考研英语真题(2014考研必备考研英语历年真题考研英语

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2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语二试题Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Giventheadvantagesofelectronicmoney,youmightthinkthatwewouldmovequicklytothecashlesssocietyinwhichallpaymentsaremadeelectronically.1,atruecashlesssocietyisprobablynotaroundthecomer.Indeed,predictionsofsuchasocietyhavebeen2fortwodecadesbuthavenotyetcometofruition.Forexample,BusinessWeekpredictedin1975thatelectronicmeansofpayment4twouldsoonrevolutionizethevery3ofmoneyitself,"onlyto4itselfseveralyearslater.Whyhasthemovementtoacashlesssocietybeenso5incoming?Althoughe-moneymightbemoreconvenientandmaybemoreefficientthanapaymentssystembasedonpaper,severalfactorswork_6thedisappearanceofthepapersystem.First,itisvery7tosetupthecomputer,cardreader,andtelecommunicationsnetworksnecessarytomakeelectronicmoneythe8formofpayment.Second,papercheckshavetheadvantagethatthey9receipts,somethingthatmanyconsumersareunwillingto10.Third,theuseofpaperchecksgivesconsumersseveraldaysof"floatM-ittakesseveraldays11acheckiscashedandfundsare12fromtheissuer'saccount,whichmeansthatthewriterofthecheckcanearninterestonthefundsinthemeantime.13electronicpaymentsareimmediate,theyeliminatethefloatfortheconsumer.Fourth,electronicmeansofpayment14securityandprivacyconcerns.Weoftenhearmediareportsthatanunauthorizedhackerhasbeenabletoaccessacomputerdatabaseandtoalterinformation15there.Becausethisisnotan16occurrence,unscrupulouspersonsmightbeabletoaccessbankaccountsinelectronicpaymentssystemsand17fundsbymovingthemfromsomeoneelse,saccountsintotheirown.The18ofthistypeoffraudisnoeasytask,andawholenewfieldofcomputersciencehasdevelopedto19securityissues.Afurtherconcernisthattheuseofelectronicmeansofpaymentleavesanelectronic20thatcontainsalargeamountofpersonaldataonbuyinghabits.Thereareworriesthatgovernment,employers,andmarketersmightbeabletoaccessthesedata,therebyencroachingonourprivacy.1.[A]However|B|Moreover[C]Therefore|D|Otherwise2.[A]off[B]back[C]over[D]around3.[A]power[B]concept[C]history[D]role4.[A]reward[B]resist[C]resume[D]reverse5.[A]silent[B]sudden[C]slow[D]steady6.[A]for[B]against[C]with[D]on7.[A]imaginative|B|expensive[C]sensitive|D|productive8.[A]similar[B]original[C]temporary[D]dominant9.[A]collect[B]provide[C]copy[D]print10.[A]giveup[B]takeover[C]bringback[D]passdown11.|A|before|B|after[C]since[D]when12.[A]kept[B|borrowed[C]released|D]withdrawn13.[A]Unless[B]Until[C]Because[D]Though14.[A]hide[B]express[C]raise[D]ease15.[A]analyzed[B]shared[C]stored[D]displayed16.[A]unsafe[B]unnatural[C]uncommon[D]unclear17.[A]steal[B|choose[C]benefit|D|return18.[A|consideration|B|prevention[C]manipulation[D|justification

11.[A]copewith[B]fightagainst[C]adaptto|D|callfor2.[A]chunk[B]chip[CJpath[D]trailSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Inanessayentitled"MakingItinAmerica”,theauthorAdamDavidsonrelatesajokefromcottonaboutjusthowmuchamodemtextilemillhasbeenautomated:Theaveragemillonlytwoemployeestoday,“amanandadog.Themanistheretofeedthedogistheretokeepthemanawayfromthemachines.^^Davidson'sarticleisoneofanumberofpiecesthathaverecentlyappearedmakingthepointthatthereasonwehavesuchstubbornlyhighunemploymentanddecliningmiddle-classincomestodayisalsobecauseoftheadvancesinbothglobalizationandtheinformationtechnologyrevolution,whicharemorerapidlythaneverreplacinglaborwithmachinesorforeignworker.Inthepast,workerswithaverageskills,doinganaveragejob,couldearnanaveragelifestyle,But,today,averageisoflficiallyover.Beingaveragejustwon'tearnyouwhatitusedto.Itcan'twhensomanymoreemployershavesomuchmoreaccesstosomuchmoreaboveaveragecheapforeignlabor,cheaprobotics,cheapsoftware,cheapautomationandcheapgenius.Therefore,everyoneneedstofindtheirextra-theiruniquevaluecontributionthatmakesthemstandoutinwhateveristheirfieldofemployment.Yes,newtechnologyhasbeeneatingjobsforever,andalwayswill.Butthere'sbeenanacceleration.AsDavidsonnotes,^^Inthe10yearsendingin2(X)9,[U.S.]factoriesshedworkerssofastthattheyerasedalmostallthegainsoftheprevious70years;roughlyoneoutofeverythreemanufacturingjobs-about6millionintotal-disappeared.Therewillalwaysbechanged-newjobs,newproducts,newservices.ButtheonethingweknowforsureisthatwitheachadvanceinglobalizationandtheLT.revolution,thebestjobswillrequireworkerstohavemoreandbettereducationtomakethemselvesaboveaverage.Inaworldwhereaverageisofficiallyover,therearemanythingsweneedtodotosupportemployment,butnothingwouldbemoreimportantthanpassingsomekindofGI.Billforthe21stcenturythatensuresthateveryAmericanhasaccesstopoet-highschooleducation.3.ThejokeinParagraph1isusedtoillustrate[A]theimpactoftechnologicaladvances[B]thealleviationofjobpressure[C]theshrinkageoftextilemills[D]thedeclineofmiddle-classincomes4.AccordingtoParagraph3,tobeasuccessfulemployee,onehasto[A]workoncheapsoftware[B]askforamoderatesalary[C]adoptanaveragelifestyle[D]contributesomethingunique5.ThequotationinParagraph4explainsthat[A]gainsoftechnologyhavebeenerased[B]jobopportunitiesaredisappearingatahighspeed[C]factoriesaremakingmuchlessmoneythanbefore[D]newjobsandserviceshavebeenoffered6.Accordingtotheauthor,toreduceunemployment,themostimportantis|A|toacceleratetheI.T.revolution

2[B]toensuremoreeducationforpeople[C]roadvanceeconomicglobalization[D]topassmorebillsinthe21stcentury1.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethemostappropriatetitleforthetext?[A]NewLawTakesEffect|B|TechnologyGoesCheap[C]AverageIsOver[D]RecessionIsBadText2Acenturyago,theimmigrantsfromacrosstheAtlanticincluedsettlersandsojourners.AlongwiththemanyfolkslookingtomakeapermanenthomeintheUnitedStatescamethosewhohadnointentiontostay,and7millinpeoplearrivedwhileabout2milliondeparted.AboutaquarterofallItalianimmigrants,forexanmle,eventuallyreturnedtoItalyforgood.Theyevenhadanaffectionatenickname,"uccellidipassaggio,^birdsofpassage.Today,wearemuchmorerigidaboutimmigrants.Wedividenemcomersintotwocategories:legalorillegal,goodorbad.WehailthemasAmericansinthemaking,orourbrokenimmigrantionsystemandthelongpoliticalparalysisoverhowtofixit.Wedon'tneedmorecategories,butweneedtochangethewaywethinkaboutcategories.Weneedtolookbeyondstrickdefinitionsoflegalandillegal.Tostart,wecanrecognizethenewbirdsofpassage,thoselivingandthrivinginthegrayareas.Wemightthenbegintosolveourimmigrationchallenges.Croppickers,violinists,constructionworkers,entrepreneurs,engineers,homehealth-careaidesandphysicistsareamongtoday'sbirdsofpassage.Theyareenergeticparticipantsinaglobaleconomydrivenbytheflowofwork,moneyandideas.Theyprefertocomeandgoasopportunitycallsthem,Theycanmanagetohaveajobinoneplaceandafamilyinanother.Withorwithoutpermission,theystraddlelaws,jurisdictionsandidentitieswithease.WeneedthemtoimaginetheUnitedStatesasaplacewheretheycanbeproductiveforawhilewithoutcommittingthemselvestostayingforever.Weneedthemtofeelthathomecanbebothhereandthereandthattheycanbelongtotwonationshonorably.Accommodatingthisnewworldofpeopleinmotionwillrequirenewattitudesonbothsidesoftheimmigrationbattle.Lookingbeyondtheculturewarlogicofrightorwrongmeansopeningupthemiddlegroundandunderstandingthatmanagingimmigrationtodayrequiresmultiplepathsandmultipleoutcomes.Includingsomethatarenoteasytoaccomplishlegallyintheexistingsystem.26"Birdsofpassage“referstothosewho|A|immigrateacrosstheAtlantic.[B]leavetheirhomecountriesforgood.[C]stayinaforegintemporaily.[D]findpennanentjobsoverseas.27Itisimpliedinparagraph2thatthecurrentimmigrationstystemintheUS|A|needsnewimmigrantcategories.[B]hasloosenedcontroloverimmigrants.[C]shouldbeadoptedtomeetchallenges.[D]hasbeenfixeedviapoliticalmeans.28Accordingtotheauthor,today'sbirdsofpassagewant|A]fiancialincentives.|B|aglobalrecognition.|C]opportunitiestogetregularjobs.[D]thefreedomtostayandleave.

329.Theauthorsuggeststhatthebirdsofpassagetodayshouldbetreated_[A]asfaithfulpartners.[B]witheconomicfavors.[C]withlegaltolerance.|D|asmightyrivals.30.whichofthebesttitleforthepassage?[A]comeandgo:bigmistake.[B]livingandthriving:greatrisk.[C]withorwithout:greatrisk.[D]legalorillegal:bigmistake.Text3Scientistshavefoundthatalthoughwearepronetosnapoverreactions,ifwetakeamomentandthinkabouthowwearelikelytoreact,wecanreduceoreveneliminatethenegativeeffectsofourquick,hard-wiredresponses.Snapdecisionscanbeimportantdefensemechanisms;ifwearejudgingwhethersomeoneisdangerous,ourbrainsandbodiesarehard-wiredtoreactveryquickly,withinmilliseconds.Butweneedmoretimetoassessotherfactors.Toaccuratelytellwhethersomeoneissociable,studiesshow,weneedatleastaminute,preferablyfive.Ittakesawhiletojudgecomplexaspectsofpersonality,likeneuroticismoropen-mindedness.Butsnapdecisionsinreactiontorapidstimuliaren'texclusivetotheinterpersonalrealm.PsychologistsattheUniversityofTorontofoundthatviewingafast-foodlogofbrjustafewmillisecondsprimesustoread20percentfaster,eventhoughreadinghaslittletodowitheating.Weunconsciouslyassociatefastfoodwithspeedandimpatienceandcarrythoseimpulsesintowhateverelsewe'redoing,Subjectsexposedtofast-foodflashesalsotendtothinkamusicalpiecelaststoolong.Yetwecanreversesuchinfluences.Ifweknowwewilloverreacttoconsumerproductsorhousingoptionswhenweseeahappyface(onereasongoodsalesrepresentativesandrealestateagentsarealwayssmiling),wecantakeamomentbeforebuying.Ifweknowfemalejobscreenersaremorelikelytorejectattractivefemaleapplicants,wecanhelpscreenersunderstandtheirbiases-orhireoutsidescreeners.JohnGottman,themarriageexpert,explainsthatwequickly“thinslice"informationreliablyonlyafterwegroundsuchsnapreactionsin4'thicksliced^^long-termstudy.WhenDr.Gottmanreallywantstoassesswhetheracouplewillstaytogether,heinvitesthemtohisislandretreatforamucklongerevaluation;twodays,nottwoseconds.Ourabilitytomuteourhard-wiredreactionsbypausingiswhatdifferentiatesusfromanimals:dogecanthinkaboutthefutureonlyintermittentlyorforafewminutes.Buthistoricallywehavespentabout12percentofourdayscontemplatingthelongerterm.Althoughtechnologymightchangethewaywereact,ithasn'tchangedournature.Westillhavetheimaginativecapacitytoriseabovetemptationandreversethehigh-speedtrend.31.Thetimeneededinmakingdecisionsmay.|A|varyaccordingtotheurgencyofthesituation[B]provethecomplexityofourbrainreaction[C]dependontheimportanceoftheassessment[D]predeterminetheaccuracyofourjudgment32.Ourreactiontoafast-fbodlogoshowsthatsnaodecisions.|A]canbeassociative|B|arenotunconscious|C]canbedangerous[D]arenotimpulsive33.Toreversethenegativeinfluencesofsnapdecisions,weshould.[A]trustourfirstimpression

4[A]doaspeopleusuallydo[B]thinkbeforeweact|D|askforexpertadvice29.JohnGottmansaysthatreliablesnapreactionarebasedon.[A]criticalassessment[B]4tthinsliced"study[C]sensibleexplanation[D]adequateinformation30.Theauthor'sattitudetowardreversingthehigh-speedtrendis.[A]tolerant[B]uncertain[C]optimistic[D]doubtfulText4Europeisnotagender-equalityheaven.Inparticular,thecorporateworkplacewillneverbecompletelyfamily-friendlyuntilwomenarepartofseniormanagementdecisions,andEurope,stopcorporate-governancepositionsremainoverwhelminglymale.indeed,womenholdonly14percentofpositionsonEuropecorporateboards.TheEuropeUnionisnowconsideringlegislationtocompelcorporateboardstomaintainacertainproportionofwomen-upto60percent.Thisproposedmandatewasbornoffrustration.Lastyear,EuropeCommissionVicePresidentVivianeRedingissuedacalltovoluntaryaction.Redinginvitedcorporationstosignupforgenderbalancegoalof40percentfemaleboardmembership.Butherappealwasconsideredafailure:only24companiestookitup.DoweneedquotastoensurethatwomencancontinuetoclimbthecorporateLadderfairyastheybalanceworkandfamily?^Personally,Idon?tlikequotas,^^Redingsaidrecently.4tButilikewhatthequotasdo.^^Quotasgetaction:they“openthewaytoequalityandtheybreakthroughtheglassceiling,''accordingtoReding,aresultseeninFranceandothercountrieswithlegallybindingprovisionsonplacingwomenintopbusinesspositions.IunderstandReding'sreluctance-andherfrustration.Idon'tlikequotaseither;theyruncountertomybeliefinmeritocracy,governmentbythecapable.But,whenoneconsiderstheobstaclestoachievingthemeritocraticideal,itdoeslookasifafairerworldmustbetemporarilyordered.Afterall,fourdecadesofevidencehasnowshownthatcorporationsinEuropeastheUSareevadingthemeritocratichiringandpromotionofwomentotopposition—nomatterhowmuch“softpressure“isputuponthem.Whenwomendobreakthroughtothesummitofcorporatepower—as,forexample,SherylSandbergrecentlydidatFacebook—theyattractmassiveattentionpreciselybecausetheyremaintheexceptiontotherule.Ifappropriatepubicpolicieswereinplacetohelpallwomen-whetherCEOsortheirchildren'scaregivers-andallfamilies,Sandbergwouldbenomorenewsworthythananyotherhighlycapablepersonlivinginamorejustsociety.31.IntheEuropeancorporateworkplace,generally.[A]womentakethelead|B|menhavethefinalsay|C]corporategovernanceisoverwhelmed|D]seniormanagementisfamily-friendly32.TheEuropeanUnion'sintendedlegislationis.[A]areflectionofgenderbalance[B]areluctantchoice[C]aresponsetoReding'scall

5[A]avoluntaryaction29.AccordingtiReding,quotasmayhelpwomen.[A]gettopbusinesspositions[B]seethroughtheglassceiling[C]balanceworkandfamily[D]anticipatelegalresults30.Theauthor'sattitudetowardReding'sappealisoneof.|A]skepticism[B]objectiveness[C]indifference[D]approval31.Womenenteringtopmanagementbecomeheadlinesduetothelackof.[A]moresocialjustice|B|massivemediaattention[C]suitablepublicpolicies[DJgreater4tsoftpressure”PartBDirections:Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatext.ChoosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedparagraph(41-45).MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)|A]Livelikeapeasant[B]Balanceyourdiet[C]Shopkeepersareyourfriends[D]Remembertotreatyourself[E]Sticktowhatyouneed[F]Planningiseverything|G]Wastenot,wantnotThehugelypopularblogtheSkintFoodiechronicleshowTonybalanceshisloveofgoodfoodwithlivingonbenefits.Afterbills,Tonyhas£60aweektospend,£40ofwhichgoesonfood,but10yearsagohewasearning£130,000aIyearworkingincorporatecommunicationsandeatingatLondon'sbetftrestaurants1"atleasttwiceaweek.Thenhismarriagefailed,hiscareerburnedoutandhisdrinkingbecameserious.HThecommunitymentalhealthteamsavedmylife.AndIfeltlikethatagain,toacertaindegree,whenpeoplerespondedtotheblogsowell.ItgavemethevalidationandconfidencethatI'dlost.Butit'sstilladay-by-daything."Nowhe'slivinginacouncilflatandfieldingoffersfromliteraryagents.He'sfeelingpositive,buthe'llcarryonblogging-notabouteatingascheaplyasyoucan-“therearesomanypeopleinamuchworsestate,withbarelyanymoneytospendonfood"-buteatingwellonabudget.Here'shisadviceforeconomicalfoodies.41.Impulsivespendingisn'tanoption,soplanyourweek'smenuinadvance,makingshoppinglistsforyouringredientsintheirexactquantities.IhaveanExceltemplateforaweekofbreakfast,lunchanddinner.Stoplaughing:it'snotjustcosteffectivebuthelpsyoubalanceyourdiet.It*salsoagoodideatoshopdailyinsteadofweekly,because,being-human,you'llsometimeschangeyourmindaboutwhatyoufancy.42Thisiswheresupermarketsandthci;anonymitycomeinhandy.Withthem,there*snotthesameembarrassmentaswhenbuyingonecarrotinalittlegreengrocer.Andifyouplanproperly,you'llknowthatyouonlyneed,say,350gofshinofbeefandsixrashersofbacon,notwhateverweightispre-packedinthesupermarketchiller.

643Youmayproudlyclaimtoonlyhavefrozenpeasinthefreezer-that*snotgoodenough.Mineisfilledwithleftovers,bread,stock,meatandfish.Planningaheadshouldeliminatewastage,butifyouhavesurplusvegetablesyou'lldoavegetablesoup,andallfruitsthreateningto"gooffwillbecookedorjuiced.44Everyonesaysthis,butitreallyisatoptipforfrugaleaters.Shopatbutchers,delisandfish-sellersregularly,evenforsmallthings,andbesuperfriendly.Soonyou'llfeelcomfortableaskingifthey'veanyknucklesofhamforsoupsandstews,orbeefbones,chickencarcassesandfishheadsforstockwhich,moreoftenthannot,Theyi!letyouhaveforfree.45Youwon*tbeeatingoutalot,butsaveyourpenniesandonceeveryfewmonthstreatyourselftoasetlunchatagoodrestaurant-£1.75aweekforthreemonthsgivesyou£21-morethan*'enoughforathree-courselunchatMichelin-starredArbutus.lt*s£16.95there-or£12.99foralargepizzafromDomino's:IknowwhichI'drathereat.SectionIIITranslation46.Directions:TranslatethefollowingtextfromEnglishtoChinese.WriteyourtranslationonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)Icanpickadatefromthepast53yearsandknowinstantlywhereIwas,whathappenedinthenewsandeventhedayoftheweek,Tvebeenabletodothis,sinceIwas4.Ineverfeeloverwhelmedwiththeamountofinformationmybrainabsorbs.Mymindseemstobeabletocopeandtheinformationisstoredawayneatly.When1thinkofasadmemory,1dowhateverybodydoes-trytoputittooneside.Idon'tthinkit'sharderformejustbecausemymemoryisclearer.Powerfulmemorydoesn'tmakemyemotionsanymoreacuteorvivid.IcanrecallthedaymygrandfatherdiedandthesadnessIfeltwhenwewenttothehospitalthedaybefore.IalsorememberthatthemusicalHairopenedonBroadwayonthesameday-theybothjustpopintomymindinthesameway.SectionIVWriting47WritingSupposeyourclassistoholdacharitysaleforkidsinneedofhelp.Writeyourclassmatesanemailto1)informthemaboutthedetailsand2)encouragethemtoparticipate100wordsuseLiMing.Don*twriteyouraddress.(10points)PartB(15points)48Writeanessaybasedonthefollowingchartinyourwriting,youshould(1)interpretthechart,and(2)giveyourcommentsYoushouldwriteabout150words.答案：1-5:ADBDC6-10:BBDBA11-15:ADCCC16-20:CABAD【答案详解】1.［标准答案］［A］［考点分析］本题考察逻辑关系［选项分析］因为考察逻辑关系，所以需要我们先对填空前后的原文信息做定位分析：填空之后的信息为“atruecashlesssocietyisprobablynotaroundthecorner（一个无现金社会不太可能马上出现），而文章之前的信息都是在说我们可能马上就进入一个无现金社会，两者之间出现了明显的转折关系，因此只有however符合题意。B.moreover表递进C.therefore表结果D.Otherwise表对■比

71.［标准答案］［D］［考点分析］上下文语义［选项分析］根据该句的but可知，其前后句子是转折关系。后一句是说这种形式的社会并没有真正有成果出来，所以前一句应该为这样的预测已经进行了二十年。其它选项不符合题意。2.［标准答案］［B］［考点分析］上下文语义及名词辨析［选项分析］该句意思为，1975年的《商业周刊》预测电子支付手段“将很快彻底改变货币本身的—四个选项中，A.为力量C“历史”D“角色”，语义不正确，且如果选择role的话，应该是复数roles,因为是金钱的作用不止一个，故答案选B。3.［标准答案］［D］［考点分析］上下文语义及动词词义辨析［选项分析］根据only知道，空格处所填单词词义应与前一句的“revolutionize”（变革）发生同义替换，因此ABCD四个选项中只有D.reverse（颠覆）符合。A.reward奖赏B.resist抵抗C.resume重新开始，继续。4.［标准答案］［C］［考点分析］上下文语义及形容词词义辨析［选项分析］根据上文得知，早在1975年就预测了无现金社会可能即将到来，而作者谈到实际上“真正的无现金社会很可能不会马上到来“，因此这种无现金社会只可能缓慢到来，故答案选择C。A.silent沉寂的，B.sudden突然的，D.steady平稳的。5.［标准答案］［B］［考点分析］上下文语义及介词词义辨析［选项分析］填空所在段开头although表明对上一段的让步关系，上一段的观点为人们进入无现金时代的速度变缓慢的原因。因此这一段应该是说明尽管电子支付可能比纸币支付方式更方便更高效，然而以下几个方面解释了纸币系统"不会”消失的原因，只有Bworkagainst违背、妨碍，符合题意。A.workfor为…而工作C.workwith与…共事，对…起作用D.workon从事…工作，对…起作用，都不合适。6.［标准答案］［B］［考点分析］上下文语义及形容词词义辨析［选项分析］本填空所在句为对纸币支付“不会”消失原因的解释，即推广电子支付方式不利之处。所以该题选项先排除productive富有成效的。而imaginative,意思是“虚构的、富于想象力的“；sensitive,意思是“敏感的、易受伤害的”均不符合语义，只能选择消极含义的选项expensiveo7.［标准答案］［D］［考点分析］上下文语义及形容词词义辨析［选项分析］空格所在句译为…使得电子货币成为一支付方式，将四个选项带入，C,D是比较恰当的，再结合本文章的主旨，应该选择“占主导地位的，支配地位”这层意思的D选项。A.similar相似的B.original原始的，独创的，都不合适。8.［标准答案］［B］［考点分析］上下文语义及名词词义辨析［选项分析］纸质支票支付拥有能够—收据的优势，而客户一般都不愿一。收据当然是由银行开具，所以只能选择provide。A.collect收集收据，C.copy更印收据，D.print打印收据都和实际生活不符合。9.［标准答案］［A］［考点分析］上下文语义及固定搭配［选项分析］该动词短语的宾语是前文的something,指代上文的advantage,纸质支票支付能够提供收据这一优势，肯定是消费者不愿放弃的。和优势相搭配的动词短语不能是B.takeover接管，也不能是C.bringback拿回来，D.passdown传递、遗传也不符合。A.giveup放弃一种优势，符合语境，为正确答案。

81.［标准答案］A［考点分析］上下文逻辑关系［选项分析］本句是来解释“float”的。空格前面意为“需要花几天”后半句意为纸支票兑现。上文提到讲纸支票的兑现不像是电子支票，是不会马上完成的，所以在纸支票在兑现前要是需要时间的。Abefoir"在。。。之前”。Bafter"在。之后"。Csince“自从"。Dwhen"当。。。的时候”。结合上下文意思，很明显只有A符合语境。2.［标准答案］D［考点分析］上下文语义及动词词义辨析［选项分析］从“and”一词可以看出此题与此11题紧密相连，若能正确理解上一题，此处就很容易选出。意思是在纸支票兑现及钱从帐户取出之前，Akept“保持"。Bborrowed“借”。C⑹eased"释放，发布“。Dwithdraw"取钱”。所以结合上下文可以得出只有D项符合语境。3.［标准答案］C［考点分析］上下文逻辑关系［选项分析］前句子含义是电子支票是及时的，后半句含义是用户不能享有“浮动”带来有好处。可以看出整句话是一个因为关系。A.Unless"除非B.Until“售lj。。。才C.Because“因为”。D.Though“然而根据上下文含义，应选C.4.［标准答案］C［考点分析］上下文语义及动词词义辨析［选项分析］此处是一个短句，明显缺少一个谓语动词，通过最后一个单词concerns可以看出本句的含义是电子支付方式引发安全及隐私的问题。四个选项中只有raise和concerns搭配时符合文意。所以选C。5.［标准答案］C［考点分析］后置定语［选项分析］存储信息是通常有固定的动词store.所以选Co6.［标准答案］C［考点分析］上下文语义及动词词义辨析［选项分析］上文提出电子支票的坏处，本句话意思是“因为这种事情经常发生”，所以形容意思应为普遍的，但因为本句用的双重否定表肯定，所以选填词汇意思应为不普遍的。结合选项Aunsafe“不安全”。Bunnatural“不自然的"。Cuncommon"不是普遍的"Dunclear“不清楚的”。所以只有C项符合本句话意思。7.［标准答案］A［考点分析］上下文语义及动词义辨析［选项分析］本句话是讲电子支票的存在的风险，含义是那些不道德的人就可能通过转移帐户从而偷取别人的存款。动词应为贬义，可以排除选项。故选［A］。8.［标准答案］B［考点分析］上下文语义及名词义辨析［选项分析］上文提出电子支票的风险，本句话提出解决办法，但是防止此类诈骗不是容易的事。结合选项Aconsideration”考虑"。Bprevetion”阻止，防止"。Cmanipulation"操纵"Djusitiflcation"理由，辩护结合语境只有B符合。9.［标准答案］A［考点分析］动词固定搭配［选项分析］根据上下文应该选一个“应对”安全问题含义的动词词组，所以可以排除C项和D项，B是“对抗，反抗”，A是”处理应对”，所以A项是最佳答案。20」标准答案］D［选项分析］上下文语义及名词词义辨析［考点分析］本句提出电子支票的另一个风险，电子支票可追踪包括大量有关个人购物习惯的信息。根据文意可以排除A项和B项，Cpath“小路，道路，强调路径。Dtrail”痕迹，踪迹”，符合上下文，所以选D。

921.标准答案：A考点分析：此题考查考生对文章细节信息的把握能力，解题的关键在于定位和辨别细节信息。选项分析：根据题干提示信息，我们定位到文章第一段的最后两句“…amanandadog.Themanistheretofeedthedog,andthedogistheretokeepthemanawayfromthemachines.'',说如自动化的纺织厂，他们只需要两个员工”一个人外加一条狗。人是负责喂狗的，狗是让人不要靠近机器的。”近年来考研阅读常常用故事或是笑话引出文章所要谈论的主题。因此，我们再继续看第二段内容。第二段引出文章话题：全球化和信息科技革命进步是造成失业率居高不下、中产阶级收入下降的主要原因。因此选择答案A。选项B为就业压力的缓解，与本文谈论话题向左；选项C现代纺织厂规模的缩减，望文生义；选项D中产阶级收入的减少，不是文章谈论的重点，文章重在谈论造成中产阶级收入的减少的原因。22.标准答案：D考点分析：此题考查考生对文章细节信息的把握能力，解题的关键在于定位和辨别细节信息。选项分析：根据题干提示信息，我们定位到文章第三段的倒数第二句'Therefore,everyoneneedstofindtheirextra-theiruniquevaluecontributionthatmakesthemstandoutinwhateveristheirfieldofemployment”,咽此，人人都需要有另外的价值：异于常人的独特价值能够让他们在各自的雇佣市场上脱颖而出。“standout与题干中的successful同义复现，题干中问我们为了成为成功的雇员，他必须怎么做。答案D中的contributesomethingunique是对theiruniquevaluecontribution的同义改写，因此，答案选择D。其他一:个选项均与文章内容不相符合。选项A,workoncheapsoftware继续生产廉价的软件：选项B,askforamoderatesalary索要适当的薪水：选项C,adoptanaveragelifestyle选择一般的生活方式。23.标准答案：B考点分析：此题考查考生对文章细节信息的定位和理解能力。此类题目的解题关键在于根据题干信息定位，本题的“Paragraph4","quotation”即为定位信息。选项分析：根据笫四段引用的Davidson的原话，“2009年之前的十年内，美国工厂裁撤工人速度之快，基本上等于过去70年新增的工人数量；大概每三个工作岗位就有一个岗位消失了，总共约有600万之多。”可知引用这段话的主题为裁员，且速度很快，这符合B项工作机会急速消失，故此项为正确答案。AC两项文章中没有提到，D项和B项互为相反项，结合文章来看工作机会在消失而不是出现了新的工作机会，故D项错误。24.标准答案：B考点分析：此题考查考生对文章的细节信息的把握能力，关键在于定位和对文章的理解。选项分析：根据题干信息提示Unemployment”，结合自然段定位法，我们不难定位到文章倒数第二段最后一句“Herearethelatestunemploymentratesfrom…”下面是美国劳工局对美国25岁以上人群的最新失业率统计：高中学历都没有的失业率为13.8%；有高中学历，但没有大学学历的为8.7%；有大学或大专学历的为7.7%；有学士甚至更高学位的只有4.1%。从这句话可知失业率主要和员工的受教育程度相关。因此如果想要减少失业率，最重耍的应该是选项B”确保更多的人受到教育”。ACD项均和文章不符。25.标准答案：C考点分析：本题考核的知识点是全文主旨。可以根据文章中的主要内容作答，亦可以根据以上题目的共同焦点作答。选项分析：文章第一段通过一个笑话指出现代化社会技术的进步程度，使得劳动力大大减少。其余各段进一步论证了失业率的增加，因此一个追求平庸的时代已经结束了，人们需要提高自身教育水平，才能够保证不被淘汰。最后一段第句话再次强调说平庸时代已经正式结束了。因此选项C为最恰当的标题。A项”新的法律要实施”仅在最后一段提到一句，不能涵盖文章主旨。B项“科技走向廉价”不符合文意。D项，经济衰退有害”与文章无关。26.【答案】C(stayinaforeigntemporarily)【解析】词汇题。根据题干关键词定位，定位到第一段最后一句。在造句中，Theyevenhadanaffectionatenickname,44uccellidipassaggio/,birdsofpassage.,they

10这个代词承前指代，指四分之•的意大利移民。有些人要再美国定居(permanenthome),但是一些人只是在美国暂时居住,要回国(hadnointentiontostay).一定要注意理解这个倒装结构:Alongwith....camethosewho那些没有要回国的是我们要强调的。通过这句我们能选择出C选项。这A项只是说一世纪前的横跨大西洋的移民们，没有说birdsofpassage来自于哪里。B项虽然有forgood但是与原文意思相反。原文是移民们会永远的回到意大利，而不是选项当中的离开自己的祖国。D项文中首段并未提及。21.【答案】C(shouldbeadoptedtomeetchallenges)【解析】推理题。题干要求在第二段。原文“Wedon'tneedmorecategories”可以排除A选项。文章，Today,wearemuchmorerigidaboutimmigrants.“我们目前有更加严格的对待移民以及“Weneedtolookbeyondstrictdefinitionsoflegalandillegal.“我们需要超越这种合法和不合法的严格定义。就知道目前是很严格的。我们还没有选项中的“hasloosenedcontroloverimmigrants.”对移民的放松控制。B项排除。文章也并没有说这个制度被政治方式所修复。政治确实出现在文章中，但是只是说"helongpoliticalparalysis”长期的政治麻痹与原文不符。故排除。4Tostart...Wemightthenbegintosolveourimmigrationchallenges.”首先承认这些短暂移民的存在，然后解决移民的挑战。是C选项的同义替换。22.【答案】D(thefreedomtostayandleave)【解析】细节题。根据关键词定位，可定位到第三段。‘Theyprefertocomeandgoasopportunitycallsthem.Theycanmanagetohaveajobinoneplaceandafamilyinanother.”他们喜欢随着机会的来临,来去都自如。他们可以在一地工作，也可以再另外的地方成家。强调的是机会和来去自如。D项是这句的同义替换。A项是对原文的片面理解。‘"Theyareenergeticparticipantsinaglobaleconomydrivenbytheflowofwork,moneyandideas”不仅仅是来自金钱的刺激(financialincentives),还有有工作和各种理念。B在文中未提及。文中只是说道“globaleconomy”，没有提“globalrecognition”，C项中的regularjobs(,般工作)在文中未提及，也是对文意的曲解。23.【答案】C(withlegaltolerance)【解析】推理题。根据题干，可定位到第五段。题干问到“根据作者，这些短暂移民者应该以何种方式被对待”“Lookingbeyondtheculturewarlogicofrightorwrongmeansopeningupthemiddlegroundandunderstandingthatmanagingimmigrationtodayrequiresmultiplepathsandmultipleoutcomes.Includingsomethatarenoteasytoaccomplishlegallyintheexistingsystem”意思是“我们应该超越移民合法性方面的文化之争，重现看待中间地带，充分意识到当今的移民管理体系需要各种途径，从而取得多样化的结果，来解决现今移民体系下用法律手段很难解决的问题“暗含了C项中tolerance也就是对“multiplepathsandmultipleoutcomes”的改写。A、B和D项在文中未提及。24.【答案】D(legalorillegal:bigmistake)【解析】主旨大意题。文章第二段第二句中提到“Wedividenewcomersintotwocategories:legalorillegal”“我们把新移民分为2类：合法和不合法移民needtolookbeyondstrickdefinitionsoflegalandillegal,”“我们不需要合法和不合法移民这样严格的定义”这说明这种分类是错误的。另外，文章最后一段最后一句"Includingsomethatarenoteasytoaccomplishlegallyintheexistingsystem."”包括在现行移民体系中不容易合法的实现一些事情”也反映了文章的中心。也就是说合法和不合法的分类是错误的。故选D。A项说短暂移民们的移动是个错误。没有体现文章主旨。B和C项都说是risk（风险）跟文章无关。25.［答案］［D］predeterminetheaccuracyofourjudgment【解析】细节题。题干问的是“作决定过程中所需的时间或许可以文章第一段提到“如果我们在做出反应之前花点儿时间来思考，那么将会减少甚至消除我们快速反应所带来的负面影响”，也就是说我们做决定所花的时间决定了我们判断的准确性。此外，此选项中的“accuracy”为“accurately”的同词异形，故此项为正确答案。选项A表达“依形势紧急性而定”错在无中生有；选项B“SE明大脑反映的复杂性”，也是无中生有；选项C”取决于评估的重要性”，也与原文不符合，故排除。26.【答案】［A］canbeassociative【解析】细节题。题干问的是“我们对于快餐商标的反应速度表明决定是样的”,由题干的关键词“fasbfoodlog。''我们可以定位到第三段。第三段开头说，让人做出仓促决定的刺激因素不仅限于人际关系范围内。紧接着一句说人们对快餐商标的反应速度比•般阅读速度快。下一句阐述了原因：因为人们无意识地（unconsciously）将“快餐”与“速度”和"心急”联系在一起，并将这些冲动付诸行动。A说决定是有联系性的正确，因为人们将“

