2022年高考英语真题深度解析与变式19 2022年新高考II卷阅读理解C篇D篇 解析版

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2022年高考英语真题深度解析与变式训练---专题192022年新高考II卷阅读理解C篇+D篇解析版2022年英语新高考II卷试题评析（摘要）2022年高考英语落实立德树人根本任务，依据高校人才选拔要求和普通高中英语课程标准，坚持“方向是核心，平稳是关键”的原则，结合中学英语教学和复习备考实际，深化基础性，考查关键能力，进一步加强对学生德智体美劳全面发展的引导，加强教考衔接，服务“双减”工作，发挥高考的育人功能和积极导向作用。考查学科关键能力，服务落实“双减”政策1.3 关注时代发展，引导培养核心素养　　英语科试卷通过选择具有时代特征的语篇，倡导学生养成独立思考的学习习惯，培育乐于探究的科学精神，构建友好互助的人际关系。　　英语科试卷通过选取禁止开车使用手机、悉尼新旧文化冲突、新媒体对家庭教育和生活的影响、英国征收糖税的起因及效果等具有探讨性和思辨性的材料，引导学生形成独立思考的习惯，培养主动发现问题和解决问题的能力；通过选取高科技无人机在铁路交通中的应用、鹦鹉识别物体形状的实验、人类语言发展的研究及与捉迷藏相关的儿童心理发展实验等语篇，激发学生对科学实验与研究的兴趣；通过选取关爱养老院老人的研究项目、勇救坠楼儿童、修复父子亲情关系等语篇，倡导友好互助、彼此关爱的和谐人际关系。【原卷28-31题】关键词说明文科技创新交通安全开车发短信标题概括题阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。Overthelastsevenyears,moststateshavebannedtextingbydrivers,andpublicservicecampaignshavetriedawiderangeofmethodstopersuadepeopletoputdowntheirphoneswhentheyarebehindthewheel.Yettheproblem,byjustaboutanymeasure,appearstobegettingworse.Americansarestilltextingwhiledriving,aswellasusingsocialnetworksandtakingphotos.Roadaccidents,whichhadfallenforyears,arenowrisingsharply.Thatispartlybecausepeoplearedrivingmore,butMarkRosekind,thechiefoftheNationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration,saiddistracted（分心）drivingwas"onlyincreasing,unfortunately.""Bigchangerequiresbigideas."hesaidinaspeechlastmonth,referringbroadlytotheneedtoimproveroadsafety.Sototrytochangeadistinctlymodernbehavior,lawmakersandpublichealthexpertsarereachingbacktoanoldapproach:Theywanttotreatdistracteddrivinglikedrunkdriving.AnideafromlawmakersinNewYorkistogivepoliceofficersanewdevicecalledtheTextalyzer.Itwouldworklikethis:AnofficerarrivingatthesceneofacrashcouldaskforthephonesofthedriversandusetheTextalyzertocheckintheoperatingsystemforrecentactivity.Thetechnologycoulddeterminewhetheradriverhadjusttexted,emailedordoneanythingelsethatisnotallowedunderNewYork'shands-freedrivinglaws."Weneedsomethingonthebooksthatcanchangepeople'sbehavior,”saidFélixW.Ortiz,whopushedforthe

1state's2001banonhand-helddevicesbydrivers.IftheTextalyzerbillbecomeslaw,hesaid,"peoplearegoingtobemoreafraidtoputtheirhandsonthecellphone."28.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthebanondrivers'textingintheUS?A.Ineffective.B.Unnecessary.C.Inconsistent.D.Unfair.29.WhatcantheTextalyzerhelpapoliceofficerfindout?A.Whereadrivercamefrom.B.Whetheradriverusedtheirphone.C.Howfastadriverwasgoing.D.Whenadriverarrivedatthescene.30.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"something"inthelastparagraphreferto?A.Advice.B.Data.C.Tests.D.Laws.31.Whatisasuitabletitleforthetext?A.ToDriveorNottoDrive?ThinkBeforeYouStartB.TextingandDriving?WatchOutfortheTextalyzerC.NewYorkBanningHand-HeldDevicesbyDrivers.D.TheNextGenerationCellPhone:TheTextalyzer.【答案】28.A29.B30.D31.B【导语】本文一篇说明文。为解决司机在开车时使用手机造成“分神”，引发交通事故的问题，纽约的一名立法者提出使用Textalyzer（短信监控器）的技术来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机。28.A。推理判断题。根据第一段中“Overthelastsevenyears,moststateshavebannedtextingbydrivers,andpublicservicecampaignshavetriedawiderangeofmethodstopersuadepeopletoputdowntheirphoneswhentheyarebehindthewheel.”（在过去的七年里，大多数州都禁止司机发短信，公共服务活动也尝试了各种各样的方法来说服人们在开车时放下手机。）以及第二段中“Yettheproblem,byjustaboutanymeasure,appearstobegettingworse.”（然而，无论以何种标准衡量，这个问题似乎都在恶化。）可知，大多数州使用了各种各样的方法说服司机们在开车的时候放下手机，可是情况却越来越糟糕。所以各种方法是无效的。A选项ineffective意为“无效的”，与此相符。故选A。29.B。细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“Thetechnologycoulddeterminewhetheradriverhadjusttexted,emailedordoneanythingelsethatisnotallowedunderNewYork'shands-freedrivinglaws.”（这项技术可以确定司机是否发了短信、发了邮件，或者做了纽约免提驾驶法不允许的其他事情。）可知，Textalyzer能够确定的是司机是否使用了手机发短信、邮件以及其他驾驶法不允许的行为。B选项意为“是否司机使用了手机。”与此相符，故选B。30.D。词义猜测题。根据句中的“Weneedsomethingonthebooksthatcanchangepeople'sbehavior.”（我们需要一些能改变人们行为的东西，）可知，something是能够改变人们的行为的事情。根据下文的“IftheTextalyzerbillbecomeslaw,hesaid,"peoplearegoingtobemoreafraidtoputtheirhandsonthecellphone.”（他说，如果Textalyzer法案成为法律，“人们会更害怕拿起手机。）可知，人们的行为会改变的条件是当Textalyzer法案成为法律。收到法律的约束和惩罚，司机们才不会在开车的时候使用手机。故something指代的是法律。故选D。31.B

2。主旨大意题。纵观全文，第一段和第二段阐述的是“虽然大多数州已经尝试了各种各样的方法来说服人们在开车时放下手机。可是问题却越来越严重”。第三段中“Thatispartlybecausepeoplearedrivingmore.”（部分原因是开车的人越来越多）可知，解释了该行为产生的部分原因。第四段至第五段讲述的是为了解决该问题是纽约立法者提出了一个新的想法即利用Textalyzer技术，来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机。最后一段讲述的是：相关人士呼吁该项技术能够成为真正的法案由此才能真正的改变人们的行为。故B选项TextingandDriving?WatchOutfortheTextalyzer（发短信还是在开车？防范短信监控器。）适合文章的标题。故选B。原文出处：纽约时报原文网址:https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/28/science/driving-texting-safety-textalyzer.html文本类型：人与社会考查目标：说明文，介绍纽约的一名立法者提出使用Textalyzer（短信监控器）的技术来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用手机。考查学生了解某种社会问题以及可能的解决方案的能力。 需要考生把握问题本质和解决方案的可行性与具体操作的方案等细节。本文句式丰富，考查学生整体阅读的能力。词块积累：主题词ban texting  禁止发信息   awiderangeofmethods  很多的方法behindthewheel  驾驶     socialnetworks   社交网络   distracteddriving不专心驾驶   improveroadsafety提升道路安全adistinctlymodernbehavior 一个明显的现代行为    reachbacktoanoldapproach 利用一个传统的方法     anewdevice新的设备  checkintheoperatingsystem  查操作系统hands-free 免提的  hand-helddevices 手执便携设备1.persuadev.说服（高考链接2020新课标III卷阅读理解）Idoknowhowupsettheshopstaffcanget,butItrytopersuadethemtokeepsmiling.【译文】我知道店员会有多生气，但我努力说服他们保持微笑。2.requirev.要求（高考链接2021新高考I卷阅读理解）Somepiecesofmusiccangofor40minutesandrequireupto50pageturns,includingbackturnsforrepeatpassages.【译文】有些乐曲可能长达40分钟，需要多达50次翻页，其中包括为演奏重复乐章时的回翻。3.Thatispartlybecausepeoplearedrivingmore,butMarkRosekind,thechiefoftheNationalHighway

3TrafficSafetyAdministration,saiddistracted（分心）drivingwas"onlyincreasing,unfortunately."【解析】本句是并列句。前半句中because引导表语从句。ThechiefoftheNationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration充当同位语，修饰MarkRosekind。这在一定程度上是因为人们开车更多，但国家公路交通安全管理局局长马克·罗斯说，分心（分心）驾驶“不幸只是在增加”。4.Thetechnologycoulddeterminewhetheradriverhadjusttexted,emailedordoneanythingelsethatisnotallowedunderNewYork'shands-freedrivinglaws.【解析】句意：这项技术可以确定司机是否刚刚发短信、发邮件或做过任何纽约免提驾驶法不允许的其他事情。Whether引导宾语从句，关系代词that引导定语从句，修饰先行词anything。【长难句分析】Overthelastsevenyears,moststateshavebannedtextingbydrivers,andpublicservicecampaignshavetriedawiderangeofmethodstopersuadepeopletoputdowntheirphoneswhentheyarebehindthewheel.分析：本句为and连接的两个并列句。前一个分句中的by表示“被，由”，后面接施动者；后一分句的主干为publicservicecampaignshavetriedawiderangeofmethods，topersuade...behindthewheel为动词不定式作目的状语，其中包含一个when引导的时间状语从句，theyarebehindthewheel是对开车的形象说法，使语言更加多样和生动。译文：在过去的七年里，大多数州都禁止司机开车时发短信，很多公益活动也尝试了各种各样的方法来说服人们在开车时放下手机。【语块积累】banv.禁止，取缔distractv.转移（注意力），使分心devicen.装置，仪器，设备crashn.撞车，碰撞hands-freeadj.无需手操纵的hand-heldadj.便携式的，手提式的distinctlyadv.非常，很；清楚地，明白地awiderangeof广泛的，各种各样的referto提到，谈及，说起2022年新高考II卷变式题库2022年英语新高考II卷真题变式大题库28-31-1【基础】【2023届广西南宁市高三上学期第一次适应性考试】ScientistsintheNetherlandshavetrainedbeestoidentifyCOVID-19throughtheirsenseofsmell,accordingtoapressreleasefromWageningenUniversity.Theresearchwasconductedonmorethan150beesinWageningenUniversity’sbio-veterinaryresearchlaboratory.

