1执行。6.2投入品使用档案在农药、化肥等投入品的使用，应作好简明记载。记载方法、内容按附录C中表C.2执行。6.3物候期记载档案对果园全生育期的各个物候期应详细记载。4

10DB43/T1899—2020附录A（资料性）适宜人工生草草种的生物学特征表A.1适宜人工生草草种的生物学特征草种名科名属名拉丁名生活型茎特征根系特征白三叶豆科三叶草属TrifoliumrepensL.多年生匍匐直根系，入土浅杂三叶豆科三叶草属TrifoliumhybrydiumL.多年生半直立直根系，入土浅多变小冠花豆科小冠花属CoronillavariaL.多年生半直立直根系，入土较深田菁豆科田菁属SesbaniacannabinaPoir.一年生直立直根系，入土较深箭筈豌豆豆科野豌豆属ViciasativaL.一年生匍匐直根系，入土浅毛苕子豆科野豌豆属ViciavillosaRoth.一年生匍匐直根系，入土浅鹰嘴紫云英豆科黄芪属AstragaluscicerL.多年生半直立根蘖系，入土较深野燕麦禾本科燕麦属AvenafatuaL.一年生直立须根系，入土浅草地早熟禾禾本科早熟禾属PoapretensisL.多年生直立须根系，入土浅Orychophragmusviolaceus二月兰十字花科诸葛菜属一年生直立直根系，入土浅O.E.Schulz5

11DB43/T1899—2020附录B（资料性）适宜人工生草草种的建植与管理方法表B.1适宜人工生草草种的建植与管理方法条播适宜播播种深度年刈割次数留茬高度草种名适宜种植时期播种时间种量播种方式2（cm）（次）（cm）（kg/hm）白三叶幼龄期、结果期春播或秋播15-22.5条播或撒播1-1.51-25杂三叶幼龄期、结果期春播或秋播15-22.5条播或撒播1-1.51-25多变小冠花幼龄期春播或秋播15-22.5条播或撒播1-215田菁幼龄期春播45-75条播或撒播1-21-25-8箭筈豌豆幼龄期春播60-75条播3-41-25-8毛苕子幼龄期春播60-75条播3-41-25-8鹰嘴紫云英幼龄期、结果期春播22.5-30条播1-21-25-8野燕麦幼龄期、春播150-225条播3-41-28草地早熟禾幼龄期、结果期春播或秋播30-40条播或撒播1-218二月兰幼龄期、结果期春播或秋播15-22.5条播或撒播1-2不刈割-6

12DB43/T1899—2020附录C（规范性）田间档案记载表表C.1生产操作记载档案2丘块名称面积（667m）品种操作日期序号土壤各类、肥力、前茬植物操作内容与方法完成情况及效果记载人（月、日）12„表C.2投入品生产质量安全跟踪档案2丘块名称面积（667m）品种使用日期序号品名剂型生产厂家用量施用方法效果记载人（月、日）12„注1：根据投入品使用顺序逐项记载。2注2：用量为每667m用量，化肥计量单位用kg，农药计量单位ml或g。7