11快餐”与“速度”，“心急”联系在了一起。B说决定是无意识的，与原文意思相反；C说决定是危险的，原文未提及；D说决定是不冲动的，与原文意思相悖排除。21.【答案】［C］thinkbeforeweacl【解析】细节题。先看题干说“为了逆转仓促决定所带来的影响，我们应该根据题干定位到第四段。第四段通过两个例子说明我们应该怎样克服负面影响，第一个例子表示“如果我们会对消费产品或者房产选择做出“过度反应”，我们可以在购买之前先思考一会儿”，由此可说明我们应该在行动之前先思考来消除负面影响，因此选择答案C。其他选项均不符合题意。22.【答案】［DJadequateinformation【解析】细节题。题干问的是“JohnGottman认为可靠的快速反映是基于的。”由题十■JohnGottman定位到全文倒数第二段。其中第一句:JohnGottman,...explainsthatwequickly“thinslice^informationreliablyonlyafterwegroundsuchsnapreactionsin"Ihicksliced'long-termstudy.婚姻专家约翰•古德曼解释说，我们快速反应的信息的可靠性是建立在这样的快速反应的行为是以长期的研究为基础而做出的快速反应行为。其中ground是题干中baseon的同意置换，longlermstudy长期的研究与D选项adequateinformation相互呼应。由此可判断出［D］adequateinformation（足够的信息）是本题正解。23.【答案】［C］optimistic【解析】态度题。根据35题题干reversingthehigh-speedtrend是全文的最后一句，所以解此题可先定位到全文的最后,段。最后一段最后两句：Althoughtechnologymightchangethewaywereact,ithasn'tchangedournature.Westillhavetheimaginativecapacitytoriseabovetemptationandreversethehigh-speedtrend.译为“尽管技术可能改变我们反应的方式，但是它并没有改变我们的本性。我们仍然有能力去克服诱惑并扭转这种高速度的趋势。”由此我们可以看出作者的态度是非常确定的，因此［C］optimistic（乐观的）是正解。24.［答案］Bmenhavethefinalsay【解析】根据题干中的关键诃Europeancorporateworkplace,定位到文章的第一段.第一句话就明确指出欧洲不是•个性别平等的天堂。接着说，尤其是工作场所从来不是彻底友好的，公司的高层仍旧是清一色的男性。选项B,男性有最后的话语权，是这句话的同义替换，所以正确。25.【答案】Aareflectionofgenderbalance【解析】根据题干的关键词TheEuropeanUnion,定位到第二段首句，intendedlegislation是对isnowconsideringlegislation的同义改写。该句意思为“欧洲国家现在考虑立法来迫使公司董事让妇女的比例达到60%”，因此立法是为了保持性别的平衡。B选项的reluctant是对第5段的Reding'sreluctance出的干扰项，并不是说EuropeanUnion的立法。C选项aresponsetoReding'scall不正确，Reding号召的是voluntaryaction,D也是干扰项，而真正的立法缘由是对genderbalance的反思，所以A项正确，也是文章中心的反映。26.【答案】Agettopbusinesspositions【解析】定位至第4段，Reding说自己不喜欢quotas,后面出现了but,他真正的观点在but之后，他说他喜欢quotas所做的事情，即getaction,后面的冒号是对getaction的解释。核心的答案在aresultseeninFranceandothercountrieswithlegallybindingprovisionsonplacingwomenintopbusinesspositions»aresult是前面内容的同位语，进一步补充说明，所以选A。B项seethroughtheglassceiling是对原文breakthroughtheglassceiling的望文生义，属于肤浅选项，也和原文意思不符。C和D选项属于无中生有。27.【答案】Dapproval【解析】本题问的是作者对Reding的呼吁的态度。Reding的appeal最早出现在第二段，但是根据自然段界定原则，上一题是第四段，所以这道题只能从第五段开始。作者在第五段给出了自己的观点，先是说可以理解Reding,自己本身也不喜欢quotas,但是“既然现在meritocraticideal（精英管理的理想）有障碍，确实需要一种强制的手段，即强制设定男女比例。'’所以可以看出作者是持“赞成”的态度。28.［答案】Csuitablepublicpolicies

12【解析】题干中的womenenteringtopmanagementbecomeheadlines是对第6段第二句话whenwomendobreakthroughtothesummitofthecorporatepower的同义改写，becomeheadlines是对后面forexample所举的SherylSandberg的事例的概括。答案出现在第7段开头。第7段是提出一种解决措施，“Ifappropriatepubicchoiceswereinplacetohelpallwomen,...Sandbergwouldbenomorenewsworthy...”,这个句子是if虚拟条件句，是对未来的一种美好展望，也是提出观点的一种方式，意思是“如果有合理的公共政策来帮助所有的女性，Sandberg也就没有报道价值了所以正确答案是C,因为缺少“suitablepublicpolicies”。21F22E23G44C45D【答案详解】2013年新题型不出所料，考到了《大纲》里出现的，但过去三年里还没有考到过的小标题对应题。根据大纲要求，小标题对应题考查的是考生总结信息、理解信息的能力。其解题方法类似于阅读A部分的主旨大意题，只是阅读A要求概括的是文章的主旨，而此种题型要求概括的是段落大意。那么，解题的时候，考生应该抓住的是段落的主旨，须关注主旨句常常出现的位置，即段落的苜尾句，那么解题时必将事半功倍。46.［正确答案］:F［答案解析］本段第一句后半句出现了结论性的词so,因此是做题时需关注的重点。这句话意为“因此要提前计划好你每周的食谱后面第二句第三句都用作者自己的例子来论证提前计划的好处，故能判断出第一句为本段主题句。选项Fplanningiseverything,计划最重要，能够概括本段大意，故为正确答案。47.［正确答案］:E［答案解析］本段最后一句话“如果你安排合理，就能知道你需要的只是，比如350克牛胫骨和6片培根，而不是超市冷柜里里重量已定的预先包装好的东西”也就是说，提前计划好的话，可以按照自己预想的分量购买自己需要的食品。故只有E选项sticktowhatyouneed符合本段的主题，为正确选项。43」正确答案］:G［答案解析］本段第一句说“你可能会很骄傲的宣称你冰箱里剩下的只有冷冻的豌豆了，这并不很好。”最后一句话说“如果你有多余的蔬菜，可以做个蔬菜汤，快要坏掉的水果也可以做成菜或者榨成汁因此本段的主旨在于虽然计划很重要，但多余的东西也并不会被浪费掉，G选项wastenot,wantnot与本段的主旨一致，为正确答案。48.［正确答案］:C［答案解析］本段首句说“对节俭的人来说，这是最好的小建议随后提到去小卖店买东西的时候要特别友好，这样的话很快你就可以很自在的询问他们是否有一些零零碎碎的你需要的食材，而且很可能都是免费的。故C选项Shopkeepersareyourfriends符合本段主旨，为正确答案。49.［正确答案］:D［答案解析］本段首句说“你不经常出去吃饭，但每隔几个月要用的钱去个好的饭店好好吃顿午餐因此选项DRemembertotreatyourself是本题的正确答案。50.从过去的53年里随便找出一天，我都能够立刻想起那一天我在哪里，那一天发生了什么新闻，甚至那一天是星期儿。从4岁起，我就能这么做了。我从来没有为自己所记住的大量的事情而感到不知所措。我似乎能够应对这种状况，能够有条理地将这些信息记在脑子里。当我想起悲伤的事情时，我会像每个人一样，尽力把它放在一边，不去想它。我并不认我因为我的记忆非常清晰，这么做对我来说就很难。强大的记忆力并不能使我的情感更加敏锐和生动。我能够记得我祖父去世的那一天，以及前一天我们去医院的路上所感到的悲伤。同样，我也能记得同一天在百老汇上演的音乐剧《Hair》—这些事情都以同样的方式在我脑海里突然浮现。51.DearClassmates,

13Iamwritingtonotifyyouofacharitysaleourclasswilloganize.Thedetailedarrangementsareasfollows.ThiseventwillbeheldintheplaygroundofouruniversityonMay10,2013,anditwillstartat7andendat10o'clockintheevening.Attheopeningceremony,ourMonitorwillmakeclearthatthepurposeofthesaleistohelpchildrenwhohavedroppedoutofshoolbecausetheirfamilycannotaffordtheirtuitioin.Thenisthetimefordonatingactivity.Givingyourloveisavirtue,soIreallyappealtoallthestudentstotakepartinthiseventandIwillbegratefulifyoucomeandgiveyourdonation.Sincerelyyours,LiMing45.某高校学生兼职情况TheChangeinCollegeStudents,ThinkingPatternsAsisillustratedbythefigureinthechart,thenumberofcollegestudentsdoingpart-timejobshasbeenonrisesteadilyfrom66.77%to88.24duringthefouruniversitylife.Fromthechangeinthechart,itgoeswithoutsayingthatmoreandmorecollegestudentschoosetoengageinoutsideprogramsrecently.Consideringthesechanges,wecanfindseveralmainreasons.Firstly,withgrown-upofthestudents,mostparentstendtosupporttheirchildrentogoingouttodosomesocialpractice.Whatismoreimportant,thefastchangingsocietyhasraisedhigherrequirementsforcollegegraduates.TheauthoritiesofChineseuniversityorcollegehavebeenencouragingtheirstudentstodopart-timejobsinthehopethatcollegestudentswouldbroadentheirviewtoknowmoreaboutthesocietyandbecomemoreadaptabletothefutureworkaftertheygraduate.Therefore,morestudentsgoouttravelingordoingsocialpracticesduringthevacations.Asacollegestudent,Ithinkthechartreflectstheexcitingprogressonthecollegestudents'thinkingpatternsfromfreshmantosenior.Wehavebecomemuchmaturetorealizehowtospendoursparetimemeaningfullyandpractically.Fromthechangesinthecharts,itiseasyforustopredictthatmoreandmorecollegestudentswillwalkouttheirhomeandthrowthemselvesintomorevariousvacationactivities.2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案详解SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)TheethicaljudgmentsoftheSupremeCourtjusticeshavebecomeanimportantissuerecently.Thecourtcannot_1_itslegitimacyasguardianoftheruleoflaw_2_justicesbehavelikepoliticians.Yet,inseveralinstances,justicesactedinwaysthat_3_thecourt'sreputationforbeingindependentandimpartial.JusticeAntoninScalia,forexample,appearedatpoliticalevents.Thatkindofactivitymakesitlesslikelythatthecourt'sdecisionswillbe_4_asimpartialjudgments.Partoftheproblemisthatthejusticesarenot_5_byanethicscode.Attheveryleast,thecourtshouldmakeitself_6_tothecodeofconductthat_7_totherestofthefederaljudiciary.Thisandothersimilarcases_8_thequestionofwhetherthereisstilla_9_betweenthecourtandpolitics.TheframersoftheConstitutionenvisionedlaw_10_havingauthorityapartfrompolitics.Theygavejusticespermanentpositions_ll_theywouldbefreeto_12_thoseinpowerandhavenoneedto_13_politicalsupport.Ourlegalsystemwasdesignedtosetlawapartfrompoliticspreciselybecausetheyaresoclosely_14_.Constitutionallawispoliticalbecauseitresultsfromchoicesrootedinfundamentalsocial_15_likelibertyandproperty.

14Whenthecourtdealswithsocialpolicydecisions,thelawit_16_isinescapablypolitical-whichiswhydecisionssplitalongideologicallinesaresoeasily_17_asunjust.Thejusticesmust_18_doubtsaboutthecourt,slegitimacybymakingthemselves_19_tothecodeofconduct.Thatwouldmakerulingsmorelikelytobeseenasseparatefrompoliticsand,_20_,convincingaslaw.1.[A]emphasize[B]maintain[C]modify[D]recognize2.[A]when[B]lest[C]before[D]unless3.[A]restored[B]weakened[C]established[D]eliminated4.[A]challenged[B]compromised[C]suspected[D]accepted5.[A]advanced[B]caught[C]bound[D]founded6.[A]resistant[B]subject[C]immune[D]prone7.[A]resorts[B]sticks[C]loads[D]applies8.[A]evade[B]raise[C]deny[D]settle9.[A]line[BJbarrier[C]similarity[D]conflict10.[A]by[B]as[C]though[D]towards11.[A]so[B]since[C]provided[D]though12.[A]serve[B]satisfy[C]upset[D]replace13.[A]confirm[B]express[C]cultivate[D]offer14.[A]guarded[B]followedC]studied[D]tied15.[A]concepts[B]theories[C]divisions[D]conceptions16.[A]excludes[B]questions[C]shapes[D]controls17.[A]dismissed[B]released[C]ranked[D]distorted18.[A]suppress[B]exploit[C]address[DJignore19.[A]accessible[B]amiable[C]agreeable[D]accountable20.[A]byallmesns[B]atallcosts[C]inaword[D]asaresultSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,BzCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Comeon-Everybody'sdoingit.Thatwhisperedmessage,halfinvitationandhalfforcing,iswhatmostofusthinkofwhenwehearthewordspeerpressure.Itusuallyleadstonogood-drinking,drugsandcasualsex.ButinhernewbookJointheClub,TinaRosenbergcontendsthatpeerpressurecanalsobeapositiveforcethroughwhatshecallsthesocialcure,inwhichorganizationsandofficialsusethepowerofgroupdynamicstohelpindividualsimprovetheirlivesandpossiblytheword.Rosenberg,therecipientofaPulitzerPrize,offersahostofexampleofthesocialcureinaction:InSouthCarolina,astate-sponsoredantismokingprogramcalledRageAgainsttheHazesetsouttomakecigarettesuncool.InSouthAfrica,anHIV-preventioninitiativeknownasLoveLiferecruitsyoungpeopletopromotesafesexamongtheirpeers.Theideaseemspromising,andRosenbergisaperceptiveobserver.Hercritiqueofthelamenessofmanypubic-healthcampaignsisspot-on:theyfailtomobilizepeerpressureforhealthyhabits,andtheydemonstrateaseriouslyflawedunderstandingofpsychology.rfDaretobedifferent,pleasedon'tsmoke!”pleadsonebillboardcampaignaimedatreducingsmokingamongteenagers-teenagers,whodesirenothingmorethanfittingin.Rosenbergarguesconvincinglythatpublic-healthadvocatesoughttotakeapagefromadvertisers,soskilledatapplyingpeerpressure.Butonthegeneraleffectivenessofthesocialcure,Rosenbergislesspersuasive.JointheClubisfilledwithtoomuchirrelevantdetailandnotenoughexplorationofthesocialandbiologicalfactorsthatmakepeerpressuresopowerful.Themostglaring

15flawofthesocialcureasit'spresentedhereisthatitdoesn'tworkverywellforverylong.RageAgainsttheHazefailedoncestatefundingwascut.EvidencethattheLoveLifeprogramproduceslastingchangesislimitedandmixed.There'snodoubtthatourpeergroupsexertenormousinfluenceonourbehavior.Anemergingbodyofresearchshowsthatpositivehealthhabits-aswellasnegativeones-spreadthroughnetworksoffriendsviasocialcommunication.Thisisasubtleformofpeerpressure:weunconsciouslyimitatethebehaviorweseeeveryday.Farlesscertain,however,ishowsuccessfullyexpertsandbureaucratscanselectourpeergroupsandsteertheiractivitiesinvirtuousdirections.It*sliketheteacherwhobreaksupthetroublemakersinthebackrowbypairingthemwithbetter-behavedclassmates.Thetacticneverreallyworks.Andthat*stheproblemwithasocialcureengineeredfromtheoutside:intherealworld,asinschool,weinsistonchoosingourownfriends.1.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,peerpressureoftenemergesas[A]asupplementtothesocialcure[B]astimulustogroupdynamics[C]anobstacletoschoolprogress[D]acauseofundesirablebehaviors2.Rosenbergholdsthatpublicadvocatesshould[A]recruitprofessionaladvertisers[B]learnfromadvertisers*experience[C]stayawayfromcommercialadvertisers[D]recognizethelimitationsofadvertisements3.Intheauthor*sview,Rosenbergfsbookfailsto[A]adequatelyprobesocialandbiologicalfactors[B]effectivelyevadetheflawsofthesocialcure[C]illustratethefunctionsofstatefunding[D]producealong-lastingsocialeffect4.Paragraph5showsthatourimitationofbehaviors[A]isharmfultoournetworksoffriends[B]willmisleadbehavioralstudies[C]occurswithoutourrealizingit[D]canproducenegativehealthhabits5.Theauthorsuggestsinthelastparagraphthattheeffectofpeerpressureis[A]harmful[B]desirable[C]profound[D]questionableText2Adealisadeal-except,apparently,whenEntergyisinvolved.Thecompany,amajorenergysupplierinNewEngland,provokedjustifiedoutrageinVermontlastweekwhenitannounceditwasrenegingonalongstandingcommitmenttoabidebythestrictnuclearregulations.Instead,thecompanyhasdonepreciselywhatithadlongpromiseditwouldnotchallengetheconstitutionalityofVermont'srulesinthefederalcourt,aspartofadesperateefforttokeepitsVermontYankeenuclearpowerplantrunning.It*sastunningmove.Theconflicthasbeensurfacingsince2002,whenthecorporationboughtVermont'sonlynuclearpowerplant,anagingreactorinVernon.Asaconditionofreceivingstateapprovalforthesale,thecompanyagreedtoseekpermissionfromstateregulatorstooperatepast2012.In2006,thestatewentastepfurther;requiringthatanyextensionoftheplant,slicensebe

16subjecttoVermontlegislatureJsapproval.Then,too,thecompanywentalong.EitherEntergyneverreallyintendedtolivebythosecommitments,oritsimplydidn'tforeseewhatwouldhappennext.Astringofaccidents,includingthepartialcollapseofacoolingtowerin207andthediscoveryofanundergroundpipesystemleakage,raisedseriousquestionsaboutbothVermontYankee*ssafetyandEntergy*smanagement-especiallyafterthecompanymademisleadingstatementsaboutthepipe.EnragedbyEntergyTsbehaviootheVermontSenatevoted26to4lastyearagainstallowinganextension.Nowthecompanyissuddenlyclaimingthatthe2002agreementisinvalidbecauseofthe2006legislation,andthatonlythefederalgovernmenthasregulatorypowerovernuclearissues.Thelegalissuesinthecaseareobscure:whereastheSupremeCourthasruledthatstatesdohavesomeregulatoryauthorityovernuclearpower;legalscholarssaythatVermontcasewillofferaprecedent-settingtestofhowfarthosepowersextend.Certainly,therearevalidconcernsaboutthepatchworkregulationsthatcouldresultifeverystatesetsitsownrules.ButhadEntergykeptitsword,thatdebatewouldbebesidethepoint.ThecompanyseemstohaveconcludedthatitsreputationinVermontisalreadysodamagedthatithasnotinglefttolosebygoingtowarwiththestate.Butthereshouldbeconsequences.Permissiontorunanuclearplantisapoblictrust.Entergyruns11otherreactorsintheUnitedStates,includingPilgrimNuclearstationinPlymouth.PledgingtorunPilgrimsafely,thecompanyhasappliedforfederalpermissiontokeepitopenforanother20years.ButastheNuclearRegulatoryCommission(NRC)reviewsthecompany*sapplication,itshouldkeepitmindwhatpromisesfromEntergyareworth.1.Thephrase“renegingon”(Line3.para.l)isclosestinmeaningto[A]condemning.[B]reaffirming.[C]dishonoring.[D]securing.2.Byenteringintothe2002agreement,Entergyintendedto[A]obtainprotectionfromVermontregulators.[B]seekfavorfromthefederallegislature.[C]acquireanextensionofitsbusinesslicense.[D]getpermissiontopurchaseapowerplant.3.AccordingtoParagraph4,Entergyseemstohaveproblemswithits[A]managerialpractices.[B]technicalinnovativeness.[C]financialgoals.[D]businessvision4.Intheauthor'sview,theVermontcasewilltest[A]Entergy,scapacitytofulfillallitspromises.[B]thematureofstates*patchworkregulations.[C]thefederalauthorityovernuclearissues.[D]thelimitsofstates*powerovernuclearissues.5.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat[A]Entergy*sbusinesselsewheremightbeaffected.[B]theauthorityoftheNRCwillbedefied.[C]EntergywillwithdrawitsPlymouthapplication.[D]Vermont*sreputationmightbedamaged.Text3Intheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldarewaitingtobeobservedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearcherswhousethescientificmethodtocarryouttheirwork.Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,discovery

17frequentlyfollowsanambiguousandcomplicatedroute.Weaimtobeobjective,butwecannotescapethecontextofouruniquelifeexperience.Priorknowledgeandinterestinfluencewhatweexperience,whatwethinkourexperiencesmean,andthesubsequentactionswetake.Opportunitiesformisinterpretation,error;andself-deceptionabound.Consequently,discoveryclaimsshouldbethoughtofasprotoscience.Similartonewlystakedminingclaims,theyarefullofpotential.Butittakescollectivescrutinyandacceptancetotransformadiscoveryclaimintoamaturediscovery.Thisisthecredibilityprocess,throughwhichtheindividualresearcher*sme,here,nowbecomesthecommunity'sanyone,anywhere,anytime.Objectiveknowledgeisthegoal,notthestartingpoint.Onceadiscoveryclaimbecomespublic,thediscovererreceivesintellectualcredit.But,unlikewithminingclaims,thecommunitytakescontrolofwhathappensnext.Withinthecomplexsocialstructureofthescientificcommunityjesearchersmakediscoveries;editorsandreviewersactasgatekeepersbycontrollingthepublicationprocess;otherscientistsusethenewfindingtosuittheirownpurposes;andfinally,thepublic(includingotherscientists)receivesthenewdiscoveryandpossiblyaccompanyingtechnology.Asadiscoveryclaimworksitthroughthecommunity,theinteractionandconfrontationbetweensharedandcompetingbeliefsaboutthescienceandthetechnologyinvolvedtransformsanindividual'sdiscoveryclaimintothecommunity'scrediblediscovery.Twoparadoxesexistthroughoutthiscredibilityprocess.First,scientificworktendstofocusonsomeaspectofprevailingKnowledgethatisviewedasincompleteorincorrect.Littlerewardaccompaniesduplicationandconfirmationofwhatisalreadyknownandbelieved.Thegoalisnew-search,notre-search.Notsurprisingly,newlypublisheddiscoveryclaimsandcrediblediscoveriesthatappeartobeimportantandconvincingwillalwaysbeopentochallengeandpotentialmodificationorrefutationbyfutureresearchers.Second,noveltyitselffrequentlyprovokesdisbelief.NobelLaureateandphysiologistAlbertAzent-Gyorgyioncedescribeddiscoveryas“seeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthought."Butthinkingwhatnobodyelsehasthoughtandtellingotherswhattheyhavemissedmaynotchangetheirviews.Sometimesyearsarerequiredfortrulynoveldiscoveryclaimstobeacceptedandappreciated.Intheend,credibility“happens“toadiscoveryclaim-aprocessthatcorrespondstowhatphilosopherAnnetteBaierhasdescribedasthecommonsofthemind."Wereasontogether;challenge,revise,andcompleteeachother,sreasoningandeachother*sconceptionsofreason.”1.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,theprocessofdiscoveryischaracterizedbyits[A]uncertaintyandcomplexity.[B]misconceptionanddeceptiveness.[C]logicalityandobjectivity.[D]systematicnessandregularity.2.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2thatcredibilityprocessrequires[A]strictinspection.[B]sharedefforts.[C]individualwisdom.[D]persistentinnovation.33.Paragraph3showsthatadiscoveryclaimbecomescredibleafterit[A]hasattractedtheattentionofthegeneralpublic.[B]hasbeenexaminedbythescientificcommunity.[C]hasreceivedrecognitionfromeditorsandreviewers.[D]hasbeenfrequentlyquotedbypeerscientists.34.AlbertSzent-Gy.rgyiwouldmostlikelyagreethat[A]scientificclaimswillsurvivechallenges.[B]discoveriestodayinspirefutureresearch.[C]effortstomakediscoveriesarejustified.

18[D]scientificworkcallsforacriticalmind.35.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthetest?[A]NoveltyasanEngineofScientificDevelopment.[B]CollectiveScrutinyinScientificDiscovery.[C]EvolutionofCredibilityinDoingScience.[D]ChallengetoCredibilityattheGatetoScience.Text4IfthetradeunionistJimmyHoffawerealivetoday,hewouldprobablyrepresentcivilservant.WhenHoffa'sTeamsterswereintheirprimeinI960,onlyoneintenAmericangovernmentworkersbelongedtoaunion;now36%do.In2009thenumberofunionistsinAmerica'spublicsectorpassedthatoftheirfellowmembersintheprivatesector.InBritain,morethanhalfofpublic-sectorworkersbutonlyabout15%ofprivate-sectoronesareunionized.Therearethreereasonsforthepublic-sectorunions*thriving.First,theycanshutthingsdownwithoutsufferingmuchinthewayofconsequences.Second,theyaremostlybrightandwell-educated.AquarterofAmerica'spublic-sectorworkershaveauniversitydegree.Third,theynowdominateleft-of-centrepolitics.Someoftheirtiesgobackalongway.Britain*sLaborParty,asitsnameimplies,haslongbeenassociatedwithtradeunionism.Itscurrentleader;EdMiliband,oweshispositiontovotesfrompublic-sectorunions.Atthestateleveltheirinfluencecanbeevenmorefearsome.MarkBaldassareofthePublicPolicyInstituteofCaliforniapointsoutthatmuchofthestate?sbudgetispatrolledbyunions.Theteachers*unionskeepaneyeonschools,theCCPOAonprisonsandavarietyoflaborgroupsonhealthcare.Inmanyrichcountriesaveragewagesinthestatesectorarehigherthanintheprivateone.Buttherealgainscomeinbenefitsandworkpractices.Politicianshaverepeatedly“backloaded”public-sectorpaydeals,keepingthepayincreasesmodestbutaddingtoholidaysandespeciallypensionsthatarealreadygenerous.Reformhasbeenvigorouslyopposed,perhapsmostegregiouslyineducation,wherecharterschools,academiesandmeritpayallfaceddrawn-outbattles.Eventhoughthereisplentyofevidencethatthequalityoftheteachersisthemostimportantvariable,teachers*unionshavefoughtagainstgettingridofbadonesandpromotinggoodones.Asthecosttoeveryoneelsehasbecomeclearer;politicianshavebeguntoclampdown.InWisconsintheunionshaveralliedthousandsofsupportersagainstScottWalker;thehardlineRepublicangovernor.Butmanywithinthepublicsectorsufferunderthecurrentsystem,too.JohnDonahueatHarvard'sKennedySchoolpointsoutthatthenormsofcultureinWesterncivilservicessuitthosewhowanttostayputbutisbadforhighachievers.TheonlyAmericanpublic-sectorworkerswhoearnwellabove$250,000ayearareuniversitysportscoachesandthepresidentoftheUnitedStates.Bankers'fatpaypacketshaveattractedmuchcriticism,butapublic-sectorsystemthatdoesnotrewardhighachieversmaybeamuchbiggerproblemforAmerica.36.Itcanbelearnedfromthefirstparagraphthat[A]Teamstersstillhavealargebodyofmembers.[B]JimmyHoffausedtoworkasacivilservant.[C]unionshaveenlargedtheirpublic-sectormembership.[D]thegovernmenthasimproveditsrelationshipwithunionists.37.WhichofthefollowingistrueofParagraph2?[A]Public-sectorunionsareprudentintakingactions.[B]Educationisrequiredforpublic-sectorunionmembership.[C]LaborPartyhaslongbeenfightingagainstpublic-sectorunions.[D]Public-sectorunionsseldomgetintroublefortheiractions.38.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph4thattheincomeinthestatesectoris[A]illegallysecured.

19[A]indirectlyaugmented.[B]excessivelyincreased.[D]fairlyadjusted.36.TheexampleoftheunionsinWisconsinshowsthatunions[A]oftenrunagainstthecurrentpoliticalsystem.[B]canchangepeople'spoliticalattitudes.[C]maybeabarriertopublic-sectorreforms.[D]aredominantinthegovernment.37.JohnDonahue,sattitudetowardsthepublic-sectorsystemisoneof[A]disapproval.[B]appreciation.[C]tolerance.[D]indifference.PartBDirections:Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Thinkofthosefleetingmomentswhenyoulookoutofanaeroplanewindowandrealisethatyouareflying,higherthanabird.Nowthinkofyourlaptop,thinnerthanabrown-paperenvelope,oryourcellphoneinthepalmofyourhand.Takeamomentortwotowonderatthosemarvels.Youaretheluckyinheritorofadreamcometrue.Thesecondhalfofthe20thcenturysawacollectionofgeniuses,warriors,entrepreneursandvisionarieslabourtocreateafabulousmachinethatcouldfunctionasatypewriterandprintingpress,studioandtheatre,paintbrushandgallery,pianoandradio,themailaswellasthemailcarrier.(41)Thenetworkedcomputerisanamazingdevice,thefirstmediamachinethatservesasthemodeofproduction,meansofdistribution,siteofreception,andplaceofpraiseandcritique.Thecomputeristhe21stcentury'sculturemachine.Butforallthereasonstherearetocelebratethecomputer;wemustalsotreadwithcaution.(42)1callitasecretwarfortworeasons.First,mostpeopledonotrealisethattherearestrongcommercialagendasatworktokeeptheminpassiveconsumptionmode.Second,themajorityofpeoplewhousenetworkedcomputerstouploadarenotevenawareofthesignificanceofwhattheyaredoing.Allanimalsdownload,butonlyafewupload.Beaversbuilddamsandbirdsmakenests.Yetforthemostpart,theanimalkingdommovesthroughtheworlddownloading.Humansareuniqueintheircapacitytonotonlymaketoolsbutthenturnaroundandusethemtocreatesuperfluousmaterialgoods-paintings,sculptureandarchitecture-andsuperfluousexperiences-music,literature,religionandphilosophy.(43)Forallthepossibilitiesofournewculturemachines,mostpeoplearestillstuckindownloadmode.Evenaftertheadventofwidespreadsocialmedia,apyramidofproductionremains,withasmallnumberofpeopleuploadingmaterial,aslightlylargergroupcommentingonormodifyingthatcontent,andahugepercentageremainingcontenttojustconsume.(44)Televisionisaone-waytapflowingintoourhomes.Thehardesttaskthattelevisionasksofanyoneistoturnthepoweroffafterhehasturnediton.(45)Whatcountsasmeaningfuluploading?Mydefinitionrevolvesaroundtheconceptof"stickiness"-creationsandexperiencestowhichothersadhere.[A]Ofcourse,itispreciselythesesuperfluousthingsthatdefinehumancultureandultimatelywhatitistobehuman.Downloadingandconsumingculturerequiresgreatskills,butfailingtomovebeyonddownloadingistostriponeselfofadefiningconstituentofhumanity.

20[A]Applicationsliketumblr.com,whichallowuserstocombinepictures,wordsandothermediaincreativewaysandthensharethem,havethepotentialtoaddstickinessbyamusing,entertainingandenlighteningothers.[B]Notonlydidtheydevelopsuchadevicebutbytheturnofthemillenniumtheyhadalsomanagedtoembeditinaworldwidesystemaccessedbybillionsofpeopleeveryday.[C]Thisisbecausethenetworkedcomputerhassparkedasecretwarbetweendownloadinganduploading-betweenpassiveconsumptionandactivecreation-whoseoutcomewillshapeourcollectivefutureinwayswecanonlybegintoimagine.[D]ThechallengethecomputermountstotelevisionthusbearslittlesimilaritytooneformatbeingreplacedbyanotherinthemannerofrecordplayersbeingreplacedbyCDplayers.[E]Onereasonforthepersistenceofthispyramidofproductionisthatforthepasthalf-century,muchoftheworld'smediaculturehasbeendefinedbyasinglemedium-television-andtelevisionisdefinedbydownloading.[G]Thenetworkedcomputeroffersthefirstchancein50yearstoreversetheflow,toencouragethoughtfuldownloadingand,evenmoreimportantly,meaningfuluploading.PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)SincethedaysofAristotle,asearchforuniversalprincipleshascharacterizedthescientificenterprise.Insomeways,thisquestforcommonalitiesdefinesscience.NewtonfslawsofmotionandDarwinianevolutioneachbindahostofdifferentphenomenaintoasingleexplicatoryframework.(46)lnphysics,oneapproachtakesthisimpulseforunificationtoitsextreme,andseeksatheoryofeverything—asinglegenerativeequationforallwesee.ltisbecominglessclear,however;thatsuchatheorywouldbeasimplification,giventhedimensionsanduniversesthatitmightentail,nonetheless,unificationofsortsremainsamajorgoal.Thistendencyinthenaturalscienceshaslongbeenevidentinthesocialsciencestoo.(47)HerezDarwinismseemstoofferjustificationforitallhumanssharecommonoriginsitseemsreasonabletosupposethatculturaldiversitycouldalsobetracedtomoreconstrainedbeginnings.Justasthebewilderingvarietyofhumancourtshipritualsmightallbeconsideredformsofsexualselection,perhapstheworld*slanguages,music,socialandreligiouscustomsandevenhistoryaregovernedbyuniversalfeatures.(48)7bfilteroutwhatisuniquefromwhatissharedmightenableustounderstandhowcomplexculturalbehavioraroseandwhatguidesitinevolutionaryorcognitiveterms.That,atleast,isthehope.Butacomparativestudyoflinguistictraitspublishedonlinetodaysuppliesarealitycheck.RussellGrayattheUniversityofAucklandandhiscolleaguesconsidertheevolutionofgrammarsinthelightoftwopreviousattemptstofinduniversalityinlanguage.ThemostfamousoftheseeffortswasinitiatedbyNoamChomsky,whosuggestedthathumansarebornwithaninnatelanguage——acquisitioncapacitythatdictatesauniversalgrammar.Afewgenerativerulesarethensufficienttounfoldtheentirefundamentalstructureofalanguage,whichiswhychildrencanlearnitsoquickly.(49)Thesecond,byJoshuaGreenberg,takesamoreempiricalapproachtouniversalityidentifyingtraits(particularlyinwordorder)sharedbymanylanguagewhichareconsideredtorepresentbiasesthatresultfromcognitiveconstraintsGrayandhiscolleagueshaveputthemtothetestbyexaminingfourfamilytreesthatbetweenthemrepresentmorethan2,000languages.(50)Chomsky'sgrammarshouldshowpatternsoflanguagechangethatareindependentofthefamilytreeorthepathwaytrackedthroughit.WhereasGreenbergianuniversalitypredictsstrongco-dependenciesbetweenparticulartypesofword-orderrelations.Neitherofthesepatternsisborneoutbytheanalysis,suggestingthatthestructuresofthelanguagesarelireage-specificandnotgovernedbyuniversalsSectionIIIWritingPartA

2151.Directions:Someinternationalsstudentsarecomingtoyouruniversity.WritethemanemailinthenameoftheStudents*Uniontol)extendyourwelcomeandprovidesomesuggestionsfortheircampuslifehere.2)Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyournameattheendoftheletter.Use”LiMing”instead.Donotwritetheaddress(10points)PartB52.Directions:writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushould1)describethedrawingbriefly2)explainitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcommentsYoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题答案详解SectionIUseofEnglish1.【答案】B【解析】从空后信息可以看出，这句表达的是法官表现得像政治家”的情况下，法庭就不能保持其作为法律法规的合法卫士的形象，所以应该选［maintain“维持，保持”，其他显然语义不通。2.【答案】A【解析】从第三段可以看出，文章认为法院和政治之间应该是有界限的。所以这里应该是当法官像政治家一样行事，模糊了二者之间的区别时，就失去了其作为法律卫士的合法性。只有B,when表示这个意思。3.【答案】B【解析】第二段给的具体事例说明，法官出现在政治活动中会使法官形象受损，影响他们独立、公正的名声。只有B,weaken能表示这个意思。4.【答案】D【解析】空前信息显示，法官出席政治活动会让法院的审判收到影响，人们就会认为其审判不公正，所以选D,beacceptedas...”被认为是"。5.【答案】C【解析】空所在的语境为：产生这样的问题，部分原因在于“法官没有__道德规范”。后一句话说，至少法院应该遵守行为规范，这显然是进一步说明上一句话。所以上一句是说法官没有受到道德规范的约束，选C,boundo6.【答案】B【解析】根据解析5可以看出，这里应该是说遵守行为规范，subject与to连用，表示“服从某物，受…支配”。故本题选Bo7.【答案】D【解析】分析句子结构可知，这里是由that引导的定语从句修饰说明前面的行为规范，是说法院也应当遵守适用于其他联邦司法部的行为规范。applyto“适用于”符合题意。resortto”求助于"：stickto“坚持(原则等”语意不通。8.【答案】B【解析】空所在的语境为，类似这样的案例提出了这样一个问题：法院和政治之间是否还存在着界限。提出问题，产生问题用只能选raise。9.【答案】A【解析】根据第8题可知，空内应填line,Wbarrier“障碍”，similarity“相似性”，conflict“冲突”都不合

22题意。1.【答案】B【解析】根据句意，宪法的起草者们预想的是将司法从政治中分出来，让其享有独立的权力。envisionas"将…想象成…”。所以选B。2.【答案】A【解析】本题考察逻辑搭配。本选项答案的确定需结合前句意思，制宪者旨在使法律不受政治的任何影响，这样一来，法官就可以免受掌权者的影响了。此空就是考察由此所带来的结果，故选［A］。3.【答案】C【解析】此题承接上题，可知法律不受政治的影响，从而法官也不用担心掌权者（thoseinpower）«,hoseinpowerinScaliaa4.【答案】C【解析】此题承接上题，结合句意，可知该半句主要表达“法官也无需政治支持了选项C最符题意。5.【答案】D【解析】此题考察词意辨析。原句表达“我们的法律体系是法律完全不受政治的影响，是因为这两者是紧密。。结合句意思，［D］最合题意.6.【答案】A【解析】此题考察词意辨析。文中说“宪法具有政治性，是因其的选择都是植根于诸如自由，财产之类的基本社会。。。中。”臼由，财产是西方社会的一些基本社会理念或概念，故选［A］。7.【答案】C【解析】此题考察词意辨析。首先分析该句，可知空白处添加上一动词可构成一定语从句，限定"thelaw”。其次，文中语境表达“当法律处理社会政策决策问题时，。。。的法律不可避免的具有政治性。四个选项中，［0为最佳答案。8.【答案】A【解析】此题考察词意辨析。可由文中语境得知，该半句主要表达“这也就解释了为何背离思想路线的决策被看作是不公正的，从而被轻易的…结合语境，以及四个选项的意思，可知［A］最佳。9.【答案】C【解析】此题考察词意辨析。由文中语境可知该句主要表达“法官必须力。有关法庭（裁决的）公正合理的质疑。”四个选项中，仅。符合题意。10.【答案】D【解析】本题考察短语搭配及相似短语辨析。四个选项均可与连用，其中accessibleto易接近的；可归属的;可得到的可归因的amiableto可亲，多指人和蔼可亲，易于接近agreeableto欣然同意的；适合的，适宜的accountableto对…负责此题的理解需承接整个句，首先此空所在后半句乃一方式状语，承接前半句说明法官怎样来解决有关法庭（裁决的）公正合理的质疑。将此四个选项分别代入，可得出正确答案［D］,法官只有对对行为准则负责，也即是遵循一定的行为准则才可确保其裁决的公正与合理。11.【答案】D【解析】此题考察逻辑搭配。此句承接上句，旨在说明由此带来的结果，也即是文中所说的“。。。使得裁决看起来完全不受政治的影响，如法律一般令人信服。”结合四个选项意思，可知选［D］。