4Thescientiststrainedthebeesbygivingthematreat—asugar-watersolution—everytimetheywereexposedtothescentofamink(貂)infectedwithCOVID-19.Eachtimethebeeswereexposedtoanon-infectedsample,theywouldn’tgetareward.Eventually,thebeescouldidentifyaninfectedsamplewithinafewseconds—andwouldthenstickouttheirtongueslikeclockworktocollectthesugarwater.Beesaren’tthefirstanimalstodetectCOVID-19byscent.ResearchershavealsotraineddogstodistinguishbetweenpositiveandnegativeCOVID-19samplesfromhumansaliva(唾液)orsweatwithfairlyhighlevelsofaccuracy.AsmallGermanstudyfoundthatdogscouldidentifypositiveCOVID-19samples94%ofthetime.That’sbecausemetabolicchangesfromthecoronavirusmakeaninfectedperson’sbodilyfluidssmellslightlydifferentfromthoseofanon-infectedperson.Butresearchersstillaren’tsurewhetheranimalsarethebestbetforsniffingoutCOVID-19casesoutsidethelab.“NooneissayingtheycanreplaceaPCRmachine,buttheycouldbeverypromising,”HolgerVolk,aneurologist,toldNature.PCRmachinesarewhatlabtechniciansusetoprocessstandardCOVID-19swabtests.Attheveryleast,certainanimalscouldbeusefulforidentifyingCOVID-19inplacesorcountriesinwhichhigh-techlaboratoryequipmentisscarceorinaccessible.Wageningenscientistsareworkingonaprototypeofamachinethatcouldautomaticallytrainmultiplebeesatonce.Thenbeescanusetheirskillstotestforcoronavirusaerosols(气溶胶)inthesurroundingenvironment.28.HowdidtheresearchersteachthebeestoidentifyCOVID-19?A.Byofferingbeessomerewards.B.ByinfectingbeeswithCOVID-19.C.Byraisingbeeswithsugarwater.D.Byexposingbeestoinfectedhumans.29.WhyaredogscapableoffindingoutnegativeCOVID-19samples?A.Fordogscansniffouthiddenvirusofthesamples.B.Fordogscantellthedifferentsmellofthesamples.C.Fordogscanfeelmetabolrechangesofthesamples.D.Fordogscandistinguishsalivafromsweatofthesamples.30.Whatisthefollow-uptaskofWageningenscientists?A.Tobreedmoremultiplebees.B.Todetectcoronavirusaerosols.C.Tohelpunderdevelopedcountries.D.Todevelopanewtypeofmachine.31.Whichcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.ANewWaytoCureCOVID-19DiseaseB.Bees:Well-trainedCOVID-19DetectorsC.Bees’ExtremelyAccurateSenseofSmellD.TheBestMethodofIdentifyingCOVID-19【答案】28.A29.B30.D31.B【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了科学家训练蜜蜂监测新冠病毒。【28题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“Thescientiststrainedthebeesbygivingthematreat—asugar-watersolution—everytimetheywereexposedtothescentofamink(貂)infectedwithCOVID-19.(科学家们训练蜜蜂，每次让它们接触感染了COVID-19的水貂的气味时，就给它们一种糖水溶液)

5”可知，科学家是通过奖励的方式训练蜜蜂识别新冠病毒的。故选A。29题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段第四句“AsmallGermanstudyfoundthatdogscouldidentifypositiveCOVID-19samples94%ofthetime.That’sbecausemetabolicchangesfromthecoronavirusmakeaninfectedperson’sbodilyfluidssmellslightlydifferentfromthoseofanon-infectedperson.(德国的一项小型研究发现，狗识别出Covid-19阳性样本的准确率是94%。这是因为冠状病毒的代谢变化使感染者的体液气味与非感染者略有不同)”可知，狗能够辨别出新冠病毒阳性患者是因为它能闻出他们什么不同的味道。故选B。【30题详解】细节理解题。根据最后一段“Wageningenscientistsareworkingonaprototypeofamachinethatcouldautomaticallytrainmultiplebeesatonce.Thenbeescanusetheirskillstotestforcoronavirusaerosols(气溶胶)inthesurroundingenvironment.(瓦赫宁根的科学家们正在研究一种机器的原型，这种机器可以同时自动训练多只蜜蜂。然后，蜜蜂就可以利用它们的技能来检测周围环境中的冠状病毒气溶胶。)”可知,瓦赫宁根科学家的后续任务是研发一种新的机器。故选D。【31题详解】主旨大意题。根据第一段第一句“ScientistsintheNetherlandshavetrainedbeestoidentifyCOVID-19throughtheirsenseofsmell,accordingtoapressreleasefromWageningenUniversity.(荷兰瓦赫宁根大学的一份新闻稿称，荷兰科学家训练蜜蜂通过嗅觉识别COVID-19)”及下文介绍可知，本文主要介绍了科学家训练蜜蜂使它们可以检测新冠病毒。由此可知，B.Bees:Well-trainedCOVID-19Detectors(蜜蜂：训练有素的COVID-19探测器)适合作本文最佳标题。故选B。28-31-2【基础】【湖南师范大学附属中学2022-2023学年高三上学期月考】Haveyoueverhadtheurgetoopenabookandstickyournosestraightintothepages?Thesmellofoldbookscanrefreshanybooklovers.Wedon’tknowwhy,butitisjustpleasanttous.Describingthesmellcanbeachallenge.Andmereadjectiveswilllikelybeoflittleusetofuturegenerationsofhistorianstryingtodocument,understandorreproducethescentofslowlydecayingbooks.Now,thattaskmayhavejustgotteneasierthankstotheHistoricBookOdorWheel.Inoneexperiment,researchersaskedvisitorsatthehistoriclibrarytocharacterizethescentstheysmelled.Allthevisitorsselectedwordslike“woody”,“smoky”and“earthy”fromthelist,anddescribedthesmell’sintensityandperceivedpleasantness.Inanotherexperiment,thestudyauthorspresentedvisitorstotheBirminghamMuseumwitheightsmells-oneofwhichwasanunlabeledhistoricbookscentandsevenwerenon-bookish,suchascoffee,chocolate,fishmarketanddirtyclothes.Theresearchersthenhadthosemuseumgoersdescribethehistoricbooksmell.Thetoptworesponses?Chocolateandcoffee.“Youtendtousefamiliarassociationstodescribesmellswhentheyareunlabeled,”studyauthorCeciliaBembibresays.Theteamevenanalyzedthevolatileorganiccompounds(VOCs)inthebookandthelibrary.Usingthedatafromthechemicalanalysisandvisitors’smelldescriptions,theresearcherscreatedtheHistoricBookOdorWheeltodocumentthe“historiclibrarysmell”.Maincategories,suchas“sweet/spicy”,filltheinnercircleofthewheel;

6descriptors,suchas“chocolate/cream”,fillthemiddle;andthechemicalcompoundslikelytobethesmellysource,likefurfural,filltheoutercircle.Theresearcherswantthebookodorwheeltobeatoolthat“untrainednoses”canusetoidentifysmellsandthecompoundscausingthem,whichcouldaddressconservators’concernsaboutmaterialcompositionandhistoricpaperconservation.Andhopefully,smellsofthepastcanbereproducedinthelabsomedayandmuseumsandhistorianscanuseittoreconstructapastwecannolongersmell.28.Whatphenomenonisdescribedinthefirstparagraph?AAddictiontoreadingbooks.B.Fascinationforsmellsofbooks.C.Anoddreadinghabit.D.Adislikeforsmellingbooks.29.Howdopeopleusuallydescribeunlabeledsmells?A.Byreferringtofamiliaritems.B.Byusingadjectivestolabelthem.C.Bylinkingthemwithfoodsmells.D.Byanalyzingchemicalcomponents.30.Whatisthefunctionofthe“HistoricBookOdorWheel”?A.Tostorebooksmells.B.Tocharacterizesmells.C.Tocollecthistorybooks.D.Totestdifferentscents.31.Whatisthepotentialfutureapplicationofthestudy?A.Creatingawholenewscent.B.Sharpeningsensoryperceptions.C.Restoringsmellsofhistoricdocuments.D.Extractingcomponentsof“oldbooksmell”.【答案】28.B29.A30.B31.C【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一种用于记录旧书气味的“气味轮”的诞生。研究人员通过在博物馆和图书馆组织游客进行气味感官描述，并开展化学分析，创建了历史书籍气味轮来记录“历史图书馆的气味”。【28题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段“Haveyoueverhadtheurgetoopenabookandstickyournosestraightintothepages?Thesmellofoldbookscanrefreshanybooklovers.Wedon’tknowwhy,butitisjustpleasanttous.(你是否曾经有过一种冲动，想打开一本书，把鼻子直接贴在书页上？旧书的味道能使任何书迷精神焕发。我们不知道为什么，但它只是让我们愉快)”可知，第一段描述了我们对书籍气味的迷恋。故选B。【29题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句话““Youtendtousefamiliarassociationstodescribesmellswhentheyareunlabeled,”studyauthorCeciliaBembibresays.(“当没有标签的气味时，你倾向于使用熟悉的联想来描述它们，”研究作者CeciliaBembibre说)”及第三段全段对于实验过程的描述可知，人们在描述未知气味时，倾向于使用熟悉的事物来展开联想。故选A。【30题详解】推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Usingthedatafromthechemicalanalysisandvisitors’smelldescriptions,theresearcherscreatedtheHistoricBookOdorWheeltodocumentthe“historiclibrarysmell”.Maincategories,suchas“sweet/spicy”,filltheinnercircleofthewheel;descriptors,suchas“chocolate/cream”,

7fillthemiddle;andthechemicalcompoundslikelytobethesmellysource,likefurfural,filltheoutercircle.(利用来自化学分析和游客气味描述的数据，研究人员创建了“历史图书气味轮”来记录“历史图书馆的气味”。主要类别，如“甜/辣”，填满了轮子的内圆；描述词，如“巧克力/奶油”，填满了中间；而可能是气味来源的化合物，如糠醛，则填满了外层)”可知，“历史图书气味轮”的功能应是描述气味。故选B。【31题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Theresearcherswantthebookodorwheeltobeatoolthat“untrainednoses”canusetoidentifysmellsandthecompoundscausingthem,whichcouldaddressconservators’concernsaboutmaterialcompositionandhistoricpaperconservation.Andhopefully,smellsofthepastcanbereproducedinthelabsomedayandmuseumsandhistorianscanuseittoreconstructapastwecannolongersmell.(研究人员希望书的气味轮能成为一种工具，“未经训练的鼻子”可以用来识别气味和引起气味的化合物，这可以解决文物保护人员对材料组成和历史文献保护的担忧。希望有一天，过去的气味可以在实验室里重现，博物馆和历史学家可以用它来重建我们再也闻不到的过去)”可知，研究者们未来有望利用气味轮来保护历史材料文献、重现过去的气味。故选C。28-31-3【巩固】【北京市海淀区2022-2023学年高三上学期期中试题】Humanshavelonggainedpleasurefromthesmellsofthenaturalworld.Forthemostpart,though,humanbeingsarenottheirtargetmarket.Forplants,fragrancesareawaytointeractwithinsectsandotheranimals.Theirattractionforpeoplehappenssimplybychance.Inchemicalterms,mostnaturalfragrancesaremadeupofvolatiles—socalledbecauseoftheirtendencytochangestatessuddenly.Volatilesevaporateeasily,driftingintonoses.Inplants’reproductiveprocesses,smellyvolatilesattractpollinators(授粉昆虫).Buttheirnaturalapplicationsaremuchmorevaried.IfaninsectchewsthroughtheleavesofsomeBurseraplants,outshootsasticky,smellyliquidtotrapit.Coyotetobaccoplantsareevenmorecrafty:uponsensingthesmellofhungrycaterpillars,theyproducevolatilesthatattractpredatorstokillthepests.Whatistrulyamazingisjusthowwilyplantscanbeinusingtheirscentsforreproduction.Whiteflowersoftenemittheirscentatnighttoattractnocturnalpollinatorssuchasmoths.Theyproduceadilutenectar(稀释的花蜜)thatencouragesmothstokeepmoving,ratherthanlingeratasinglebloom—allthebettertoincreasepollination.Otherflowerschangetheirfragranceafterbeingsuccessfullypollinated,asasignalforinsectstogoelsewhere.Butthough“Scent”isastoryofplants’cleverness,itisalsoataleofthehumankind.Peoplehavelongusedfragrancesfortheirownpurposes,particularlyforuseinreligiousceremonies:perfumerecipesonthewallsofanEgyptiantempleinEdfudemonstratejusthowlongingredientshavebeenmixedinpursuitofthebestblend.Sohighlyprizedweresomescentsthat,toscareoffcompetitors,Arabtradersspreadalegendaboutgianteaglesthatguardedcinnamon.Eventuallyscientistsnolongerneedednaturalsourcesforfragrances.In1866afragrancemoleculewasproducedforthefirsttime.Sixteenyearslater,HoubigantParfumreleasedFougèreRoyale,thefirst“modernfantasyperfume”thatcreatesanimaginaryscentratherthancopyinganaturalone.Nowadaysfragrance–makingis

8dominatedbyman–madecompounds,whichcanbereliablyandaffordablyproducedinlargequantities.Thathasledtothemassproductionofsmellyproducts,fromtoiletpapertotoothpaste.Scentisaccordinglybigbusiness.Itissaidthataworld–famousfragranceandflavourmanufacturerthatclaimspeopleinteractwithitsproductsupto30timesaday,hadsalesof€3.8bnlastyear.28.AccordingtoParagraph1and2,whichwouldtheauthoragreewith?A.Someplantsmightkillthepestswiththeirsmells.B.Fragranceisatoolforplantstoprotectthemselves.C.Peopleinteractwithnatureeasilythroughfragrance.D.Fragrancesarelessimportanttohumansthantoanimalsandinsects.29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“prized”inParagraph4mostprobablymean?A.Developed.B.Rewarded.C.Mixed.D.Valued.30.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A.Humansdonotusefragrancesaspurposefullyasplantsdo.B.Naturalsourcesforfragranceswillbeoutofdateinthefuture.C.Plantsusefragrancestobothattractandsendawaypollinators.D.Man–madefragranceshavetobeproducedbycopyingnaturalones.31.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.PlantsSmell,InsectsPreyB.SmartnessbehindFragranceC.Fragrance:ToMakeorNottoMakeD.FragranceConnectsHuman&Nature【答案】28.B29.D30.C31.B【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。对植物来说，香味是与昆虫和其他动物互动的一种方式。它们对人的吸引力完全是偶然发生的。文章主要说明了植物是如何通过香味来保护自己以及繁殖的。【28题详解】推理判断题。根据第二段中“IfaninsectchewsthroughtheleavesofsomeBurseraplants,outshootsasticky,smellyliquidtotrapit.Coyotetobaccoplantsareevenmorecrafty:uponsensingthesmellofhungrycaterpillars,theyproducevolatilesthatattractpredatorstokillthepests.(如果一只昆虫咬穿了一些Bursera植物的叶子，就会喷出一种粘性的、有臭味的液体来困住它。土狼烟草植物甚至更狡猾：一旦嗅到饥饿毛虫的气味，它们就会产生挥发物，吸引捕食者杀死害虫)”可推知，作者认同香味是植物保护自己的工具。故选B。【29题详解】词句猜测题。根据画线词后文“toscareoffcompetitors,Arabtradersspreadalegendaboutgianteaglesthatguardedcinnamon”可知，为了吓跑竞争对手，阿拉伯商人传播了一个关于守护肉桂的巨鹰的传说，可见有些香料非常珍贵，让商人通过传说来吓跑竞争对手。故画线词意思是“宝贵的”。故选D。【30题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段“Whatistrulyamazingisjusthowwilyplantscanbeinusingtheirscentsforreproduction.Whiteflowersoftenemittheirscentatnighttoattractnocturnalpollinatorssuchasmoths.Theyproduceadilutenectar(稀释的花蜜)thatencouragesmothstokeepmoving,ratherthanlingerata

9singlebloom—allthebettertoincreasepollination.Otherflowerschangetheirfragranceafterbeingsuccessfullypollinated,asasignalforinsectstogoelsewhere.(真正令人惊奇的是植物在利用它们的气味进行繁殖时是多么的狡猾。白花通常在夜间散发气味，以吸引夜间传粉者，如飞蛾。它们产生稀释的花蜜，鼓励飞蛾不断移动，而不是停留在一个单一的花期，这更好地增加授粉。其他花朵在成功授粉后会改变它们的香味，作为昆虫转移到其他地方的信号)”可知，植物利用香味来吸引和赶走传粉者。故选C。【31题详解】主旨大意题。根据第一段“Humanshavelonggainedpleasurefromthesmellsofthenaturalworld.Forthemostpart,though,humanbeingsarenottheirtargetmarket.Forplants,fragrancesareawaytointeractwithinsectsandotheranimals.Theirattractionforpeoplehappenssimplybychance.(长期以来，人类一直从自然界的气味中获得快乐。不过，在大多数情况下，人类并不是它们的目标市场。对植物来说，香味是与昆虫和其他动物互动的一种方式。它们对人的吸引力完全是偶然发生的)”结合文章主要说明了植物是如何通过香味来保护自己以及繁殖的。可知，B选项“香味背后的聪明机智”最符合文章标题。故选B。28-31-4【巩固】InWALL-E,asciencefictionmovie,alittlerobotisresponsibleforcleaningaworldcoveredingarbage;aworldwherethereisnolongerroomforanythingelse,notevenhumans!Thefilmencouragescommonpeople,worldwideleadersandbusinessmentoasktheobviousquestion:Whatcanbedonetopreventsomethinglikethishappening?Forsome,microfactoriescouldbecomethemostpromisinganswer.VeenaSahajwalla,amaterialsscientistandengineerinSydney,Australia,hasdiscoveredasolutiontothechallengingwasteproblem.Herone-stopapproachcouldgobeyondtheexistingrecyclingprocesses.Herwastemicrofactoriesmainlytargetelectronicwasteandplastic,andareessentiallylittletrashprocessors.Thesecantransformwasteintonewmaterialswiththehelpofthermal(热的)technology.“Usingourgreenmanufacturingtechnologies,thesemicrofactoriescantransformwaste,enablinglocalbusinessesandcommunitiestonotonlysolvelocalwasteproblems,buttodevelopacommercialopportunityfromthevaluablematerialsthatarecreated,”sheexplains.Humansgenerate2.01billiontonsofsolidwasteannually.Andasthefastestgrowingwastestream,approximately53.6milliontonsofe-wasteweregeneratedgloballyby2019.Despitecurrentefforts,only17.4percentofthisisknowntohavebeencollectedandproperlyrecycled.Meanwhile,worldwidee-wastegenerationisexpectedtocontinuetogrow,reachingalmost80milliontonsby2030.Althoughthemosteffectivesolutiontothewastechallengeswouldnotgenerateasmuchtrash,Sahajwallamicrofactoriesprovidehopeforallthewastethatalreadyexists.Hersolutionnotonlydecreasestheamountofwaste,butitalsoimprovesitsmanagementandenablesnewmanufacturingopportunitiesaroundthenewmaterialscreated.WALL-Eshowsusthebestandtheworstofwhathumanbeingshavetooffer.Itshowswheretheworldisheadedunlessthehumanspeciesslowsdownandstopsdevelopingatthecurrentpace.Butitalsoprovideshope,showingthatwealsohaveagreatpowertochangeandimprove.28.What’stheaimtowritethefirstparagraph?A.TotelluswhatWALL-Eisabout.B.Toshowthewidefutureofrobots.

10C.Tointroducetheuseofmicrofactories.D.TopraiseVeenaSahajwalla’scontribution29.WhatdoweknowaboutVeenaSahajwalla?A.SheisatopscientistinAustralia.B.Shehasbeendevotedtogarbagefactories.C.Herwastemicrofactoriesarepractical.D.Hertrashprocessorsarebeingwidelypromoted.30.Howdoesthefourthparagraphdevelop?A.Bymakingcontrasts.B.Bylistingrelevantfigures.C.Bysummarizingtheabove.D.Byanalyzingcauseandeffect.31.What’stheauthor’sattitudetowardsmicrofactories?A.Positive.B.Negative.C.Unclear.D.Indifferent【答案】28.C29.C30.B31.A【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种垃圾微型工厂，可以解决大量垃圾问题，介绍了这一机器的优点和其开发者VeenaSahajwalla对其的看法。【28题详解】推理判断题。根据第一段三、四句话“Thefilmencouragescommonpeople,worldwideleadersandbusinessmentoasktheobviousquestion:Whatcanbedonetopreventsomethinglikethishappening?Forsome,microfactoriescouldbecomethemostpromisinganswer.(这部电影鼓励普通人、世界各国领导人和商人提出一个显而易见的问题：如何才能防止类似的事情发生？对一些人来说，微型工厂可能成为最有希望的答案)”结合下文对微型工厂的介绍推知，写第一段的目的是为了介绍微型工厂的使用。故选C。【29题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段最后两句话“Herwastemicrofactoriesmainlytargetelectronicwasteandplastic,andareessentiallylittletrashprocessors.Thesecantransformwasteintonewmaterialswiththehelpofthermal(热的)technology.(她的废物微型工厂主要针对电子废物和塑料，基本上是小型垃圾处理厂。这些可以在热技术的帮助下将废物转化为新材料)”以及第三段““Usingourgreenmanufacturingtechnologies,thesemicrofactoriescantransformwaste,enablinglocalbusinessesandcommunitiestonotonlysolvelocalwasteproblems,buttodevelopacommercialopportunityfromthevaluablematerialsthatarecreated,”sheexplains.(她解释说：“利用我们的绿色制造技术，这些微型工厂可以转化废物，使当地企业和社区不仅能够解决当地的废物问题，而且能够利用所创造的宝贵材料创造商业机会。”)”可知，VeenaSahajwalla所开发的处理垃圾的微型工厂是非常实用的。故选C。【30题详解】推理判断题。根据第四段“Humansgenerate2.01billiontonsofsolidwasteannually.Andasthefastestgrowingwastestream,approximately53.6milliontonsofe-wasteweregeneratedgloballyby2019.Despitecurrentefforts,only17.4percentofthisisknowntohavebeencollectedandproperlyrecycled.Meanwhile,worldwidee-wastegenerationisexpectedtocontinuetogrow,reachingalmost80milliontonsby2030.(人类每年产生20.1亿吨固体废物。作为增长最快的废物流，到2019年，全球产生约5360万吨电子垃圾。尽管目前做出了努力，但已知只有17.4%的垃圾被收集并妥善回收。与此同时，全球电子垃圾产生量预计将继续增长，到2030年将达到近8000万吨)”推知，本段用列举相关数据的方式展开陈述。故选B。

11【31题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句话“Butitalsoprovideshope,showingthatwealsohaveagreatpowertochangeandimprove.(但它也带来了希望，表明我们也有巨大的力量来改变和改进)”可知，作者对于微型工厂持积极的态度。故选A。28-31-5【提升】【江苏省海安市2022-2023学年高三上学期质量监测】InthevillagesoftheEnglishcountryside,therearestillpeoplewhorememberthegoodolddayswhennoonebotheredtolocktheirdoors.Theresimplywasn’tanycrimetoworryabout.Amazingly,thesehappytimesappearstilltobewithusintheworld’sbiggestcommunity.AnewstudybyDanFarmer,agiftedprogrammer,usinganautomatedinvestigativeprogramofhisowncalledSATAN,showsthattheownersofwelloverhalfofallWorldWideWebsiteshavesetuphomewithoutfittinglockstotheirdoors.SATANcantryoutavarietyofwell-knownhackingtricksonanInternetsitewithoutactuallybreakingin.Farmerhasmadeprogrampubliclyavailable,amongmuchcriticism.Apersonwithevilintentcoulduseittohuntdownsitesthatareeasytostealin.ButFarmerisveryconcernedabouttheneedtoalertthepublictopoorsecurityand,sofar,eventshaveprovedhimright.SATANhasdonemoretoalertpeopletotherisksthancausenewdisorder.SoistheNetbecomingmoresecure?Farfromit.Intheearlydays,whenyouvisitedaWebsite,yourbrowsersimplylookedatthecontent.NowthewebisfulloftinyprogramsthatautomaticallydownloadwhenyoulookataWebpage,andrunonyourownmachine.Theseprogramscould,iftheirauthorswished,doallkindsofnastythingstoyourcomputer.Butlet’slookonthebrightside.Giventhelackoflocks,theInternetissurelytheworld’sbiggest(almost)crime-freesociety.Maybethatisbecausehackersarefundamentallyhonest.Orthattherecurrentlyisn’tmuchtosteal.Orbecausevandalism(蓄意破坏)isn’tmuchfununlessyouhaveaspecialdislikeforsomeone.Whateverthereason,let’senjoyitwhilewecan.Butexpectitalltochange,andsecuritytobecomethenumberoneissue,whenthemostinfluentialinhabitantsoftheNetaresellingservicestheywanttobepaidfor.28.Whatdoestheunderlinedsentenceinparagraph2mean?A.ManyInternetsitesarenotwellprotected.B.Thosehappytimesappearstilltobewithus.C.Theresimplywasn’tanycrimetoworryabout.D.Hackersdon’tactuallybreakintoanInternetsite.29.WhatcanSATANbeusedtodo?A.Topreventhackersbreakingintowebsites.B.ToinvestigatethesecurityofInternetsites.C.ToimprovethesecurityoftheInternetsystem.D.Todownloadusefulprogramsandinformation.30.What’stheauthor’sattitudetoSATAN?A.FavorableB.IndifferentC.CautiousD.Doubtful31.What’sthepurposeofthepassage?