23SectionII：ReadingComprehensionPartA1.D22.B23.A24.C25.D26.C27.D28.A29.D30.A31.A32.B33.B34.D35.C36.C37.D38.B39.C40.APartB41.【答案】C【解析】略读第一自然段得知这篇文章的主题是科技给人们的生活带来的便利，重点论述了媒介。此题空在末尾,那么通读空前的内容，可以找到特征词或者中心词“createafabulousmachine”浏览七个选项，C项中的**developsuchadevicew刚好与此对应42.【答案】D【解析】此题空在了段落的中间，需要在空前和空后找关联词，空前出现了“reason”这个特征词，而空后出现了“war”这个特征词，浏览七个选项，D项的“because”和“war”刚好与此对应，所以答案选D.43.【答案】A【解析】此题空在段末，因此要在空前以及下一自然段的段首找关联词，浏览空前可以找到“superfluousmaterialgoods”，而浏览下一自然段的句首可找到“download”这个词；那么浏览七个选项，答案A出现了“thesesuperfluousthings*',接下来也提及到了**download因此可以锁定答案A.44.【答案】F【解析】此题空在句末，所以需要浏览下空前以前下一个自然段的句苜，通读空前的内容可以找到关联词“apyramidofproductionremains,而下一个臼然段的段首提到了"television”，那么浏览七个选项，跟此关联的有两项E和F,再继续分析，E项只有“television”这个词与空后对应，而F项不仅出现了“television”这个词，而且出现了“thispyramidofproduction”这个特征词,所以，答案为F.45.【答案】G【解析】此题空在段末，那么需要浏览下空前的句子，寻找关联词，在B和G之间进行选择，通读可知，空前的“flow”与G项的“theflow”是相对应的，B项的“applications”在文中没有提及，所以此题锁定答案GPartC46.【解析】本句结构比较简单，它是一个简单句，句子主干结构是oneapproachtakes…andseeks…。破折号后面的部分是对前面提到的理论的进一步解释。1)take…toextreme…把发挥到极致，把。。。推至极限2)theoryofeverything万有理论。或者也可以一个短语翻译出来“适用于任何事物的理论”3)generativeequation生成等式、生成方程。【参考译文】物理学中的一个理论把这种归一的冲动发挥到了极致，它探寻一种万有理论--一个关于我们能看到的一切的生成方程式。解析：47.【解析】对本句话的理解关键在于对for引导的句子的正确理解。因为有两个逗号，有的同学在考场比较紧急的时间和紧张的状态下容易把两个逗号间的部分理解为插入语，那么这句话就很难理解了。1)for引导的句子表原因与前句是并列关系，for原因并列句中又包含一个if引导的条件状语从句2)**itseemsreasonabletosupposethat"对这句话的翻译可以翻译成一个长句，也可以分开翻译成“那么假设文化差异也能够追溯到更有限的源头，这种假设看上去便是合理的了J3)对于uculturaldiversityw的理解，我们容易受到之前在备考中经常遇到的"culturaldiversity"的影响，直接翻译成“文化多样性”，但在本文，前文很多次提到了共性，所以这里我们翻译为“文化差异”更合适。

24【参考译文】在这里，达尔文主义似乎提供了有力的理由，因为如果全人类有共同的起源，那么假设文化差异也能够追溯到更有限的源头好像就是合理的了。48.【解析】这句话结构主要在于对三个“what”从句的理解。本题是三个what引导的从句第一个是what引导的宾语从句，做filterout的宾语。第二个what是介词from的宾语,from是固定搭配中的介词filteroutAfromBo第三个what是understand的宾语,和how并列1）句子主干可以看做:TofilteroutAfromBenablesustounderstandCandDA指的是“whatiscontingentandunique”B指的是“whatisshared“howcomplexculturalbehaviourarose”C指的是uhowcomplexculturalbehaviourarosewD指的是wwhatguidesitinevolutionaryorcognitivetermsw2）Filterout词组本意是滤掠，。这个单词可能有同学会不熟悉，但是如果对本句结构理解清楚，看•到from这个介词，加之对前文大意的理解，我们可以猜出这个词的意思，或者理解为“区分”等也不影响全句的理解。以避免我们有的同学看到第一个单词不认识立马生出的胆怯情绪，影响下文判断。【参考译文】把差异性和独特性从共性中过滤出来也许能让我们理解复杂的文化行为是如何产生的，是什么从进化或认知领域指导着它。49.【解析】本句结构比较明朗，关键是句子前部分单独很难理解，需要结合前文。这也恰恰说明了考研英语中的翻译首先是阅读理解的一部分，不是单独的翻译而已。1）这里的thesecond与上文的"ThemostfamousoftheseeffortswasinitiatedbyNoamChomsky,"，所里这里应该翻译成“第二种理论”所以这句话需要根据上下文和逻辑解释清楚。而不能单纯的翻译成第二。。。2）对于括号内部的处理，我们可以直接放在括号中即可。【参考译文】约书亚格林伯格为寻找语言的共性而付出努力提出了第二种理论。他采用了一个更实用的共性理论，做法是辨认出众多语言的共有特征（尤其是按照词序排列），这些特征被认为代表了由认知局限导致的偏差。50.【解析】这句话的结构比较简单，复杂的是其中大量的术语和不熟悉的词汇。对于这些词汇我们根据直译即可。本句结构：Chomsky'sgrammarshouldshow…，whereasGreenbergian---.1）That引导的定语从句修饰patterns2）这里的“grammar”是指是上文的生成语法，所以这里可以把生成语法翻译出来。3）co-dependencies这个词需要根据上下词义加之词根词缀来猜测出词义，因为下文指出是两者关系，所以可以翻译为“共存性”。【参考译文】乔姆斯基生成语法应该表明语言变化的模式，这些模式独立于族谱或贯穿其中的路径，然而格林伯格的共性理论预测词序关系的特殊类别之间（而不是其他）有着强烈的共存性。SectionIIIWriting51.小作文【参考范文】Dearinternationalstudents,IamthechairmanoftheStudents*Union.Tvejustreceivedtheemailsfromyouandgotthenewsthatyouwouldcometoouruniversity.Firstly,Tdliketoshowourwarmwelcome.Onbehalfofouruniversityandallthestudentshere,Ireallylookforwardtoyourcoming.Inordertomakeallofyoufeelathome,herearesomeconductivesuggestions.Firstly,you'dbettertakesomewarmclotheswithyoubecauseitiswinterinChinanowanditisverycoldinBeijing.Secondly,IadviseyoutopreparesomerelevantknowledgeaboutChinesecultureforbetterunderstandinginclass.Ireallyhopeyou'IIfindtheseproposalsuseful.AndI'mlookingforwardtoyourcoming!Yourssincerely,

25LiMing51.大作文【参考范文】Howvividthecartoonitis!Whattheprofoundcartoonreflectsisanotuncommonsocialphenomenon,fromwhichwecanobservethatinthiscartoonstandtwomenandabottleofmilk.The2menshowdifferentperspectivestowardthebottleofmilkthatisplaceontheground.Accordingtotheinformationgivenintheabove-mentionedcartoon,thegistofitisregardinghowweshouldperceivetheworldaroundus.Peopletendtoshowdifferentattitudestowardstheissue.Then,whatprovetobetheunderlyingreasonsforit?Thefollowingseveralreasonsstatedbelowcanbetakentoberesponsibleforit.Firstandforemost,thatissueislargelyhavingsomethingtodowiththecurrentstateofpeople'mind,withoutanydoubt,somepeoplearebornpositively,andwhilesomeothersarebornnegatively.Whatismoreimportantisthattheoutlookandvalueembodiedinsocietyaffectshowwethrowourinsightsintosomethingwearedealwith.Asfarasmypersonalthinkingisconcerned,whenitcomestomentioningtheissueconcerninghowtolookattheworld,whatweshoulddoistoobserveitpositivelyandconfidently,especiallywhenweareexperiencingandencounteringsetbacks,onlyifwehavetheabove-mentionedproposalsadopted,canwebeboundtolivealifeofhappiness.2011年考研英语一真题及答案SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)AncientGreekphilosopherAristotleviewedlaughteras“abodilyexerciseprecioustohealth.MButsomeclaimstothecontrary,laughingprobablyhaslittleinfluenceonphysicalfilnessLaughterdoesshort-termchangesinthefunctionoftheheartanditsbloodvessels,heartrateandoxygenconsumptionButbecausehardlaughterisdifficultto,agoodlaughisunlikelytohavebenefitstheway,say,walkingorjoggingdoes.,insteadofstrainingmusclestobuildthem,asexercisedoes,laughterapparentlyaccomplishesthe,studiesdatingbacktothe1930'sindicatethatlaughter,muscles,Suchbodilyreactionmightconceivablyhelptheeffectsofpsychologicalstress.Anywayztheactoflaughingprobablydoesproduceothertypesoffeedback,thatimproveanindividuaPsemotionalstate.oneclassicaltheoryofemotion,ourfeelingsarepartiallyrootedphysicalreactions.Itwasarguedattheendofthe19thcenturythathumansdonotcrytheyaresadbuttheybecomesadwhentetearsbegintoflow.Althoughsadnessalsotears,evidencesuggeststhatemotionscanflowmuscularresponses.Inanexperimentpublishedin1988,socialpsychologistFritz.1.[A]among[B]except[C]despite[D]like2.[A]reflect[B]demand[C]indicate[D]produce3.[A]stabilizing[B]boosting[C]impairing[D]determining4.[A]transmit[B]sustain[C]evaluate[D]observe5.[A]measurable[B]manageable[C]affordable[D]renewable6.[A]lnturn[B]lnfact[C]lnaddition[D]lnbrief7.[A]opposite[B]impossible[C]average[D]expected8.[A]hardens[B]weakens[C]tightens[D]relaxes9.[A]aggravate[BJgenerate[C]moderate[D]enhance

261.[A]physical[B]mental[C]subconscious[D]internal2.[A]Exceptfor[B]Accordingto[C]Dueto[D]Asfor3.[A]with[B]on[C]in[D]at4.[A]unless[BJuntil[C]if[D]because5.[A]exhausts[B]follows[C]precedes[D]suppresses6.[A]into[B]from[C]towards[D]beyond7.[A]fetch[B]bite[C]pick[D]hold8.[A]disappointed[B]excited[C]joyful[D]indifferent9.[A]adapted[B]catered[C]turned[D]reacted10.[A]suggesting[B]requiring[C]mentioning[D]supposing11.[A]Eventually[B]Consequently[C]Similarly[D]ConverselySectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1ThedecisionoftheNewYorkPhilharmonictohireAlanGilbertasitsnextmusicdirectorhasbeenthetalkoftheclassical-musicworldeversincethesuddenannouncementofhisappointmentin2009.Forthemostpart,theresponsehasbeenfavorable,tosaytheleast."Hooray!Atlast!”wroteAnthonyTommasini,asober-sidedclassical-musiccritic.Oneofthereasonswhytheappointmentcameassuchasurprise,however;isthatGilbertiscomparativelylittleknown.EvenTommasini,whohadadvocatedGilbert,sappointmentintheTimes,callshim“anunpretentiousmusicianwithnoairoftheformidableconductorabouthim.,,AsadescriptionofthenextmusicdirectorofanorchestrathathashithertobeenledbymusicianslikeGustavMahlerandPierreBoulez,thatseemslikelytohavestruckatleastsomeTimesreadersasfaintpraise.Formypart,IhavenoideawhetherGilbertisagreatconductororevenagoodone.Tobesure,heperformsanimpressivevarietyofinterestingcompositions,butitisnotnecessaryformetovisitAveryFisherHall,oranywhereelse,tohearinterestingorchestralmusic.AllIhavetodoistogotomyCDshelforbootupmycomputeranddownloadstillmorerecordedmusicfromiTunes.Devotedconcertgoerswhoreplythatrecordingsarenosubstituteforliveperformancearemissingthepoint.Forthetime,attention,andmoneyoftheart-lovingpublic,classicalinstrumentalistsmustcompetenotonlywithoperahouses,dancetroupes,theatercompanies,andmuseums,butalsowiththerecordedperformancesofthegreatclassicalmusiciansofthe20thcentury.Thererecordingsarecheap,availableeverywhere,andveryoftenmuchhigherinartisticqualitythantoday*sliveperformances;moreover;theycanbe“consumed“atatimeandplaceofthelistener'schoosing.Thewidespreadavailabilityofsuchrecordingshasthusbroughtaboutacrisisintheinstitutionofthetraditionalclassicalconcert.Onepossibleresponseisforclassicalperformerstoprogramattractivenewmusicthatisnotyetavailableonrecord.Gilbert*sowninterestinnewmusichasbeenwidelynoted:AlexRoss,aclassical-musiccritic,hasdescribedhimasamanwhoiscapableofturningthePhilharmonicinto“amarkedlydifferent,morevibrantorganization."Butwhatwillbethenatureofthatdifference?Merelyexpandingtheorchestra'srepertoirewillnotbeenough.IfGilbertandthePhilharmonicaretosucceed,theymustfirstchangetherelationshipbetweenAmerica'soldestorchestraandthenewaudienceithopstoattract.12.WelearnfromPara.lthatGilbert*sappointmenthas[A]incurredcriticism.[B]raisedsuspicion.[C]receivedacclaim.[D]arousedcuriosity.13.TbmmasiniregardsGilbertasanartistwhois[A]influential.[B]modest.[C]respectable.[D]talented.

271.Theauthorbelievesthatthedevotedconcertgoers[A]ignoretheexpensesofliveperformances.[B]rejectmostkindsofrecordedperformances.[C]exaggeratethevarietyofliveperformances.[D]overestimatethevalueofliveperformances.2.Accordingtothetext,whichofthefollowingistrueofrecordings?[A]Theyareofteninferiortoliveconcertsinquality.[B]Theyareeasilyaccessibletothegeneralpublic.[C]Theyhelpimprovethequalityofmusic.[D]Theyhaveonlycoveredmasterpieces.3.RegardingGilbert'sroleinrevitalizingthePhilharmonic,theauthorfeels[A]doubtfuL[B]enthusiastic.[C]confident.[D]puzzled.Text2WhenLiamMcGeedepartedaspresidentofBankofAmericainAugust,hisexplanationwassurprisinglystraightup.Ratherthancloakinghisexitintheusualvagueexcuses,hecamerightoutandsaidhewasleaving“topursuemygoalofrunningacompany."Broadcastinghisambitionwas“verymuchmydecision,“McGeesays.Withintwoweeks,hewastalkingforthefirsttimewiththeboardofHartfordFinancialServicesGroup,whichnamedhimCEOandchairmanonSeptember29.McGeesaysleavingwithoutapositionlinedupgavehimtimetoreflectonwhatkindofcompanyhewantedtorun.Italsosentaclearmessagetotheoutsideworldabouthisaspirations.AndMcGeeisn'talone.InrecentweekstheNo.2executivesatAvonandAmericanExpressquitwiththeexplanationthattheywerelookingforaCEOpost.Asboardsscrutinizesuccessionplansinresponsetoshareholderpressure,executiveswhodon'tgetthenodalsomaywishtomoveon.Aturbulentbusinessenvironmentalsohasseniormanagerscautiousoflettingvaguepronouncementscloudtheirreputations.Asthefirstsignsofrecoverybegintotakehold,deputychiefsmaybemorewillingtomakethejumpwithoutanet.Inthethirdquarter,CEOturnoverwasdown23%fromayearagoasnervousboardsstuckwiththeleaderstheyhad,accordingtoLiberumResearch.Astheeconomypicksup,opportunitieswillaboundforaspiringleaders.Thedecisiontoquitaseniorpositiontolookforabetteroneisunconventional.ForyearsexecutivesandheadhuntershaveadheredtotherulethatthemostattractiveCEOcandidatesaretheoneswhomustbepoached.SaysKorn/FerryseniorpartnerDennisCarey:"Ican'tthinkofasinglesearchI'vedonewhereaboardhasnotinstructedmetolookatsittingCEOsfirst.99Thosewhojumpedwithoutajobhaven'talwayslandedintoppositionsquickly.EllenMarramquitaschiefofTropicanaadecadeage,sayingshewantedtobeaCEO.ItwasayearbeforeshebecameheadofatinyInternet-basedcommoditiesexchange.RobertWillumstadleftCitigroupin2005withambitionstobeaCEO.Hefinallytookthatpostatamajorfinancialinstitutionthreeyearslater.Manyrecruiterssaytheolddisgraceisfadingfortopperformers.Thefinancialcrisishasmadeitmoreacceptabletobebetweenjobsortoleaveabadone."Thetraditionalrulewasit'ssafertostaywhereyouare,butthat'sbeenfundamentallyinverted,“saysoneheadhunter."Thepeoplewho'vebeenhurttheworstarethosewho'vestayedtoolong.w4.WhenMcGeeannouncedhisdeparture,hismannercanbestbedescribedasbeing[A]arrogant.[B]frank.[C]self-centered.[D]impulsive.5.AccordingtoParagraph2,seniorexecutives*quittingmaybespurredby[A]theirexpectationofbetterfinancialstatus.[B]theirneedtoreflectontheirprivatelife.[C]theirstrainedrelationswiththeboards.[D]theirpursuitofnewcareergoals.6.Theword“poached”(Line3,Paragraph4)mostprobablymeans[A]approvedof.[B]attendedto.[C]huntedfor.[D]guardedagainst.7.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat[A]topperformersusedtoclingtotheirposts.

28[B]loyaltyoftopperformersisgettingout-dated.[C]topperformerscaremoreaboutreputations.[D]it'ssafertosticktothetraditionalrules.1.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?[A]CEOs:WheretoGo?[B]CEOs:AlltheWayUp?[C]TopManagersJumpwithoutaNet[D]TheOnlyWayOutforlopPerformersText3Theroughguidetomarketingsuccessusedtobethatyougotwhatyoupaidfor.Nolonger.Whiletraditional"paid"media-suchastelevisioncommercialsandprintadvertisements-stillplayamajorrole,companiestodaycanexploitmanyalternativeformsofmedia.Consumerspassionateaboutaproductmaycreate“owned“mediabysendinge-mailalertsaboutproductsandsalestocustomersregisteredwithitsWebsite.Thewayconsumersnowapproachthebroadrangeoffactorsbeyondconventionalpaidmedia.Paidandownedmediaarecontrolledbymarketerspromotingtheirownproducts.Forearnedmedia,suchmarketersactastheinitiatorforusers'responses.Butinsomecases,onemarketer*sownedmediabecomeanothermarketer,spaidmedia-forinstance,whenane-commerceretailersellsadspaceonitsWebsite.Wedefinesuchsoldmediaasownedmediawhosetrafficissostrongthatotherorganizationsplacetheircontentore-commerceengineswithinthatenvironment.Thistrend,whichwebelieveisstillinitsinfancy,effectivelybeganwithretailersandtravelproviderssuchasairlinesandhotelsandwillnodoubtgofurther.Johnson&Johnson,forexample,hascreatedBabyCenter;astand-alonemediapropertythatpromotescomplementaryandevencompetitiveproducts.Besidesgeneratingincome,thepresenceofothermarketersmakesthesiteseemobjective,givescompaniesopportunitiestolearnvaluableinformationabouttheappealofothercompanies*marketing,andmayhelpexpandusertrafficforallcompaniesconcerned.Thesamedramatictechnologicalchangesthathaveprovidedmarketerswithmore(andmorediverse)communicationschoiceshavealsoincreasedtheriskthatpassionateconsumerswillvoicetheiropinionsinquicker;morevisible,andmuchmoredamagingways.Suchhijackedmediaaretheoppositeofearnedmedia:anassetorcampaignbecomeshostagetoconsumers,otherstakeholders,oractivistswhomakenegativeallegationsaboutabrandorproduct.Membersofsocialnetworks,forinstance,arelearningthattheycanhijackmediatoapplypressureonthebusinessesthatoriginallycreatedthem.Ifthathappens,passionateconsumerswouldtrytopersuadeotherstoboycottproducts,puttingthereputationofthetargetcompanyatrisk.Insuchacase,thecompany'sresponsemaynotbesufficientlyquickorthoughtful,andthelearningcurvehasbeensteep.ToyotaMotor;forexample,alleviatedsomeofthedamagefromitsrecallcrisisearlierthisyearwitharelativelyquickandwell-orchestratedsocial-mediaresponsecampaign,whichincludedeffortstoengagewithconsumersdirectlyonsitessuchasTwitterandthesocial-newssiteDigg.2.Consumersmaycreate“earned”mediawhentheyare[A]obsessedwithonlineshoppingatcertainWebsites.[B]inspiredbyproduct-promotinge-mailssenttothem.[C]eagertohelptheirfriendspromotequalityproducts.[D]enthusiasticaboutrecommendingtheirfavoriteproducts.32.AccordingtoParagraph2,soldmediafeature[A]asafebusinessenvironment.[B]randomcompetition.[C]strongusertraffic.[D]flexibilityinorganization.33.TheauthorindicatesinParagraph3thatearnedmedia[A]inviteconstantconflictswithpassionateconsumers.[B]canbeusedtoproducenegativeeffectsinmarketing.[C]mayberesponsibleforfiercercompetition.

29[A]deserveallthenegativecommentsaboutthem.32.ToyotaMotor'sexperienceiscitedasanexampleof[A]respondingeffectivelytohijackedmedia.[B]persuadingcustomersintoboycottingproducts.[C]cooperatingwithsupportiveconsumers.[D]takingadvantageofhijackedmedia.33.Whichofthefollowingisthetextmainlyabout?[A]Alternativestoconventionalpaidmedia.[B]Conflictbetweenhijackedandearnedmedia.[C]Dominanceofhijackedmedia.[D]Popularityofownedmedia.Text4It'snosurprisethatJenniferSenior'sinsightful,provocativemagazinecoverstory,“IloveMyChildren,IHateMyLife,“isarousingmuchchatter-nothinggetspeopletalkinglikethesuggestionthatchildrearingisanythinglessthanacompletelyfulfilling,Ijfe-enrichingexperience.Ratherthanconcludingthatchildrenmakeparentseitherhappyormiserable,Seniorsuggestsweneedtoredefinehappiness:insteadofthinkingofitassomethingthatcanbemeasuredbymoment-to-momentjoy,weshouldconsiderbeinghappyasapast-tensecondition.Eventhoughtheday-to-dayexperienceofraisingkidscanbesoul-crushinglyhard,Seniorwritesthat“theverythingsthatinthemomentdampenourmoodscanlaterbesourcesofintensegratificationanddelight.”ThemagazinecovershowinganattractivemotherholdingacutebabyishardlytheonlyMadonna-and-childimageonnewsstandsthisweek.Therearealsostoriesaboutnewlyadoptive-andnewlysingle-momSandraBullock,aswellastheusualuJenniferAnistonispregnantMnews.Practicallyeveryweekfeaturesatleastonecelebritymom,ormom-to-be,smilingonthenewsstands.Inasocietythatsopersistentlycelebratesprocreation,isitanywonderthatadmittingyouregrethavingchildrenisequivalenttoadmittingyousupportkitten-killing?Itdoesn,tseemquitefair;then,tocomparetheregretsofparentstotheregretsofthechildren.Unhappyparentsrarelyareprovokedtowonderiftheyshouldn,thavehadkids,butunhappychildlessfolksarebotheredwiththemessagethatchildrenarethesinglemostimportantthingintheworld:obviouslytheirmiserymustbeadirectresultofthegapingbaby-sizeholesintheirlives.Ofcourse,theimageofparenthoodthatcelebritymagazineslikeUsWeeklyandPeoplepresentishugelyunrealistic,especiallywhentheparentsaresinglemotherslikeBullock.Accordingtoseveralstudiesconcludingthatparentsarelesshappythanchildlesscouples,singleparentsaretheleasthappyofall.Noshockthere,consideringhowmuchworkitistoraiseakidwithoutapartnertoleanon;yettohearSandraandBritneytellit,raisingakidontheir“own”(read:withround-the-clockhelp)isapieceofcake.It'shardtoimaginethatmanypeoplearedumbenoughtowantchildrenjustbecauseReeseandAngelinamakeitlooksoglamorous:mostadultsunderstandthatababyisnotahaircut.Butit'sinterestingtowonderiftheimagesweseeeveryweekofstress-free,happiness-enhancingparenthoodaren'tinsomesmall,subconsciouswaycontributingtoourowndissatisfactionswiththeactualexperience,inthesamewaythatasmallpartofushopedgetting“theRachel“mightmakeuslookjustalittlebitlikeJenniferAniston.36JenniferSeniorsuggestsinherarticlethatraisingachildcanbring[A]temporarydelight[B]enjoymentinprogress[C]happinessinretrospect[D]lastingreward37.WelearnfromParagraph2that[A]celebritymomsareapermanentsourceforgossip.[B]singlemotherswithbabiesdeservegreaterattention.

30[C]newsaboutpregnantcelebritiesisentertaining.[D]havingchildrenishighlyvaluedbythepublic.38.ltissuggestedinParagraph3thatchildlessfolks[A]areconstantlyexposedtocriticism.[B]arelargelyignoredbythemedia.[C]failtofulfilltheirsocialresponsibilities.[D]arelesslikelytobesatisfiedwiththeirlife.39.AccordingtoParagraph4,themessageconveyedbycelebritymagazinesis[A]soothing.[B]ambiguous.[C]compensatory.[D]misleading.40.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?[A]Havingchildrencontributeslittletotheglamourofcelebritymoms.[B]Celebritymomshaveinfluencedourattitudetowardschildrearing.[C]Havingchildrenintensifiesourdissatisfactionwithlife.[D]Wesometimesneglectthehappinessfromchildrearing.PartBDirections:Thefollowingparagrapharegiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherenttextbychoosingfromthelistA-Gtofillingthemintothenumberedboxes.ParagraphsEandGhavebeencorrectlyplaced.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)[A]Nodisciplineshaveseizedonprofessionalismwithasmuchenthusiasmasthehumanities.Youcan,MrMenandpointsout,becamealawyerinthreeyearsandamedicaldoctorinfour.Buttheregulartimeittakestogetadoctoraldegreeinthehumanitiesisnineyears.Notsurprisingly,uptohalfofalldoctoralstudentsinEnglishdropoutbeforegettingtheirdegrees.[B]Hisconcernismainlywiththehumanities:Literature,languages,philosophyandsoon.Thesearedisciplinesthataregoingoutofstyle:22%ofAmericancollegegraduatesnowmajorinbusinesscomparedwithonly2%inhistoryand4%inEnglish.However,manyleadingAmericanuniversitieswanttheirundergraduatestohaveagroundinginthebasiccanonofideasthateveryeducatedpersonshouldposses.Butmostfinditdifficulttoagreeonwhata“generaleducationwshouldlooklike.AtHarvard,MrMenandnotes,“thegreatbooksarereadbecausetheyhavebeenread”-theyformasortofsocialglue.[C]Equallyunsurprisingly,onlyabouthalfendupwithprofessorshipsforwhichtheyenteredgraduateschool.Therearesimplytoofewposts.ThisispartlybecauseuniversitiescontinuetoproduceevermorePhDs.Butfewerstudentswanttostudyhumanitiessubjects:Englishdepartmentsawardedmorebachelor,sdegreesin1970-71thantheydid20yearslater.Fewerstudentsrequiresfewerteachers.So,attheendofadecadeoftheses-writing,manyhumanitiesstudentsleavetheprofessiontodosomethingforwhichtheyhavenotbeentrained.[D]OnereasonwhyitishardtodesignandteachsuchcoursesisthattheycancutacrosstheinsistencebytopAmericanuniversitiesthatliberal-artseducationsandprofessionaleducationshouldbekeptseparate,taughtindifferentschools.Manystudentsexperiencebothvarieties.AlthoughmorethanhalfofHarvardundergraduatesendupinlaw,medicineorbusiness,futuredoctorsandlawyersmuststudyanon-specialistliberal-artsdegreebeforeembarkingonaprofessionalqualification.[E]Besidesprofessionalizingtheprofessionsbythisseparation,topAmericanuniversitieshaveprofessionalisedtheprofessor.Thegrowthinpublicmoneyforacademicresearchhasspeededtheprocess:federalresearchgrantsrosefourfoldbetween1960and1990,butfacultyteachinghoursfellbyhalfasresearchtookitstoll.Professionalismhasturnedthe

31acquisitionofadoctoraldegreeintoaprerequisiteforasuccessfulacademiccareer:aslateas1969athirdofAmericanprofessorsdidnotpossessone.Butthekeyideabehindprofessionalisation,arguesMrMenand,isthat“theknowledgeandskillsneededforaparticularspecializationaretransmissiblebutnottransferable.Sodisciplinesacquireamonopolynotjustovertheproductionofknowledge,butalsoovertheproductionoftheproducersofknowledge.[A]Thekeytoreforminghighereducation,concludesMrMenand,istoalterthewayinwhich“theproducersofknowledgeareproduced."Otherwise,academicswillcontinuetothinkdangerouslyalike,increasinglydetachedfromthesocietieswhichtheystudy,investigateandcriticize."Academicinquiry,atleastinsomefields,mayneedtobecomelessexclusionaryandmoreholistic."Yetquitehowthathappens,MrMenanddosenotsay.[B]ThesubtleandintelligentlittlebookTheMarketplaceofIdeas:ReformandResistanceintheAmericanUniversityshouldbereadbyeverystudentthinkingofapplyingtotakeadoctoraldegree.Theymaythendecidetogoelsewhere.ForsomethingcurioushasbeenhappeninginAmericanUniversities,andLouisMenand,aprofessorofEnglishatHarvardUniversity,captureditskillfully.G-41.-42.一E-43.一44.一45.PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittencarefullyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)Withitsthemethat“Mindisthemasterweaver;creatingourinnercharacterandoutercircumstances,thebookAsaManThinkingbyJamesAllenisanin-depthexplorationofthecentralideaofself-helpwriting.(46)Allen'scontributionwastotakeanassumptionweallshare-thatbecausewearenotrobotswethereforecontrolourthoughts-andrevealitserroneousnature.Becausemostofusbelievethatmindisseparatefrommatter;wethinkthatthoughtscanbehiddenandmadepowerless;thisallowsustothinkonewayandactanother.However;Allenbelievedthattheunconsciousmindgeneratesasmuchactionastheconsciousmind,and(47)whilewemaybeabletosustaintheillusionofcontrolthroughtheconsciousmindalone,inrealitywearecontinuallyfacedwithaquestion:"WhycannotImakemyselfdothisorachievethat?”Sincedesireandwillaredamagedbythepresenceofthoughtsthatdonotaccordwithdesire,Allenconcluded:"Wedonotattractwhatwewant,butwhatweare."Achievementhappensbecauseyouasapersonembodytheexternalachievement;youdon't"get"successbutbecomeit.Thereisnogapbetweenmindandmatter.PartofthefameofAllen'sbookisitscontentionthat“Circumstancesdonotmakeaperson,theyrevealhim.,,(48)Thisseemsajustificationforneglectofthoseinneed,andarationalizationofexploitation,ofthesuperiorityofthoseatthetopandtheinferiorityofthoseatthebottom.This.however;wouldbeaknee-jerkreactiontoasubtleargument.Eachsetofcircumstances,howeverbad,offersauniqueopportunityforgrowth.Ifcircumstancesalwaysdeterminedthelifeandprospectsofpeople,thenhumanitywouldneverhaveprogressed.Infat,(49)circumstancesseemtobedesignedtobringoutthebestinusandifwefeelthatwehavebeen“wronged”thenweareunlikelytobeginaconsciousefforttoescapefromoursituation.Nevertheless,asanybiographerknows,aperson'searlylifeanditsconditionsareoftenthegreatestgifttoanindividual.ThesoberingaspectofAllen'sbookisthatwehavenooneelsetoblameforourpresentconditionexceptourselves.(50)Theupsideisthepossibilitiescontainedinknowingthateverythingisuptous;wherebeforewewereexpertsinthearrayoflimitations,nowwebecomeauthoritiesofwhatispossible.SectionIIIWritingPartA51.Directions:Writealettertoafriendofyoursto1)recommendoneofyourfavoritemoviesand2)givereasonsforyourrecommendationYourshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2

32Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheleter.User“LIMING“instead.Donotwritertheaddress.(10points)PartB51.Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainit,sintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.YourshouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)附阅读PartA翻讲：译文12009年纽约交响乐团突然宣布聘用艾伦.吉尔伯特为下一位乐曲指挥，从那时起一宜到现在，这次任命都成为古典音乐界的话题。退一步说，从总体上看，反应还是不错的。如冷静的古典音乐评论家安东尼.托姆西尼就这样写：从长时间来看，这次委命是英明的。然而，这次任命还是令人意外。原因之一在于吉乐伯特名声相对较小。就连那时主张雇用吉尔伯特的托姆西尼，也称吉尔伯特其貌不扬，缺乏一位令人敬仰的指挥大师的气质。作为对这个很牛的管弦乐队(牛的表现：到目前为止一直被牛人领导着)下一任指挥家的描述，这种描述跟虚浮的赞扬一样，确实会令至少一部分泰晤士报第27页的读者觉得愕然不解(让他们觉得不可思议)。就我的观点而言，我不知道吉尔伯特是不是一位伟大的指挥家，甚至连他是不是算好的指挥家也不敢确定。可以确信的是，虽然他演出了很多令人印象深刻的有趣的乐曲。然而，我不需要访问AveryFisherHall(可能是纽约交响乐团所在地，即吉尔伯特表演之所)，或者其他地方才能听到有趣的管弦乐。(作者意思是，不需要听占尔伯特，到处可以听到有趣的管弦乐。）我所做的，只需要到我的CD棚里去，随便打开我的电脑，从ITUNES上就可下载比那（当指吉尔伯特表演的）多得多的类似的音乐。对于唱片，那些专门参加音乐会的人会说，现场表演是不可替代的。他们显然忽视了一个要点。为了替音乐爱好者节省时间、精力、金钱考虑，古典乐曲表演表不仅要在各种表演场所进行竞争，还要在记录这些行为的媒介上竞争。记在唱片上的表演比现场表演更便宜，更易得，甚至质量更好。而且它们的消费时间地点可以任由听者选择。因此，这种唱片的广泛应用，给传统音乐会带来了生存危机。一个可能的应对方式（解决办法）是古典音乐表演者发明有吸引力的从唱片上听不到的曲子。吉尔伯特在新音乐方面投入了自己的兴趣，这已广被人知：如古典音乐评论家罗斯就把吉尔伯特描述成一个可以扭转交响乐方向的人，认为他把交响乐带进了一个明显不同的更有活力的天地。但是，这种“不同”的实质是什么呢？仅仅扩展交响乐的节目是不够的。吉尔伯特和交响乐要想取得成功，必须首先改变美国旧的管弦乐和它们想吸引的新的听众之间的关系。译文2当列姆・麦克杰八月份从美国银行任上离职时，他的解释确实令人意外。与通常会用的模糊理由不同的是，他直率地说，他离开是为了找一家公司当管理者，而那是他一向就有的追求。他说，作出这一选择纯属个人原因。两周之内，他与哈佛财务服务集团的董事会实现了首次会谈，这一集团在9月29日聘他担任CEO。麦克杰说，他离开时并没有确定的目标，这使他得以思考自己究竟想管理什么样的公司。这同时也可以让他向外界展示自己的魄力。无独有偶（并不只有他才有这种雄心）。最近几周，雅芳公司和美国联邦快递公司的第二执行官都离开自己的公司，他们的解释都是想当CEO。由于股东施压，董事会需要审查继承人方案，还没有被准许离开的这几位执行官肯定希望事情早点出来结果。商业环境复杂异常，这使得高级经理人员不愿用模糊的声明来损害自己的名声。随着经济开始出现复苏的迹象，这些希望离任者可能在还没有找到下家时就跳槽。根据“登记册”研究机构的报告，在第三季度，CEO营业额从一年前开始下降了23%,把那些紧跟在这些领导人身后的董事会也弄得神经兮兮。由于经济复苏，那些有抱负的领导人将大有机会。放弃高级职位去寻找更好的职位，这种决定是非同寻常的，过去可不常见。多年来，执行官和猎头们都坚持认为，最好的CE。候选人需要去挖别人的墙角才能得到（而不是那些主动离开原岗位的人）。某某猎头说，当董事会还没有委托我先去找一个还在任上的CEO时，我不能去考虑那些我在网上一搜就有的人。那些没有工作去向就跳槽的人不会总是很快找到理想岗位。十年前爱伦.马拉姆从T公司领导人的位子上退下，也是为了当一个CE。。一年前她才成为一家小型电子交易所的领导人。罗伯特在2005年为了当CE。

33而离开，他最终在•家重要的财务机构找到这种工作是在三年之后。许多招聘人表示，对于那些最好的演员来说，旧的耻辱正在淡忘。财务危机使得在两个工作机会之间进行选择或者离开更坏的工作这样的行为变得可以接受。“传统规则是，最好呆在你原来的地方，但现在这种规则被从根本上颠覆了。”一个猎头说，“在一个地方呆得越久，就越容易受损。”译文3在过去，销售成功的基本法则是：种瓜得瓜，一分耕耘一分收获。现在不同了。传统的付出方式（媒介，指企业付钱给电视台做广告或者报社做报刊广告）——电视购物和印刷广告——虽然仍占主要地位，但是现在的企业可以开发出更多的替代这些媒介的形式。对产品有热情的用户可能通过给在自己网站上注册的顾客发关于产品和商品的电邮的提醒，来建立自己的媒介。这样用户现在接近了广阔的媒介因素，这些因素超越了传统的付费媒介。付费并占有的媒介，是被想促销自己产品的商人控制的。而对于白捡的媒介（免费的媒介报道）而言，这种商人的角色仅是作为响应用户需求的第一环（直接面对用户的不是他们）。但是在一些案例中，一个商人拥有的媒介成为另一个商人的付费媒介（但有时候，促销产品的商人也直接面对用户，即把别人占有的媒介暂时变成自己占有的媒介）。例如，当一个电子商务零售商在自己的网站上出售广告空间时，就是如此。我们把这种出售的媒介定义为拥有的媒介。这种（出售空间式的）拥有的媒介是如此强大普遍，以致于其他团体把他们的希望（满意：内容：电子商务发动机）寄托在这种环境中。这种（寄托）趋势虽然依然在婴儿期，但我们相信这种从零售商和旅行提供商（如航空公司、旅馆）有效起步的趋势会越来越强劲。例如强生建立了一个婴儿中心，这是一种杰出的媒介资产，可用于推销提升配套产品，包括那些有竞争力的产品。除了带来利润，除了由于其他商人的到场可以使这个地方显得客观可信，以及给各个公司有机会了解有关其他公司需求的有价值的信息，还能有利于拓展所有公司都关心的用户交易。这类戏剧性的技术革新给商人带来数量越来越多（种类也越来越多）的通信机会的同时，也同样会提高风险。因为热情的用户会更快、更形象、更有破坏力地表达自己的反对，这种被绑架的媒介，与上述的免费利用的媒介背道而驰（不是商人所希望出现的）。此时，媒介就像人质一样，成为敌人可用的财产或者发起的一次行动（敌人有用户、其他竞争对手、对某商标或产品向来没有好话的社会活动家）。例如，社会网络中的成员正在意识到他们可以绑架媒介，来对建立媒介的那些商人施加压力。如果这种事情发生了，热情的用户就会努力劝说其他人抵制产品，使得目标公司声名处于危险之中。此时，公司的反应往往不会足够快，也不会足够理性，学习曲线将会变得很陡（学习曲线是表示单位产品生产时间与所生产的产品总数量之间的关系的一条曲线。一般情况下，产品总量越大，单个产品生产时间越短。也可以表示工人一定时间所犯错误数量与练习时间的关系，一般练习时间越长，单位时间内错误越少。这里的曲线陡时大约表示相同产量规模下，现在比原来单个产品所消耗的资源更多，或者说相同练习程度下，一定时间错误更多。总之,是比原来更糟糕了）。例如丰田汽车，今年早些时候通过相对来说较快和精心策划的行动从车辆召回危机中把损尽量降下来，丰田的行动包括努力请用户进士威特这样的地方，挖掘社会新闻的利用等等。译文4毫无疑问，作为有煽动性的杂志封面故事，詹尼弗西尼尔的深刻见解——“我爱我的孩子们，我讨厌我目前的生活状况”——可以唤起人们的淡兴。可是，人们不会想到，养孩子可不是一件完全令人愉悦、生活充实的事情。西尼尔并没有简单地说，孩子使得父母既快乐又痛苦。她建议，我们需要重新定义幸福：幸福不应该像过去那样被定义为由一个个瞬间的快乐组合而成的东西；我们应该把幸福视为一种过去的状态。尽管抚养孩子的日子漫长难熬，令人筋疲力尽，但是西尼尔认为，正是那些心绪沉重的时刻，日后却给我们带来由衷的欣喜。杂志封面上一位有魅力的母亲抱着一个可爱的婴儿，这种圣母与圣子的图画这周在报摊匕可不止西尼尔这一起。例如杂志上讲到最近刚收养孩子的母亲一一有时是刚变成单身母亲的人——桑德拉布鲁克，以及那种很常见的“詹尼弗阿尼斯顿怀孕了”的新闻。实际上，每周都有至少一位名流母亲、或者准母亲在杂志上笑迎读者。在一个坚持不懈地倡导生育的社会中，承认自己后悔生育孩子就相当于承认自己赞同谋杀宠物猫，这难道不值得反思吗？把父母亲的后悔与孩子的后悔相提并论（可能指把作为孩子家长的那种辛苦产生的悔恨理解为根源出在孩子身上，从而产生关于生下孩子的后悔），这显然并不合理。（因此）不情愿养孩子的父母很少会反思自己是否应该养育孩子。但是那不幸福的无孩子的人却为类似“孩子是世上唯一最可珍惜的东西”这样的信息所烦恼。显然，他们的不幸必须通过生儿育女才能得以消除。当然，在美国周刊与人这样的杂志上所提供的“社会名流父母亲”现象是不切实际的。特别是当“父

34母亲”是布鲁克这样的单身母亲时更是如此。多项研究表明，有孩子的父母很少比没有孩子的夫妇更快乐，而单亲家庭中的家长烦愁尤甚。这并不奇怪，因为一个人养一个孩子实在太麻烦了。然而，你看看桑德拉和布列尼说的话：自己“一个人”养孩子，其实非常简单。（她们当然觉得简单了，因为她们是在周围人全天候的帮助下养着孩子的）当然，要说很多人傻头傻脑地生育孩子，只是因为里斯和安格丽娜这种名流使这种行为看上去显得诱人，这也是不可能的——多数成年人其实理解：养孩子可不是像做个发型那么简单。但是这确实是一件很有趣的值得反思的事情：我们每周看的“轻松快乐做父母”的杂志封面，并不是通过潜意识的方式里让我们对（没有孩子的）现实经历不满，而是这些图片在潜意识中让我们有那种想成为雷切尔的心理，但实际上却使得我们看上去有点像詹尼弗亚尼斯顿。（大约指雷切尔养孩子显得潇洒，而詹尼弗生养孩子显得狼狈。）2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)In1924America'sNationalResearchCouncilsenttwoengineerstosuperviseaseriesofindustrialexperimentsatalargetelephone-partsfactorycalledtheHawthornePlantnearChicago.Ithopedtheywouldlearnhowstop-floorlighting1workers'productivity.Instead,thestudiesended2givingtheirnametothe"Hawthorneeffect",theextremelyinfluentialideathatthevery3tobeingexperimenteduponchangedsubjects'behavior.Theideaarosebecauseofthe4behaviorofthewomenintheHawthorneplant.Accordingto5oftheexperiments,theirhourlyoutputrosewhenlightingwasincreased,butalsowhenitwasdimmed.Itdidnot6whatwasdoneintheexperiment;7somethingwaschanged,productivityrose.A(n)8thattheywerebeingexperimenteduponseemedtobe9toalterworkers'behavior10itself.Afterseveraldecades,thesamedatawere11toeconometrictheanalysis.Hawthorneexperimentshasanothersurprisestore12thedescriptionsonrecord,nosystematic13wasfoundthatlevelsofproductivitywererelatedtochangesinlighting.Itturnsoutthatpeculiarwayofconductingtheexperimentsmaybehaveletto14interpretationofwhathapped.15,lightingwasalwayschangedonaSunday.WhenworkstartedagainonMonday,output16rosecomparedwiththepreviousSaturdayand17toriseforthenextcoupleofdays.18,acomparisonwithdataforweekswhentherewasnoexperimentationshowedthatoutputalwayswentuponMonday,workers19tobediligentforthefirstfewdaysoftheweekinanycase,before20aplateauandthenslackeningoff.Thissuggeststhatthealleged"Hawthorneeffect"ishardtopindown.1.[A]affected[B]achieved[C]extracted[D]restored2.[A]at[B]up[C]with[D]off3.[A]truth[B]sight[C]act[D]proof4.[A]controversial[B]perplexing[C]mischievous[D]ambiguous5.[A]requirements[B]explanations[C]accounts[D]assessments6.[A]conclude[B]matter[C]indicate[D]work7.[A]asfaras[B]forfearthat[C]incasethat[D]solongas8.[A]awareness[B]expectation[C]sentiment[D]illusion9.[A]suitable[B]excessive[C]enough[D]abundant10.[A]about[B]for[C]on[D]by11.[A]compared[B]shown[C]subjected[D]conveyed12.[A]contraryto[B]consistentwith[C]parallelwith[D]peculiarto13.[A]evidence[B]guidance[C]implication[D]source14.[A]disputable[B]enlightening[C]reliable[D]misleading15.[A]Incontrast[B]Forexample[C]Inconsequence[D]Asusual16.[A]duly[B]accidentally[C]unpredictably[D]suddenly

351.[A]failed[B]ceased[C]started[D]continued20.[A]breaking[B]climbing[C]surpassing[D]hittingSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A]z[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1OfallthechangesthathavetakenplaceinEnglish-languagenewspapersduringthepastquarter-century,perhapsthemostfar-reachinghasbeentheinexorabledeclineinthescopeandseriousnessoftheirartscoverage.Itisdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheageoffortytoimagineatimewhenhigh-qualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmostbig-citynewspapers.Yetaconsiderablenumberofthemostsignificantcollectionsofcriticismpublishedinthe20thcenturyconsistedinlargepartofnewspaperreviews.Toreadsuchbookstodayistomarvelatthefactthattheirlearnedcontentswereoncedeemedsuitableforpublicationingeneral-circulationdailies.WeareevenfartherremovedfromtheunfocusednewspaperreviewspublishedinEnglandbetweentheturnofthe20thcenturyandtheeveofWorldWarII,atatimewhennewsprintwasdirt-cheapandstylishartscriticismwasconsideredanornamenttothepublicationsinwhichitappeared.Inthosefar-offdays,itwastakenforgrantedthatthecriticsofmajorpaperswouldwriteindetailandatlengthabouttheeventstheycovered.Theirswasaseriousbusiness,andeventhosereviewerswhoworetheirlearninglightly,likeGeorgeBernardShawandErnestNewman,couldbetrustedtoknowwhattheywereabout.Thesemenbelievedinjournalismasacalling,andwereproudtobepublishedinthedailypress."Sofewauthorshavebrainsenoughorliterarygiftenoughtokeeptheirownendupinjournalism,“Newmanwrote,“thatIamtemptedtodefine'journalism'as'atermofcontemptappliedbywriterswhoarenotreadtowriterswhoare.'"Unfortunately,thesecriticsarevirtuallyforgotten.NevilleCardus,whowrotefortheManchesterGuardianfrom1917untilshortlybeforehisdeathin1975,isnowknownsolelyasawriterofessaysonthegameofcricket.Duringhislifetime,though,hewasalsooneofEngland'sforemostclassical-musiccritics,astylistsowidelyadmiredthathisAutobiography(1947)becameabest-seller.Hewasknightedin1967,thefirstmusiccritictobesohonored.Yetonlyoneofhisbooksisnowinprint,andhisvastbodyofwritingsonmusicisunknownsavetospecialists.IsthereanychancethatCardus*scriticismwillenjoyarevival?Theprospectseemsremote.Journalistictasteshadchangedlongbeforehisdeath,andpostmodernreadershavelittleusefortherichlyupholsteredVicwardianproseinwhichhespecialized.Moreover,theamateurtraditioninmusiccriticismhasbeeninheadlongretreat.21.ItisindicatedinParagraphs1and2that[A]artscriticismhasdisappearedfrombig-citynewspapers.[B]English-languagenewspapersusedtocarrymoreartsreviews.[C]high-qualitynewspapersretainalargebodyofreaders.[D]youngreadersdoubtthesuitabilityofcriticismondailies.22.NewspaperreviewsinEnglandbeforeWorldWarIIwerecharacterizedby[A]freethemes.[B]casualstyle.[C]elaboratelayout.[D]radicalviewpoints.23.WhichofthefollowingwouldShawandNewmanmostprobablyagreeon?[A]Itiswriters'dutytofulfilljournalisticgoals.[B]Itiscontemptibleforwriterstobejournalists.[C]Writersarelikelytobetemptedintojournalism.[D]Notallwritersarecapableofjournalisticwriting.24.WhatcanbelearnedaboutCardusaccordingtothelasttwoparagraphs?[A]Hismusiccriticismmaynotappealtoreaderstoday.[B]Hisreputationasamusiccritichaslongbeenindispute.

36[A]Hisstylecaterslargelytomodernspecialists.[B]Hiswritingsfailtofollowtheamateurtradition.20.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?[A]NewspapersoftheGoodOldDays[B]TheLostHorizoninNewspapers[C]MournfulDeclineofJournalism[D]ProminentCriticsinMemoryText2Overthepastdecade,thousandsofpatentshavebeengrantedforwhatarecalledbusinessmethods.Amazon.comreceivedoneforits"one-click"onlinepaymentsystem.MerrillLynchgotlegalprotectionforanassetallocationstrategy.Oneinventorpatentedatechniqueforliftingabox.Nowthenation'stoppatentcourtappearscompletelyreadytoscalebackonbusiness-methodpatents,whichhavebeencontroversialeversincetheywerefirstauthorized10yearsago.Inamovethathasintellectual-propertylawyersabuzztheU.S.courtofAppealsforthefederalcircuitsaiditwoulduseaparticularcasetoconductabroadreviewofbusiness-methodpatents.InreBilski,asthecaseisknown,is"averybigdeal",saysDennisD.CrouchoftheUniversityofMissouriSchooloflaw.It"hasthepotentialtoeliminateanentireclassofpatents."Curbsonbusiness-methodclaimswouldbeadramaticabout-face,becauseitwasthefederalcircuititselfthatintroducedsuchpatentswithis1998decisionintheso-calledstateStreetBankcase,approvingapatentonawayofpoolingmutual-fundassets.Thatrulingproducedanexplosioninbusiness-methodpatentfilings,initiallybyemerginginternetcompaniestryingtostakeoutexclusiverightstospecifictypesofonlinetransactions.Later;moveestablishedcompaniesracedtoaddsuchpatentstotheirfiles,ifonlyasadefensivemoveagainstrivalsthatmightbeatthemtothepunch.In2005,IBMnotedinacourtfilingthatithadbeenissuedmorethan300business-methodpatentsdespitethefactthatitquestionedthelegalbasisforgrantingthem.Similarly,someWallStreetinvestmentfilmsarmedthemselveswithpatentsforfinancialproducts,evenastheytookpositionsincourtcasesopposingthepractice.TheBilskicaseinvolvesaclaimedpatentonamethodforhedgingriskintheenergymarket.TheFederalcircuitissuedanunusualorderstatingthatthecasewouldbeheardbyall12ofthecourt'sjudges,ratherthanatypicalpanelofthree,andthatoneissueitwantstoevaluateiswhetheritshould"reconsider"itsstatestreetBankruling.TheFederalCircuit'sactioncomesinthewakeofaseriesofrecentdecisionsbythesupremeCourtthathasnarrowedthescopeofprotectionsforpatentholders.LastApril,forexamplethejusticessignaledthattoomanypatentswerebeingupheldfor''inventions"thatareobvious.ThejudgesontheFederalcircuitare"reactingtotheanti-patenttrendattheSupremeCourt",saysHaroldC.Wegner;apatentattorneyandprofessoratGeorgeWashingtonUniversityLawSchool.21.Business-methodpatentshaverecentlyarousedconcernbecauseof[A]theirlimitedvaluetobusiness[B]theirconnectionwithassetallocation[C]thepossiblerestrictionontheirgranting[D]thecontroversyoverauthorization22.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheBilskicase?[A]Itsrulingcomplieswiththecourtdecisions[B]Itinvolvesaverybigbusinesstransaction[C]IthasbeendismissedbytheFederalCircuit[D]ItmaychangethelegalpracticesintheU.S.23.Theword"about-face"(Line1,Para3)mostprobablymeans[A]lossofgoodwill[B]increaseofhostility[C]changeofattitude

37[A]enhancementofdignity20.Welearnfromthelasttwoparagraphsthatbusiness-methodpatents[A]areimmunetolegalchallenges[B]areoftenunnecessarilyissued[C]lowertheesteemforpatentholders[D]increasetheincidenceofrisks21.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethesubjectofthetext?[A]Aloomingthreattobusiness-methodpatents[B]Protectionforbusiness-methodpatentholders[C]Alegalcaseregardingbusiness-methodpatents[D]Aprevailingtrendagainstbusiness-methodpatentsText3InhisbookTheTippingPoint,MalcolmGladwellarguesthatsocialepidemicsaredriveninlargepartbytheactingofatinyminorityofspecialindividuals,oftencalledinfluentials,whoareunusuallyinformed,persuasive,orwell-connected.Theideaisintuitivelycompelling,butitdoesn'texplainhowideasactuallyspread.Thesupposedimportanceofinfluentialsderivesfromaplausiblesoundingbutlargelyuntestedtheorycalledthe"twostepflowofcommunication":Informationflowsfromthemediatotheinfluentialsandfromthemtoeveryoneelse.Marketershaveembracedthetwo-stepflowbecauseitsuggeststhatiftheycanjustfindandinfluencetheinfluentials,thoseselectedpeoplewilldomostoftheworkforthem.Thetheoryalsoseemstoexplainthesuddenandunexpectedpopularityofcertainlooks,brands,orneighborhoods.Inmanysuchcases,acursorysearchforcausesfindsthatsomesmallgroupofpeoplewaswearing,promoting,ordevelopingwhateveritisbeforeanyoneelsepaidattention.AnecdotalevidenceofthiskindfitsnicelywiththeideathatonlycertainspecialpeoplecandrivetrendsIntheirrecentwork,however;someresearchershavecomeupwiththefindingthatinfluentialshavefarlessimpactonsocialepidemicsthanisgenerallysupposed.Infact,theydon'tseemtoberequiredofall.Theresearchers'argumentstemsfromasimpleobservingaboutsocialinfluence,withtheexceptionofafewcelebritieslikeOprahWinfrey——whoseoutsizepresenceisprimarilyafunctionofmedia,notinterpersonal,influence——eventhemostinfluentialmembersofapopulationsimplydon'tinteractwiththatmanyothers.Yetitispreciselythesenon-celebrityinfluentialswho,accordingtothetwo-step-flowtheory,aresupposedtodrivesocialepidemicsbyinfluencingtheirfriendsandcolleaguesdirectly.Forasocialepidemictooccur;however,eachpersonsoaffected,musttheninfluencehisorherownacquaintances,whomustinturninfluencetheirs,andsoon;andjusthowmanyotherspayattentiontoeachofthesepeoplehaslittletodowiththeinitialinfluential.Ifpeopleinthenetworkjusttwodegreesremovedfromtheinitialinfluentialproveresistant,forexamplefromtheinitialinfluentialproveresistant,forexamplethecascadeofchangewon'tpropagateveryfaroraffectmanypeople.Buildingonthebasictruthaboutinterpersonalinfluence,theresearchersstudiedthedynamicsofpopulationsmanipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingofpopulations,manipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingtopeople'sabilitytoinfluenceothersandtheirtendencytobeinfluenced.Ourworkshowsthattheprincipalrequirementforwhatwecall"globalcascades"-thewidespreadpropagationofinfluencethroughnetworks-isthepresencenotofafewinfluentialbut,rather;ofacriticalmassofeasilyinfluencedpeople,eachofwhomadopts,say,alookorabrandafterbeingexposedtoasingleadoptingneighbor.Regardlessofhowinfluentialanindividualislocally,heorshecanexertglobalinfluenceonlyifthiscriticalmassisavailabletopropagateachainreaction.22.BycitingthebookTheTippingPoint,theauthorintendsto[A]analyzetheconsequencesofsocialepidemics[B]discussinfluentials'functioninspreadingideas[C]exemplifypeople'sintuitiveresponsetosocialepidemics[D]describetheessentialcharacteristicsofinfluentials.23.Theauthorsuggeststhatthe"two-step-flowtheory"

38[A]servesasasolutiontomarketingproblems[B]hashelpedexplaincertainprevalenttrends[C]haswonsupportfrominfluentials[D]requiressolidevidenceforitsvalidity20.Whattheresearchershaveobservedrecentlyshowsthat[A]thepowerofinfluencegoeswithsocialinteractions[B]interpersonallinkscanbeenhancedthroughthemedia[C]influentialshavemorechannelstoreachthepublic[D]mostcelebritiesenjoywidemediaattention21.Theunderlinedphrase"thesepeople"inparagraph4referstotheoneswho[A]stayoutsidethenetworkofsocialinfluence[B]havelittlecontactwiththesourceofinfluence[C]areinfluencedandtheninfluenceothers[D]areinfluencedbytheinitialinfluential22.whatistheessentialelementinthedynamicsofsocialinfluence?[A]Theeagernesstobeaccepted[B]Theimpulsetoinfluenceothers[C]Thereadinesstobeinfluenced[D]TheinclinationtorelyonothersText4Bankershavebeenblamingthemselvesfortheirtroublesinpublic.Behindthescenes,theyhavebeentakingaimatsomeoneelse:theaccountingstandard-setters.Theirrules,moanthebanks,haveforcedthemtoreportenormouslosses,andit'sjustnotfair.Theserulessaytheymustvaluesomeassetsatthepriceathirdpartywouldpay,notthepricemanagersandregulatorswouldlikethemtofetch.Unfortunately,banks'lobbyingnowseemstobeworking.Thedetailsmaybeunknowable,buttheindependenceofstandard-setters,essentialtotheproperfunctioningofcapitalmarkets,isbeingcompromised.And,unlessbankscarrytoxicassetsatpricesthatattractbuyers,revivingthebankingsystemwillbedifficult.AfterabruisingencounterwithCongress,America'sFinancialAccountingStandardsBoard(FASB)rushedthroughrulechanges.Thesegavebanksmorefreedomtousemodelstovalueilliquidassetsandmoreflexibilityinrecognizinglossesonlong-termassetsintheirincomestatement.BobHerz,theFASB'schairman,criedoutagainstthosewho"questionourmotives."Yetbanksharesroseandthechangesenhancewhatonelobbygrouppolitelycalls"theuseofjudgmentbymanagement."EuropeanministersinstantlydemandedthattheInternationalAccountingStandardsBoard(IASB)dolikewise.TheIASBsaysitdoesnotwanttoactwithoutoverallplanning,butthepressuretofoldwhenitcompletesitreconstructionofruleslaterthisyearisstrong.CharlieMcCreevy,aEuropeancommissioner;warnedtheIASBthatitdid"notliveinapoliticalvacuum"but"intherealword"andthatEuropecouldyetdevelopdifferentrules.Itwasbanksthatwereonthewrongplanet,withaccountsthatvastlyovervaluedassets.Todaytheyarguethatmarketpricesoverstatelosses,becausetheylargelyreflectthetemporaryilliquidityofmarkets,notthelikelyextentofbaddebts.Thetruthwillnotbeknownforyears.Butbank'ssharestradebelowtheirbookvalue,suggestingthatinvestorsareskeptical.Anddeadmarketspartlyreflecttheparalysisofbankswhichwillnotsellassetsforfearofbookinglosses,yetarereluctanttobuyallthosesupposedbargains.Togetthesystemworkingagain,lossesmustberecognizedanddealtwith.America'snewplantobuyuptoxicassetswillnotworkunlessbanksmarkassetstolevelswhichbuyersfindattractive.Successfulmarketsrequireindependentandevencombativestandard-setters.TheFASBandIASBhavebeenexactlythat,cleaninguprulesonstockoptionsandpensions,forexample,againsthostilityfromspecialinterests.Butbygivingintocriticsnowtheyareinvitingpressuretomakemoreconcessions.36.Bankerscomplainedthattheywereforcedto[A]followunfavorableassetevaluationrules[B]collect

39paymentsfromthirdparties[C]cooperatewiththepricemanagers[D]reevaluatesomeoftheirassets.37.Accordingtotheauthor,therulechangesoftheFASBmayresultin[A]thediminishingroleofmanagement[B]therevivalofthebankingsystem[C]thebanks'long-termassetlosses[D]theweakeningofitsindependence38.AccordingtoParagraph4,McCreevyobjectstothelASB'sattemptto[A]keepawayfrompoliticalinfluences.[C]evadethepressurefromtheirpeers.[D]actontheirowninrule-setting.[E]takegradualmeasuresinreform.39.Theauthorthinksthebankswere"onthewrongplanet"inthatthey[A]misinterpretedmarketpriceindicators[B]exaggeratedtherealvalueoftheirassets[C]neglectedthelikelyexistenceofbaddebts.[D]deniedbookinglossesintheirsaleofassets.40.Theauthor'sattitudetowardsstandard-settersisoneof[A]satisfaction.[B]skepticism.[C]objectiveness[D]sympathyPartBDirections:ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableparagraphsfromthelistA-Gandfillthemintothenumberedboxestoformacoherenttext.ParagraphEhasbeencorrectlyplaced.Thereisoneparagraphwhichdoesnotfitinwiththetext.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)[A]Thefirstandmoreimportantistheconsumer'sgrowingpreferenceforeatingout;theconsumptionoffoodanddrinkinplacesotherthanhomeshasrisenfromabout32percentoftotalconsumptionin1995to35percentin2000andisexpectedtoapproach38percentby2005.Thisdevelopmentisboostingwholesaledemandfromthefoodservicesegmentby4to5percentayearacrossEurope,comparedwithgrowthinretaildemandof1to2percent.Meanwhile,astherecessionisloominglarge,peoplearegettinganxious.Theytendtokeepatighterholdontheirpurseandconsidereatingathomearealisticalternative.[B]RetailsalesoffoodanddrinkinEurope'slargestmarketsareatastandstill,leavingEuropeangroceryretailershungryforopportunitiestogrow.Mostleadingretailershavealreadytriede-commerce,withlimitedsuccess,andexpansionabroad.Butalmostallhaveignoredthebig,profitableopportunityintheirownbackyard:thewholesalefoodanddrinktrade,whichappearstobejustthekindofmarketretailersneed.[C]Willsuchvariationsbringaboutachangeintheoverallstructureofthefoodanddrinkmarket?Definitelynot.Thefunctioningofthemarketisbasedonflexibletrendsdominatedbypotentialbuyers.Inotherwords,itisuptothebuyer;ratherthantheseller,todecidewhattobuy.Atanyrate,thischangewillultimatelybeacclaimedbyanever-growingnumberofbothdomesticandinternationalconsumers,regardlessofhowlongthecurrentconsumerpatternwilltakehold.[D]Allinall,thisclearlyseemstobeamarketinwhichbigretailerscouldprofitablyapplytheirscale,existinginfrastructureandprovenskillsinthemanagementofproductranges,logistics,andmarketingintelligence.RetailersthatmastertheintricaciesofwholesalinginEuropemaywellexpecttorakeinsubstantialprofitsthereby.Atleast,thatishowitlooksasawhole.Closerinspectionrevealsimportantdifferencesamongthebiggestnationalmarkets,especiallyintheircustomersegmentsandwholesalestructures,aswellasthecompetitivedynamicsofindividualfoodanddrinkcategories.BigretailersmustunderstandthesedifferencesbeforetheycanidentifythesegmentsofEuropeanwholesalinginwhichtheirparticularabilitiesmightunseatsmallerbutentrenchedcompetitors.Newskillsandunfamiliarbusinessmodelsareneededtoo.[E]Despitevariationsindetail,wholesalemarketsinthecountriesthathavebeencloselyexamined一France,Germany,Italy,andSpain一aremadeoutofthesamebuildingblocks.Demandcomesmainlyfromtwosources:independentmom-and-pop

40grocerystoreswhich,unlikelargeretailchains,aretwosmalltobuystraightfromproducers,andfoodserviceoperatorsthatcatertoconsumerswhentheydon'teatathome.Suchfoodserviceoperatorsrangefromsnackmachinestolargeinstitutionalcateringventures,butmostofthesebusinessesareknowninthetradeas"horeca":hotels,restaurants,andcafes.Overall,Europe'swholesalemarketforfoodanddrinkisgrowingatthesamesluggishpaceastheretailmarket,butthefigures,whenaddedtogether,masktwoopposingtrends.[A]Forexample,wholesalefoodanddrinksalescometo$268billioninFrance,Germany,Italy,Spain,andtheUnitedKingdomin2000-morethan40percentofretailsales.Moreover;averageoverallmarginsarehigherinwholesalethaninretail;wholesaledemandfromthefoodservicesectorisgrowingquicklyasmoreEuropeanseatoutmoreoften;andchangesinthecompetitivedynamicsofthisfragmentedindustryareatlastmakingitfeasibleforwholesalerstoconsolidate.[B]However,noneoftheserequirementsshoulddeterlargeretailers(andevensomelargegoodproducersandexistingwholesalers)fromtryingtheirhand,forthosethatmastertheintricaciesofwholesalinginEuropestandtoreapconsiderablegains.41-42f43f44-Ef45PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittencarefullyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)Onebasicweaknessinaconservationsystembasedwhollyoneconomicmotivesisthatmostmembersofthelandcommunityhavenoeconomicvalue.Yetthesecreaturesaremembersofthebioticcommunityand,ifitsstabilitydependsonitsintegrity,theyareentitledtocontinuance.Whenoneofthesenoneconomiccategoriesisthreatenedand,ifwehappentoloveit.Weinvertexcusestogiveiteconomicimportance.Atthebeginningofcenturysongbirdsweresupposedtobedisappearing.(46)Scientistsjumpedtotherescuewithsomedistinctlyshakyevidencetotheeffectthatinsectswouldeatusupifbirdsfailedtocontrolthem,theevidencehadtobeeconomicinordertobevalid.Itispainfultoreadtheseroundaboutaccountstoday.Wehavenolandethicyet,(47)butwehaveatleastdrawnnearthepointofadmittingthatbirdsshouldcontinueasamatterofintrinsicright,regardlessofthepresenceorabsenceofeconomicadvantagetous.Aparallelsituationexistsinrespectofpredatorymammalsandfish-eatingbirds.(48)Timewaswhenbiologistssomewhatoverwordedtheevidencethatthesecreaturespreservethehealthofgamebykillingthephysicallyweak,orthattheypreyonlyon"worthless"species.Somespeciesoftreehavebeenreadoutofthepartybyeconomics-mindedforestersbecausetheygrowtooslowly,orhavetoolowasalevaletopayastimbercrops.(49)InEurope,whereforestryisecologicallymoreadvanced,thenon-commercialtreespeciesarerecognizedasmembersofnativeforestcommunity,tobepreservedassuch,withinreason.Tosumup:asystemofconservationbasedsolelyoneconomicself-interestishopelesslylopsided.50.)Ittendstoignore,andthuseventuallytoeliminate,manyelementsinthelandcommunitythatlackcommercialvalue,butthatareessentialtoitshealthyfunctioning.Itassumes,falsely,Ithink,thattheeconomicpartsofthebioticclockwillfunctionwithouttheuneconomicparts.SectionIIIWritingPartA51.Directions:Youaresupposedtowriteforthepostgraduateassociationanoticetorecruitvolunteersforaninternationalconferenceonglobalization,youshouldconcludethebasicqualificationofapplicantandtheotherinformationyouthinkrelative.Youshouldwriteabout100words.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"postgraduateassociation"instead.PartB52.Directions:

41Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,andthen3)giveyourcomments.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSHWERSHEET2.(20points)2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案SectionI:UseofEnglish(10points)1.A2.B3.C4.B5.C6.B7.D8.A9.CIO.D11.C12.A13.A14.D15.B16.A17.D18.C19.B20.DSectionII:ReadingComprehension(60points)PartA(40points)21.B22.C23.D24.A25.A26.D27.D28.C29.B30.A31.B32.D33.A34.C35.C36.A37.D38.C39.B40.APartB(10points)41.B42.F43.D44.G45.APartC(10points)46.科学家们提出一些明显站不住脚的证据迅速来拯救，其大意是：如果鸟类无法控制害虫，那么这些害虫就会吃光我们人类。47.但我们至少几乎也承认这样一点：不管鸟类是否给我们带来经济上的好处，但鸟类作为生物其固有的权利应该继续存在。48.曾几何时，生物学家们有点过度使用这个证据，即这些物种通过杀死体质弱者来保持猎物的正常繁衍或者这些生物捕杀的仅仅是毫无价值的物种。49.在欧洲，林业在生态方面更加发达，无商业价值的树种被看作是原生森林群落的一部分，而得到合理的保护。50.这一系统易于忽视，因而最终会消除掉这个土地共同体里的许多要素(成员)，虽然这些要素(成员)缺乏商业价值，但这些要素(成员)对这个共同体的健康运行来说是必要的。SectionIII:Writing(30points)PartA(10points)51.参考范文VolunteersWanted/NeededAninternationalconferenceonglobalizationwillbeheldinthecomingwintervacation.ThisconferencewillbeorganizedbythePostgraduates,AssociationoAtpresentwewillrecruit10volunteerstoworkasassistantsforthisconference.TheapplicantsarerequiredtospeakEnglishfluently.ThosewhocanspeakanotherforeignlanguagesuchasFrenchorJapanesearepreferable.Inadditiontothelanguageskills,thosevolunteersareexpectedtobepatient,helpful,open-mindedwithalovingheart.Thevolunteerswillbeprovidedfreethreemealsadayaswellastransportationfromandbacktotheconferencesite。第40页Thosewhoareinterestedinworkingasvolunteers,pleasesendyourresumeandapplicationlettertothee-mailaddresspostgraduateassociation@163.com">postgraduateassociation@163.com.ThePostgraduatesyAssociationwillcontactthosechosencandidatesforaninterviewbeforeFebulary,1th。Wearesincerelywaitingforyoutojoinus!