12A.TopromoteandselltheSATANprogram.B.ToadvocatepeoplefleeingfromtheInternet.C.TomakenetizensawareofthesecurityoftheInternet.D.ToinformnetizensthattheInternetissafewithSATAN.【答案】28.A29.B30.A31.C【解析】【导语】本文是说明文。天才程序员丹•法默(DanFarmer)用他自己开发的名为“撒旦”(SATAN)的自动调查程序进行了一项新研究，结果显示，超过半数的万维网网站的主人已经在没有锁门的情况下建立了自己的家。“撒旦”在一个网站上尝试各种著名的黑客伎俩，目的是提醒人们注意网络危险。【28题详解】句意猜测题。根据第二段“usinganautomatedinvestigativeprogramofhisowncalledSATAN,showsthattheownersofwelloverhalfofallWorldWideWebsiteshavesetuphomewithoutfittinglockstotheirdoors.(用他自称为“撒旦”的自动调查程序所做的一项最新研究表明，超过一半以上的万维网网站主人建立的家都没有上锁)”推知，划线句子指的是许多网站没有得到很好的保护。故选A。【29题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段“usinganautomatedinvestigativeprogramofhisowncalledSATAN(用他自称为‘撒旦’的自动调查程序)”和第三段“SATANcantryoutavarietyofwell-knownhackingtricksonanInternetsitewithoutactuallybreakingin.(“撒旦”可以在一个网站上尝试各种著名的黑客伎俩，而不是真的入侵)”可知，“撒旦”这个程序是用来检验网站是否安全，故选B。【30题详解】推理判断题。根据第四段的“SATANhasdonemoretoalertpeopletotherisksthancausenewdisorder.(撒旦所做的更多是提醒人们注意风险，而不是引起新的混乱)”和倒数第二段“Butlet’slookonthebrightside.Giventhelackoflocks,theInternetissurelytheworld’sbiggest(almost)crime-freesociety.(但我们也要看到光明的一面，不考虑安全因素，因特网几乎是世界上最大的没有犯罪的社会)”，由此可推断作者对“撒旦”的态度是支持的，A.Favorable支持的；B.Indifferent漠不关心的；C.Cautious谨慎的；D.Doubtful怀疑的。故选A。【31题详解】推理判断题。根据第二段“AnewstudybyDanFarmer,agiftedprogrammer,usinganautomatedinvestigativeprogramofhisowncalledSATAN,showsthattheownersofwelloverhalfofallWorldWideWebsiteshavesetuphomewithoutfittinglockstotheirdoors.(天才程序员丹•法默用他自称为“撒旦”的自动调查程序所做的一项最新研究表明，超过一半以上的万维网网站主人建立的家都没有上锁)”并结合全文内容可知，本文主要介绍天才程序员丹•法默用名为“撒旦”的自动调查程序进行了一项新研究，其目的是提醒人们注意网络危险。由此推知，本文写作目的是让网民意识到网络安全。故选C。28-31-6【提升】

13【2023届四川省成都市高三上期摸底考试】Cigarettesaren’tjustharmfulwhenthey’rebeingsmoked.Evenwhencigaretteendsgooutandarecold,newresearchhasfoundtheycontinuetogiveoffharmfulchemicalsintheair.Inthefirst24hoursalone,scientistssayausedcigaretteendwillproduce14percentofthenicotine(尼古丁)thatanactivelyburningcigarettewouldproduce.Whilemostofthesechemicalsarereleasedwithinadayofbeingputout,ananalysisfortheUnitedStatesFoodandDrugAdministration(FDA)foundthelevelofnicotinefellbyjust50%fivedayslater.“Iwasabsolutelysurprised,”sinceenvironmentalengineerDustinPoppendieckfromtheUnitedStatesNationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnology(NIST).“Thenumbersaresignificantandcouldhaveimportantimpactswhencigaretteendsaredealtwithindoorsorincars.Whilemuchattentionhasbeenpaidtothehealthinfluenceoffirst-hand,second-handandnowthird-handsmoking,itisnotthecasewhenitcomestotheactualcigaretteendofthematter.”Tomeasureemissions(排放)fromthisforgottenthing,Poppendieckandhisteamplaced2,100cigarettesthatwererecentlyputoutinsideaspecialroom.Oncetheendsweresealedaway,theteammeasuredeightchemicalscommonlyproducedbycigarettes,fourofwhichtheFDAhavetheireyeonforbeingharmfulorpotentiallyso.Aftersettingtheroom’stemperature,theresearcherstestedhowemissionschangedundercertainconditions.Whentheairtemperatureoftheroomwashigher,forinstance,theynoticedtheendsproducedthesechemicalsathigherrates.Thisfindingmightdiscouragethosewhowanttoleaveashtrays(烟灰缸)outfordaysatatime,especiallyintheheat.28.Whatdotheresearcherssayaboutcigaretteends?A.Theycontainlittlenicotine.B.Theyproducenonicotinefivedayslater.C.Theygiveoffnicotinefordays.D.Theycreateasmuchnicotineasburningcigarettes.29.WhatdoPoppendieck’swordssuggest?A.First-handsmokingdoesmostharm.B.Thefindingsarewithinhisexpectation.C.Cigarettesshouldbedealtwithindoors.D.Healthinfluenceofcigaretteendsisignored.30.Whichwordbestdescribestheauthor’sattitudetonotcleaningashtraysfordays?A.Unclear.B.Disapproving.C.Unconcerned.D.Puzzled.31.Whatcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A.UsedCigaretteEndsReleaseHarmfulChemicalsB.CigarettesAreMoreHarmfulWhileBeingSmokedC.ResearchFoundReasonsForCigaretteEnds’HarmD.CigaretteEndsProduceMoreChemicalsintheHeat【答案】28.C29.D30.B31.A【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文。研究发现，香烟不仅在燃烧时有害，甚至在彻底熄灭后烟蒂依然会释放有害化学物质。

14【28题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Whilemostofthesechemicalsarereleasedwithinadayofbeingputout,ananalysisfortheUnitedStatesFoodandDrugAdministration(FDA)foundthelevelofnicotinefellbyjust50%fivedayslater.(美国食品和药物管理局的一项分析发现，虽然这些化学物质大部分在排放后的一天内被释放出来，但五天后尼古丁的含量只下降了50%。)”可知，烟熄灭后，尼古丁的浓度在五天以后仅下降一半，也就是说熄灭的烟蒂好几天内都会释放尼古丁。故选C。【29题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第三段中Poppendieck所说的“Whilemuchattentionhasbeenpaidtothehealthinfluenceoffirst-hand,second-handandnowthird-handsmoking,itisnotthecasewhenitcomestotheactualcigaretteendofthematter.(虽然人们已经很关注吸一手烟、二手烟以及现在的三手烟对健康的影响，但当涉及到真正的香烟时，情况却并非如此。)”可推断，人们不像关注一手烟、二手烟和三手烟对健康的影响那样关注烟蒂对健康的影响，即它对健康的影响被忽视了。故选D。【30题详解】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中的“Whentheairtemperatureoftheroomwashigher,forinstance,theynoticedtheendsproducedthesechemicalsathigherrates.(例如，当房间的空气温度较高时，他们注意到这些烟蒂会以更快的速度产生这些化学物质。)”可知，温度高时，烟蒂释放有害的化学物质的速度更快。再根据“Thisfindingmightdiscouragethosewhowanttoleaveashtrays(烟灰缸)outfordaysatatime,especiallyintheheat.(这一发现可能会让那些想把烟灰缸放在外面好几天的人打消念头，尤其是在炎热的天气里。)”可知，作者并不认同好几天不清理烟灰缸的做法。故选B。【31题详解】主旨大意题。这是一篇说明文，根据全文，特别是文章第一段“Evenwhencigaretteendsgooutandarecold,newresearchhasfoundtheycontinuetogiveoffharmfulchemicalsintheair.”概括了主题，即研究发现吸完的烟蒂会释放有害化学物质。所以“UsedCigaretteEndsReleaseHarmfulChemicals(吸完的烟头会释放有害的化学物质)”作为文章标题最为合适。故选A。28-31-7【高考真题】(2021新高考全国II卷)AnAustralianprofessorisdevelopingarobottomonitorthehealthofgrazingcattle,adevelopmentthatcouldbringbigchangestoaprofessionthat'sreliedlargelyonalow-techapproachfordecadesbutisfacingalaborshortage.SalahSukkarieh,aprofessorattheUniversityofSydney,seesrobotsasnecessarygivenhowcattlemenareaging.Heisbuildingafour-wheeledrobotthatwillrunonsolarandelectricpower.Itwillusecamerasandsensorstomonitortheanimals.Acomputersystemwillanalyzethevideotodeterminewhetheracowissick.Radiotags(标签)ontheanimalswillmeasuretemperaturechanges.Thequalityofgrasslandwillbetrackedbymonitoringtheshape,colorandtexture(质地)ofgrass.Thatway,cattlemenwillknowwhethertheyneedtomovetheircattletoanotherfieldfornutritionpurposes.