42PostgraduatesJAssociationPartB(20points)52.参考范文Asisvividlydepictedinthedrawing,inthemiddleofthecartoonstandsahotpot,containingmanyChineseculturalsymbols,suchasBeijingoperas,Daoism,andsomeforeighculturalsymbols,etc.HowimpressivethedrawingisindescribingthecommonphenomenonthatChinesecultureisbecomingincreasinglyintegratedintotheworld.Thedrawer,sintentionseemstobehighlyself-evidentandthemeaningcausesustobethought-provokingoItholdstobeapparentthatthecartoonisindicativeofapervasivephenomenonwithregardtoculture.Whenitcomesto(——谈至lj)culture,itsgreatimpactsandbenefitscan'tbetooestimated.AsChinaopenstotheoutsideworld,ourtraditionalcultureisembracingtheforeignculture,thusmakingourChineseculturemorediversified,colorfulandinternationalizedjustlikeameltingpot.Whatthepictureconveysgoesfarbeyondthis.Thefactthatpeoplefromdifferentcountriesareattractedtoeachother,indicatingthattosomeextentdifferentculturescanbeaccepted,respected,appreciatedandsharedinternatjonally.Orputitinanotherway,Chineseuniqueculturecanbecomeinternationalthroughworldwideculturalexchanges.Sincethetrendofglobalizationbecomeirresistible,culturalintegrationcaneffectivelyimprovemutualunderstandingandfriendshipamongdifferentcountries.Inmypersonalsense,Chinesenationalcultureaspricelessspiritualtreasureshouldbepreservedandcherished.Meanwhile,therearegoodreasonstoembraceforeignculturesonthegroundthatthoseideasfromotherculturescanprovidedifferentperspectivesforustoobservetheworldinthelongrun.However,confrontedwithadifferentculture,weshouldbesensibleenoughtoabsorbitsessenceandtoresistitsdarkside.Onlyinthiswaycanwepromoteculturalintegrationpositively,thusmakingourmotherlanddimensional,colorfulandvigorous.(298words)2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Researchonanimalintelligencealwaysmakesmewonderjusthowsmarthumansare.1thefruit-flyexperimentsdescribedinCarlZimmer,spieceintheScienceTimesonTuesday.Fruitflieswhoweretaughttobesmarterthantheaveragefruitfly2toliveshorterlives.Thissuggeststhat3bulbsburnlonger,thatthereisan4innotbeingtooterrificallybright.Intelligence,it5out,isahigh-pricedoption.Ittakesmoreupkeep,burnsmorefuelandisslow6thestartinglinebecauseitdependsonlearning——agradual7—insteadofinstinct.Plentyofotherspeciesareabletolearn,andoneofthethingsthey,veapparentlylearnediswhento8.Isthereanadaptivevalueto9intelligence?That'sthequestionbehindthisnewresearch.Ilikeit.Insteadofcastingawistfulglance10atallthespecieswe'veleftinthedustI.Q.-wise,itimplicitlyaskswhatthereal11ofourownintelligencemightbe.Thisis12themindofeveryanimalI'veevermet.Researchonanimalintelligencealsomakesmewonderwhatexperimentsanimalswould13onhumansiftheyhadthechance.Everycatwithanowner;14zisrunningasmall-scalestudyinoperantconditioning,webelievethat15animalsranthelabs,theywouldtestusto16thelimitsofourpatience,ourfaithfulness,ourmemoryforterrain.Theywouldtrytodecidewhatintelligenceinhumansisreally17,notmerelyhowmuchofitthereis.18,theywouldhopetostudya19question:Arehumansactuallyawareoftheworldtheylivein?20theresultsareinconclusive.1.[A]Suppose[B]Consider[C]Observe[D]Imagine2.[A]tended[B]feared[C]happened[D]threatened3.[A]thinner[B]stabler[C]lighter[D]dimmer4.[A]tendency[B]advantage[C]inclination[D]priority5.[A]insistson[B]sumsup[C]turnsout[D]putsforward6.[A]off[B]behind[C]over[D]along

431.[A]incredible[B]spontaneous[C]inevitable[D]gradual2.[A]fight[B]doubt[C]stop[D]think3.[A]invisible[B]limited[C]indefinite[D]different4.[A]upward[B]forward[C]afterward[D]backward5.[A]features[B]influences[C]results[D]costs6.[A]outside[B]on[C]by[D]across7.[A]deliver[B]carry[C]perform[D]apply8.[A]bychance[B]incontrast[C]asusual[D]forinstance9.[A]if[B]unless[C]as[D]lest10.[A]moderate[B]overcome[C]determine[D]reach11.[AJat[B]for[C]after[D]with12.[A]Aboveall[B]Afterall[C]However[D]Otherwise13.[A]fundamental[B]comprehensive[C]equivalent[D]hostile14.[A]Byaccident[B]Intime[C]Sofar[D]BetterstillSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)lextlHabitsareafunnything.Wereachforthemmindlessly,settingourbrainsonauto-pilotandrelaxingintotheunconsciouscomfortoffamiliarroutine."Notchoice,buthabitrulestheunreflectingherd,“WilliamWordsworthsaidinthe19thcentury.Intheever-changing21stcentury,eventheword“habit”carriesanegativeconnotation.第42页Soitseemsantitheticaltotalkabouthabitsinthesamecontextascreativityandinnovation.Butbrainresearchershavediscoveredthatwhenweconsciouslydevelopnewhabits,wecreateparallelsynapticpaths,andevenentirelynewbraincells,thatcanjumpourtrainsofthoughtontonew,innovativetracks.Butdon'tbothertryingtokilloffoldhabits;oncethoserutsofprocedurearewornintothehippocampus,they,retheretostay.Instead,thenewhabitswedeliberatelyingrainintoourselvescreateparallelpathwaysthatcanbypassthoseoldroads.“Thefirstthingneededforinnovationisafascinationwithwonder;"saysDawnaMarkova,authorof“TheOpenMind"andanexecutivechangeconsultantforProfessionalThinkingPartners."Butwearetaughtinsteadto*decide/justasourpresidentcallshimself*theDecider/"Sheadds,howevecthat“todecideistokilloffallpossibilitiesbutone.Agoodinnovationalthinkerisalwaysexploringthemanyotherpossibilities.”Allofusworkthroughproblemsinwaysofwhichwe'reunaware,shesays.Researchersinthelate1960coveredthathumansarebornwiththecapacitytoapproachchallengesinfourprimaryways:analytically,procedurally,relationally(orcollaboratively)andinnovatively.Atpuberty,however;thebrainshutsdownhalfofthatcapacity,preservingonlythosemodesofthoughtthathaveseemedmostvaluableduringthefirstdecadeorsooflife.Thecurrentemphasisonstandardizedtestinghighlightsanalysisandprocedure,meaningthatfewofusinherentlyuseourinnovativeandcollaborativemodesofthought."ThisbreaksthemajorruleintheAmericanbeliefsystem一thatanyonecandoanythingZ，explainsM.J.Ryan,authorofthe2006book“ThisYearIWill...”andMs.Markova'sbusinesspartner."That'saliethatwehaveperpetuated,anditfosterscommonness.Knowingwhatyou'regoodatanddoingevenmoreofitcreatesexcellence."Thisiswheredevelopingnewhabitscomesin.15.TheviewofWordsworthhabitisclaimedbybeingA.casualB.familiarC.mechanicalD.changeable.16.TheresearchershavediscoveredthattheformationofhabitcanbeA.predictedB.regulatedC.tracedD.guided17.“ruts”(inlineone,paragraph3)hasclosestmeaningto

44A.tracksB.seriesC.characteristicsD.connections1.Ms.Markova'scommentssuggestthatthepracticeofstandardtesting?A,preventsnewhabitsformbeingformedB,nolongeremphasizescommonnessC,maintainstheinherentAmericanthinkingmodelD,complieswiththeAmericanbeliefsystem25.RyanmostprobablyagreethatA.ideasarebornofarelaxingmindB.innovativenesscouldbetaughtC.decisivenessderivesfromfantasticideasD.curiosityactivatescreativemindsText2Itisawisefatherthatknowshisownchild,buttodayamancanboosthispaternal(fatherly)wisdom-oratleastconfirmthathe*sthekid'sdad.Allheneedstodoisshellour$30forpaternitytestingkit(PTK)athislocaldrugstore-andanother$120togettheresults.Morethan60,000peoplehavepurchasedthePTKssincetheyfirstbecomeavailablewithoutprescriptionslastyears,accordingtoDougFog,chiefoperatingofficerofIdentigene,whichmakestheover-the-counterkits.MorethantwodozencompaniessellDNAtestsDirectlytothepublic,ranginginpricefromafewhundreddollarstomorethan$2500.Amongthemostpopular:paternityandkinshiptesting,whichadoptedchildrencanusetofindtheirbiologicalrelativesandlatestrageamanypassionategenealogists-andsupportsbusinessesthatoffertosearchforafamily*sgeographicroots.Mosttestsrequirecollectingcellsbywebbingsalivainthemouthandsendingittothecompanyfortesting.AlltestsrequireapotentialcandidatewithwhomtocompareDNA.Butsomeobserversareskeptical,uThereisakindoffalseprecisionbeinghawkedbypeopleclaimingtheyaredoingancestrytesting,“saysTreyDuster;aNewYorkUniversitysociologist.Henotesthateachindividualhasmanyancestors-numberinginthehundredsjustafewcenturiesback.Yetmostancestrytestingonlyconsidersasinglelineage,eithertheYchromosomeinheritedthroughmeninafather*slineormitochondrialDNA,whichapasseddownonlyfrommothers.ThisDNAcanrevealgeneticinformationaboutonlyoneortwoancestors,eventhough,forexample,justthreegenerationsbackpeoplealsohavesixothergreat-grandparentsor,fourgenerationsback,14othergreat-great-grandparents.Criticsalsoarguethatcommercialgenetictestingisonlyasgoodasthereferencecollectionstowhichasampleiscompared.Databasesusedbysomecompaniesdon'trelyondatacollectedsystematicallybutratherlumptogetherinformationfromdifferentresearchprojects.ThismeansthataDNAdatabasemaydifferdependingonthecompanythatprocessestheresults.Inaddition,thecomputerprogramsacompanyusestoestimaterelationshipsmaybepatentedandnotsubjecttopeerrevieworoutsideevaluation.26.Inparagraphs1and2,thetextshowsPTK's.[A]easyavailability[B]flexibilityinpricing[C]successfulpromotion[D]popularitywithhouseholds27.PTKisusedto.[A]locateone'sbirthplace[B]promotegeneticresearch[C]identifyparent-childkinship[D]choosechildrenforadoption28.Skepticalobserversbelievethatancestrytestingfailsto.[A]tracedistantancestors[B]rebuildreliablebloodlines[C]fullyusegeneticinformation[D]achievetheclaimedaccuracy29.Inthelastparagraph,aproblemcommercialgenetictestingfacesis.[A]disorganizeddatacollection[B]overlappingdatabasebuilding30.Anappropriatetitleforthetextismostlikelytobe.[A]ForsandAgainstsofDNAtesting[B]DNAtestingandIt'sproblems[C]DNAtestingoutsidethelab[D]liesbehindDNAtestingText3

45Therelationshipbetweenformaleducationandeconomicgrowthinpoorcountriesiswidelymisunderstoodbyeconomistsandpoliticiansalikeprogressinbothareaisundoubtedlynecessaryforthesocial,politicalandintellectualdevelopmentoftheseandallothersocieties;however;theconventionalviewthateducationshouldbeoneoftheveryhighestprioritiesforpromotingrapideconomicdevelopmentinpoorcountriesiswrong.Wearefortunatethatisit,becauseneweducationalsystemsthereandputtingenoughpeoplethroughthemtoimproveeconomicperformancewouldrequiretwoorthreegenerations.Thefindingsofaresearchinstitutionhaveconsistentlyshownthatworkersinallcountriescanbetrainedonthejobtoachieveradicalhigherproductivityand,asaresult,radicallyhigherstandardsofliving.Ironically,thefirstevidenceforthisideaappearedintheUnitedStates.Notlongago,withthecountryenteringarecessingandJapanatitspre-bubblepeak.TheU.S.workforcewasderidedaspoorlyeducatedandoneofprimarycauseofthepoorU.S.economicperformance.Japanwas,andremains,thegloballeaderinautomotive-assemblyproductivity.YettheresearchrevealedthattheU.S.factoriesofHondaNissan,andToyotaachievedabout95percentoftheproductivityoftheirJapanesecounterepantsaresultofthetrainingthatU.S.workersreceivedonthejob.Morerecently,whileexaminghousingconstruction,theresearchersdiscoveredthatilliterate,non-English-speakingMexicanworkersinHouston,Texas,consistentlymetbest-practicelaborproductivitystandardsdespitethecomplexityofthebuildingindustry'swork.Whatistherealrelationshipbetweeneducationandeconomicdevelopment?Wehavetosuspectthatcontinuingeconomicgrowthpromotesthedevelopmentofeducationevenwhengovernmentsdon'tforceit.Afterall,that*showeducationgotstarted.Whenourancestorswerehuntersandgatherers10,000yearsago,theydidn'thavetimetowondermuchaboutanythingbesidesfindingfood.Onlywhenhumanitybegantogetitsfoodinamoreproductivewaywastheretimeforotherthings.Aseducationimproved,humanity,sproductivitypotential,theycouldinturnaffordmoreeducation.Thisincreasinglyhighlevelofeducationisprobablyanecessary,butnotasufficient,conditionforthecomplexpoliticalsystemsrequiredbyadvancedeconomicperformance.Thuspoorcountriesmightnotbeabletoescapetheirpovertytrapswithoutpoliticalchangesthatmaybepossibleonlywithbroaderformaleducation.Alackofformaleducation,however;doesn'tconstraintheabilityofthedevelopingworld'sworkforcetosubstantiallyimproveproductivityfortheforestedfuture.Onthecontrary,constraintsonimprovingproductivityexplainwhyeducationisn'tdevelopingmorequicklytherethanitis.29.Theauthorholdsinparagraph1thattheimportantofeducationinpoorcountries[A]issubjectgroundlessdoubts[B]hasfallenvictimofbias[C]isconventionaldowngraded[D]hasbeenoverestimated30.Itisstatedinparagraph1thatconstructionofaneweducationsystem.[A]challengeseconomistsandpoliticians[B]takeseffortsofgenerations[C]demandspriorityfromthegovernment[D]requiressufficientlaborforce33.AmajordifferencebetweentheJapaneseandU.Sworkforcesisthat.[A]theJapaneseworkforceisbetterdisciplined[B]theJapaneseworkforceismoreproductive[C]theU.Sworkforcehasabettereducation[D]]theU.Sworkforceismoreorganize34.Theauthorquotestheexampleofourancestorstoshowthateducationemerged,[A]whenpeoplehadenoughtime[B]priortobetterwaysoffindingfood[C]whenpeopleonlongerwenthung[D]asaresultofpressureongovernment35.

46Accordingtothelastparagraph,developmentofeducation.[A]resultsdirectlyfromcompetitiveenvironments[A]doesnotdependoneconomicperformance[B]followsimprovedproductivity[D]cannotaffordpoliticalchangesText4Themostthoroughlystudiedinthehistoryofthenewworldaretheministersandpoliticalleadersofseventeenth-centuryNewEngland.AccordingtothestandardhistoryofAmericanphilosophy,nowhereelseincolonialAmericawas“Somuchimportantattachedtointellectualpursuits“Accordingtomanybooksandarticles,NewEngland'sleadersestablishedthebasicthemesandpreoccupationsofanunfolding,dominantPuritantraditioninAmericanintellectuallife.TotakethisapproachtotheNewEnglandersnormallymeantostartwiththePuritans*theologicalinnovationsandtheirdistinctiveideasaboutthechurch-importantsubjectsthatwemaynotneglect.Butinkeepingwithourexaminationofsouthernintellectuallife,wemayconsidertheoriginalPuritansascarriersofEuropeancultureadjustingtoNewworldcircumstances.TheNewEnglandcolonieswerethescenesofimportantepisodesinthepursuitofwidelyunderstoodidealsofcivilityandvirtuosity.TheearlysettlersofMassachusettsBayincludedmenofimpressiveeducationandinfluenceinEngland.'BesidestheninetyorsolearnedministerswhocametoMassachusettschurchinthedecadeafter1629,TherewerepoliticalleaderslikeJohnWinthrop,aneducatedgentleman,lawyer;andofficialoftheCrownbeforehejourneyedtoBoston.Theremenwroteandpublishedextensively,reachingbothNewWorldandOldWorldaudiences,andgivingNewEnglandanatmosphereofintellectualearnestness.Weshouldnotforget,however;thatmostNewEnglanderswerelesswelleducated.Whilefewcraftsmenorfarmers,letalonedependentsandservants,leftliterarycompositionstobeanalyzed,Theinthinkingoftenhadatraditionalsuperstitionsquality.AtailornamedJohnDane,whoemigratedinthelate1630s,leftanaccountofhisreasonsforleavingEnglandthatisfilledwithsigns,sexualconfusion,economicfrustrations,andreligioushope-allnametogetherinadecisivemomentwhenheopenedtheBible,toldhisfatherthefirstlinehesawwouldsettlehisfate,andreadthemagicalwords:ucomeoutfromamongthem,touchnouncleanthing,andIwillbeyourGodandyoushallbemypeople.99OnewonderswhatDanethoughtofthecarefulsermonsexplainingtheBiblethatheheardinpuritanchurched.Meanwhile,manysettleshadslighterreligiouscommitmentsthanDane,s,asoneclergymanlearnedinconfrontingfolkalongthecoastwhomockedthattheyhadnotcometotheNewworldforreligion."Ourmainendwastocatchfish.9936.Theauthornotesthatintheseventeenth-centuryNewEngland.[A]Puritantraditiondominatedpoliticallife.[B]intellectualinterestswereencouraged.[C]Politicsbenefitedmuchfromintellectualendeavors.[D]intellectualpursuitsenjoyedaliberalenvironment.37.Itissuggestedinparagraph2thatNewEnglanders.[A]experiencedacomparativelypeacefulearlyhistory.[B]broughtwiththemthecultureoftheOldWorld[C]paidlittleattentiontosouthernintellectuallife[D]wereobsessedwithreligiousinnovations38.TheearlyministersandpoliticalleadersinMassachusettsBay.[A]werefamousintheNewWorldfortheirwritings[B]gainedincreasingimportanceinreligiousaffairs[C]abandonedhighpositionsbeforecomingtotheNewWorld[D]createdanewintellectualatmosphereinNewEngland39.ThestoryofJohnDaneshowsthatlesswell-educatedNewEnglanderswereoften.[A]influencedbysuperstitions[B]troubledwithreligiousbeliefs[C]puzzledbychurchsermons[D]frustratedwithfamilyearnings

4736.ThetextsuggeststhatearlysettlersinNewEngland.[A]weremostlyengagedinpoliticalactivities[B]weremotivatedbyanillusoryprospect[C]camefromdifferentbackgrounds.[D]leftfewformalrecordsforlaterreferencePartBDirections:Directions:Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions(41-45),choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)CoincidingwiththegroundbreakingtheoryofbiologicalevolutionproposedbyBritishnaturalistCharlesDarwininthe1860s,BritishsocialphilosopherHerbertSpencerputforwardhisowntheoryofbiologicalandculturalevolution.Spencerarguedthatallworldlyphenomena,includinghumansocieties,changedovertime,advancingtowardperfection.41..AmericansocialscientistLewisHenryMorganintroducedanothertheoryofculturalevolutioninthelate1800s.Morgan,alongwithTylocwasoneofthefoundersofmodernanthropology.Inhiswork,heattemptedtoshowhowallaspectsofculturechangedtogetherintheevolutionofsocieties.42..Intheearly1900sinNorthAmerica,German-bornAmericananthropologistFranzBoasdevelopedanewtheoryofcultureknownashistoricalparticularism.Historicalparticularism,whichemphasizedtheuniquenessofallcultures,gavenewdirectiontoanthropology.43..Boasfeltthatthecultureofanysocietymustbeunderstoodastheresultofauniquehistoryandnotasoneofmanyculturesbelongingtoabroaderevolutionarystageortypeofculture.44.1.HistoricalparticularismbecameadominantapproachtothestudyofcultureinAmericananthropology,largelythroughtheinfluenceofmanystudentsofBoas.Butanumberofanthropologistsintheearly1900salsorejectedtheparticularisttheoryofcultureinfavorofdiffusionism.Someattributedvirtuallyeveryimportantculturalachievementtotheinventionsofafew,especiallygiftedpeoplesthat,accordingtodiffusionists,thenspreadtoothercultures.45..Alsointheearly1900s,FrenchsociologistemileDurkheimdevelopedatheoryofculturethatwouldgreatlyinfluenceanthropology.Durkheimproposedthatreligiousbeliefsfunctionedtoreinforcesocialsolidarity.Aninterestintherelationshipbetweenthefunctionofsocietyandculture——knownasfunctionalism——becameamajorthemeinEuropean,andespeciallyBritish,anthropology.[A]Otheranthropologistsbelievedthatculturalinnovations,suchasinventions,hadasingleoriginandpassedfromsocietytosociety.Thistheorywasknownasdiffusionism.[B]Inordertostudyparticularculturesascompletelyaspossible,Boasbecameskilledinlinguistics,thestudyoflanguages,andinphysicalanthropology,thestudyofhumanbiologyandanatomy.[C]Hearguedthathumanevolutionwascharacterizedbyastrugglehecalledthewsurvivalofthefittest,“inwhichweakerracesandsocietiesmusteventuallybereplacedbystronger,moreadvancedracesandsocieties.[D]Theyalsofocusedonimportantritualsthatappearedtopreserveapeople'ssocialstructure,suchasinitiationceremoniesthatformallysignifychildren'sentranceintoadulthood.[E]Thus,inhisview,diverseaspectsofculture,suchasthestructureoffamilies,formsofmarriage,categoriesofkinship,ownershipofproperty,formsofgovernment,technology,andsystemsoffoodproduction,allchangedassocietiesevolved.[F]Supportersofthetheoryviewedasacollectionofintegratedpartsthatworktogethertokeepasocietyfunctioning.[G]Forexample,BritishanthropologistsGraftonEliotSmithandW.J.Perryincorrectlysuggested,onthebasisofinadequateinformation,thatfarming,potterymaking,andmetallurgyalloriginatedinancientEgyptanddiffusedthroughouttheworld.Infact,alloftheseculturaldevelopmentsoccurredseparatelyatdifferenttimesinmanypartsoftheworld.PartC

48Directions:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittencarefullyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)Thereisamarkeddifferencebetweentheeducationwhicheveryonegetsfromlivingwithothers,andthedeliberateeducatingoftheyoung.Intheformercasetheeducationisincidental;itisnaturalandimportant,butitisnottheexpressreasonoftheassociation.46Itmaybesaidthatthemeasureoftheworthofanysocialinstitutionisitseffectinenlargingandimprovingexperience;butthiseffectisnotapartofitsoriginalmotive.Religiousassociationsbegan,forexample,inthedesiretosecurethefavorofoverrulingpowersandtowardoffevilinfluences;familylifeinthedesiretogratifyappetitesandsecurefamilyperpetuity;systematiclabor,forthemostpart,becauseofenslavementtoothers,etc.470nlygraduallywastheby-productoftheinstitutionnoted,andonlymoregraduallystillwasthiseffectconsideredasadirectivefactorintheconductoftheinstitution.Eventoday,inourindustriallife,apartfromcertainvaluesofindustriousnessandthrift,theintellectualandemotionalreactionoftheformsofhumanassociationunderwhichtheworld'sworkiscarriedonreceiveslittleattentionascomparedwithphysicaloutput.Butindealingwiththeyoung,thefactofassociationitselfasanimmediatehumanfact,gainsinimportance.48Whileitiseasytoignoreinourcontactwiththemtheeffectofouractsupontheirdisposition,itisnotsoeasyasindealingwithadults.Theneedoftrainingistooevident;thepressuretoaccomplishachangeintheirattitudeandhabitsistoourgenttoleavetheseconsequenceswhollyoutofaccount.49Sinceourchiefbusinesswiththemistoenablethemtoshareinacommonlifewecannothelpconsideringwhetherornoweareformingthepowerswhichwillsecurethisability.Ifhumanityhasmadesomeheadwayinrealizingthattheultimatevalueofeveryinstitutionisitsdistinctivelyhumaneffectwemaywellbelievethatthislessonhasbeenlearnedlargelythroughdealingswiththeyoung.50.Wearethusledtodistinguish,withinthebroadeducationalprocesswhichwehavebeensofarconsidering,amoreformalkindofeducation-thatofdirecttuitionorschooling.Inundevelopedsocialgroups,wefindverylittleformalteachingandtraining.Thesegroupsmainlyrelyforinstillingneededdispositionsintotheyounguponthesamesortofassociationwhichkeepstheadultsloyaltotheirgroup.SectionIIIWritingPartA51.Directions:Restrictionsontheuseofplasticbagshavenotbeensosuccessfulinsomeregions.“Whitepollution”isstillgoingon.Writealettertotheeditor(s)ofyourlocalnewspapertogiveyouropinionsbrieflyandmaketwoorthreesuggestionsYoushouldwriteabout100words.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.PartB52.Directions:第49页Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,andthen3)giveyourcomments.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSHWERSHEET2.(20points)51：在某些地区塑料袋的禁止使用并不是很成功，因此白色污染仍然继续给当地报纸的编辑写一封信，信内包括1给出自己简短的看法和观点2给出2-3条建议【范文】DearEditors,I,asyourfaithfulreader;amwritingthislettertosuggestthatplasticbagsshouldberestrictedinourdailylife.However,to

49mysurpriseandsadness,Ihavefoundthatdisposableplasticbagsarestillwidelyusedinsomeareasjustbecausepeopleareunwillingtochangetheiroldhabits,thuscausingtheirsurroundingstobeevenworse.Tosolvethisseriousproblem,Iwouldliketoputforwardacoupleofpracticalsuggestions.Aboveall,ourcountryshouldestablishastrongagencytolimittheproductionofthosebagsandmonitortheuseofthem.Furthermore,someotherchoicesshouldbeadovcatedtoreplaceplasticbagswithpaperorbambooones.Finally,consumersshouldpayfortheuseofplasticbagssoastoenhancetheirconsciousnessofenvironmentalprotection.Ireallyhopemysuggestionswouldattractyourdueattentionandreceiveanearlyreply.YoursSincerely,LiMing52：用网络使我们看不见的东西能听见，远隔千山万水但能联系，意思就是网络的远与近大作文是：网络的近与远—客观描述图二说明意思三给出观点【范文】Asisvividlydepictedinthedrawing,infrontofcomputersandinnarrowspacesaresittingmanypeople,exchangingtheirviewswitheachotherbysurfingtheInternet.Howimpressivethedrawingisindescribingthepeople*saddictiontotheInternet.Thedrawer*sintentionseemstobehighlyself-evidentandthemeaningcausesustobethought-provoking.ItholdsapparentthatthecartoonisindicativeofapervasiveproblemwithregardtoInternet.Whenitcomesto（一谈到）Internet,itsgreatimpactsandbenefitscan'tbetooestimated.ItistheInternetthatmakesourbigworldbecomeaglobalvillage.However;asagrowingnumberofindividualsareaddictedto（沉溺于）theInternet,theyforgetdoingotherimportantworkandaregraduallyindulgedin（沉溺在）第50页thevirtualworld,unwillingtogointotherealsociety.Asaconsequence（因11七）,theyclosetheirdoorsandnevergooutassoonastheyreturnhomefromwork,reluctanttohaveanyface-to-faceconnectionevenwithotherfolksexceptonline.What*sworse,theybecomeindifferent（漠关，心）totheirfriends,neighbours,aswellasrelatives.Thisphenomenonisharmfultousandourcommunitytoo.Asthepressureinlifeandworkincreases,weshouldlearntouseproperwaystorelieveit.It'stimethatwetooksomemeasurestoimprovethesituation.Peoplecanbeorganizedtoholdsomeactivitiestogethertodevelopsomegoodhobbies.Consequently,wemustmakefulluseofInternettodoeverythingbeneficialtomakeourdailylifebothjoyfulandmeaningful.（272words）2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword（s）foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,BzCorDonANSWERSHEET1.（10points）Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreintelligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranis1tosayitanyway.Heisthat2bird,ascientistwhoworksindependently3anyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot4thoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfections,whicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested.5he,however;mighttrembleatthe6ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientists,heispublishingapaperwhichnotonly7thatonegroupofhumanityismoreintelligentthantheothers,butexplainstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin8areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection.ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest,912-15pointsabovethe10valueof100,andhavecontributed11totheintellectualandculturallifeoftheWest,asthe12oftheirelites,includingseveralworld-renownedscientists,13.Theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseases,suchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts,14,havepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen15tosocialeffects,suchasastrongtraditionof16education.Thelatterwasseenasa（an）17ofgeneticisolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhattheintelligenceanddiseasesareintimately18.Hisargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeople

50has19themtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis20stateofaffairs.1.[A]selected[B]prepared[C]obliged[D]pleased2.[A]unique[B]particular[C]special[D]rare3.[A]of[B]with[C]in[D]against4.[A]subsequently[B]presently[C]previously[D]lately5.[A]Only[B]So[C]Even[D]Hence6.[A]thought[B]sight[C]cost[D]risk7.[A]advises[B]suggests[C]protests[D]objects8.[A]progress[B]fact[C]need[D]question9.[A]attaining[B]scoring[C]reaching[D]calculating10.[A]normal[B]common[C]mean[D]total11.[A]unconsciously[B]disproportionately[C]indefinitely[D]unaccountably12.[A]missions[B]fortunes[C]interests[D]careers13.[A]affirm[B]witness[C]observe[D]approve14.[A]moreover[B]therefore[C]however[D]meanwhile15.[A]givenup[B]gotover[C]carriedon[D]putdown16.[A]assessing[B]supervising[C]administering[D]valuing17.[A]development[B]origin[C]consequence[D]instrument18.[A]linked[B]integrated[C]woven[D]combined19.[A]limited[B]subjected[C]converted[D]directed20.[A]paradoxical[B]incompatible[C]inevitable[D]continuousSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Whilestillcatching-uptomeninsomespheresofmodernlife,womenappeartobewayaheadinatleastoneundesirablecategory.Womenareparticularlysusceptibletodevelopingdepressionandanxietydisordersinresponsetostresscomparedtomen,“accordingtoDr.Yehuda,chiefpsychiatristatNewYork,sVeteranTsAdministrationHospital.Studiesofbothanimalsandhumanshaveshownthatsexhormonessomehowaffectthestressresponse,causingfemalesunderstresstoproducemoreofthetriggerchemicalsthandomalesunderthesameconditions.Inseveralofthestudies,whenstressed-outfemaleratshadtheirovaries(thefemalereproductiveorgans)removed,theirchemicalresponsesbecameequaltothoseofthemales.Addingtoawoman'sincreaseddoseofstresschemicals,areherincreased“opportunities”forstress.“It'snotnecessarilythatwomendon*tcopeaswell.It*sjustthattheyhavesomuchmoretocopewith,wsaysDr.Yehuda.aTheircapacityfortoleratingstressmayevenbegreaterthanmen*s,"sheobserves,"it'sjustthatthey*redealingwithsomanymorethingsthattheybecomewornoutfromitmorevisiblyandsooner.MDr.Yehudanotesanotherdifferencebetweenthesexes."Ithinkthatthekindsofthingsthatwomenareexposedtotendtobeinmoreofachronicorrepeatednature.Mengotowarandareexposedtocombatstress.Menareexposedtomoreactsofrandomphysicalviolence.Thekindsofinterpersonalviolencethatwomenareexposedtotendtobeindomesticsituations,by,unfortunately,parentsorotherfamilymembers,andtheytendnottobeone-shotdeals.Thewear-and-tearthatcomesfromtheselongerrelationshipscanbequitedevastating.vAdelineAlvarezmarriedat18andgavebirthtoason,butwasdeterminedtofinishcollege."Istruggledalottogetthecollege

51degree.Iwaslivinginsomuchfrustrationthatthatwasmyescape,togotoschool,andgetaheadanddobetter.nLater;hermarriageendedandshebecameasinglemother."It'sthehardestthingtotakecareofateenager,haveajob,paytherent,paythecarpayment,andpaythedebt.Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck.”NoteveryoneexperiencesthekindsofseverechronicstressesAlvarezdescribes.Butmostwomentodayarecopingwithalotofobligations,withfewbreaks,andfeelingthestrain.Alvarez*sexperiencedemonstratestheimportanceoffindingwaystodiffusestressbeforeitthreatensyourhealthandyourabilitytofunction.1.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs?[A]Womenarebiologicallymorevulnerabletostress.[B]Womenarestillsufferingmuchstresscausedbymen.[C]Womenaremoreexperiencedthanmenincopingwithstress.[D]Menandwomenshowdifferentinclinationswhenfacedwithstress.2.Dr.Yehuda'sresearchsuggeststhatwomen[A]needextradosesofchemicalstohandlestress.[B]havelimitedcapacityfortoleratingstress.[C]aremorecapableofavoidingstress.[D]areexposedtomorestress.3.AccordingtoParagraph4,thestresswomenconfronttendstobe[A]domesticandtemporary.[B]irregularandviolent.[C]durableandfrequent.[D]trivialandrandom.4.ThesentencewIlivedfrompaychecktopaycheck.”(Line6,Para.5)showsthat[A]Alvarezcaredaboutnothingbutmakingmoney.[B]Alvarez'ssalarybarelycoveredherhouseholdexpenses.[C]Alvarezgotpaychecksfromdifferentjobs.[D]Alvarezpaidpracticallyeverythingbycheck.5.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?[A]StrainofStress:NoWayOut?[B]ResponsestoStress:GenderDifference[C]StressAnalysis:WhatChemicalsSay[D]GenderInequality:WomenUnderStressText2Itusedtobesostraightforward.Ateamofresearchersworkingtogetherinthelaboratorywouldsubmittheresultsoftheirresearchtoajournal.Ajournaleditorwouldthenremovetheauthors,namesandaffiliationsfromthepaperandsendittotheirpeersforreview.Dependingonthecommentsreceived,theeditorwouldacceptthepaperforpublicationordeclineit.Copyrightrestedwiththejournalpublisher;andresearchersseekingknowledgeoftheresultswouldhavetosubscribetothejournal.Nolonger.TheInternet-andpressurefromfundingagencies,whoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfromgovernment-fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoit-ismakingaccesstoscientificresultsareality.TheOrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD)hasjustissuedareportdescribingthefar-reachingconsequencesofthis.Thereport,byJohnHoughtonofVictoriaUniversityinAustraliaandGrahamVickeryoftheOECD,makesheavyreadingforpublisherswhohave,sofar;madehandsomeprofits.Butitgoesfurtherthanthat.Itsignalsachangeinwhathas,untilnow,beenakeyelementofscientificendeavor.Thevalueofknowledgeandthereturnonthepublicinvestmentinresearchdepends,inpart,uponwidedistributionand

52readyaccess.Itisbigbusiness.InAmerica,thecorescientificpublishingmarketisestimatedatbetween$7billionand$11billion.TheInternationalAssociationofScientific,TechnicalandMedicalPublisherssaysthattherearemorethan2,000publishersworldwidespecializinginthesesubjects.Theypublishmorethan1.2millionarticleseachyearinsome16,000journals.Thisisnowchanging.AccordingtotheOECDreport,some75%ofscholarlyjournalsarenowonline.Entirelynewbusinessmodelsareemerging;threemainoneswereidentifiedbythereport*sauthors.Thereistheso-calledbigdeal,whereinstitutionalsubscriberspayforaccesstoacollectionofonlinejournaltitlesthroughsite-licensingagreements.Thereisopen-accesspublishing,typicallysupportedbyaskingtheauthor(orhisemployer)topayforthepapertobepublished.Finally,thereareopen-accessarchives,whereorganizationssuchasuniversitiesorinternationallaboratoriessupportinstitutionalrepositories.Othermodelsexistthatarehybridsofthesethree,suchasdelayedopen-access,wherejournalsallowonlysubscriberstoreadapaperforthefirstsixmonths,beforemakingitfreelyavailabletoeveryonewhowishestoseeit.Allthiscouldchangethetraditionalformofthepeer-reviewprocess,atleastforthepublicationofpapers.1.Inthefirstparagraph,theauthordiscusses[A]thebackgroundinformationofjournalediting.[B]thepublicationroutineoflaboratoryreports.[C]therelationsofauthorswithjournalpublishers.[D]thetraditionalprocessofjournalpublication.2.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheOECDreport?[A]Itcriticizesgovernment-fundedresearch.[B]Itintroducesaneffectivemeansofpublication.[C]Itupsetsprofit-makingjournalpublishers.[D]Itbenefitsscientificresearchconsiderably.3.Accordingtothetext,onlinepublicationissignificantinthat[A]itprovidesaneasieraccesstoscientificresults.[B]itbringshugeprofitstoscientificresearchers.[C]itemphasizesthecrucialroleofscientificknowledge.[D]itfacilitatespublicinvestmentinscientificresearch.4.Withtheopen-accesspublishingmodel,theauthorofapaperisrequiredto[A]coverthecostofitspublication.[B]subscribetothejournalpublishingit.[C]allowotheronlinejournalstouseitfreely.[D]completethepeer-reviewbeforesubmission.5.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthemainideaofthetext?[A]TheInternetisposingathreattopublishers.[B]Anewmodeofpublicationisemerging.[C]Authorswelcomethenewchannelforpublication.[D]Publicationisrenderedeasierbyonlineservice.Text3Intheearly1960sWiltChamberlainwasoneofonlythreeplayersintheNationalBasketballAssociation(NBA)listedatoversevenfeet.Ifhehadplayedlastseason,however;hewouldhavebeenoneof42.Thebodiesplayingmajorprofessionalsportshavechangeddramaticallyovertheyears,andmanagershavebeenmorethanwillingtoadjustteamuniformstofitthegrowingnumbersofbigger;longerframes.Thetrendinsports,though,maybeobscuringanunrecognizedreality:Americanshavegenerallystoppedgrowing.Thoughtypicallyabouttwoinchestallernowthan140yearsago,today*speople-especiallythoseborntofamilieswhohavelivedintheU.S.formanygenerations-apparentlyreachedtheirlimitintheearly1960s.Andtheyaren'tlikelytogetanytaller."Inthegeneralpopulationtoday,atthisgenetic,environmentallevel,we'veprettymuchgoneasfaraswecango,“saysanthropologistWilliamCameronChumleaofWrightStateUniversity.InthecaseofNBAplayers,theirincreaseinheightappearstoresultfromtheincreasinglycommonpracticeofrecruitingplayersfromallovertheworld.