15Machineshavelargelytakenoverplanting,wateringandharvestingcropssuchascomandwheat,butthemonitoringofcattlehasgonethroughfewerchanges.ForTexascattlemanPeteBonds,it'sincreasinglydifficulttofindworkersinterestedinwatchingcattle.ButBondsdoesn'tbelievearobotisrightforthejob.Yearsofexperienceintheindustry-andfailedattemptstousetechnology-haveconvincedhimthatthebestwaytocheckcattleiswithamanonahorse.Bonds,whoboughthisfirstcattlealmost50yearsago,stillhaseachofhiscowboysinspect300or400cattledailyandlookforsignsthatananimalisgettingsick.Othercattlemenseemorepromiseinrobots.MichaelKelseyParis,vicepresidentoftheOklahomaCattlemen'sAssociation,saidarobotcouldbeextremelyusefulgivenrisingconcernsaboutcattletheft.Cattletendtobekeptinremoteplacesandtheirvaluehasrisen,makingthemappealingtargets.28.Whatisaproblemwiththecattle-raisingindustry?A.Soilpollution.B.Lackofworkers.C.Agingmachines.D.Lowprofitability.29.WhatwillSukkarieh'srobotbeabletodo?A.Monitorthequalityofgrass.B.Curethediseasedcattle.C.Movecattletoanotherfield.D.Predictweatherchanges.30.WhydoesPeteBondsstillhirecowboystowatchcattle?A.Hewantstohelpthemearnaliving.B.Hethinksmencandothejobbetter.C.Heisinexperiencedinusingrobots.D.Heenjoysthetraditionalwayoflife.31.HowmayrobotshelpwithcattlewatchingaccordingtoMichaelKelsey?A.Increasethevalueofcattle.B.Bringdownthecostoflabor.C.Makethejobmoreappealing.D.Keepcattlefrombeingstolen.【答案】28.B29.A30.B31.D【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了澳大利亚一名教授正在开发一种机器人，用于监测放牧牛的健康状况。28.细节理解题。根据文章第一段“AnAustralianprofessorisdevelopingarobottomonitorthehealthofgrazingcattle,adevelopmentthatcouldbringbigchangestoaprofessionthat'sreliedlargelyonalow-techapproachfordecadesbutisfacingalaborshortage.（澳大利亚一名教授正在开发一种机器人，用于监测放牧牛的健康状况，这一开发可能会给畜牧业带来重大变化。几十年来，畜牧业主要依靠低技术手段，但目前正面临劳动力短缺的问题。）”可知，畜牧产业面临劳动力短缺的问题。故选B。29.细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Thequalityofgrasslandwillbetrackedbymonitoringtheshape,colorandtexture(质地)ofgrass.（通过监测草形状、颜色和质地来跟踪草地的质量。）”可知，Sukkarieh的机器人可以监测草的质量。故选A。30.细节理解题。根据文章第四段“ButBondsdoesn'tbelievearobotisrightforthejob.Yearsofexperienceintheindustry-andfailedattemptstousetechnology-haveconvincedhimthatthebestwaytocheckcattleiswithamanonahorse.

16（但邦兹认为机器人并不适合这份工作。多年的行业经验——以及使用技术的失败尝试——使他确信，检查牛的最好方法是让一名男子骑在马上。）”可知，皮特·邦兹仍然雇佣牛仔看牛是因为他认为人能做得更好。故选B。31.细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“MichaelKelseyParis,vicepresidentoftheOklahomaCattlemen'sAssociation,saidarobotcouldbeextremelyusefulgivenrisingconcernsaboutcattletheft.（俄克拉荷马州养牛人协会副会长迈克尔·凯尔西·帕里斯说，鉴于人们对偷牛的担忧不断上升，机器人可能会非常有用。）”可知，机器人帮助照看牛，可以防止牛被偷。故选D。【原卷32-35题】关键词说明文体育锻炼养生保健健康意识推理判断题阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。原文出处：美国NPR广播电台原文网址：https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/03/12/591513777/hearts-get-younger-even-at-middle-age-with-exercise#:~:text=As%20we%20age%2C%20even%20if,changes%20can%20start%20even%20sooner.Asweage,evenifwe’rehealthy,theheartjustisn’tasefficientinprocessingoxygenasitusedtobe.Inmostpeoplethefirstsignsshowupintheir50sorearly60s.Andamongpeoplewhodon’texercise,thechangescanstartevensooner.“Thinkofarubberband.Inthebeginning,itisflexible,butputitinadrawerfor20yearsanditwillbecomedryandeasilybroken,”saysDr.BenLevine,aheartspecialistattheUniversityofTexas.That’swhathappenstotheheart.Fortunatelyforthoseinmidlife,Levineisfindingthatevenifyouhaven’tbeenanenthusiasticexerciser,gettinginshapenowmayhelpimproveyouragingheart.Levineandhisresearchteamselectedvolunteersagedbetween45and64whodidnotexercisemuchbutwereotherwisehealthy.Participantswererandomlydividedintotwogroups.Thefirstgroupparticipatedinaprogramofnonaerobic(无氧)exercise—balancetrainingandweighttraining—threetimesaweek.Thesecondgroupdidhigh-intensityaerobicexerciseundertheguidanceofatrainerforfourormoredaysaweek.Aftertwoyears,thesecondgroupsawremarkableimprovementsinhearthealth.“Wetookthese50-year-oldheartsandturnedtheclockbackto30-or35-year-oldhearts,”saysLevine.“Andthereasontheygotsomuchstrongerandfitterwasthattheirheartscouldnowfillalotbetterandpump(泵送)alotmorebloodduringexercise.”Buttheheartsofthosewhoparticipatedinlessintenseexercisedidn’tchange,hesays.“Thesweetspotinlifetostartexercising,ifyouhaven’talready,isinlatemiddleagewhentheheartstillhasflexibility,”Levinesays.“Weputhealthy70-year-oldsthroughayearlongexercisetrainingprogram,andnothinghappenedtothematall.”Dr.NiecaGoldberg,aspokeswomanfortheAmericanHeartAssociation,saysLevine’sfindingsareagreatstart.Butthestudywassmallandneedstoberepeatedwithfarlargergroupsofpeopletodetermineexactlywhichaspectsofanexerciseroutinemakethebiggestdifference.28.WhatdoesLevinewanttoexplainbymentioningtherubberband?A.Therightwayofexercising.B.Thecausesofaheartattack.

17C.Thedifficultyofkeepingfit.D.Theagingprocessoftheheart.29.Inwhichaspectwerethetwogroupsdifferentintermsofresearchdesign?A.Dietplan.B.Professionalbackground.C.Exercisetype.D.Previousphysicalcondition.30.WhatdoesLevine’sresearchfind?A.Middle-agedheartsgetyoungerwithaerobicexercise.B.High-intensityexerciseismoresuitablefortheyoung.C.Itisnevertoolateforpeopletostarttakingexercise.D.Themoreexercisewedo,thestrongerourheartsget.31.WhatdoesDr.NiecaGoldbergsuggest?A.Makinguseofthefindings.B.Interviewingthestudyparticipants.C.Conductingfurtherresearch.D.Clarifyingthepurposeofthestudy.【答案】28.D29.C30.A31.C【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是锻炼对于心脏的好处。28.D。推理判断题。根据第二段的““Thinkofarubberband.Inthebeginning,itisflexible,butputitinadrawerfor20yearsanditwillbecomedryandeasilybroken,”saysDr.BenLevine,aheartspecialistattheUniversityofTexas.That’swhathappenstotheheart.(“想想橡皮筋。一开始，它是灵活的，但把它放在抽屉里20年，它就会变得干燥，很容易破碎，”德克萨斯大学的心脏专家本·莱文博士说。这就是心脏的变化。)”可知，莱文想通过提到橡皮筋来解释心脏的老化过程，故选D。29.C。推理判断题。根据第三段的“Thefirstgroupparticipatedinaprogramofnonaerobicexercise—balancetrainingandweighttraining—threetimesaweek.Thesecondgroupdidhigh-intensityaerobicexerciseundertheguidanceofatrainerforfourormoredaysaweek.(第一组每周参加三次非有氧运动——平衡训练和重量训练。第二组在教练的指导下每周进行4天或更多的高强度有氧运动。)”可知，两组在研究设计上的不同在于运动类型的不同，故选C。30.A。细节理解题。根据第三段的“Thesecondgroupdidhigh-intensityaerobicexerciseundertheguidanceofatrainerforfourormoredaysaweek.Aftertwoyears,thesecondgroupsawremarkableimprovementsinhearthealth.(第二组在教练的指导下每周进行4天或更多的高强度有氧运动。两年后，第二组的心脏健康状况有了显著改善。)”和第四段的““Wetookthese50-year-oldheartsandturnedtheclockbackto30-or35-year-oldhearts,”saysLevine.(莱文说:“我们把这些50岁的心脏的时钟拨回30或35岁的心脏。”)”可知，莱文的研究发现了通过有氧运动，中年人的心脏会变得更年轻，故选A。31.C。推理判断题。根据最后一段的“Butthestudywassmallandneedstoberepeatedwithfarlargergroupsofpeopletodetermineexactlywhichaspectsofanexerciseroutinemakethebiggestdifference.(但这项研究的规模很小，需要在更大的人群中重复进行，以确定日常锻炼的哪些方面会产生最大的影响。)”可知，妮卡·戈德堡博士建议进行进一步的研究。故选C。文本类型：人与社会考查目标：

18说明文阅读，主要讲的是锻炼对于心脏的好处。本文属于典型的研究发现类短文，但是研究结果并没有在第一段直接点明，对于理解短文中心增加了难度，考查考生的语篇处理能力和应变能力。另外，作者利用相关的分组对比测试来说明中心，条理清楚，论证有力，考查学生处理典型题型的能力。词块积累：主题词processv.加工，处理oxygenn.氧气drawern.抽屉high-intensityadj.高强度的rubberband橡皮筋inmidlife人到中年showup出现get/keepinshape健身makeabigdifference有影响，起重要作用processoxygen处理氧气thefirstsigns最初的迹象anenthusiasticexerciser活跃的锻炼者getinshape强健身体agingheart变老的心脏nonaerobic(无氧)exercise无氧运动balancetrainingandweighttraining平衡训练和体重训练high-intensityaerobicexercise高强度有氧训练undertheguidanceofatrainer在教练的指导下anexerciseroutine日常锻炼长难句阅读：1.Fortunatelyforthoseinmidlife,Levineisfindingthatevenifyouhaven’tbeenanenthusiasticexerciser,gettinginshapenowmayhelpimproveyouragingheart.【解析】句意：幸运的是，对于中年人士来说，莱文发现，即使你不是一个热情的锻炼者，现在塑形可能有助于改善你衰老的心脏。主句Levineisfinding，that引导宾语从句。gettinginshape充当宾语从句中的主句。宾语从句中evenif引导让步状语从句。2.“Andthereasontheygotsomuchstrongerandfitterwasthattheirheartscouldnowfillalotbetterandpump(泵送)alotmorebloodduringexercise.【解析】句意：他们变得如此强壮和更健康的原因是，他们的心脏现在可以更好地填充血液，并在运动中注入（泵送）更多的血液。Theygotsomuchstrongerandfitter充当定语从句，其前省略关系代词，修饰先行词thereason,was为主句中的谓语动词。That引导表语从句。1.Thesweetspotinlifetostartexercising,ifyouhaven’talready,isinlatemiddleagewhentheheartstillhasflexibility.【解析】

19句意：如果你还没有开始锻炼，生活中开始锻炼的最佳时机是在中年后期，那时心脏仍然有灵活性。本句是主从复合句。If引导的条件状语从句用在了主句之中，可提前翻译。When引导定语从句，修饰先行词age。1.Butthestudywassmallandneedstoberepeatedwithfarlargergroupsofpeopletodetermineexactlywhichaspectsofanexerciseroutinemakethebiggestdifference.【解析】句意：但这项研究规模很小，需要在更多的人群中重复进行，以确定日常锻炼的哪些方面有最大的影响。Which引导的是宾语从句，作determine的宾语。2022年新高考II卷变式题库2022年英语新高考II卷真题变式大题库说明文变式训练32-35-1【基础】【云南省昆明2022-2023学年高三上学期检测】IntheUnitedKingdom,coffeeconsumptionisontherise.ButbeyondjustfuelingLondonersastheymaketheirwaystowork,coffeeisalsofuelingtheirbuseswhilefightingclimatechange.ItisreportedthatLondon’sbuseswillsoonbepoweredinpartbyanewlydevelopedbiofuel,onethatmixesdiesel(柴油)withoilsremovedfromspentcoffeegrounds,toreducecarbondioxideemissions(排放)fromitsbustransportsystem.RecyclingtechnologyfirmBio-BeancollectsusedcoffeegroundsfrommajorcoffeeproducersacrosstheUK,andremovestheoilsfromthem.Thenit’smixedintoB20biodiesel,with20%biofueland80%conventionaldiesel.WithB20,thebusesdon’trequireanyadaptionstorunonit.Bio-Beanfoundersaidthat,iftheUKcoulduseallofthe500,000tonsofcoffeewasteitproducedeachyear,itcouldpowerthecityofManchesterforayear.Londonusesotherbiofuelstosupportitsefforttocutemissionsfromitsbussystem.Coffeeisjustthelatestsource,joiningusedcookingoilandanimalfatfrommeatprocessingplants,butthoseoldcoffeegroundshavetogosomewhere,andfuelingthecity’slaborforceispreferabletosendingthemtoawasteyard.Bio-Bean’sB20isaneasywaytosavebusinessesmoneyonwasteremoval,andusingthebiodieselinbusescutcarbonemissionsby80%.Coffeewasteisbecominganalmostunlimitedresource,consideringLondon’scitizensalonecreate200,000tonsofcoffeegroundseveryyear.AsmoreandmoreBritonsswitchfromteatocoffee,thatnumberwillonlyelevate.Theuseofcoffeegroundsasabiofuelsourcehastheaddedbenefitofimprovingairqualityinthecitybutsadly,itdoesnotgiveoffthepleasantcoffeesmellonemightexpect.28.WhydoLondon’sbusesusethebiofuel?A.Toimprovetheatmospherequality.B.ToreducetransportfaresinLondon.C.Topromotetherecyclingtechnology.D.Tosupportthelocalcoffeeindustry.29.WhatdoweknowaboutB20?A.Itcanavoidemissionsfrombuses.B.Itrequiresadaptionstorunonit.

20C.It’samixtureofbiofuelanddiesel.D.Itcanpowerthenationforayear.30.Whichwordmightreplacetheunderlinedword“elevate”inparagraph4?A.Decline.B.Increase.C.Appear.D.Remain.31.Whatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout?A.Thebenefitsofdrinkingcoffee.B.Analternativebiofuelresource.C.ThefutureforLondon’sbuses,D.Achangeincoffeeconsumption.【答案】28.A29.C30.B31.B【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文主要介绍了一种非传统的生物燃料资源B20，将柴油与从废咖啡渣中提取的油混合，这种生物燃料资源将为伦敦的公交车提供动力，以减少公交系统的二氧化碳排放。【28题详解】推理判断题。根据第二段关键句“ItisreportedthatLondon’sbuseswillsoonbepoweredinpartbyanewlydevelopedbiofuel,onethatmixesdiesel(柴油)withoilsremovedfromspentcoffeegrounds,toreducecarbondioxideemissions(排放)fromitsbustransportsystem.”（据报道，伦敦的公交车很快将部分由一种新开发的生物燃料提供动力，这种生物燃料将柴油与从废咖啡渣中提取的油混合，以减少公交系统的二氧化碳排放。）可知，伦敦的公交车将部分由一种新开发的生物燃料提供动力，以减少公交系统的二氧化碳排放，由此可推断出，伦敦的公交车使用生物燃料是为了减少二氧化碳排放，改善大气质量。故选A项。【29题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段关键句“RecyclingtechnologyfirmBio-BeancollectsusedcoffeegroundsfrommajorcoffeeproducersacrosstheUK,andremovestheoilsfromthem.Thenit’smixedintoB20biodiesel,with20%biofueland80%conventionaldiesel.”（回收技术公司BioBean从英国主要咖啡生产商那收集用过的咖啡渣，并从中去除油脂。然后将其与B20生物柴油混合，其中20%为生物燃料，80%为传统柴油。）可知，B20生物柴油中20%为生物燃料，80%为传统柴油，由此可知，B20是生物燃料和柴油的混合物。故选C项。【30题详解】词义猜测题。根据画线单词上句“Coffeewasteisbecominganalmostunlimitedresource,consideringLondon’scitizensalonecreate200,000tonsofcoffeegroundseveryyear.AsmoreandmoreBritonsswitchfromteatocoffee…”（考虑到仅伦敦市民每年就产生20万吨咖啡渣，咖啡垃圾几乎成为一种无限的资源。随着越来越多的英国人从茶转向咖啡……）可知，仅伦敦市民每年就产生20万吨咖啡渣，并且越来越多的英国人从喝茶转向喝咖啡，由此可知，产生咖啡渣的数量还会增长，“Increase”意为“增长，增加”，能够表达画线单词在句中所要表达的意思。故选B项。【31题详解】主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第二段关键句“ItisreportedthatLondon’sbuseswillsoonbepoweredinpartbyanewlydevelopedbiofuel,onethatmixesdiesel(柴油)withoilsremovedfromspentcoffeegrounds,toreducecarbondioxideemissions(排放)fromitsbustransportsystem.

21”（据报道，伦敦的公交车很快将部分由一种新开发的生物燃料提供动力，这种生物燃料将柴油与从废咖啡渣中提取的油混合，以减少公交系统的二氧化碳排放。）可知，本文主要介绍了一种非传统的生物燃料资源B20，将柴油与从废咖啡渣中提取的油混合，这种生物燃料资源将为公交车提供动力，以减少公交系统的二氧化碳排放，由此可知，本文主要介绍了一种非传统的生物燃料资源。故选B项。32-35-2【基础】【河南省名校联盟2022-2023学年高二上学期开学考试】Inthedigitalage,werelyontechnologysuchassocialmediaintryingtobuildinterestingandvariedlives.SocialnetworkingsiteslikeFacebookaredesignedandpromotedtomakeusbelieveenthusiasticallythattheyareabletoopenupnewexperiencesforus.Thereareconstantnotifications(通知)andupdates,urgingustocheck-intofindoutwhatisnew.Butifwedonotusethetechnologywisely,wecanendupbecomingoverlyattachedandtrappedinacycleofsocialmediaFOMO,asignofdeeperunhappiness.FOMO,orfearofmissingout,isafearthatexcitingorinterestingeventsarehappeningsomewhereelseandthatwearenotabletojoin.PeoplewhoexperiencehighlevelsofFOMOhavebeenfoundtobemorelikelytogiveintourgestowriteandchecktextmessageswhiledriving,aswellastouseFacebookmoreoftendirectlyafterwaking,whilegoingtosleepandduringmeals.Whenitcomestolastinghappiness,itisbestnottogiveintoFOMO,butrathertodealwiththecycleofdesiresthatfuelit.Hardasitis,wearebetteroffworkingtowardfacingthefearfulrealitythatwecannotexperienceeverythingwemightlikethantogetcaughtinacycleofcheckingbehaviorsthatonlycauseanxiety.Ifwehavebecomeusedtousingsocialmediaaspartofourattemptsatlivinginterestinglives,wemustadmitthatitisnoteasytochangeourapproach.Butchangeisalmostalwaysworthwhileinthelongrun.ThefactthatFOMOissocommoninourdigitalageisasignthatthereissomethingwrongwiththewaywearepursuinghappinessandthatwearenotashappyaswemightthinkweare.Itshouldwarnusthat,inoureagernesstousedigitaltechnologytotrytomakeourselveshappier,wemayunintentionally(无意之中)bebringingonexactlytheoppositeresult.32.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A.Thedigitalagehasarrived.B.Sitesgivenetizensusefulexperiences.C.Peoplehavefallenintomoderntechnology.D.Socialmediaaredesignedtoattractpublicattention.33.WhichofthefollowingcouldberegardedassocialmediaFOMO?A.FailingtouseFacebook.B.Answeringacallduringshopping,C.Readingtextmessagesonreachingoffices.D.CheckingFacebookwhiledriving.34.WhydoestheauthorsuggestavoidingFOMO?A.Togainlong-timehappiness.B.Tospeedthecycleofdesires.C.Toworkmuchbetter.D.Toreducefearfulreality.35.Whatcanbelearnedfromthelastparagraph?A.EverybodyhasexperiencedFOMO.B.Digitaltechnologymaymakeusunhappier.

22C.Pursuinghappinessisasignofthedigitalage.D.Peoplemayunintentionallygetlostintechnology.【答案】32.D33.D34.A35.B【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了在数字时代，我们依靠社交媒体等技术来构建有趣多样的生活，这一现象被称为“FOMO”，但事实可能正相反，在我们迫切地使用数字技术试图让自己更快乐的过程中，我们可能无意中带来了恰恰相反的结果，从而让我们不快乐。【32题详解】主旨大意题。根据第一段“SocialnetworkingsiteslikeFacebookaredesignedandpromotedtomakeusbelieveenthusiasticallythattheyareabletoopenupnewexperiencesforus.Thereareconstantnotifications(通知)andupdates,urgingustocheck-intofindoutwhatisnew.(像Facebook这样的社交网站的设计和推广是为了让我们狂热地相信它们能够为我们打开新的体验。这些社交网站上有不断的通知和更新，催促我们打卡，以发现新鲜的事物)”可推知，第一段主要讲，像Facebook这样的社交媒体旨在让我们相信它们能够为我们打开新的体验，从而吸引公众注意。故选D项。【33题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段“PeoplewhoexperiencehighlevelsofFOMOhavebeenfoundtobemorelikelytogiveintourgestowriteandchecktextmessageswhiledriving,aswellastouseFacebookmoreoftendirectlyafterwaking,whilegoingtosleepandduringmeals.(研究发现，经历高强度FOMO的人更容易屈服于在开车时收发短信的冲动，也更容易在醒来、睡觉和吃饭时直接使用Facebook)”可知，开车时刷脸书可以视为社交媒体FOMO。故选D项。【34题详解】推理判断题。根据第四段“Whenitcomestolastinghappiness,itisbestnottogiveintoFOMO,butrathertodealwiththecycleofdesiresthatfuelit.(说到长久的快乐，最好不要向FOMO屈服，而要处理助长它的欲望循环)”和第六段“ThefactthatFOMOissocommoninourdigitalageisasignthatthereissomethingwrongwiththewaywearepursuinghappinessandthatwearenotashappyaswemightthinkweare.(事实上，FOMO在我们的数字时代如此普遍，这表明我们追求幸福的方式出了问题，我们并不像我们想象的那样幸福)”可推知，作者建议避免FOMO是因为避免FOMO才能获得长久的快乐。故选A项。【35题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段“ThefactthatFOMOissocommoninourdigitalageisasignthatthereissomethingwrongwiththewaywearepursuinghappinessandthatwearenotashappyaswemightthinkweare.Itshouldwarnusthat,inoureagernesstousedigitaltechnologytotrytomakeourselveshappier,wemayunintentionally(无意之中)bebringingonexactlytheoppositeresult.(事实上，FOMO在我们的数字时代如此普遍，这表明我们追求幸福的方式出了问题，我们并不像我们想象的那样幸福。它应该提醒我们，在我们急切地使用数字技术试图让自己更快乐的过程中，我们可能无意中带来了恰恰相反的结果)”可推知，与我们认为的相反，数字技术可能会让我们不快乐。故选B项。