53Growth,whichrarelycontinuesbeyondtheageof20,demandscaloriesandnutrients-notably,protein-tofeedexpandingtissues.Atthestartofthe20thcentury,under-nutritionandchildhoodinfectionsgotintheway.Butasdietandhealthimproved,childrenandadolescentshave,onaverage,increasedinheightbyaboutaninchandahalfevery20years,apatternknownastheseculartrendinheight.YetaccordingtotheCentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention,averageheight-5'9"formen,5'4"forwomen-hasn,treallychangedsince1960.Geneticallyspeaking,thereareadvantagestoavoidingsubstantialheight.Duringchildbirth,largerbabieshavemoredifficultypassingthroughthebirthcanal.Moreover;eventhoughhumanshavebeenuprightformillionsofyears,ourfeetandbackcontinuetostrugglewithbipedalpostureandcannoteasilywithstandrepeatedstrainimposedbyoversizelimbs."Therearesomerealconstraintsthataresetbythegeneticarchitectureoftheindividualorganism/,saysanthropologistWilliamLeonardofNorthwesternUniversity.Geneticmaximumscanchange,butdon'texpectthistohappensoon.ClaireC.Gordon,senioranthropologistattheArmyResearchCenterinNatick,Mass.,ensuresthat90percentoftheuniformsandworkstationsfitrecruitswithoutalteration.Shesaysthat,unlikethoseforbasketball,thelengthofmilitaryuniformshasnotchangedforsometime.Andifyouneedtopredicthumanheightinthenearfuturetodesignapieceofequipment,Gordonsaysthatbyandlarge,uyoucouldusetoday*sdataandfeelfairlyconfident.v1.WiltChamberlainiscitedasanexampleto[A]illustratethechangeofheightofNBAplayers.[B]showthepopularityofNBAplayersintheU.S..[C]comparedifferentgenerationsofNBAplayers.[D]assesstheachievementsoffamousNBAplayers.32.Whichofthefollowingplaysakeyroleinbodygrowthaccordingtothetext?[A]Geneticmodification.[B]Naturalenvironment.[C]Livingstandards.[D]Dailyexercise.33.Onwhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthormostprobablyagree?[A]Non-Americansaddtotheaverageheightofthenation.[B]Humanheightisconditionedbytheuprightposture.[C]Americansarethetallestonaverageintheworld.[D]Largerbabiestendtobecometallerinadulthood.34.Welearnfromthelastparagraphthatinthenearfuture[A]thegarmentindustrywillreconsidertheuniformsize.[B]thedesignofmilitaryuniformswillremainunchanged.[C]genetictestingwillbeemployedinselectingsportsmen.[D]theexistingdataofhumanheightwillstillbeapplicable.35.Thetextintendstotellusthat[A]thechangeofhumanheightfollowsacyclicpattern.[B]humanheightisbecomingevenmorepredictable.[C]Americanshavereachedtheirgeneticgrowthlimit.[D]thegeneticpatternofAmericanshasaltered.Text4In1784,fiveyearsbeforehebecamepresidentoftheUnitedStates,GeorgeWashington,52,wasnearlytoothless.Sohehiredadentisttotransplantnineteethintohisjaw-havingextractedthemfromthemouthsofhisslaves.That,safardifferentimagefromthecherry-tree-choppingGeorgemostpeoplerememberfromtheirhistorybooks.Butrecently,manyhistorianshavebeguntofocusontherolesslaveryplayedinthelivesofthefoundinggeneration.TheyhavebeenspurredinpartbyDNAevidencemadeavailablein1998,whichalmostcertainlyprovedThomasJeffersonhadfatheredatleastonechildwithhisslaveSallyHemings.Andonlyoverthepast30yearshavescholarsexaminedhistoryfromthebottomup.Worksofseveralhistoriansrevealthemoralcompromisesmadebythenation'searlyleadersandthefragilenatureofthecountryJsinfancy.Moresignificantly,theyarguethatmanyoftheFoundingFathersknewslaverywaswrong-andyetmostdidlittletofightit.Morethananything,thehistorianssay,thefounderswerehamperedbythecultureoftheirtime.

54WhileWashingtonandJeffersonprivatelyexpresseddistasteforslavery,theyalsounderstoodthatitwaspartofthepoliticalandeconomicbedrockofthecountrytheyhelpedtocreate.Foronething,theSouthcouldnotaffordtopartwithitsslaves.Owningslaveswas“likehavingalargebankaccount,“saysWiencek,authorofAnImperfectGod:GeorgeWashington,HisSlaves,andtheCreationofAmerica.ThesouthernstateswouldnothavesignedtheConstitutionwithoutprotectionsforthe“peculiarinstitution/,,includingaclausethatcountedaslaveasthreefifthsofamanforpurposesofcongressionalrepresentation.Andthestatesmen'spoliticallivesdependedonslavery.Thethree-fifthsformulahandedJeffersonhisnarrowvictoryinthepresidentialelectionof1800byinflatingthevotesofthesouthernstatesintheElectoralCollege.Onceinoffice,JeffersonextendedslaverywiththeLouisianaPurchasein1803;thenewlandwascarvedinto13states,includingthreeslavestates.Still,JeffersonfreedHemings'schildren-thoughnotHemingsherselforhisapproximately150otherslaves.Washington,whohadbeguntobelievethatallmenwerecreatedequalafterobservingthebraveryoftheblacksoldiersduringtheRevolutionaryWar;overcamethestrongoppositionofhisrelativestogranthisslavestheirfreedominhiswill.Onlyadecadeearlier,suchanactwouldhaverequiredlegislativeapprovalinVirginia.35.GeorgeWashington'sdentalsurgeryismentionedto[A]showtheprimitivemedicalpracticeinthepast.[B]demonstratethecrueltyofslaveryinhisdays.[C]stresstheroleofslavesintheU.S.history.[D]revealsomeunknownaspectofhislife.36.Wemayinferfromthesecondparagraphthat[A]DNAtechnologyhasbeenwidelyappliedtohistoryresearch.[B]initsearlydaystheU.S.wasconfrontedwithdelicatesituations.[C]historiansdeliberatelymadeupsomestoriesofJefferson'slife.[D]politicalcompromisesareeasilyfoundthroughouttheU.S.history.37.WhatdowelearnaboutThomasJefferson?[A]Hispoliticalviewchangedhisattitudetowardsslavery.[B]Hisstatusasafathermadehimfreethechildslaves.[C]Hisattitudetowardsslaverywascomplex.[D]Hisaffairwithaslavestainedhisprestige.38.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext?[A]SomeFoundingFathersbenefitpoliticallyfromslavery.[B]Slavesintheolddaysdidnothavetherighttovote.[C]Slaveownersusuallyhadlargesavingsaccounts.[D]Slaverywasregardedasapeculiarinstitution.39.Washington'sdecisiontofreeslavesoriginatedfromhis[A]moralconsiderations.[B]militaryexperience.[C]financialconditions.[D]politicalstand.PartBDirections:Inthefollowingarticle,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41一45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Thetimeforsharpeningpencils,arrangingyourdesk,anddoingalmostanythingelseinsteadofwritinghasended.Thefirstdraftwillappearonthepageonlyifyoustopavoidingtheinevitableandsit,standup,orliedowntowrite.(41)长喜英语Beflexible.Youroutlineshouldsmoothlyconductyoufromonepointtothenext,butdonotpermitittorailroadyou.Ifarelevantandimportantideaoccurstoyounow,workitintothedraft.(42)Grammar;punctuation,andspellingcanwaituntil

55yourevise.Concentrateonwhatyouaresaying.Goodwritingmostoftenoccurswhenyouareinhotpursuitofanidearatherthaninanervoussearchforerrors.(43)长喜英语Yourpageswillbeeasiertokeeptrackofthatway,and,ifyouhavetoclipaparagraphtoplaceitelsewhere,youwillnotloseanywritingontheotherside.Ifyouareworkingonawordprocessor;youcantakeadvantageofitscapacitytomakeadditionsanddeletionsaswellasmoveentireparagraphsbymakingjustafewsimplekeyboardcommands.Somesoftwareprogramscanalsocheckspellingandcertaingrammaticalelementsinyourwriting.(44)Theseprintoutsarealsoeasiertoreadthanthescreenwhenyouworkonrevisions.Onceyouhaveafirstdraftonpaper;youcandeletematerialthatisunrelatedtoyourthesisandaddmaterialnecessarytoillustrateyourpointsandmakeyourpaperconvincing.Thestudentwhowrote”TheA&PasaStateofMind“wiselydroppedaparagraphthatquestionedwhetherSammydisplayschauvinisticattitudestowardwomen.(45)长喜英语Rememberthatyourinitialdraftisonlythat.Youshouldgothroughthepapermanytimes-andthenagain-workingtosubstantiateandclarifyyourideas.Youmayevenendupwithseveralentireversionsofthepaper.Rewrite.Thesentenceswithineachparagraphshouldberelatedtoasingletopic.Transitionsshouldconnectoneparagraphtothenextsothattherearenoabruptorconfusingshifts.Awkwardorwordyphrasingorunclearsentencesandparagraphsshouldbemercilesslypokedandproddedintoshape.[A]Tomakerevisingeasier;leavewidemarginsandextraspacebetweenlinessothatyoucaneasilyaddwords,sentences,andcorrections.Writeononlyonesideofthepaper.[B]Afteryouhaveclearlyandadequatelydevelopedthebodyofyourpaper;payparticularattentiontotheintroductoryandconcludingparagraphs.It'sprobablybesttowritetheintroductionlast,afteryouknowpreciselywhatyouareintroducing.Concludingparagraphsdemandequalattentionbecausetheyleavethereaderwithafinalimpression.[C]It'sworthremembering,however;thatthoughacleancopyfreshoffaprintermaylookterrific,itwillreadonlyaswellasthethinkingandwritingthathavegoneintoit.Manywritersprudentlystoretheirdataondisksandprinttheirpageseachtimetheyfinishadrafttoavoidlosinganymaterialbecauseofpowerfailuresorotherproblems.[D]Itmakesnodifferencehowyouwrite,justsoyoudo.Nowthatyouhavedevelopedatopicintoatentativethesis,youcanassembleyournotesandbegintofleshoutwhateveroutlineyouhavemade.[E]Althoughthisisaninterestingissue,ithasnothingtodowiththethesis,whichexplainshowthesettinginfluencesSammy'sdecisiontoquithisjob.Insteadofincludingthatparagraph,sheaddedonethatdescribedLengel*scrabbedresponsetothegirlssothatshecouldleaduptotheA&P"policy”heenforces.[F]Inthefinalparagraphaboutthesignificanceofthesettingin"A&R"thestudentbringstogetherthereasonsSammyquithisjobbyreferringtohisrefusaltoacceptLengel'sstorepolicies.[G]Byusingthefirstdraftasameansofthinkingaboutwhatyouwanttosay,youwillverylikelydiscovermorethanyournotesoriginallysuggested.Plentyofgoodwritersdon'tuseoutlinesatallbutdiscoverorderingprinciplesastheywrite.Donotattempttocomposeaperfectlycorrectdraftthefirsttimearound.PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)Inhisautobiography,Darwinhimselfspeaksofhisintellectualpowerswithextraordinarymodesty.Hepointsoutthathealwaysexperiencedmuchdifficultyinexpressinghimselfclearlyandconcisely,but(46)hebelievesthatthisverydifficultymayhavehadthecompensatingadvantageofforcinghimtothinklongandintentlyabouteverysentence,andthusenablinghimtodetecterrorsinreasoningandinhisownobservations.Hedisclaimedthepossessionofanygreatquicknessofapprehensionorwit,suchasdistinguishedHuxley.(47)Heasserted,also,thathispowertofollowalongandpurelyabstracttrainofthoughtwasverylimited,forwhichreasonhefeltcertainthathenevercouldhavesucceededwithmathematics.Hismemory,too,hedescribedasextensive,buthazy.Sopoorinonesensewasitthathenevercouldrememberformorethanafewdaysasingledateoralineofpoetry.(48)Ontheotherhand,hedidnotacceptaswellfounded

56thechargemadebysomeofhiscriticsthat,whilehewasagoodobserver;hehadnopowerofreasoning.This,hethought,couldnotbetrue,becausethe“OriginofSpecies“isonelongargumentfromthebeginningtotheend,andhasconvincedmanyablemen.Noone,hesubmits,couldhavewrittenitwithoutpossessingsomepowerofreasoning.Hewaswillingtoassertthat“Ihaveafairshareofinvention,andofcommonsenseorjudgment,suchaseveryfairlysuccessfullawyerordoctormusthave,butnot,Ibelieve,inanyhigherdegree.”(49)Headdshumblythatperhapshewasasuperiortothecommonrunofmeninnoticingthingswhicheasilyescapeattention,andinobservingthemcarefully.”Writinginthelastyearofhislife,heexpressedtheopinionthatintwoorthreerespectshismindhadchangedduringtheprecedingtwentyorthirtyyears.Uptotheageofthirtyorbeyonditpoetryofmanykindsgavehimgreatpleasure.Formerly,too,pictureshadgivenhimconsiderable,andmusicverygreat,delight.In1881,however;hesaid:"NowformanyyearsIcannotenduretoreadalineofpoetry.Ihavealsoalmostlostmytasteforpicturesormusic.”(50)Darwinwasconvincedthatthelossofthesetasteswasnotonlyalossofhappiness,butmightpossiblybeinjurioustotheintellect,andmoreprobablytothemoralcharacter.SectionIIIWriting第59页PartA51.Directions:YouhavejustcomebackfromCanadaandfoundamusicCDinyourluggagethatyouforgottoreturntoBob,yourlandlordthere.Writehimaletterto1)makeanapology,and2)suggestasolution.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use“LiMing”instead.Donotwritetheaddress.(10points)PartB52.Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,andthen3)giveyourcomments.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)应用文范文DearBob,Iamwritingtoexpressmyapologytoyou.Severaldaysago,IborrowedyourmusicCDwhenIlivedinyourhouse.Unfortunately,afterIcamebackfromCanada,Ifounditinmyluggage.IwasinsuchahurrythatIforgottoreturnittoyou.Iwillsendittoyoubypostorexpressassoonaspossible.Ifnecessary,Iwillcompensateforanytroublesitmaycause.Onceagain,Ifeelsosorryforanyinconveniencecaused.Pleaseacceptmyapologies.Sincerelyyours,LiMing大作文范文Asisillustratedinthepicture,thetwodisabledpersonswhosecrippledlegsareboundtogetherdoalotoftraveling.Accordingly,thisfar-reachingpicturereflectsacommonphenomenonintoday*ssociety:thepeoplewhoareinthedarkwanttoturnthecornerbuttheycannotmakeitrespectivelyandinturntheyhavetochoosetopulltogetherintimesoftrouble.Thereareseveralreasonsaccountingforthis.Sincewehavetoliveinanon-the-movelifestyle,wemayencountervariousplights,wherewewouldbeatalossratherthantoseekforothers'assistance.Furthermore,ifwedonotofferhelptoeachotherwhenweconfrontdilemma,wewouldnotrealizeourdream.AndnoissueinChinaisasbasictobuildupthesocietyinharmonyastoconductcoordinationinfaceofdisasters.Judgingfromwhathavebeenarguedabove,peoplehavecometorealizethevalueofmutualaid.Itis,therefore,necessarythatsomeeffectivestepsbemadetoadvocatespiritofsupportingeachother.Tobeginwith,thegovernmentshouldmakelawstoencouragepeopletounite.Inaddition,peopleshouldenhancetheawarenessofcaringeachotherespeciallywhentheyareintrouble.Onlyinthoseways,can第6。页wemakepeople,evennotbeingacquaintance,helpeachother.

572007年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)By1830theformerSpanishandPortuguesecolonieshadbecomeindependentnations.Theroughly20million长1喜ofthesenationslooked长2喜tothefuture.BorninthecrisisoftheoldregimeandIberianColonialism,manyoftheleadersofindependence长3喜theidealsofrepresentativegovernment,careers长4喜totalent,freedomofcommerceandtrade,the长5喜toprivateproperty,andabeliefintheindividualasthebasisofsociety.长6喜therewasabeliefthatthenewnationsshouldbesovereignandindependentstates,largeenoughtobeeconomicallyviableandintegratedbya长7喜setoflaws.Ontheissueof长8喜ofreligionandthepositionofthechurch,长9喜,therewaslessagreement长10喜theleadership.RomanCatholicismhadbeenthestatereligionandtheonlyone长11喜bytheSpanishcrown.长12喜mostleaderssoughttomaintainCatholicism长13喜theofficialreligionofthenewstates,somesoughttoendthe长14喜ofotherfaiths.ThedefenseoftheChurchbecamearallying长15喜fortheconservativeforces.Theidealsoftheearlyleadersofindependencewereoftenegalitarian,valuingequalityofeverything.BolivarhadreceivedaidfromHaitiandhad长16喜inreturntoabolishslaveryintheareasheliberated.By1854slaveryhadbeenabolishedeverywhereexceptSpain,s长17喜colonies.EarlypromisestoendIndiantributeandtaxesonpeopleofmixedorigincamemuch长18喜becausethenewnationsstillneededtherevenuesuchpolicies长19喜.Egalitariansentimentswereoftentemperedbyfearsthatthemassofthepopulationwas长20喜self-ruleanddemocracy.1.[A]natives[B]inhabitants[C]peoples[D]individuals2.[A]confusedly[B]cheerfully[C]worriedly[D]hopefully3.[A]shared[B]forgot[C]attained[D]rejected4.[A]related[B]close[C]open[D]devoted第61页5.[A]access[B]succession[C]right[D]return6.[A]Presumably[B]Incidentally[C]Obviously[D]Generally7.[A]unique[B]common[C]particular[D]typical8.[A]freedom[B]origin[C]impact[D]reform9.[A]therefore[B]however[C]indeed[D]moreover10.[A]with[B]about[C]among[D]by11.[A]allowed[B]preached[C]granted[D]funded12.[A]Since[B]If[C]Unless[D]While13.[A]as[B]for[C]under[D]against14.[A]spread[B]interference[C]exclusion[D]influence15.[A]support[B]cry[C]plea[D]wish16.[A]urged[B]intended[C]expected[D]promised17.[A]controlling[B]former[C]remaining[D]original18.[A]slower[B]faster[C]easier[D]tougher19.[A]created[B]produced[C]contributed[D]preferred20.[A]puzzledby[B]hostileto[C]pessimisticabout[D]unpreparedforSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]zor[D].Markyouranswerson

58ANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Ifyouweretoexaminethebirthcertificatesofeverysoccerplayerin2006'sWorldCuptournament,youwouldmostlikelyfindanoteworthyquirk:elitesoccerplayersaremorelikelytohavebeenbornintheearliermonthsoftheyearthaninthelatermonths.IfyouthenexaminedtheEuropeannationalyouthteamsthatfeedtheWorldCupandprofessionalranks,youwouldfindthisstrangephenomenontobeevenmorepronounced.Whatmightaccountforthisstrangephenomenon?Hereareafewguesses:a)certainastrologicalsignsconfersuperiorsoccerskills;b)winter-bornbabiestendtohavehigheroxygencapacity,whichincreasessoccerstamina;c)soccer-madparentsaremorelikelytoconceivechildreninspringtime,attheannualpeakofsoccermania;d)noneoftheabove.AndersEricsson,a58-year-oldpsychologyprofessoratFloridaStateUniversity,sayshebelievesstronglyin“noneoftheabove.MEricssongrewupinSweden,andstudiednuclearengineeringuntilherealizedhewouldhavemoreopportunitytoconducthisownresearchifheswitchedtopsychology.Hisfirstexperiment,nearly30yearsago,involvedmemory:trainingapersontohearandthenrepeatarandomseriesofnumbers.uWiththefirstsubject,afterabout20hoursoftraining,hisdigitspanhadrisenfrom7to20,"Ericssonrecalls."Hekeptimproving,andafterabout200hoursoftraininghehadrisentoover80numbers.”Thissuccess,coupledwithlaterresearchshowingthatmemoryitselfisnotgeneticallydetermined,ledEricssontoconcludethattheactofmemorizingismoreofacognitiveexercisethananintuitiveone.Inotherwords,whateverinborndifferencestwopeoplemayexhibitintheirabilitiestomemorize,thosedifferencesareswampedbyhowwelleachperson“encodes“theinformation.Andthebestwaytolearnhowtoencodeinformationmeaningfully,Ericssondetermined,wasaprocessknownasdeliberatepractice.Deliberatepracticeentailsmorethansimplyrepeatingatask.Rather;itinvolvessettingspecificgoals,obtainingimmediatefeedbackandconcentratingasmuchontechniqueasonoutcome.Ericssonandhiscolleagueshavethustakentostudyingexpertperformersinawiderangeofpursuits,includingsoccer.Theygatherallthedatatheycan,notjustperformancestatisticsandbiographicaldetailsbutalsotheresultsoftheirownlaboratoryexperimentswithhighachievers.Theirworkmakesaratherstartlingassertion:thetraitwecommonlycalltalentishighlyoverrated.Or;putanotherway,expertperformers-whetherinmemoryorsurgery,balletorcomputerprogramming-arenearlyalwaysmade,notborn.1.Thebirthdayphenomenonfoundamongsoccerplayersismentionedto[A]stresstheimportanceofprofessionaltraining.[B]spotlightthesoccersuperstarsintheWorldCup.[C]introducethetopicofwhatmakesexpertperformance.[D]explainwhysomesoccerteamsplaybetterthanothers.2.Theword“mania”(Une4,Paragraph2)mostprobablymeans[A]fun.[B]craze.[C]hysteria.[D]excitement.3.AccordingtoEricsson,goodmemory[A]dependsonmeaningfulprocessingofinformation.[B]resultsfromintuitiveratherthancognitiveexercises.[C]isdeterminedbygeneticratherthanpsychologicalfactors.[D]requiresimmediatefeedbackandahighdegreeofconcentration.4.Ericssonandhiscolleaguesbelievethat[A]talentisadominatingfactorforprofessionalsuccess.[B]biographicaldataprovidethekeytoexcellentperformance.[C]theroleoftalenttendstobeoverlooked.[D]highachieversowetheirsuccessmostlytonurture.5.Whichofthefollowingproverbsisclosesttothemessagethetexttriestoconvey?[A]"Faithwillmovemountains.w[B]"Onereapswhatonesows.”

59[A]uPracticemakesperfect.[D]"Likefather,likeson.”Text2Forthepastseveralyears,theSundaynewspapersupplementParadehasfeaturedacolumncalled“AskMarilyn."PeopleareinvitedtoqueryMarilynvosSavant,whoatage10hadtestedatamentallevelofsomeoneabout23yearsold;thatgaveheranIQof228-thehighestscoreeverrecorded.IQtestsaskyoutocompleteverbalandvisualanalogies,toenvisionpaperafterithasbeenfoldedandcut,andtodeducenumericalsequences,amongothersimilartasks.SoitisabitconfusingwhenvosSavantfieldssuchqueriesfromtheaverageJoe(whoseIQis100)as,What'sthedifferencebetweenloveandfondness?Orwhatisthenatureofluckandcoincidence?It'snotobvioushowthecapacitytovisualizeobjectsandtofigureoutnumericalpatternssuitsonetoanswerquestionsthathaveeludedsomeofthebestpoetsandphilosophers.Clearly,intelligenceencompassesmorethanascoreonatest.Justwhatdoesitmeantobesmart?Howmuchofintelligencecanbespecified,andhowmuchcanwelearnaboutitfromneurology,genetics,computerscienceandotherfields?ThedefiningtermofintelligenceinhumansstillseemstobetheIQscore,eventhoughIQtestsarenotgivenasoftenastheyusedtobe.Thetestcomesprimarilyintwoforms:theStanford-BinetIntelligenceScaleandtheWechslerIntelligenceScales(bothcomeinadultandchildrenTsversion).Generallycostingseveralhundreddollars,theyareusuallygivenonlybypsychologists,althoughvariationsofthempopulatebookstoresandtheWorldWideWeb.SuperhighscoreslikevosSavant'sarenolongerpossible,becausescoringisnowbasedonastatisticalpopulationdistributionamongagepeers,ratherthansimplydividingthementalagebythechronologicalageandmultiplyingby100.Otherstandardizedtests,suchastheScholasticAssessmentTest(SAT)andtheGraduateRecordExam(GRE),capturethemainaspectsofIQtests.Suchstandardizedtestsmaynotassessalltheimportantelementsnecessarytosucceedinschoolandinlife,arguesRobertJ.Sternberg.Inhisarticle“HowIntelligentIsIntelligenceTesting?”,Sternbergnotesthattraditionaltestbestassessanalyticalandverbalskillsbutfailtomeasurecreativityandpracticalknowledge,componentsalsocriticaltoproblemsolvingandlifesuccess.Moreover;IQtestsdonotnecessarilypredictsowelloncepopulationsorsituationschange.ResearchhasfoundthatIQpredictedleadershipskillswhenthetestsweregivenunderlow-stressconditions,butunderhigh-stressconditions,IQwasnegativelycorrelatedwithleadership-thatis,itpredictedtheopposite.AnyonewhohastoiledthroughSATwilltestifythattest-takingskillalsomatters,whetherit*sknowingwhentoguessorwhatquestionstoskip.1.Whichofthefollowingmayberequiredinanintelligencetest?[A]Answeringphilosophicalquestions.[B]Foldingorcuttingpaperintodifferentshapes.[C]Tellingthedifferencesbetweencertainconcepts.[D]Choosingwordsorgraphssimilartothegivenones.2.WhatcanbeinferredaboutintelligencetestingfromParagraph3?[A]PeoplenolongeruseIQscoresasanindicatorofintelligence.[B]MoreversionsofIQtestsarenowavailableontheInternet.[C]Thetestcontentsandformatsforadultsandchildrenmaybedifferent.[D]Scientistshavedefinedtheimportantelementsofhumanintelligence.3.PeoplenowadayscannolongerachieveIQscoresashighasvosSavant*sbecause[A]thescoresareobtainedthroughdifferentcomputationalprocedures.[B]creativityratherthananalyticalskillsisemphasizednow.[C]vosSavant'scaseisanextremeonethatwillnotrepeat.[D]thedefiningcharacteristicofIQtestshaschanged.4.Wecanconcludefromthelastparagraphthat[A]testscoresmaynotbereliableindicatorsofone9sability.[B]IQscoresandSATresultsarehighlycorrelated.

60[A]testinginvolvesalotofguesswork.[B]traditionaltestareoutofdate.1.Whatistheauthor*sattitudetowardsIQtests?[A]Supportive.[B]Skeptical.[C]Impartial.[D]Biased.Text3Duringthepastgeneration,theAmericanmiddle-classfamilythatoncecouldcountonhardworkandfairplaytokeepitselffinanciallysecurehadbeentransformedbyeconomicriskandnewrealities.Nowapinkslip,abaddiagnosis,oradisappearingspousecanreduceafamilyfromsolidlymiddleclasstonewlypoorinafewmonths.Injustonegeneration,millionsofmothershavegonetowork,transformingbasicfamilyeconomics.Scholars,policymakers,andcriticsofallstripeshavedebatedthesocialimplicationsofthesechanges,butfewhavelookedatthesideeffect:familyriskhasrisenaswell.Today'sfamilieshavebudgetedtothelimitsoftheirnewtwo-paycheckstatus.Asaresult,theyhavelosttheparachutetheyoncehadintimesoffinancialsetback-aback-upearner(usuallyMom)whocouldgointotheworkforceiftheprimaryearnergotlaidofforfellsick.This“added-workereffect“couldsupportthesafetynetofferedbyunemploymentinsuranceordisabilityinsurancetohelpfamiliesweatherbadtimes.Buttoday,adisruptiontofamilyfortunescannolongerbemadeupwithextraincomefromanotherwise-stay-at-homepartner.Duringthesameperiod,familieshavebeenaskedtoabsorbmuchmoreriskintheirretirementincome.Steelworkers,airlineemployees,andnowthoseintheautoindustryarejoiningmillionsoffamilieswhomustworryaboutinterestrates,stockmarketfluctuation,andtheharshrealitythattheymayoutlivetheirretirementmoney.Formuchofthepastyear;PresidentBushcampaignedtomoveSocialSecuritytoasaving-accountmodel,withretireestradingmuchoralloftheirguaranteedpaymentsforpaymentsdependingoninvestmentreturns.Foryoungerfamilies,thepictureisnotanybetter.Boththeabsolutecostofhealthcareandtheshareofitbornebyfamilieshaverisen-andnewlyfashionablehealth-savingsplansarespreadingfromlegislativehallstoWal-Martworkers,withmuchhigherdeductiblesandalargenewdoseofinvestmentriskforfamiliesJfuturehealthcare.Evendemographicsareworkingagainstthemiddleclassfamily,astheoddsofhavingaweakelderlyparent-andalltheattendantneedforphysicalandfinancialassistance-havejumpedeightfoldinjustonegeneration.Fromthemiddle-classfamilyperspective,muchofthis,understandably,looksfarlesslikeanopportunitytoexercisemorefinancialresponsibility,andagooddealmorelikeafrighteningaccelerationofthewholesaleshiftoffinancialriskontotheiralreadyoverburdenedshoulders.Thefinancialfallouthasbegun,andthepoliticalfalloutmaynotbefarbehind.2.Today'sdouble-incomefamiliesareatgreaterfinancialriskinthat[A]thesafetynettheyusedtoenjoyhasdisappeared.[B]theirchancesofbeinglaidoffhavegreatlyincreased.[C]theyaremorevulnerabletochangesinfamilyeconomics.[D]theyaredeprivedofunemploymentordisabilityinsurance.3.AsaresultofPresidentBush'sreform,retiredpeoplemayhave[A]ahighersenseofsecurity.[B]lesssecuredpayments.[C]lesschancetoinvest.[D]aguaranteedfuture.4.Accordingtotheauthor,health-savingsplanswill[A]helpreducethecostofhealthcare.[B]popularizeamongthemiddleclass.[C]compensateforthereducedpensions.[D]increasethefamilies,investmentrisk.5.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat[A]financialriskstendtooutweighpoliticalrisks.[B]themiddleclassmayfacegreaterpoliticalchallenges.[C]financialproblemsmaybringaboutpoliticalproblems.[D]financialresponsibilityisanindicatorofpoliticalstatus.35.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthistext?[A]TheMiddleClassontheAlert

61[A]TheMiddleClassontheCliff[B]TheMiddleClassinConflict[C]TheMiddleClassinRuinsText4Itneverrainsbutitpours.Justasbossesandboardshavefinallysortedouttheirworstaccountingandcompliancetroubles,andimprovedtheirfeeblecorporationgovernance,anewproblemthreatenstoearnthem-especiallyinAmerica-thesortofnastyheadlinesthatinevitablyleadtoheadsrollingintheexecutivesuite:datainsecurity.Left,untilnow,toodd,low-levelITstafftoputright,andseenasaconcernonlyofdata-richindustriessuchasbanking,telecomsandairtravel,informationprotectionisnowhighontheboss*sagendainbusinessesofeveryvariety.Severalmassiveleakagesofcustomerandemployeedatathisyear-fromorganizationsasdiverseasTimeWarner;theAmericandefensecontractorScienceApplicationsInternationalCorpandeventheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley-haveleftmanagershurriedlypeeringintotheirintricateITsystemsandbusinessprocessesinsearchofpotentialvulnerabilities.“Dataisbecominganassetwhichneedstobeguardedasmuchasanyotherasset,“saysHaimMendelsonofStanfordUniversity1sbusinessschool."Theabilitytoguardcustomerdataisthekeytomarketvalue,whichtheboardisresponsibleforonbehalfofshareholders.Indeed,justasthereistheconceptofGenerallyAcceptedAccountingPrinciples(GAAP),perhapsitistimeforGASBGenerallyAcceptedSecurityPractices,suggestedEliNoamofNewYork,sColumbiaBusinessSchool.uSettingtheproperinvestmentlevelforsecurity,redundancy,andrecoveryisamanagementissue,notatechnicalone,“hesays.Themysteryisthatthisshouldcomeasasurprisetoanyboss.Surelyitshouldbeobvioustothedimmestexecutivethattrust,thatmostvaluableofeconomicassets,iseasilydestroyedandhugelyexpensivetorestore-andthatfewthingsaremorelikelytodestroytrustthanacompanylettingsensitivepersonaldatagetintothewronghands.Thecurrentstateofaffairsmayhavebeenencouraged-thoughnotjustified-bythelackoflegalpenalty(inAmerica,butnotEurope)fordataleakage.UntilCaliforniarecentlypassedalaw,Americanfirmsdidnothavetotellanyone,eventhevictim,whendatawentastray.Thatmaychangefast:lotsofproposeddata-securitylegislationisnowdoingtheroundsinWashington,D.C.Meanwhile,thetheftofinformationaboutsome40millioncredit-cardaccountsinAmerica,disclosedonJune17th,overshadowedahugelyimportantdecisionadayearlierbyAmerica'sFederalTradeCommission(FTC)thatputscorporateAmericaonnoticethatregulatorswillactiffirmsfailtoprovideadequatedatasecurity.36.Thestatement“Itneverrainsbutitpours“isusedtointroduce[A]thefiercebusinesscompetition.[B]thefeebleboss-boardrelations.[C]thethreatfromnewsreports.[D]theseverityofdataleakage.37.AccordingtoParagraph2,someorganizationschecktheirsystemstofindout[A]whetherthereisanyweakpoint.[B]whatsortofdatahasbeenstolen.[C]whoisresponsiblefortheleakage.[D]howthepotentialspiescanbelocated.38.InbringinguptheconceptofGASPtheauthorismakingthepointthat[A]shareholders*interestsshouldbeproperlyattendedto.[B]informationprotectionshouldbegivendueattention.[C]businessesshouldenhancetheirlevelofaccountingsecurity.[D]themarketvalueofcustomerdatashouldbeemphasized.39.AccordingtoParagraph4,whatpuzzlestheauthoristhatsomebossesfailto[A]seethelinkbetweentrustanddataprotection.[B]perceivethesensitivityofpersonaldata.[C]realizethehighcostofdatarestoration.