2332-35-3【巩固】【江苏省扬州市2022-2023学年高二上学期月考】Lastweekend,Isaidgoodbyetoanotherdearoldfriend.Wehad12fineyearstogether,butourrelationshipwasbecomingdysfunctional(不正常的).Unwantedemissionsandserioushealthproblemswerethefinalstraw,leavingmewithnochoicebuttomakeatriptotheknacker’s(收废汽车者的)yard.Iamnowcar-freeforthefirsttimein20years,anditfeelsstrange.WhenIgaveupmeat,Ididsomainlyforenvironmentalreasons,andIdidn’tmissitatall.Iwouldliketosaythesameaboutmycar,butIcan’t.Itwasfirstandforemostafinancialdecision:keepingtheoldcarontheroadwasgettingtooexpensive.Butdoingtherightthingforthewrongreasonsisstilldoingtherightthing—InowhaveachancetorethinkhowImovemyselfandmyfamilyaround,andcantrytofindamoreenvironmentallyfriendlymeansoftransport.Goingcar-freeis,Ithink,alifestylechangethatmanyofusaregoingtomakeoverthenextfewyears,ascarownershipbecomesincreasinglyunnecessary,expensiveandsociallyunacceptable.However,itiseasiersaidthandone.Nowmycarisgone.Istillneedtogetaround.Buthow?Ialreadycycletoworkandusepublictransportwhenappropriate.Buttherearesomeoccasionswhenacarseemstobetheonlyway.Iwon’tbuyone:Ihavejoinedacar-shareprogramandwillusetaxismoreoften.IwillhireacarifIneedtodrivealongdistance.ButthenIamstilltravellinginfossil-fuelledcars(燃油汽车),likewhenIquitmeatandendedupeatingmorecheese.IfearImayhaveswappedoneenvironmentalproblemforanother.Iamalsoafraidtothinkabouttheultimatefateofmycar.Ihavejustoffloadedmorethanatonofmetal,plastic,rubber,fabric,electronics,oilandpetrolthatwillendupinalandfill.TherearemillionsofsimilarvehiclesintheUKalonethatwillhavetogosomewhere.MaybeIamoverthinkingit.AccordingtoCharlieWilson,aclimatescientistattheUK’sTyndallCentreforClimateChangeResearch,gettingridofaprivatecarisnodoubtapositivesteptoreduceCO2emissions.HepointstoresearchbytheOECD’sInternationalTransportForum.“Theyshowedthatmovingfromaprivatevehiclefleet(车队)toasharedvehiclefleetcangreatlycutthenumberofvehiclesyouneedtodeliverthemobilitythatweneedandwant.Ifthatvehiclefleetiselectrified,youcanalsobringCO2emissionsclosetozero.”Soinotherwords,justgetridofyourcar.32.Whatdoweknowabouttheauthor’scar?A.Itwasold.B.Itwasgreen.C.Itwashisfirstcar.D.Itwasasecond-handcar.33.Whatdotheauthor’sgivingupmeatandsayinggoodbyetohiscarhaveincommon?A.Hedidbothforthewrongreasons.B.Hethinksbothhelphimsavemoney.C.Heconsidersbotharerightdecisions.D.Hedidbothoutofconcernfortheenvironment.34.Whatdoestheauthorfear?A.Hemayhavetospendmoreontravel.B.Hislifestylemightbechangedcompletely.C.Hemightgetboredwithpublictransportation.D.Hisdecisionmayfailtohelptheenvironment.35.WhatdoesCharlieWilsonsay?A.Itiswisetodoawaywitholdprivatecars.

24B.Itisveryeasytodealwitholdprivatecars.C.Electriccarsarethesolutiontotrafficproblems.D.TheOECDplaysakeyroleinpromotingcar-sharing.【答案】32.A33.C34.D35.A【解析】【导语】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。主要讲述作者因为经济原因废弃掉了自己的旧车，也没有买新的车，但是不管是什么原因作者认为是做了正确的事情，他认为这可以有助于减少二氧化碳的排放，为环境做出贡献。【32题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段“Wehad12fineyearstogether,butourrelationshipwasbecomingdysfunctional(不正常的).(我们一起度过了美好的十二年，但是我们的关系渐渐变的不正常)”可知，作者的车很老了。故选A。【33题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段“Butdoingtherightthingforthewrongreasonsisstilldoingtherightthing…(但是出于错误的原因做正确的事情，仍然是做正确的事……)”可知，作者认为不管是戒肉还是跟车说再见都是正确的事情。故选C。【34题详解】推理判断题。根据第五段“ButthenIamstilltravellinginfossil-fuelledcars(燃油汽车),likewhenIquitmeatandendedupeatingmorecheese.IfearImayhaveswappedoneenvironmentalproblemforanother.(但是我仍然使用燃油汽车，就像当我不吃肉了，结果最后吃更多的奶酪一样。我害怕我可能已经把一个环境问题，换成另一个了)”可知，作者担心他的决定可能对环境无益。故选D。【35题详解】细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“AccordingtoCharlieWilson,aclimatescientistattheUK’sTyndallCentreforClimateChangeResearch,gettingridofaprivatecarisnodoubtapositivesteptoreduceCO2emissions.(根据一位英国廷德尔气候变化研究中心的气候科学家CharlieWilson所说，摆脱私家车无疑是一个减少二氧化碳排放的积极的步骤)”以及最后一段引号里的话“Theyshowedthatmovingfromaprivatevehiclefleet(车队)toasharedvehiclefleetcangreatlycutthenumberofvehiclesyouneedtodeliverthemobilitythatweneedandwant.Ifthatvehiclefleetiselectrified,youcanalsobringCO2emissionsclosetozero(他们表明，从私人车队转向共享车队可以大大减少我们需要和想要的交通工具的数量。如果车队是电动的，你也可以使排放量接近于零)”可知，CharlieWilson认为抛弃旧的私家车是明智的。故选A。32-35-4【巩固】【2022届四川省成都石室中学2021-2022学年高三三诊】Britishscientistarepreparingtolaunchrialsofanewwaytofightcancer,whichkillstumours（肿瘤）byinfectingthemwithviruses.LeonardSeymour,aprofessorofgenetherapyatOxfordUniversity,whohasbeenworkingonthevirustherapywithhiscolleagueswilllendthetrialslaterthisyear.CancerResearchUKsaidyesterdaythatitwasexcitedbythepotentialofProfSeymour’spioneeringtechniques.

25ProfSeymourhasbeenworkingwithvirusesthatkillcancercellsdirectly,whileavoidingharmntohealthytissue.Cancer-killingvirusesexploitthefactthatcancercellssuppress(抑制)thebody’slocalimmunesystem.“Ifacancerdoesn’tdothat,theimmunesystemwipesitout.Ifyoucangetavirusintoatumour,virusesfindthemaverygodplacetobebecausethere’snoimmunesystemtostopthemreplicating(复制).Youcanregarditasthecancer’sAchilles’heel.”Researchershaveknownforsometimethatvirusescankilltumourcells.Americanscientistshavepreviouslyinjectedvirusesdirectlyintotumoursbutthistechniquewillnotworkifthecancerisinaccessibleorhasspreadthroughoutthebody.ProfSeymour’sinnovativesolutionistodisguise（伪装）thevirustoavoidthebody’simmunesystem,effectivelyallowingthevirusestodowhatchemotherapydrugsdo—spreadthroughthebloodandreachtumourswherevertheyare.“Whatwe’vedoneismakechemicalmodificationstothevirustoputapolymer（聚合物）coataroundit,”hesaid.Afterthevirusinfectthetumouritreplicates,butthecopiesdonothavethechemicalmodifications.Iftheyescapefromthetumour,thecopieswillbequicklyrecognizedandmoppedupbythebody’simmunesystem.Twovirusesarelikelytobeexaminedinthefirstclinicaltrials:adenovirus,andvaccinia.Forsafetyreasons,bothwillbedisabledtomakethemlesspathogenic（致病的）inthetrial,butProfSeymoursaidheeventuallyhopestousenaturalviruses.Thefirsttrialswilluseuncoatedadenovirusandvacciniaandwillbedeliveredlocallytolivertumours.Severalmoreyearsoftrialswillbeneeded,beforethetherapycanbeconsideredforuseintheNHS(NationalHealthService).Thoughtheapproachwillbeexaminedatfirstforcancersthatdonotrespondtoconventionaltreatments,ProfSeymourhopesthatonedayitmightbeappliedtoallcancers.32.Theunderlinedpart“Achilles’heel”inParagraphthreecanbereplacedby________.A.idealplaceB.originC.weakpointD.advantage33.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthevirustherapyisTRUE?A.Thevirusescankillcancercellsbutmaycauseharmtohealthytissue.B.CancerResearchUKisconcernedaboutProfessorSeymour’sresearchC.Thetechniqueofinjectingvirusesdirectlyintotumorsworkforallcancers.D.ProfessorSeymourisnotthefirsttoresearchonusingvirusestokillcancer.34.WhatisthecreativepartofProfessorSeymour’sresearchwork?A.Researchersmaskthevirusesonthewaytotumors.B.Chemotherapydrugsaretobespreadthroughtheblood.C.Thecopieshavethesamechemicalmodificationsasthevirus.D.Mostcopiesoftheviruswillbekilledbytheimmunesystem.35.Whatcanweinferfromthelasttwoparagraphs?A.Twonaturalvirusesarelikelytobeexaminedinthefirstclinicaltrials.B.Alotofworkneedstobedonebeforethevirustherapybeingputtouse.C.Thefirsttrialswillusecoatedvirusesandwillbedeliveredtolivertumors.D.Theapproachwillonlybeusedoncancersresistanttoconventionaltreatments.【答案】32.C33.D34.A35.B

26【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了英国科学家正准备推出一种对抗癌症的新方法，即通过病毒感染肿瘤来杀死肿瘤。【32题详解】词句猜测题。根据画线处上句“Ifyoucangetavirusintoatumour,virusesfindthemaverygodplacetobebecausethere’snoimmunesystemtostopthemreplicating(复制).（如果你能让病毒进入肿瘤，病毒就会找到它们的藏身之处，因为没有免疫系统阻止它们复制。）”可知，这里是指病毒可以对抗肿瘤，也就是可以看作是肿瘤的致命弱点。故选C项。【33题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第四段第二句“Americanscientistshavepreviouslyinjectedvirusesdirectlyintotumoursbutthistechniquewillnotworkifthecancerisinaccessibleorhasspreadthroughoutthebody.（美国科学家此前曾将病毒直接注射到肿瘤中，但如果癌细胞无法接触或已经扩散到全身，这项技术就无法发挥作用。）”可知，西摩教授并不是第一个研究用病毒杀死癌症的人。故选D项。【34题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第五段第一句“ProfSeymour’sinnovativesolutionistodisguise（伪装）thevirustoavoidthebody’simmunesystem,effectivelyallowingthevirusestodowhatchemotherapydrugsdo—spreadthroughthebloodandreachtumourswherevertheyare.（西摩教授的创新解决方案是将病毒伪装起来，避开人体免疫系统，从而有效地让病毒发挥化疗药物的作用——通过血液扩散，到达肿瘤。）”可知，西摩教授的创新之处在于研究人员掩盖了进入肿瘤的病毒。故选A项。【35题详解】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段最后两句“Severalmoreyearsoftrialswillbeneeded,beforethetherapycanbeconsideredforuseintheNHS(NationalHealthService).Thoughtheapproachwillbeexaminedatfirstforcancersthatdonotrespondtoconventionaltreatments,ProfSeymourhopesthatonedayitmightbeappliedtoallcancers.（在该疗法被考虑用于英国国民健康服务之前，还需要几年的试验。尽管这种方法将首先对常规治疗无效的癌症进行研究，但西摩教授希望，有一天它可能适用于所有癌症。）”可推知，在病毒疗法投入使用之前，还有很多工作要做。故选B项。32-35-5【提升】【2022届湖南省长沙市高三下学期第三次模拟】Videoconferencinghasbeenaroundformorethan20years.UntiltheCOVID-19pandemic,though,youwouldfindthatmanypeopleneedingtoattendameetingremotelywouldbecallingfromarealconferenceroomfulloftheirteammates.Today,we’reroutinelyholdingvideoconferencesthatare100%virtual.Andthisiscreatingaproblemthattechnologycan’tfix.Theproblemisus,specificallythefactthatwehaven’tevolvedsociallytothepointwherewecanbearmuchseparation.Somuchofourwell-beingandworkproductivityisdecidedonhowclosewearephysically.Theremovalofthatforanyperiodoftimecanbeseverelydamaging.Onesurprisingvictimofsocialdistancingislaughter.