62[A]appreciatetheeconomicvalueoftrust.36.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph5that[A]dataleakageismoresevereinEurope.[B]FTC'sdecisionisessentialtodatasecurity.[C]Californiatakestheleadinsecuritylegislation.[D]legalpenaltyisamajorsolutiontodataleakage.PartBDirections:Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextaboutwhatparentsaresupposedtodotoguidetheirchildrenintoadulthood.ChooseaheadingfromthelistA—Gthatbestfitsthemeaningofeachnumberedpartofthetext(41-45),Thefirstandlastparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Therearetwoextraheadingsthatyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)A.SetaGoodExampleforYourKidsB.BuildYourKids'WorkSkillsC.PlaceTimeLimitsonLeisureActivitiesD.TalkabouttheFutureonaRegularBasisE.HelpKidsDevelopCopingStrategiesF.HelpYourKidsFigureOutWhoTheyAreG.BuildYourKids'SenseofResponsibilityHowCanaParentHelp?Mothersandfatherscandoalottoensureasafelandinginearlyadulthoodfortheirkids.Evenifajob'sstartingsalaryseemstoosmalltosatisfyanemergingadult'sneedforrapidcontent,thetransitionfromschooltoworkcanbelessofasetbackifthestart-upadultisreadyforthemove.Hereareafewmeasures,drawnfrommybookReadyorNot,HereLifeComes,thatparentscantaketopreventwhatIcallwwork-lifeunreadiness.”长41喜class.beiwen.comYoucanstartthisprocesswhentheyare11or12.Periodicallyreviewtheiremergingstrengthsandweaknesseswiththemandworktogetheronanyshortcomings,likedifficultyincommunicatingwellorcollaborating.Also,identifythekindsofintereststheykeepcomingbackto,astheseoffercluestothecareersthatwillfitthembest.长42喜class.beiwen.comKidsneedarangeofauthenticrolemodels-asopposedtomembersoftheirclique,popstarsandvauntedathletes.Haveregulardinner-tablediscussionsaboutpeoplethefamilyknowsandhowtheygotwheretheyare.Discussthejoysanddownsidesofyourowncareerandencourageyourkidstoformsomeideasabouttheirownfuture.Whenaskedwhattheywanttodo,theyshouldbediscouragedfromsaying“Ihavenoidea."Theycanchangetheirminds200times,buthavingonlyafoggyviewofthefutureisoflittlegood.长43喜class.beiwen.comTeachersareresponsibleforteachingkidshowtolearn;parentsshouldberesponsibleforteachingthemhowtowork.Assignresponsibilitiesaroundthehouseandmakesurehomeworkdeadlinesaremet.Encourageteenagerstotakeapart-timejob.Kidsneedplentyofpracticedelayinggratificationanddeployingeffectiveorganizationalskills,suchasmanagingtimeandsettingpriorities.长44喜class.beiwen.comPlayingvideogamesencouragesimmediatecontent.AndhoursofwatchingTVshowswithcannedlaughteronlyteacheskidstoprocessinformationinapassiveway.Atthesametime,listeningthroughearphonestothesamemonotonousbeatsforlongstretchesencourageskidstostayinsidetheirbubbleinsteadofpursuingotherendeavors.Alltheseactivitiescanpreventthegrowthofimportantcommunicationandthinkingskillsandmakeitdifficultforkidstodevelopthekindofsustainedconcentrationtheywillneedformostjobs.长45喜class.beiwen.comTheyshouldknowhowtodealwithsetbacks,stressesandfeelingsofinadequacy.Theyshouldalsolearnhowtosolveproblemsandresolveconflicts,waystobrainstormandthinkcritically.Discussionsathomecanhelpkidspracticedoingthesethingsandhelpthemapplytheseskillstoeverydaylifesituations.Whataboutthesonordaughterwhoisgrownbutseemstobestrugglingandwanderingaimlesslythroughearlyadulthood?Parentsstillhaveamajorroletoplayzbutnowitismoredelicate.Theyhavetobecarefulnottocomeacrossasdisappointedintheirchild.Theyshouldexhibitstronginterestandrespectforwhatevercurrentlyintereststheirfledgingadult(asnaiveor

63illconceivedasitmayseem)whilebecomingapartnerinexploringoptionsforthefuture.Mostofall,thesenewadultsmustfeelthattheyarerespectedandsupportedbyafamilythatappreciatesthem.PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)ThestudyoflawhasbeenrecognizedforcenturiesasabasicintellectualdisciplineinEuropeanuniversities.However;onlyinrecentyearshasitbecomeafeatureofundergraduateprogramsinCanadianuniversities.(46)Traditionally,legallearninghasbeenviewedinsuchinstitutionsasthespecialpreserveoflawyers,ratherthananecessarypartoftheintellectualequipmentofaneducatedperson.Happily,theolderandmorecontinentalviewoflegaleducationisestablishingitselfinanumberofCanadianuniversitiesandsomehaveevenbeguntoofferundergraduatedegreesinlaw.Ifthestudyoflawisbeginningtoestablishitselfaspartandparcelofageneraleducation,itsaimsandmethodsshouldappealdirectlytojournalismeducators.Lawisadisciplinewhichencouragesresponsiblejudgment.Ontheonehand,itprovidesopportunitiestoanalyzesuchideasasjustice,democracyandfreedom.(47)Ontheother,itlinkstheseconceptstoeverydayrealitiesinamannerwhichisparalleltothelinksjournalistsforgeonadailybasisastheycoverandcommentonthenews.Forexample,notionsofevidenceandfact,ofbasicrightsandpublicinterestareatworkintheprocessofjournalisticjudgmentandproductionjustasincourtsoflaw.Sharpeningjudgmentbyabsorbingandreflectingonlawisadesirablecomponentofajournalist'sintellectualpreparationforhisorhercareer.(48)Buttheideathatthejournalistmustunderstandthelawmoreprofoundlythananordinarycitizenrestsonanunderstandingoftheestablishedconventionsandspecialresponsibilitiesofthenewsmedia.Politicsor;morebroadly,thefunctioningofthestate,isamajorsubjectforjournalists.Thebetterinformedtheyareaboutthewaythestateworks,thebettertheirreportingwillbe.(49)Infact,itisdifficulttoseehowjournalistswhodonothaveacleargraspofthebasicfeaturesoftheCanadianConstitutioncandoacompetentjobonpoliticalstories.Furthermore,thelegalsystemandtheeventswhichoccurwithinitareprimarysubjectsforjournalists.Whilethequalityoflegaljournalismvariesgreatly,thereisanunduerelianceamongstmanyjournalistsoninterpretationssuppliedtothembylawyers.(50)Whilecommentandreactionfromlawyersmayenhancestories,itispreferableforjournaliststorelyontheirownnotionsofsignificanceandmaketheirownjudgments.Thesecanonlycomefromawell-groundedunderstandingofthelegalsystem.SectionIIIWritingPartA51.Directions:Writealettertoyouuniversitylibrary,makingsuggestionsforimprovingitsservice.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use“LiMing“instead.Donotwritetheaddress.(10points)PartB52.Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,andthen3)supportyourviewwithanexample/examples.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)51.参考范文January20th,2007DearSirorMadam,I*mastudentintheuniversityandaloyalreaderofthislibrary.I'mwritingtotellsomeofmyideas,whichIhopetobehelpfulforyou.Inoticethatmanymagazinesinourlibraryareoutofdate.Itwouldbebeneficialtousstudentsiftheycouldbeupdatedintime.AndIsuggestintroducingsomenewjournalssoastobringnewfreshairtothelibrary.Furthermore,sincewehaveahugenumberofbooks,itisnoteasytofindtherightoneeasily.However;ifwecanintroducesomenewsearchingmeans,

64suchasimplementingnewinformationmanagementsystemthatwouldbeuseful.ThankyoufortakingtimereadingthisletterandI'mlookingforwardtoseeingsomenewchangessoon.SincerelyYours,LiMingPartB(20points)51.参考范文Ascanbeseenfromthecartoon,differentideasmaycomefromthesamething.Inthepicture,whiletryingtocatchtheupcomingsoccer;thegoal-keepersaystohimselfwhyitissobig.And,thestrikersimplythinksinadifferentway,thatiswhyitissosmall?!第70页Whatmakessuchabigcontraryonthesametournamentatthesamemoment?Itisnodoubtthattheyarefacingtheverysamegoalandexperiencingtheverysamemoment.However;thesubjectiveviewsresultindifferentimpressiononthesameobject.Manyofusmaystillrememberthestoryofaponycrossingtheriver;whichwelearnedfromthetextbookinprimaryschool.Thesquirreltellshim,theriverisdeep;andthecowtellshim,theriverisnotdeepatall.However;intheend,hetellshimselfathirdanswer.Therefore,itisnotexaggeratingtosaythatmostofusarelookingintotheworldwithpersonalideas.Subjectivementalstatusmayresultinareallybigdifferenceinpersonalviews,justlikethegoal-keeperandthestrikerinthedrawing.Apossiblesolutionmightbetofaceanysituationasobjectivelyaspossible.Ifwerealizethisinanobjectiveway,itwouldbegoodforustodealwithwhatweencounterinlife,especiallywhenweareinsetbacksorfacingdifficulties.2006年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)ThehomelessmakeupagrowingpercentageofAmerica'spopulation.长1喜homelessnesshasreachedsuchproportionsthatlocalgovernmentscan'tpossibly长2喜.Tohelphomelesspeople长3喜independence,thefederalgovernmentmustsupportjobtrainingprograms,长4喜theminimumwage,andfundmorelow-costhousing.长5喜everyoneagreesonthenumberofAmericanswhoarehomeless.Estimates长6喜anywherefrom600,000to3million.长7喜thefiguremayvary,analystsdoagreeonanothermatter:thatthenumberofthehomelessis长8喜・Oneofthefederalgovernment'sstudies长9喜thatthenumberofthehomelesswillreachnearly19millionbytheendofthisdecade.Findingwaysto长10喜thisgrowinghomelesspopulationhasbecomeincreasinglydifficult.长11喜whenhomelessindividualsmanagetofinda长12喜thatwillgivethemthreemealsadayandaplacetosleepatnight,agoodnumberstillspendthebulkofeachday长13喜thestreet.Partoftheproblemisthatmanyhomelessadultsareaddictedtoalcoholordrugs.Andasignificantnumberofthehomelesshaveseriousmentaldisorders.Manyothers,长14喜notaddictedormentallyill,simplylacktheeveryday长15喜skillsneededtoturntheirlives长16喜.BostonGlobereporterChris第71页Reidynotesthatthesituationwillimproveonlywhenthereare长17喜programsthataddressthemanyneedsofthehomeless.长18喜EdwardZlotkowski,directorofcommunityserviceatBentleyCollegeinMassachusetts,长19喜it,uTherehastobe长20喜ofprograms.What*sneededisapackagedeal.”1.[A]Indeed[B]Likewise[C]Therefore[D]Furthermore2.[A]stand[B]cope[C]approve[D]retain3.[A]in[B]for[C]with[D]toward4.[A]raise[B]add[C]take[D]keep5.[A]generally[B]almost[C]hardly[D]not

651.[A]cover[B]change[C]range[D]differ2.[A]Nowthat[B]Although[C]Provided[D]Exceptthat3.[A]inflating[B]expanding[C]increasing[D]extending4.[A]predicts[B]displays[C]proves[D]discovers5.[A]assist[B]track[C]sustain[D]dismiss6.[A]Hence[B]But[C]Even[D]Only7.[A]lodging[B]shelter[C]dwelling[D]house8.[A]searching[B]strolling[C]crowding[D]wandering9.[A]when[B]once[C]while[D]whereas10.[A]life[B]existence[C]survival[D]maintenance11.[A]around[B]over[C]on[D]up12.[A]complex[B]comprehensive[C]complementary[D]compensating13.[A]So[B]Since[C]As[D]Thus14.[A]puts[B]interprets[C]assumes[D]makes15.[A]supervision[B]manipulation[C]regulation[D]coordinationSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C],or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Inspiteofuendlesstalkofdifference,wAmericansocietyisanamazingmachineforhomogenizingpeople.Thereis“thedemocratizinguniformityofdressanddiscourse,andthecasualnessandabsenceofdeferencecharacteristicofpopularculture.Peopleareabsorbedinto“acultureofconsumption”launchedbythe19th-centurydepartmentstoresthatoffered“vastarraysofgoodsinanelegantatmosphere.Insteadofintimateshopscateringtoaknowledgeableelite/*thesewerestores“anyonecouldenter;regardlessofclassorbackground.Thisturnedshoppingintoapublicanddemocraticact."Themassmedia,advertisingandsportsareotherforcesforhomogenization.Immigrantsarequicklyfittingintothiscommonculture,whichmaynotbealtogetherelevatingbutishardlypoisonous.WritingfortheNationalImmigrationForum,GregoryRodriguezreportsthattoday*simmigrationisneitheratunprecedentedlevelsnorresistanttoassimilation.In1998immigrantswere9.8percentofpopulation;in1900,13.6percent.Inthe10yearspriorto1990,3.1immigrantsarrivedforevery1,000residents;inthe10yearspriorto1890,9.2forevery1,000.Now,considerthreeindicesofassimilation-language,homeownershipandintermarriage.The1990Censusrevealedthat“amajorityofimmigrantsfromeachofthefifteenmostcommoncountriesoforiginspokeEnglish'well'or'verywelTaftertenyearsofresidence."ThechildrenofimmigrantstendtobebilingualandproficientinEnglish."Bythethirdgeneration,theoriginallanguageislostinthemajorityofimmigrantfamilies."HencethedescriptionofAmericaasa“graveyard”forlanguages.By1996foreign-bornimmigrantswhohadarrivedbefore1970hadahomeownershiprateof75.6percent,higherthanthe69.8percentrateamongnative-bornAmericans.Foreign-bornAsiansandHispanics“havehigherratesofintermarriagethandoU.S.-bornwhitesandblacks.9,Bythethirdgeneration,onethirdofHispanicwomenaremarriedtonon-Hispanicszand41percentofAsian-Americanwomenaremarriedtonon-Asians.RodrigueznotesthatchildreninremotevillagesaroundtheworldarefansofsuperstarslikeArnoldSchwarzeneggerandGarthBrooks,yet“someAmericansfearthatimmigrantslivingwithintheUnitedStatesremainsomehowimmunetothenation'sassimilativepower.”AretheredivisiveissuesandpocketsofseethingangerinAmerica?Indeed.Itisbigenoughtohaveabitofeverything.ButparticularlywhenviewedagainstAmerica'sturbulentpast,today*ssocialindiceshardlysuggestadarkanddeterioratingsocialenvironment.

661.Theword“homogenizing”(Line2,Paragraph1)mostprobablymeans.[A]identifying[B]associating[C]assimilating[D]monopolizing2.Accordingtotheauthor,thedepartmentstoresofthe19thcentury.[A]playedaroleinthespreadofpopularculture[B]becameintimateshopsforcommonconsumers[C]satisfiedtheneedsofaknowledgeableelite[D]oweditsemergencetothecultureofconsumption3.ThetextsuggeststhatimmigrantsnowintheU.S..[A]areresistanttohomogenization[B]exertagreatinfluenceonAmericanculture[C]arehardlyathreattothecommonculture[D]constitutethemajorityofthepopulation4.WhyareArnoldSchwarzeneggerandGarthBrooksmentionedinParagraph5?[A]Toprovetheirpopularityaroundtheworld.[B]Torevealthepublic'sfearofimmigrants.[C]Togiveexamplesofsuccessfulimmigrants.[D]ToshowthepowerfulinfluenceofAmericanculture.5.Intheauthor*sopinion,theabsorptionofimmigrantsintoAmericansocietyis.[A]rewarding[B]successful[C]fruitless[D]harmfulText2Stratford-on-Avon,asweallknow,hasonlyoneindustry-WilliamShakespeare-buttherearetwodistinctlyseparateandincreasinglyhostilebranches.ThereistheRoyalShakespeareCompany(RSC),whichpresentssuperbproductionsoftheplaysattheShakespeareMemorialTheatreontheAvon.Andtherearethetownsfolkwholargelyliveoffthetouristswhocome,nottoseetheplays,buttolookatAnneHathaway,sCottage,Shakespeare'sbirthplaceandtheothersights.TheworthyresidentsofStratforddoubtthatthetheatreaddsapennytotheirrevenue.TheyfranklydisliketheRSC'sactors,themwiththeirlonghairandbeardsandsandalsandnoisiness.It*salldeliciouslyironicwhenyouconsiderthatShakespeare,whoearnstheirliving,washimselfanactor(withabeard)anddidhisshareofnoise-making.Thetouriststreamsarenotentirelyseparate.Thesightseerswhocomebybus-andoftentakeinWarwickCastleandBlenheimPalaceontheside-don'tusuallyseetheplays,andsomeofthemareevensurprisedtofindatheatreinStratford.However;theplaygoersdomanagealittlesight-seeingalongwiththeirplaygoing.Itistheplaygoers,theRSCcontends,whobringinmuchofthetown'srevenuebecausetheyspendthenight(someofthemfourorfivenights)pouringcashintothehotelsandrestaurants.Thesightseerscantakeineverythingandgetoutoftownbynightfall.Thetownsfolkdon,tseeitthiswayandlocalcouncildoesnotcontributedirectlytothesubsidyoftheRoyalShakespeareCompany.Stratfordcriespoortraditionally.Neverthelesseveryhotelintownseemstobeaddinganewwingorcocktaillounge.Hiltonisbuildingitsownhotelthere,whichyoumaybesurewillbedecoratedwithHamletHamburgerBars,theLearLounge,theBanquoBanquetingRoom,andsoforth,andwillbeveryexpensive.Anyway,thetownsfolkcan'tunderstandwhytheRoyalShakespeareCompanyneedsasubsidy.(Thetheatrehasbrokenattendancerecordsforthreeyearsinarow.Lastyearits1,431seatswere94percentoccupiedallyearlongandthisyearthey*IIdobetter.)Thereason,ofcourse,isthatcostshaverocketedandticketpriceshavestayedlow.

67ItwouldbeashametoraisepricestoomuchbecauseitwoulddriveawaytheyoungpeoplewhoareStratford'smostattractiveclientele.Theycomeentirelyfortheplays,notthesights.Theyallseemtolookalike(thoughtheycomefromallover)--lean,pointed,dedicatedfaces,wearingjeansandsandals,eatingtheirbunsandbeddingdownforthenightontheflagstonesoutsidethetheatretobuythe20seatsand80standing-roomticketsheldforthesleepersandsoldtothemwhentheboxofficeopensat10:30a.m.1.Fromthefirsttwoparagraphs,welearnthat.[A]thetownsfolkdenytheRSC'scontributiontothetown*srevenue[B]theactorsoftheRSCimitateShakespeareonandoffstage[C]thetwobranchesoftheRSCarenotongoodterms[D]thetownsfolkearnlittlefromtourism2.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3that.[A]thesightseerscannotvisittheCastleandthePalaceseparately[B]theplaygoersspendmoremoneythanthesightseers[C]thesightseersdomoreshoppingthantheplaygoers[D]theplaygoersgotonootherplacesintownthanthetheater3.BysayinguStratfordcriespoortraditionallyn(Line2-3,Paragraph4),theauthorimpliesthat[A]Stratfordcannotaffordtheexpansionprojects[B]Stratfordhaslongbeeninfinancialdifficulties[C]thetownisnotreallyshortofmoney[D]thetownsfolkusedtobepoorlypaid4.Accordingtothetownsfolk,theRSCdeservesnosubsidybecause.[A]ticketpricescanberaisedtocoverthespending[B]thecompanyisfinanciallyill-managed[C]thebehavioroftheactorsisnotsociallyacceptable[D]thetheatreattendanceisontherise5.Fromthetextwecanconcludethattheauthor.[A]issupportiveofbothsides[B]favorsthetownsfolk*sview[C]takesadetachedattitude[D]issympathetictotheRSCText3Whenprehistoricmanarrivedinnewpartsoftheworld,somethingstrangehappenedtothelargeanimals.Theysuddenlybecameextinct.Smallerspeciessurvived.Thelarge,slow-growinganimalswereeasygame,andwerequicklyhuntedtoextinction.Nowsomethingsimilarcouldbehappeningintheoceans.Thattheseasarebeingoverfishedhasbeenknownforyears.WhatresearcherssuchasRansomMyersandBorisWormhaveshownisjusthowfastthingsarechanging.Theyhavelookedathalfacenturyofdatafromfisheriesaroundtheworld.Theirmethodsdonotattempttoestimatetheactualbiomass(theamountoflivingbiologicalmatter)offishspeciesinparticularpartsoftheocean,butratherchangesinthatbiomassovertime.AccordingtotheirlatestpaperpublishedinNature,thebiomassoflargepredators(animalsthatkillandeatotheranimals)inanewfisheryisreducedonaverageby80%within15yearsofthestartofexploitation.Insomelong-fishedareas,ithashalvedagainsincethen.Dr.Wormacknowledgesthatthesefiguresareconservative.Onereasonforthisisthatfishingtechnologyhasimproved.Today'svesselscanfindtheirpreyusingsatellitesandsonar;whichwerenotavailable50yearsago.Thatmeansahigherproportionofwhatisintheseaisbeingcaught,sotherealdifferencebetweenpresentandpastislikelytobeworsethantheonerecordedbychangesincatchsizes.Intheearlydays,too,longlineswouldhavebeenmoresaturatedwithfish.Someindividualswouldthereforenothavebeencaught,sincenobaitedhookswouldhavebeenavailabletotrapthem,leadingtoanunderestimateoffishstocksinthepast.

68Furthermore,intheearlydaysoflonglinefishing,alotoffishwerelosttosharksaftertheyhadbeenhooked.Thatisnolongeraproblem,becausetherearefewersharksaroundnow.Dr.MyersandDr.Wormarguethattheirworkgivesacorrectbaseline,whichfuturemanagementeffortsmusttakeintoaccount.Theybelievethedatasupportanideacurrentamongmarinebiologists,thatofthe“shiftingbaseline."Thenotionisthatpeoplehavefailedtodetectthemassivechangeswhichhavehappenedintheoceanbecausetheyhavebeenlookingbackonlyarelativelyshorttimeintothepast.Thatmattersbecausetheorysuggeststhatthemaximumsustainableyieldthatcanbecroppedfromafisherycomeswhenthebiomassofatargetspeciesisabout50%ofitsoriginallevels.Mostfisheriesarewellbelowthat,whichisabadwaytodobusiness.1.Theextinctionoflargeprehistoricanimalsisnotedtosuggestthat.[A]largeanimalwerevulnerabletothechangingenvironment[B]smallspeciessurvivedaslargeanimalsdisappeared[C]largeseaanimalsmayfacethesamethreattoday[D]slow-growingfishoutlivefast-growingones2.WecaninferfromDr.MyersandDr.Worm'spaperthat.[A]thestockoflargepredatorsinsomeoldfisherieshasreducedby90%[B]thereareonlyhalfasmanyfisheriesastherewere15yearsago[C]thecatchsizesinnewfisheriesareonly20%oftheoriginalamount[D]thenumberoflargerpredatorsdroppedfasterinnewfisheriesthanintheold33.Bysaying"thesefiguresareconservative"(Line1,paragraph3),Dr.Wormmeansthat[A]fishingtechnologyhasimprovedrapidly[B]thecatch-sizesareactuallysmallerthanrecorded[C]themarinebiomasshassufferedagreaterloss[D]thedatacollectedsofarareoutofdate34.Dr.Myersandotherresearchersholdthat.[A]peopleshouldlookforabaselinethatcanworkforalongertime[B]fisheriesshouldkeeptheiryieldsbelow50%ofthebiomass[C]theoceanbiomassshouldberestoredtoitsoriginallevel[D]peopleshouldadjustthefishingbaselinetothechangingsituation35.Theauthorseemstobemainlyconcernedwithmostfisheries*.[A]managementefficiency[B]biomasslevel[C]catch-sizelimits[D]technologicalapplicationText4Manythingsmakepeoplethinkartistsareweird.Buttheweirdestmaybethis:artists*onlyjobistoexploreemotions,andyettheychoosetofocusontheonesthatfeelbad.Thiswasn'talwaysso.Theearliestformsofart,likepaintingandmusic,arethosebestsuitedforexpressingjoy.Butsomewherefromthe19thcenturyonward,moreartistsbeganseeinghappinessasmeaningless,phonyor,worstofall,boring,aswewentfromWordsworth'sdaffodilstoBaudelaire'sflowersofevil.Youcouldarguethatartbecamemoreskepticalofhappinessbecausemoderntimeshaveseensomuchmisery.Butit'snotasifearliertimesdidn'tknowperpetualwar;disasterandthemassacreofinnocents.Thereason,infact,maybejusttheopposite:thereistoomuchdamnhappinessintheworldtoday.Afterall,whatistheonemodernformofexpressionalmostcompletelydedicatedtodepictinghappiness?Advertising.Theriseofanti-happyartalmostexactlytrackstheemergenceofmassmedia,andwithit,acommercialcultureinwhichhappinessisnotjustanidealbutanideology.Peopleinearliererasweresurroundedbyremindersofmisery.Theyworkeduntilexhausted,livedwithfewprotectionsanddiedyoung.IntheWest,beforemasscommunicationandliteracy,themostpowerfulmassmediumwasthechurch,which

69remindedworshippersthattheirsoulswereindangerandthattheywouldsomedaybemeatforworms.Givenallthis,theydidnotexactlyneedtheirarttobeabummertoo.TodaythemessagestheaverageWesternerissurroundedwitharenotreligiousbutcommercial,andforeverhappy.Fast-foodeaters,newsanchors,textmessengers,allsmiling,smiling,smiling.Ourmagazinesfeaturebeamingcelebritiesandhappyfamiliesinperfecthomes.Andsincethesemessageshaveanagenda-tolureustoopenourwallets-theymaketheveryideaofhappinessseemunreliable.“Celebrate!”commandedtheadsforthearthritisdrugCelebrex,beforewefoundoutitcouldincreasetheriskofheartattacks.Butwhatweforget-whatoureconomydependsonusforgetting-isthathappinessismorethanpleasurewithoutpain.Thethingsthatbringthegreatestjoycarrythegreatestpotentialforlossanddisappointment.Today,surroundedbypromisesofeasyhappiness,weneedarttotellus,asreligiononcedid,Mementomori:rememberthatyouwilldie,thateverythingends,andthathappinesscomesnotindenyingthisbutinlivingwithit.It*samessageevenmorebitterthanaclovecigarette,yet,somehow,abreathoffreshair.34.BycitingtheexamplesofpoetsWordsworthandBaudelaire,theauthorintendstoshowthat[A]poetryisnotasexpressiveofjoyaspaintingormusic[B]artgrowsoutofbothpositiveandnegativefeelings[C]poetstodayarelessskepticalofhappiness[D]artistshavechangedtheirfocusofinterest35.Theword“bummer”(Une5,paragraph5)mostprobablymeanssomething.[A]religious[B]unpleasant[C]entertaining[D]commercial36.Intheauthor,sopinion,advertising.[A]emergesinthewakeoftheanti-happyart[B]isacauseofdisappointmentforthegeneralpublic[C]replacesthechurchasamajorsourceofinformation[D]createsanillusionofhappinessratherthanhappinessitself37.Wecanlearnfromthelastparagraphthattheauthorbelieves.[A]happinessmoreoftenthannotendsinsadness[B]theanti-happyartisdistastefulbutrefreshing[C]miseryshouldbeenjoyedratherthandenied[D]theanti-happyartflourisheswheneconomybooms38.Whichofthefollowingistrueofthetext?[A]Religiononcefunctionedasareminderofmisery.[B]Artprovidesabalancebetweenexpectationandreality.[C]Peoplefeeldisappointedattherealitiesofmodernsociety.[D]Massmediaareinclinedtocoverdisastersanddeaths.PartBDirections:Inthefollowingarticle,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedgaps.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichyoudonotneedtouseinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)OnthenorthbankoftheOhioriversitsEvansville,Ind.,homeofDavidWilliams,52,andofariverboatcasino(aplacewheregamblinggamesareplayed).Duringseveralyearsofgamblinginthatcasino,Williams,astateauditorearning$35,000ayear;lostapproximately$175,000.Hehadnevergambledbeforethe

70casinosenthimacouponfor$20worthofgambling.Hevisitedthecasino,lostthe$20andleft.Onhissecondvisithelost$800.Thecasinoissuedtohim,asagoodcustomer;a"FunCard”，whichwhenusedinthecasinoearnspointsformealsanddrinks,andenablesthecasinototracktheuser*sgamblingactivities.ForWilliams,thoseactivitiesbecomewhathecalls"electronicheroin".(41).In1997helost$21,000tooneslotmachineintwodays.InMarch1997helost$72,186.Hesometimesplayedtwoslotmachinesatatime,allnight,untiltheboatdockedat5a.m.,thenwentbackaboardwhenthecasinoopenedat9a.m.Nowheissuingthecasino,chargingthatitshouldhaverefusedhispatronagebecauseitknewhewasaddicted.Itdidknowhehadaproblem.InMarch1998afriendofWilliams,sgothiminvoluntarilyconfinedtoatreatmentcenterforaddictions,andwrotetoinformthecasinoofWilliams,sgamblingproblem.ThecasinoincludedaphotoofWilliamsamongthoseofbannedgamblers,andwrotetohimauceaseadmissions”letter.Notingthemedical/psychologicalnatureofproblemgamblingbehavior;thelettersaidthatbeforebeingreadmittedtothecasinohewouldhavetopresentmedical/psychologicalinformationdemonstratingthatpatronizingthecasinowouldposenothreattohissafetyorwell-being.(42).TheWallStreetJournalreportsthatthecasinohas24signswarning:"Enjoythefun...andalwaysbetwithyourhead,notoverit."Everyentranceticketlistsatoll-freenumberforcounselingfromtheIndianaDepartmentofMentalHealth.Nevertheless,Williams'ssuitchargesthatthecasino,knowinghewas“helplesslyaddictedtogambling,"intentionallyworkedto“lure"himto“engageinconductagainsthiswill."Well.(43).ThefourtheditionoftheDiagnosticandStatisticalManualofMentalDisorderssays“pathologicalgambling“involvespersistent,recurringanduncontrollablepursuitlessofmoneythanofthrilloftakingrisksinquestofawindfall.(44).Pushedbyscience,orwhatclaimstobescience,societyisreclassifyingwhatoncewereconsideredcharacterflawsormoralfailingsaspersonalitydisordersakintophysicaldisabilities.(45).Forty-fourstateshavelotteries,29havecasinos,andmostofthesestatesaretovaryingdegreesdependenton-youmightsayaddictedto—revenuesfromwagering.AndsincethefirstInternetgamblingsitewascreatedin1995,competitionforgamblers*dollarshasbecomeintense.TheOct.28issueofNewsweekreportedthat2milliongamblerspatronize1,800virtualcasinoseveryweek.With$3,5billionbeinglostonInternetwagersthisyear;gamblinghaspassedpornographyastheWeb'smostprofitablebusiness.[A]Althoughnosuchevidencewaspresented,thecasino'smarketingdepartmentcontinuedtopepperhimwithmailings.AndheenteredthecasinoandusedhisFunCardwithoutbeingdetected.[B]Itisunclearwhatluringwasrequired,givenhiscompulsivebehavior.Andinwhatsensewashiswilloperative?[C]Bythetimehehadlost$5,000hesaidtohimselfthatifhecouldgetbacktoeven,hewouldquit.Onenighthewon$5,500,buthedidnotquit.[D]GamblinghasbeenacommonfeatureofAmericanlifeforever,butforalongtimeitwasbroadlyconsideredasin,orasocialdisease.Nowitisasocialpolicy:themostimportantandaggressivepromoterofgamblinginAmericaisthegovernment.[E]DavidWilliams,ssuitshouldtroublethisgamblingnation.Butdon'tbetonit.[F]Itisworrisomethatsocietyismedicalizingmoreandmorebehavioralproblems,oftendefiningasaddictionswhatearlier;sternergenerationsexplainedasweaknessofwill.[G]Theanonymous,lonely,undistractednatureofonlinegamblingisespeciallyconducivetocompulsivebehavior.ButevenifthegovernmentknewhowtomoveagainstInternetgambling,whatwouldbeitsgroundsfordoingso?PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)

71IsittruethattheAmericanintellectualisrejectedandconsideredofnoaccountinhissociety?Iamgoingtosuggestthatitisnottrue.FatherBruckbergertoldpartofthestorywhenheobservedthatitistheintellectualswhohaverejectedAmerica.Buttheyhavedonemorethanthat.Theyhavegrowndissatisfiedwiththeroleofintellectual.Itisthey,notAmerica,whohavebecomeanti-intellectual.First,theobjectofourstudypleadsfordefinition.Whatisanintellectual?46)IshalldefinehimasanindividualwhohaselectedashisprimarydutyandpleasureinlifetheactivityofthinkinginaSocratic(苏格拉底)wayaboutmoralproblems.Heexploressuchproblemsconsciously,articulately,andfrankly,firstbyaskingfactualquestions,thenbyaskingmoralquestions,finallybysuggestingactionwhichseemsappropriateinthelightofthefactualandmoralinformationwhichhehasobtained.47)Hisfunctionisanalogoustothatofajudge,whomustaccepttheobligationofrevealinginasobviousamanneraspossiblethecourseofreasoningwhichledhimtohisdecision.Thisdefinitionexcludesmanyindividualsusuallyreferredtoasintellectuals-theaveragescientist,forone.48)Ihaveexcludedhimbecause,whilehisaccomplishmentsmaycontributetothesolutionofmoralproblems,hehasnotbeenchargedwiththetaskofapproachinganybutthefactualaspectsofthoseproblems.Likeotherhumanbeings,heencountersmoralissuesevenintheeverydayperformanceofhisroutineduties—heisnotsupposedtocookhisexperiments,manufactureevidence,ordoctorhisreports.49)Buthisprimarytaskisnottothinkaboutthemoralcodewhichgovernshisactivity,anymorethanabusinessmanisexpectedtodedicatehisenergiestoanexplorationofrulesofconductinbusiness.Duringmostofhiswakinglifehewilltakehiscodeforgranted,asthebusinessmantakeshisethics.Thedefinitionalsoexcludesthemajorityofteachers,despitethefactthatteachinghastraditionallybeenthemethodwherebymanyintellectualsearntheirliving.50)Theymayteachverywellandmorethanearntheirsalaries,butmostofthemmakelittleornoindependentreflectionsonhumanproblemswhichinvolvemoraljudgment.Thisdescriptionevenfitsthemajorityofeminentscholars.Beinglearnedinsomebranchofhumanknowledgeisonething,livingin"publicandillustriousthoughts,“asEmersonwouldsay,issomethingelse.SectionIIIWritingPartA51.DirectionsYouwanttocontributetoProjectHopebyofferingfinancialaidtoachildinaremotearea.Writealettertothedepartmentconcerned,askingthemtohelpfindacandidate.Youshouldspecifywhatkindofchildyouwanttohelpandhowyouwillcarryoutyourplan.Writeyourletterinnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter;use“LiMing“instead.Donotwritetheaddress.(10points)PartB52.Directions:Studythefollowingphotoscarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould1.describethephotosbriefly,2.interpretthesocialphenomenonreflectedbythem,and3.giveyourpointofview.Youshouldwrite160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)51.参考范文DearSirorMadam,Asacollegestudentwhoisstudyingandlivinginagoodenvironment,IwishtocontributetoProjectHopebyofferingfinancialassistancetoachildinaremotearea.Havingconceivedsuchaplanforalongtime,Iwritethislettertorequestyourhelptorecommendapropercandidate.Iwonderifitisconvenientforyouifthreethingsconcerningthechildaretakenintoconsideration.First,thechildshouldcomefromGansuProvince,forIintendtohelpachildfrommyhometown.Second,itwillbebetterifthechildisaprimaryschoolstudent.IhopeIwillhelphim/herfromtheverybeginning.Inaddition,he/shemustbewillingtoreturntohishometowntohelpbuiltitaftergraduationfromuniversity.Myplanwillbecarriedoutasfollows.Ononehand,Iwillremitatleast2,000Yuanincasheveryyearuntilhe/shefinisheshis/hereducationbeforeenteringcollege.Ontheotherhand,IdecidetoteachthechildmathandEnglishinpersonduringmysummervacation,whichwillsurelybemorebeneficialtothechild.

72Yourprompthelpwouldbehighlyappreciated.AndIamlookingforwardtoyourreplyverysoon.Yourssincerely,LiMingPartB(20points)51.参考范文Howironicthetwopicturesareindescribingoneofthemostwidespreadsocialphenomenaconcerningidoladoration!Inthefirstpicture,ayoungmanwritesthenameofBeckhamonhisface.Inthesecondpicture,anotheryoungmanspends300YuanindealingwithhishairtomakehimselflooklikeBeckham.ThemeaningconveyedinthetwopicturesrevealsthatincurrentChinasomeyoungpeoplearelosingthemselves.IamgreatlyshockedbytheenthusiasmforthisBritishfootballsuperstarshownbythesetwoyoungmen.Franklyspeaking,thingsofthiskindreallyhappenamongus.Somepeople,especiallycollegestudents,donothingbutconcentrateonimitatingsuperstars.Thisdoesgreatharmtotheirstudyandgrowth.Ifwecan*tstoptheworseningofthistendency,ourownculturewillbedamaged,andweourselveswillbetheultimatevictims.Frommypointofview,alotofmeasuresshouldbetakentosaveourlosingcultureandre-findourselves.Infact,somemeasureshavealreadybeentaken.Inmyuniversity,campaignshavebeenlaunchedtoeducatepeopletopaymoreattentiontoourtraditionalcultureandreadmorebooksinsteadoffocusingonourappearances.Asaresult,wehavewitnessedsomeimprovementsbutstillthereisalongwaytogo.2005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B]z[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1(10points)Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.Humansareoftenthoughttobeinsensitivesmellerscomparedwithanimals,1thisislargelybecause,2animals,westandupright.Thismeansthatournosesare3toperceivingthosesmellswhichfloatthroughtheair;4themajorityofsmellswhichsticktosurfaces.Infact,5,weareextremelysensitivetosmells,6wedonotgenerallyrealizeit.Ournosesarecapableof7humansmellsevenwhentheseare8tofarbelowonepartinonemillion.Strangely,somepeoplefindthattheycansmellonetypeofflowerbutnotanother;9othersaresensitivetothesmellsofbothflowers.Thismaybebecausesomepeopledonothavethegenesnecessarytogenerate10smellreceptorsinthenose.Thesereceptorsarethecellswhichsensesmellsandsend11tothebrain.However;ithasbeenfoundthatevenpeopleinsensitivetoacertainsmell12cansuddenlybecomesensitivetoitwhen13toitoftenenough.Theexplanationforinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatthebrainfindsit14tokeepallsmellreceptorsworkingallthetimebutcan15newreceptorsifnecessary.Thismay16explainwhywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmells——wesimplydonotneedtobe.Wearenot17oftheusualsmellofourownhouse,butwe18newsmellswhenwevisitsomeoneelse's.Thebrainfindsitbesttokeepsmellreceptors19forunfamiliarandemergencysignals20thesmellofsmoke,whichmightindicatethedangeroffire.1.[A]although[B]as[C]but[D]while2.[A]above[B]unlike[C]excluding[D]besides3.[A]limited[B]committed[C]dedicated[D]confined4.[A]catching[B]ignoring[C]missing[D]tracking5.[A]anyway[B]though[C]instead[D]therefore6.[A]evenif[B]ifonly[C]onlyif[D]asif7.[A]distinguishing[B]discovering[C]determining[D]detecting8.[A]diluted[B]dissolved[C]dispersed[D]diffused

731.[A]when[B]since[C]for[D]whereas2.[A]unusual[B]particular[C]unique[D]typical3.[A]signs[B]stimuli[C]messages[D]impulses4.[A]atfirst[B]atall[C]atlarge[D]attimes5.[A]subjected[B]left[C]drawn[D]exposed6.[A]ineffective[B]incompetent[C]inefficient[D]insufficient7.[A]introduce[B]summon[C]trigger[D]create8.[A]still[B]also[C]otherwise[D]nevertheless9.[A]sure[B]sick[C]aware[D]tired10.[A]tolerate[B]repel[C]neglect[D]notice11.[A]available[B]reliable[C]identifiable[D]suitable12.[A]similarto[B]suchas[C]alongwith[D]asidefromSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]orD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1(40points)Text1Everybodylovesafatpayrise.Yetpleasureatyourowncanvanishifyoulearnthatacolleaguehasbeengivenabiggerone.Indeed,ifhehasareputationforslacking,youmightevenbeoutraged.Suchbehaviourisregardedas“alltoohuman,“withtheunderlyingassumptionthatotheranimalswouldnotbecapableofthisfinelydevelopedsenseofgrievance.ButastudybySarahBrosnanandFransdeWaalofEmoryUniversityinAtlanta,Georgia,whichhasjustbeenpublishedinNature,suggeststhatitisalltoomonkey,aswell.Theresearchersstudiedthebehaviouroffemalebrowncapuchinmonkeys.Theylookcute.Theyaregood-natured,co-operativecreatures,andtheysharetheirfoodreadily.Aboveall,liketheirfemalehumancounterparts,theytendtopaymuchcloserattentiontothevalueofugoodsandservicesthanmales.SuchcharacteristicsmakethemperfectcandidatesforDr.Brosnan'sandDr.deWaal'sstudy.Theresearchersspenttwoyearsteachingtheirmonkeystoexchangetokensforfood.Normally,themonkeyswerehappyenoughtoexchangepiecesofrockforslicesofcucumber.However;whentwomonkeyswereplacedinseparatebutadjoiningchambers,sothateachcouldobservewhattheotherwasgettinginreturnforitsrock,theirbehaviourbecamemarkedlydifferent.Intheworldofcapuchins,grapesareluxurygoods(andmuchpreferabletocucumbers).Sowhenonemonkeywashandedagrapeinexchangeforhertoken,thesecondwasreluctanttohandhersoverforamerepieceofcucumber.Andifonereceivedagrapewithouthavingtoprovidehertokeninexchangeatall,theothereithertossedherowntokenattheresearcheroroutofthechamber,orrefusedtoacceptthesliceofcucumber.Indeed,themerepresenceofagrapeintheotherchamber(withoutanactualmonkeytoeatit)wasenoughtoinduceresentmentinafemalecapuchin.Theresearcherssuggestthatcapuchinmonkeys,likehumans,areguidedbysocialemotions.Inthewild,theyareaco-operative,group-livingspecies.Suchco-operationislikelytobestableonlywheneachanimalfeelsitisnotbeingcheated.Feelingsofrighteousindignation,itseems,arenotthepreserveofpeoplealone.Refusingalesserrewardcompletelymakesthesefeelingsabundantlycleartoothermembersofthegroup.However,whethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependentlyincapuchinsandhumans,orwhetheritstemsfromthecommonancestorthatthespecieshad35millionyearsago,is,asyet,anunansweredquestion.13.Intheopeningparagraph,theauthorintroduceshistopicby.[A]posingacontrast[B]justifyinganassumption[C]makingacomparison[D]explainingaphenomenon14.Thestatement“itisalltoomonkey”(Lastline,ParagraphI)impliesthat.