27Normallypeoplelaughabout18timesperdayAnd97%ofthattimewe’relaughingwithothers—weare30timesmorelikelytolaughwithothersthantolaughalone.Thinkaboutit:howoftenwhenyouandyourfriendslaughatsomethingthatisactuallyfunny?Researchshowsthat80%ofwhatpeoplelaughatisreallynotthatfunny.Sowhydopeoplelaugh?Theylaughinordertolaughwithothers.Justaseveryonestartsyawningwhenjustonepersonyawns,mostpeoplecan’thelpbutlaughwhenthosearoundthemdo.ThisiswhyTVcomedyshowsoftenuseprerecordedlaughtracks.Laughinginresponsetootherpeople’slaughingisnotjustabehavioralphenomenon.Whenwelaugh,ourbodyproducestwokeychemicals:endorphinwhichhelpsrelievepainandsetsofffeelingsofpleasure,anddopaminewhichcanimprovelearning,motivationandattention.Infact,studiesshowthatpeoplecanstand15%morepainsimplybylaughingforafewminutesbeforehand.Laughterisalsoassociatedwithhighermotivationandproductivityatwork.Intoday’shome-alone,virtual-teamworld,thisisexactlywhatyouasateamleadershouldbedoing:foryourteammemberstostayhealthyandproductive,youneedtogetthemtolaughmoreandstressless.32.Whatistheproblemmentionedinthefirsttwoparagraphs?A.Adistantrelationship.B.Unexpectedsocialevolution.C.Decreasedlaughter.D.Removedsocialdistance.33.Whatcanbeinferredfromthearticle?A.Laughingaloneisnormal.B.Laughingisforfun.C.Laughingstartswithyawning.D.Laughingcomesmoreingroups.34.WhatisParagraph5mainlyabout?A.Themotivationbehindlaughter.B.Thechemicalsregardinglaughter.C.Themechanismoflaughter.D.Thesignificanceoflaughter.35.Whatwouldtheauthormostprobablydiscussnext?A.Howtoboostlaughter.B.Howtobetterateam.C.Howtoreducestress.D.Howtoincreaseproductivity.【答案】32.C33.D34.D35.A【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了笑的重要性。【32题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段的“Today,we’reroutinelyholdingvideoconferencesthatare100%virtual.Andthisiscreatingaproblemthattechnologycan’tfix.（今天，我们经常举行100%虚拟的视频会议。这就产生了一个技术无法解决的问题。）”和第二段的“Theproblemisus,specificallythefactthatwehaven’tevolvedsociallytothepointwherewecanbearmuchseparation.（问题出在我们自己身上，尤其是我们的社交能力还没有进化到可以承受分离的程度。）”和“Onesurprisingvictimofsocialdistancingislaughter.(社交距离的一个令人惊讶的受害者是笑声。)”可知，前两段提到的问题是笑声减少了。故选C。【33题详解】推理判断题。根据第四段的“Justaseveryonestartsyawningwhenjustonepersonyawns,mostpeoplecan’thelpbutlaughwhenthosearoundthem

28do.（就像当只有一个人打哈欠时，每个人都会打哈欠一样，当周围的人笑时，大多数人都会忍不住笑。）”可推断，成群的人笑得更多。故选D。【34题详解】主旨大意题。根据第五段的“Whenwelaugh,ourbodyproducestwokeychemicals:endorphinwhichhelpsrelievepainandsetsofffeelingsofpleasure,anddopaminewhichcanimprovelearning,motivationandattention.Infact,studiesshowthatpeoplecanstand15%morepainsimplybylaughingforafewminutesbeforehand.Laughterisalsoassociatedwithhighermotivationandproductivityatwork.（当我们笑的时候，我们的身体会产生两种关键的化学物质：内啡肽，它可以帮助缓解疼痛并引发愉悦感，还有多巴胺，它可以提高学习能力、动力和注意力。事实上，研究表明，仅仅提前几分钟笑一下，人们就能多忍受15%的疼痛。笑还能提高工作积极性和工作效率。）”可知，本段主要介绍是笑声的重要性。故选D。【35题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段的“Intoday’shome-alone,virtual-teamworld,thisisexactlywhatyouasateamleadershouldbedoing:foryourteammemberstostayhealthyandproductive,youneedtogetthemtolaughmoreandstressless.（在今天这个独自在家、虚拟团队的世界里，这正是你作为一个团队领导者应该做的：为了让你的团队成员保持健康和高效，你需要让他们多笑，少压力。）”可推断，作者接下来最有可能讨论如何增加笑。故选A。31-35-6【真题】（2021全国乙卷）You’veheardthatplasticispollutingtheoceans—between4.8and12.7milliontonnesenteroceanecosystemseveryyear.Butdoesoneplasticstraworcupreallymakeadifference?ArtistBenjaminVonWongwantsyoutoknowthatitdoes.Hebuildsmassivesculpturesoutofplasticgarbage,forcingviewerstore-examinetheirrelationshiptosingle-useplasticproducts.Atthebeginningoftheyear,theartistbuiltapiececalled“Strawpocalypse,”apairof10-foot-tallplasticwaves,frozenmid-crash.Madeof168,000plasticstrawscollectedfromseveralvolunteerbeachcleanups,thesculpturemadeitsfirstappearanceattheEstellaPlaceshoppingcenterinHoChiMinhCity,Vietnam.Just9%ofglobalplasticwasteisrecycled.Plasticstrawsarebynomeansthebiggestsource(来源)ofplasticpollution,butthey’verecentlycomeunderfirebecausemostpeopledon’tneedthemtodrinkwithand,becauseoftheirsmallsizeandweight,theycannotberecycled.Everystrawthat’spartofVonWong’sartworklikelycamefromadrinkthatsomeoneusedforonlyafewminutes.Oncethedrinkisgone,thestrawwilltakecenturiestodisappear.Inapiecefrom2018,VonWongwantedtoillustrate(说明)aspecificstatistic:Every60seconds,atruckload’sworthofplasticenterstheocean.Forthiswork,titled“TruckloadofPlastic,”VonWongandagroupofvolunteerscollectedmorethan10,000piecesofplastic,whichwerethentiedtogethertolooklikethey’dbeendumped(倾倒)fromatruckallatonce.VonWonghopesthathisworkwillalsohelppressurebigcompaniestoreducetheirplasticfootprint.28.WhatareVonWong’sartworksintendedfor?A.Beautifyingthecityhelivesin.B.Introducingeco-friendlyproducts.C.Drawingpublicattentiontoplasticwaste.D.Reducinggarbageonthebeach.29.Whydoestheauthordiscussplasticstrawsinparagraph3?

29A.Toshowthedifficultyoftheirrecycling.B.Toexplainwhytheyareuseful.C.Tovoicehisviewsonmodernart.D.Tofindasubstituteforthem.30.Whateffectwould“TruckloadofPlastic”haveonviewers?A.Calming.B.Disturbing.C.Refreshing.D.Challenging.31.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A.Artists’OpinionsonPlasticSafetyB.MediaInterestinContemporaryArtC.ResponsibilityDemandedofBigCompaniesD.OceanPlasticsTransformedintoSculptures【导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了艺术家BenjaminVonWong用塑料垃圾制作了一个巨大的雕塑作品，让人们通过这个雕塑重新审视自己与一次性塑料制品的关系。此外他在2018的一件作品“TruckloadofPlastic”说明了每60秒，就有一卡车塑料进入海洋。VonWong通过用塑料垃圾制造巨型雕塑来唤醒和提高人们的环保意识。28.C。推理判断题。根据第一段“Butdoesoneplasticstraworcupreallymakeadifference?ArtistBenjaminVonWongwantsyoutoknowthatitdoes.Hebuildsmassivesculpturesoutofplasticgarbage,forcingviewerstore-examinetheirrelationshiptosingle-useplasticproducts.(但一根塑料吸管或一个塑料杯真的有什么区别吗？艺术家本杰明•冯•王（BenjaminVonWong）想让你知道，它确实如此。他用塑料垃圾建造巨大的雕塑，迫使观众重新审视他们与一次性塑料产品的关系。)”可知，VonWong用塑料垃圾制作的雕塑想让人们重新审视与一次性塑料制品的关系，由此可知他做这个雕塑的目的是为了引起公众对塑料垃圾的关注。29.A。推理判断题。根据第三段“Just9%ofglobalplasticwasteisrecycled.Plasticstrawsarebynomeansthebiggestsource(来源)ofplasticpollution,butthey’verecentlycomeunderfirebecausemostpeopledon’tneedthemtodrinkwithand,becauseoftheirsmallsizeandweight,theycannotberecycled.Everystrawthat’spartofVonWong’sartworklikelycamefromadrinkthatsomeoneusedforonlyafewminutes.Oncethedrinkisgone,thestrawwilltakecenturiestodisappear.(全球只有9%的塑料垃圾被回收。塑料吸管绝不是最大的塑料污染源，但它们最近却受到了抨击，因为大多数人不需要吸管喝饮料，而且由于它们体积小、重量轻，无法回收利用。冯•王作品中的每一根吸管都很可能来自只喝了几分钟的饮料。一旦饮料消失了，吸管也要几个世纪才能消失。)”可知，吸管由于体积小，重量轻，无法回收利用，由此可推知，作者在第三段讨论吸管是为了展示它们回收的困难。30.C。推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Inapieceform2018,VonWongwantedtoillustrate(说明)aspecificstatistic:Every60seconds,atruckload’sworthofplasticenterstheocean.Forthiswork,titled“TruckloadofPlastic,”VonWongandagroupofvolunteerscollectedmorethan10,000piecesofplastic,whichwerethentiedtogethertolooklikethey’dbeendumped(倾倒)fromatruckallatonce.(在2018年的一个作品中，冯•王(Von

30Wong)想要说明一个具体的统计数字：每60秒，就有一卡车塑料进入海洋。这项名为“一卡车塑料”的作品，冯•王和一组志愿者收集了一万多块塑料，然后把它们绑在一起，让它们看起来像是同时从卡车上倾倒下来的。)”可知，这个作品以创新的方式让人们了解到塑料垃圾以很快的速度和很大的量倾入海洋，刷新了观众对海洋塑料污染的认知，由此可推断，这个作品会让观众对塑料垃圾进入海洋这件事“耳目一新”。31.D。标题判断题。通读全文，结合第一段“Butdoesoneplasticstraworcupreallymakeadifference?ArtistBenjaminVonWongwantsyoutoknowthatitdoes.Hebuildsmassivesculpturesoutofplasticgarbage,forcingviewerstore-examinetheirrelationshiptosingle-useplasticproducts.(但一根塑料吸管或一个塑料杯真的有什么区别吗？艺术家本杰明•冯•王(BenjaminVonWong)想让你知道，它确实如此。他用塑料垃圾建造巨大的雕塑，迫使观众重新审视他们与一次性塑料产品的关系。)”和倒数第二段(在2018年的一个作品中，冯•王(VonWong)想要说明一个具体的统计数字：每60秒，就有一卡车塑料进入海洋。这项名为“一卡车塑料”的作品，冯•王和一组志愿者收集了一万多块塑料，然后把它们绑在一起，让它们看起来像是同时从卡车上倾倒下来的。)”可知艺术家本杰明•冯•王(BenjaminVonWong)通过利用塑料垃圾制作巨型雕塑的方法来提示人们重新思考与一次性塑料的关系，唤醒和提高人们循环利用的意识，促进环保的发展。由此可知，D项“海洋塑料变成雕塑”符合文章主旨，适合作为标题。