74[A]monkeysarealsooutragedbyslackrivals[B]resentingunfairnessisalsomonkeys*nature[C]monkeys,likehumans,tendtobejealousofeachother[D]noanimalsotherthanmonkeyscandevelopsuchemotions1.Femalecapuchinmonkeyswerechosenfortheresearchmostprobablybecausetheyare.[A]moreinclinedtoweighwhattheyget[B]attentivetoresearchers,instructions[C]niceinbothappearanceandtemperament[D]moregenerousthantheirmalecompanions2.Dr.BrosnanandDr.deWaalhaveeventuallyfoundintheirstudythatthemonkeys.[A]prefergrapestocucumbers[B]canbetaughttoexchangethings[C]willnotbeco-operativeiffeelingcheated[D]areunhappywhenseparatedfromothers25.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?[A]Monkeyscanbetrainedtodevelopsocialemotions.[B]Humanindignationevolvedfromanuncertainsource.[C]Animalsusuallyshowtheirfeelingsopenlyashumansdo.[D]Cooperationamongmonkeysremainsstableonlyinthewild.Text2Doyourememberallthoseyearswhenscientistsarguedthatsmokingwouldkillusbutthedoubtersinsistedthatwedidn'tknowforsure?Thattheevidencewasinconclusive,thescienceuncertain?Thattheantismokinglobbywasouttodestroyourwayoflifeandthegovernmentshouldstayoutoftheway?LotsofAmericansboughtthatnonsense,andoverthreedecades,some10millionsmokerswenttoearlygraves.Thereareupsettingparallelstoday,asscientistsinonewaveafteranothertrytoawakenustothegrowingthreatofglobalwarming.ThelatestwasapanelfromtheNationalAcademyofSciences,enlistedbytheWhiteHouse,totellusthattheEarth'satmosphereisdefinitelywarmingandthattheproblemislargelyman-made.Theclearmessageisthatweshouldgetmovingtoprotectourselves.ThepresidentoftheNationalAcademy,BruceAlberts,addedthiskeypointintheprefacetothepanel'sreport:wScienceneverhasalltheanswers.Butsciencedoesprovideuswiththebestavailableguidetothefuture,anditiscriticalthatournationandtheworldbaseimportantpoliciesonthebestjudgmentsthatsciencecanprovideconcerningthefutureconsequencesofpresentactions.”Justasonsmoking,voicesnowcomefrommanyquartersinsistingthatthescienceaboutglobalwarmingisincomplete,thatit'sOKtokeeppouringfumesintotheairuntilweknowforsure.Thisisadangerousgame:bythetime100percentoftheevidenceisin,itmaybetoolate.Withtherisksobviousandgrowing,aprudentpeoplewouldtakeoutaninsurancepolicynow.Fortunately,theWhiteHouseisstartingtopayattention.Butit'sobviousthatamajorityofthepresidentrsadvisersstilldon'ttakeglobalwarmingseriously.Insteadofaplanofaction,theycontinuetopressformoreresearch-aclassiccaseof“paralysisbyanalysis.”Toserveasresponsiblestewardsoftheplanet,wemustpressforwardondeeperatmosphericandoceanicresearch.Butresearchaloneisinadequate.IftheAdministrationwon'ttakethelegislativeinitiative,Congressshouldhelptobeginfashioningconservationmeasures.AbillbyDemocraticSenatorRobertByrdofWestVirginia,whichwouldofferfinancialincentivesforprivateindustry,isapromisingstart.Manyseethatthecountryisgettingreadytobuildlotsofnewpowerplantstomeetourenergyneeds.Ifweareevergoingtoprotecttheatmosphere,itiscrucialthatthosenewplantsbeenvironmentallysound.26.Anargumentmadebysupportersofsmokingwasthat.[A]therewasnoscientificevidenceofthecorrelationbetweensmokinganddeath

75[A]thenumberofearlydeathsofsmokersinthepastdecadeswasinsignificant[B]peoplehadthefreedomtochoosetheirownwayoflife[C]antismokingpeoplewereusuallytalkingnonsense26.AccordingtoBruceAlberts,sciencecanserveas.[A]aprotector[B]ajudge[C]acritic[D]aguide27.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“paralysisbyanalysis”(Lastline,Paragraph4)?[A]Endlessstudieskillaction.[B]Carefulinvestigationrevealstruth.[C]Prudentplanninghindersprogress.[D]Extensiveresearchhelpsdecision-making.28.Accordingtotheauthor,whatshouldtheAdministrationdoaboutglobalwarming?[A]Offeraidtobuildcleanerpowerplants.[B]Raisepublicawarenessofconservation.[C]Pressforfurtherscientificresearch.[D]Takesomelegislativemeasures.29.Theauthorassociatestheissueofglobalwarmingwiththatofsmokingbecause.[A]theybothsufferedfromthegovernment*snegligence[B]alessonfromthelatterisapplicabletotheformer[C]theoutcomeofthelatteraggravatestheformer[D]bothofthemhaveturnedfrombadtoworseText3Ofallthecomponentsofagoodnight'ssleep,dreamsseemtobeleastwithinourcontrol.Indreams,awindowopensintoaworldwherelogicissuspendedanddeadpeoplespeak.Acenturyago,Freudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythatdreamswerethedisguisedshadowsofourunconsciousdesiresandfears;bythelate1970s,neurologistshadswitchedtothinkingofthemasjust“mentalnoise”—therandombyproductsoftheneural-repairworkthatgoesonduringsleep.Nowresearcherssuspectthatdreamsarepartofthemind*semotionalthermostat,regulatingmoodswhilethebrainis“off-line."Andoneleadingauthoritysaysthattheseintenselypowerfulmentaleventscanbenotonlyharnessedbutactuallybroughtunderconsciouscontrol,tohelpussleepandfeelbetter;"It'syourdream,“saysRosalindCartwright,chairofpsychologyatChicago'sMedicalCenter."Ifyoudon'tlikeit,changeit.”Evidencefrombrainimagingsupportsthisview.ThebrainisasactiveduringREM(rapideyemovement)sleep—whenmostvividdreamsoccur—asitiswhenfullyawake,saysDr;EricNofzingerattheUniversityofPittsburgh.Butnotallpartsofthebrainareequallyinvolved;thelimbicsystem(the“emotionalbrain")isespeciallyactive,whiletheprefrontalcortex(thecenterofintellectandreasoning)isrelativelyquiet."Wewakeupfromdreamshappyordepressed,andthosefeelingscanstaywithusallday."saysStanfordsleepresearcherDr.WilliamDement.ThelinkbetweendreamsandemotionsshowsupamongthepatientsinCartwright'sclinic.Mostpeopleseemtohavemorebaddreamsearlyinthenight,progressingtowardhappieronesbeforeawakening,suggestingthattheyareworkingthroughnegativefeelingsgeneratedduringtheday.Becauseourconsciousmindisoccupiedwithdailylifewedon'talwaysthinkabouttheemotionalsignificanceoftheday'sevents-until,itappears,webegintodream.Andthisprocessneednotbelefttotheunconscious.Cartwrightbelievesonecanexerciseconsciouscontroloverrecurringbaddreams.Assoonasyouawaken,identifywhatisupsettingaboutthedream.Visualizehowyouwouldlikeittoendinstead;thenexttimeitoccurs,trytowakeupjustenoughtocontrolitscourse.Withmuchpracticepeoplecanlearnto,literally,doitintheirsleep.Attheendoftheday,there*sprobablylittlereasontopayattentiontoourdreamsatallunlesstheykeepusfromsleepingor“wewakeupinapanic,“Cartwrightsays.Terrorism,economicuncertaintiesandgeneralfeelingsofinsecurityhaveincreasedpeople*sanxiety.Thosesufferingfrompersistentnightmaresshouldseekhelpfromatherapist.Fortherestofus,thebrain

76hasitswaysofworkingthroughbadfeelings.Sleep-orratherdream—onitandyou'IIfeelbetterinthemorning.26.Researchershavecometobelievethatdreams.[A]canbemodifiedintheircourses[B]aresusceptibletoemotionalchanges[C]reflectourinnermostdesiresandfears[D]arearandomoutcomeofneuralrepairs27.Byreferringtothelimbicsystem,theauthorintendstoshow.[A]itsfunctioninourdreams[B]themechanismofREMsleep[C]therelationofdreamstoemotions[D]itsdifferencefromtheprefrontalcortex28.Thenegativefeelingsgeneratedduringthedaytendto.[A]aggravateinourunconsciousmind[B]developintohappydreams[C]persisttillthetimewefallasleep[D]showupindreamsearlyatnight29.Cartwrightseemstosuggestthat.[A]wakingupintimeisessentialtotheriddingofbaddreams[B]visualizingbaddreamshelpsbringthemundercontrol[C]dreamsshouldbelefttotheirnaturalprogression[D]dreamingmaynotentirelybelongtotheunconscious30.WhatadvicemightCartwrightgivetothosewhosometimeshavebaddreams?[A]Leadyourlifeasusual.[B]Seekprofessionalhelp.[C]Exerciseconsciouscontrol.[D]Avoidanxietyinthedaytime.Text4Americansnolongerexpectpublicfigures,whetherinspeechorinwriting,tocommandtheEnglishlanguagewithskillandgift.Nordotheyaspiretosuchcommandthemselves.Inhislatestbook,DoingOurOwnThing:TheDegradationofLanguageandMusicandWhyWeShould,Like,Care,JohnMcWhorter;alinguistandcontroversialistofmixedliberalandconservativeviews,seesthetriumphof1960scounter-cultureasresponsibleforthedeclineofformalEnglish.Blamingthepermissive1960sisnothingnew,butthisisnotyetanothercriticismagainstthedeclineineducation.Mr.McWhorter*sacademicspecialityislanguagehistoryandchange,andheseesthegradualdisappearanceof"whom,“forexample,tobenaturalandnomoreregrettablethanthelossofthecase-endingsofOldEnglish.Butthecultoftheauthenticandthepersonal,“doingourownthing,“hasspeltthedeathofformalspeech,writing,poetryandmusic.Whileeventhemodestlyeducatedsoughtanelevatedtonewhentheyputpentopaperbeforethe1960s,eventhemostwellregardedwritingsincethenhassoughttocapturespokenEnglishonthepage.Equally,inpoetry,thehighlypersonal,performativegenreistheonlyformthatcouldclaimrealliveliness.InbothoralandwrittenEnglish,talkingistriumphingoverspeaking,spontaneityovercraft.Illustratedwithanentertainingarrayofexamplesfrombothhighandlowculture,thetrendthatMr.McWhorterdocumentsisunmistakable.Butitislessclear;totakethequestionofhissubtitle,whyweshould,like,care.Asalinguist,heacknowledgesthatallvarietiesofhumanlanguage,includingnon-standardoneslikeBlackEnglish,canbepowerfullyexpressive-thereexistsnolanguageordialectintheworldthatcannotconveycomplexideas.Heisnotarguing,asmanydo,thatwecannolongerthinkstraightbecausewedonottalkproper.Russianshaveadeeplovefortheirownlanguageandcarrylargechunksofmemorizedpoetryintheirheads,whileItalian

77politicianstendtoelaboratespeechthatwouldseemold-fashionedtomostEnglish-speakers.Mr.McWhorteracknowledgesthatformallanguageisnotstrictlynecessary,andproposesnoradicaleducationreforms-heisreallygrievingoverthelossofsomethingbeautifulmorethanuseful.WenowtakeourEnglish“onpaperplatesinsteadofchina."Ashame,perhaps,butprobablyaninevitableone.26.AccordingtoMcWhorter;thedeclineofformalEnglish.[A]isinevitableinradicaleducationreforms[B]isbutalltoonaturalinlanguagedevelopment[C]hascausedthecontroversyoverthecounter-culture[D]broughtaboutchangesinpublicattitudesinthe1960s27.Theword“talking”(Line6,Paragraph3)denotes.[A]modesty[B]personality[C]liveliness[D]informality28.TowhichofthefollowingstatementswouldMcWhortermostlikelyagree?[A]Logicalthinkingisnotnecessarilyrelatedtothewaywetalk.[B]BlackEnglishcanbemoreexpressivethanstandardEnglish.[C]Non-standardvarietiesofhumanlanguagearejustasentertaining.[D]Ofallthevarieties,standardEnglishcanbestconveycomplexideas.29.ThedescriptionofRussians*loveofmemorizingpoetryshowstheauthorTs.[A]interestintheirlanguage[B]appreciationoftheirefforts[C]admirationfortheirmemory[D]contemptfortheirold-fashionedness30.Accordingtothelastparagraph,“paperplates”isto"china"as.[A]"temporary“istoMpermanentn[B]"radical“istouconservativew[C]"functional"isto"artistic”[D]"humble”isto“noble”PartBDirections:Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Canada*spremiers(theleadersofprovincialgovernments),iftheyhaveanybreathleftaftercomplainingaboutOttawaattheirlateJulyannualmeeting,mightspareamomenttodosomething,together;toreducehealth-carecosts.They'reallgroaningaboutsoaringhealthbudgets,thefastest-growingcomponentofwhicharepharmaceuticalcosts.31.Whattodo?BoththeRomanowcommissionandtheKirbycommitteeonhealthcare-tosaynothingofreportsfromotherexperts-recommendedthecreationofanationaldrugagency.Insteadofeachprovincehavingitsownlistofapproveddrugs,bureaucracy,proceduresandlimitedbargainingpower,allwouldpoolresources,workwithOttawa,andcreateanationalinstitution.32.But“national“doesn'thavetomeanthat."National“couldmeaninterprovincial-provincescombiningeffortstocreateonebody.

78Eitherway,onebenefitofa“national“organizationwouldbetonegotiatebetterprices,ifpossible,withdrugmanufacturers.Insteadofhavingoneprovince-oraseriesofhospitalswithinaprovince-negotiateapriceforagivendrugontheprovinciallist,thenationalagencywouldnegotiateonbehalfofallprovinces.Ratherthan,say,Quebec,negotiatingonbehalfofsevenmillionpeople,thenationalagencywouldnegotiateonbehalfof31millionpeople.Basiceconomicssuggeststhegreaterthepotentialconsumers,thehigherthelikelihoodofabetterprice.26.AsmallstephasbeentakeninthedirectionofanationalagencywiththecreationoftheCanadianCo-ordinatingOfficeforHealthTechnologyAssessment,fundedbyOttawaandtheprovinces.Underit,aCommonDrugReviewrecommendstoprovinciallistswhichnewdrugsshouldbeincluded.Predictably,andregrettably,Quebecrefusedtojoin.Afewpremiersaresuspiciousofanyfederal-provincialdeal-making.They(particularlyQuebecandAlberta)justwantOttawatoforkoveradditionalbillionswithfew,ifany,stringsattached.That'sonereasonwhytheideaofanationallisthasn'tgoneanywhere,whiledrugcostskeeprisingfast.44.PremierslovetoquoteMr.Romanow?sreportselectively,especiallythepartsaboutmorefederalmoney.Perhapstheyshouldreadwhathehadtosayaboutdrugs:"Anationaldrugagencywouldprovidegovernmentsmoreinfluenceonpharmaceuticalcompaniesinordertoconstraintheever-increasingcostofdrugs.”45.SowhenthepremiersgatherinNiagaraFallstoassembletheirusualcomplaintlist,theyshouldalsogetcrackingaboutsomethingintheirjurisdictionthatwouldhelptheirbudgetsandpatients.[A]Quebec*sresistancetoanationalagencyisprovincialistideology.OneofthefirstadvocatesforanationallistwasaresearcheratLavalUniversity.QuebecJsDrugInsuranceFundhasseenitscostsskyrocketwithannualincreasesfrom14.3percentto26.8percent![B]OrtheycouldreadMr.Kirby,sreport:"thesubstantialbuyingpowerofsuchanagencywouldstrengthenthepublicprescription-druginsuranceplanstonegotiatethelowestpossiblepurchasepricesfromdrugcompanies.”[C]Whatdoes“national"mean?RoyRomanowandSenatorMichaelKirbyrecommendedafederal-provincialbodymuchliketherecentlycreatedNationalHealthCouncil.[D]Theproblemissimpleandstark:health-carecostshavebeen,are,andwillcontinuetoincreasefasterthangovernmentrevenues.[E]AccordingtotheCanadianInstituteforHealthInformation,prescriptiondrugcostshaverisensince1997attwicetherateofoverallhealth-carespending.Partoftheincreasecomesfromdrugsbeingusedtoreplaceotherkindsoftreatments.Partofitarisesfromnewdrugscostingmorethanolderkinds.Partofitishigherprices.[F]So,iftheprovinceswanttorunthehealth-careshow,theyshouldprovetheycanrunit,startingwithaninterprovincialhealthlistthatwouldendduplication,saveadministrativecosts,preventoneprovincefrombeingplayedoffagainstanother;andbargainforbetterdrugprices.[G]Ofcourse,thepharmaceuticalcompanieswillscream.Theylikedividedbuyers;theycanlobbybetterthatway.Theycanusethethreatofremovingjobsfromoneprovincetoanother.Theycanhopethat,ifoneprovinceincludesadrugonitslist,thepressurewillcauseotherstoincludeitontheirs.Theywouldn,tlikeanationalagency,butself-interestwouldleadthemtodealwithit.PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)ItisnoteasytotalkabouttheroleofthemassmediainthisoverwhelminglysignificantphaseinEuropeanhistory.Historyandnewsbecomeconfused,andone'simpressionstendtobeamixtureofskepticismandoptimism.46)Televisionisoneofthemeansbywhichthesefeelingsarecreatedandconveyed-andperhapsneverbeforehasitservedsomuchtoconnectdifferentpeoplesandnationsasintherecenteventsinEurope.TheEuropethatisnowformingcannotbeanythingotherthanitspeoples,theirculturesandnationalidentities.WiththisinmindwecanbegintoanalyzetheEuropeantelevisionscene.47)

79InEurope,aselsewhere,multi-mediagroupshavebeenincreasinglysuccessful:groupswhichbringtogethertelevision,radio,newspapers,magazinesandpublishinghousesthatworkinrelationtooneanother.OneItalianexamplewouldbetheBerlusconigroup,whileabroadMaxwellandMurdochcometomind.Clearly,onlythebiggestandmostflexibletelevisioncompaniesaregoingtobeabletocompeteinsucharichandhotly-contestedmarket.48)Thisalonedemonstratesthatthetelevisionbusinessisnotaneasyworldtosurvivein,afactunderlinedbystatisticsthatshowthatoutofeightyEuropeantelevisionnetworks,nolessthan50%tookalossin1989.Moreover;theintegrationoftheEuropeancommunitywillobligetelevisioncompaniestocooperatemorecloselyintermsofbothproductionanddistribution.49)Creatinga“EuropeanidentitywthatrespectsthedifferentculturesandtraditionswhichgotomakeuptheconnectingfabricoftheOldContinentisnoeasytaskanddemandsastrategicchoice—thatofproducingprogramsinEuropeforEurope.ThisentailsreducingourdependenceontheNorthAmericanmarket,whoseprogramsrelatetoexperiencesandculturaltraditionswhicharedifferentfromourown.Inordertoachievetheseobjectives,wemustconcentratemoreonco-productions,theexchangeofnews,documentaryservicesandtraining.ThisalsoinvolvestheagreementsbetweenEuropeancountriesforthecreationofaEuropeanbankforTelevisionProductionwhich,onthemodeloftheEuropeanInvestmentsBank,willhandlethefinancesnecessaryforproductioncosts.50)Indealingwithachallengeonsuchascale,itisnoexaggerationtosay“Unitedwestand,dividedwefall”—andifIhadtochooseasloganitwouldbe“Unityinourdiversity.wAunityofobjectivesthatnonethelessrespectthevariedpeculiaritiesofeachcountry.SectionIIIWritingPartA51.Directions:TwomonthsagoyougotajobasaneditorforthemagazineDesigns&Fashions.Butnowyoufindthattheworkisnotwhatyouexpected.Youdecidetoquit.Writealettertoyourboss,Mr.Wang,tellinghimyourdecision,statingyourreason(s),andmakinganapology.Writeyourletterwithnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter;use“LiMing“instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.(10points)PartB52.Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshouldfirstdescribethedrawing,theninterpretitsmeaning,andgiveyourcommentonit.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)51.参考范文ALetter;toQuitJun22,2005DearMr.Wang,Firstofall,pleaseallowmetoexpressmydeepsorrytoyouformyresignation.IdoknowthatthiswillbringaboutmuchtroubletoyousothatIwritetoyouformyexplanation.Idecidedtoquitforsomereasonsasfollows.Tobeginwith,thejobasaneditorforthemagazineDesigns&Fashionsisnotsuitabletome.What'smore,IampreparingforanotherdegreeandIprefertofurthermystudy.Again,Iapologizeformyresignationtoyou!Iamlookingforwardtoyourearlyreply.Sincerelyyours,LiMingPartB(20points)52.参考范文AHelplessFatherThepictureironicallyshowsthatapitiableoldmaninragsisbeinghelplesslykickedoffbyhisthreesonsandadaughter;who

80allweardecentclothes.ThefatherJsnegligentchildrenareallguardingtheirhomegateslesttheiroldfatherurollinto“theirhouseholds.Inotherwords,theyfourignoretheirmoralsenseofassumingtheresponsibilityfortheiroldfathereventhoughtheymaybealllivingasatisfyinglife.Thatisapainfulsceneweoftenencounterinourdailylife.Sadtosay,themoraldeclineoftheyoungergenerationsmaybearatherexplosivesituationinourmodernsociety.Peopledefinitelyhavetheirlivingconditionsimprovedbywiderandwidermargins,asevidencedbythefourchildren*sdecentdressing,buttheirmoralsensestillremainssadlyunchangedorinsomecasesbecomesdramaticallydowngrading.Mostpeoplemighthavebecometoomuchself-centered,andevenworse,theydiscardthetraditionofgivingrespecttotheelderly.Theynolongercarefortheirelders,letalonetheirneighborsorthedisadvantaged;insteadtheytryeverymeanstoavoidresponsibilityforothercitizens.Whenonecaresforothers,onemightevenappearstupidormayevenbedistrusted.Therefore,wehavetotakesomeusefulmeasurestoavoidthescenethatismentionedabove.Wemustlaunchavarietyofcampaignsaboutthereturntothegoodtraditionofgivinghelpandlovetheelderly.Moreover;wemustappealtoourgovernmenttoestablishsomerelevantlawstopunishthosewhoavoidtheirduties.Thelastbutnottheleast,ourrespectforageisanindicationoftheprogressofhumansociety,asimperativesoftraditionsrequire.Wesincerelywishthattheoldmancouldbewelcometoanyofthefourhouseholds,elegantlydressed,andasmileontheface.SectionIIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A]z[B]z[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquency(crimescommittedbyyoungpeople)focuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories长21喜ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior长22喜theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough长23喜withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin长24喜totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus,长25喜asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues.Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies,长26喜thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes长27喜lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheories,however;aretentativeandare长28喜tocriticism.Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirectly长29喜juvenilecrimerates.Forexample,changesintheeconomythat长30喜tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment长31喜makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin长32喜leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior.Familieshavealso长33喜changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;长34喜，childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome长35喜wascommoninthetraditionalfamily长36喜.Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other长37喜causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschool,theincreased长38喜ofdrugsandalcohol,andthegrowing长39喜ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact,长40喜adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.21.[A]acting[B]relying[C]centering[D]commenting22.[A]before[B]unless[C]until[D]because23.[A]interactions[B]assimilation[C]cooperation[D]consultation24.[A]return[B]reply[C]reference[D]response25.[A]or[B]butrather[C]but[D]orelse26.[A]considering[B]ignoring[C]highlighting[D]discarding27.[A]on[B]in[C]for[D]with28.[A]immune[B]resistant[C]sensitive[D]subject29.[A]affect[B]reduce[C]check[D]reflect

8121.[A]point[B]lead[C]come[D]amount22.[A]ingeneral[B]onaverage[C]bycontrast[D]atlength23.[A]case[B]short[C]turn[D]essence24.[A]survived[B]noticed[C]undertaken[D]experienced25.[A]contrarily[B]consequently[C]similarly[D]simultaneously26.[A]than[B]that[C]which[D]as27.[A]system[B]structure[C]concept[D]heritage28.[A]assessable[B]identifiable[C]negligible[D]incredible29.[A]expense[B]restriction[C]allocation[D]availability30.[A]incidence[B]awareness[C]exposure[D]popularity40.[A]provided[B]since[C]although[D]supposingSectionIIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D]MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Huntingforajoblatelastyear;lawyerGantRedmonstumbledacrossCareerBuilder;ajobdatabaseontheInternet.Hesearcheditwithnosuccessbutwasattractedbythesite's"personalsearchagent."It'saninteractivefeaturethatletsvisitorskeyinjobcriteriasuchaslocation,title,andsalary,thenE-mailsthemwhenamatchingpositionispostedinthedatabase.Redmonchosethekeywordslegal,intellectualproperty,andWashington,D.C.Threeweekslater;hegothisfirstnotificationofanopening."Istruckgold,“saysRedmon,whoE-mailedhisresumetotheemployerandwonapositionasin-housecounselforacompany.Withthousandsofcareer-relatedsitesontheInternet,findingpromisingopeningscanbetime-consumingandinefficient.Searchagentsreducetheneedforrepeatedvisitstothedatabases.ButalthoughasearchagentworkedforRedmon,careerexpertsseedrawbacks.Narrowingyourcriteria,forexample,mayworkagainstyou:"Everytimeyouansweraquestionyoueliminateapossibility.saysoneexpert.Foranyjobsearch,youshouldstartwithanarrowconcept-whatyouthinkyouwanttodo—thenbroadenit."Noneoftheseprogramsdothat,“saysanotherexpert."There'snocareercounselingimplicitinallofthis."Instead,thebeststrategyistousetheagentasakindoftipservicetokeepabreastofjobsinaparticulardatabase;whenyougetE-mail,consideritaremindertocheckthedatabaseagain."Iwouldnotrelyonagentsforfindingeverythingthatisaddedtoadatabasethatmightinterestme,“saystheauthorofajob-searchingguide.Somesitesdesigntheiragentstotemptjobhunterstoreturn.WhenCareerSite*sagentsendsoutmessagestothosewhohavesignedupforitsservice,forexample,itincludesonlythreepotentialjobs-thoseitconsidersthebestmatches.Theremaybemorematchesinthedatabase;jobhunterswillhavetovisitthesiteagaintofindthem-andtheydo."Onthedayafterwesendourmessages,weseeasharpincreaseinourtraffic,“saysSethPeets,vicepresidentofmarketingforCareerSite.Eventhosewhoaren'thuntingforjobsmayfindsearchagentsworthwhile.Someusethemtokeepaclosewatchonthedemandfortheirlineofworkorgatherinformationoncompensationtoarmthemselveswhennegotiatingforaraise.Althoughhappilyemployed,RedmonmaintainshisagentatCareerBuilder."Youalwayskeepyoureyesopen,“hesays.Workingwithapersonalsearchagentmeanshavinganothersetofeyeslookingoutforyou.41.HowdidRedmonfindhisjob?[A]Bysearchingopeningsinajobdatabase.[B]Bypostingamatchingpositioninadatabase.[C]Byusingaspecialserviceofadatabase.[D]ByE-mailinghisresumetoadatabase.42.Whichofthefollowingcanbeadisadvantageofsearchagents?

82[A]Lackofcounseling.[B]Limitednumberofvisits.[C]Lowerefficiency.[D]Fewersuccessfulmatches.41.Theexpression“tipserviceM(Line4,Paragraph3)mostprobablymeans.[A]advisory[B]compensation[C]interaction[D]reminder42.WhydoesCareerSite'sagentoffereachjobhunteronlythreejoboptions?[A]Tofocusonbetterjobmatches.[B]Toattractmorereturningvisits.[C]Toreservespaceformoremessages.[D]Toincreasetherateofsuccess.43.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext?[A]Personalsearchagentsareindispensabletojob-hunters.[B]SomesiteskeepE-mailingjobseekerstotracetheirdemands.[C]Personalsearchagentsarealsohelpfultothosealreadyemployed.[D]Someagentsstopsendinginformationtopeopleoncetheyareemployed.Text2Overthepastcentury,allkindsofunfairnessanddiscriminationhavebeencondemnedormadeillegal.Butoneinsidiousformcontinuestothrive:alphabetism.This,forthoseasyetunawareofsuchadisadvantage,referstodiscriminationagainstthosewhosesurnamesbeginwithaletterinthelowerhalfofthealphabet.IthaslongbeenknownthatataxifirmcalledAAAAcarshasabigadvantageoverZodiaccarswhencustomersthumbthroughtheirphonedirectories.LesswellknownistheadvantagethatAdamAbbotthasinlifeoverZo.Zysman.Englishnamesarefairlyevenlyspreadbetweenthehalvesofthealphabet.YetasuspiciouslylargenumberoftoppeoplehavesurnamesbeginningwithlettersbetweenAandK.ThustheAmericanpresidentandvice-presidenthavesurnamesstartingwithBandCrespectively;and26ofGeorgeBush'spredecessors(includinghisfather)hadsurnamesinthefirsthalfofthealphabetagainstjust16inthesecondhalf.Evenmorestriking,sixofthesevenheadsofgovernmentoftheG7richcountriesarealphabeticallyadvantaged(Berlusconi,Blair;Bush,Chirac,ChretienandKoizumi).Theworld'sthreetopcentralbankers(Greenspan,DuisenbergandHayami)areallclosetothetopofthealphabet,evenifoneofthemreallyusesJapanesecharacters.Asaretheworld'sfiverichestmen(Gates,Buffett,Allen,EllisonandAlbrecht).Canthismerelybecoincidence?Onetheory,dreamtupinallthesparetimeenjoyedbythealphabeticallydisadvantaged,isthattherotsetsinearly.Atthestartofthefirstyearininfantschool,teachersseatpupilsalphabeticallyfromthefront,tomakeiteasiertoremembertheirnames.Soshort-sightedZysmanjuniorgetsstuckinthebackrow,andisrarelyaskedtheimprovingquestionsposedbythoseinsensitiveteachers.Atthetimethealphabeticallydisadvantagedmaythinktheyhavehadaluckyescape.Yettheresultmaybeworsequalifications,becausetheygetlessindividualattention,aswellaslessconfidenceinspeakingpublicly.Thehumiliationcontinues.Atuniversitygraduationceremonies,theABCsproudlygettheirawardsfirst;bythetimetheyreachtheZysmansmostpeopleareliterallyhavingaZZZ.Shortlistsforjobinterviews,electionballotpapers,listsofconferencespeakersandattendees:alltendtobedrawnupalphabetically,andtheirrecipientsloseinterestastheyploughthroughthem.44.WhatdoestheauthorintendtoillustratewithAAAAcarsandZodiaccars?[A]Akindofoverlookedinequality.

83[A]Atypeofconspicuousbias.[B]Atypeofpersonalprejudice.[C]Akindofbranddiscrimination.41.Whatcanweinferfromthefirstthreeparagraphs?[A]InbothEastandWest,namesareessentialtosuccess.[B]ThealphabetistoblameforthefailureofZo.Zysman.[C]Customersoftenpayalotofattentiontocompanies,names.[D]Someformofdiscriminationistoosubtletorecognize.42.The4thparagraphsuggeststhat.[A]questionsareoftenputtothemoreintelligentstudents[B]alphabeticallydisadvantagedstudentsoftenescapefromclass[C]teachersshouldpayattentiontoalloftheirstudents[D]studentsshouldbeseatedaccordingtotheireyesight43.Whatdoestheauthormeanby,mostpeopleareliterallyhavingaZZZ”(Lines2-3,Paragraph5)?[A]Theyaregettingimpatient.[B]Theyarenoisilydozingoff.[C]Theyarefeelinghumiliated.[D]Theyarebusywithwordpuzzles.44.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext?[A]PeoplewithsurnamesbeginningwithNtoZareoftenill-treated.[B]VIPsintheWesternworldgainagreatdealfromalphabetism.[C]Thecampaigntoeliminatealphabetismstillhasalongwaytogo.[D]Puttingthingsalphabeticallymayleadtounintentionalbias.Text3Whenitcomestotheslowingeconomy,EllenSperoisn9tbitinghernailsjustyet.Butthe47-year-oldmanicuristisn'tcutting,filingorpolishingasmanynailsasshe'dliketo,either.Mostofherclientsspend$12to$50weekly,butlastmonthtwolongtimecustomerssuddenlystoppedshowingup.Speroblamesthesofteningeconomy."I'magoodeconomicindicator,“shesays,"Iprovideaservicethatpeoplecandowithoutwhenthey'reconcernedaboutsavingsomedollars.,,SoSperoisdownscaling,shoppingatmiddle-browDillard'sdepartmentstorenearhersuburbanClevelandhome,insteadofNeimanMarcus."Idon'tknowifotherclientsaregoingtoabandonme,too.99shesays.EvenbeforeAlanGreenspan*sadmissionthatAmericafsred-hoteconomyiscooling,lotsofworkingfolkshadalreadyseensignsoftheslowdownthemselves.FromcardealershipstoGapoutlets,saleshavebeenlaggingformonthsasshopperstempertheirspending.Forretailers,wholastyeartookin24percentoftheirrevenuebetweenThanksgivingandChristmas,thecautiousapproachiscomingatacrucialtime.Already,expertssay,holidaysalesareoff7percentfromlastyear*space.Butdon'tsoundanyalarmsjustyet.Consumersseemonlymildlyconcerned,notpanicked,andmanysaytheyremainoptimisticabouttheeconomyJslong-termprospects,evenastheydosomemodestbelt-tightening.Consumerssaythey*renotindespairbecause,despitethedreadfulheadlines,theirownfortunesstillfeelprettygood.Homepricesareholdingsteadyinmostregions.InManhattan,“there'sanewgoldrushhappeninginthe$4millionto$10millionrange,predominantlyfedbyWallStreetbonuses,“saysbrokerBarbaraCorcoran.InSanFrancisco,pricesarestillrisingevenasfrenziedoverbiddingquiets.uInsteadof20to30offers,nowmaybeyouonlygettwoorthree,“saysJohnTealdi,aBayAreareal-estatebroker.Andmostfolksstillfeelprettycomfortableabouttheirabilitytofindandkeepajob.Manyfolksseesilverliningstothisslowdown.Potentialhomebuyerswouldcheerforlowerinterestrates.Employerswouldn'tmindalittlefewerbubblesinthejobmarket.Manyconsumersseemtohavebeeninfluencedbystock-marketswings,whichinvestorsnowviewasanecessaryingredienttoasustainedboom.Dinersmightseeanupside,too.GettingatableatManhattan*shotnewAlainDucasserestaurantusedtobeimpossible.Notanymore.Forthat,Greenspan&Co.maystillbe

84worthtoasting.41.ByuEllenSperoisn'tbitinghernailsjustyetM(Unes1-2,Paragraph1),theauthormeans.[A]Sperocanhardlymaintainherbusiness[8]Speroistoomuchengagedinherwork[C]Sperohasgrownoutofherbadhabit[D]Speroisnotinadesperatesituation42.Howdothepublicfeelaboutthecurrenteconomicsituation?[A]Optimistic.[B]Confused.[C]Carefree.[D]Panicked.43.Whenmentioning"the$4millionto$10millionrangeM(Lines3-4,Paragraph3)theauthoristalkingabout.[A]goldmarket[B]realestate[C]stockexchange[D]ventureinvestment44.Whycanmanypeoplesee“silverlinings“totheeconomicslowdown?[A]Theywouldbenefitincertainways.[B]Thestockmarketshowssignsofrecovery.[C]Suchaslowdownusuallyprecedesaboom.[D]Thepurchasingpowerwouldbeenhanced.45.Towhichofthefollowingistheauthorlikelytoagree?[A]Anewboom,onthehorizon.[B]Tightenthebelt,thesingleremedy.[C]Cautionallright,panicnot.[D]Themoreventures,themorechances.Text4Americanstodaydon'tplaceaveryhighvalueonintellect.Ourheroesareathletes,entertainers,andentrepreneurs,notscholars.Evenourschoolsarewherewesendourchildrentogetapracticaleducation—nottopursueknowledgeforthesakeofknowledge.Symptomsofpervasiveanti-intellectualisminourschoolsaren9tdifficulttofind.uSchoolshavealwaysbeeninasocietywherepracticalismoreimportantthanintellectual,“sayseducationwriterDianeRavitch.uSchoolscouldbeacounterbalance.wRavitch*slatestbook,LeftBack:ACenturyofFailedSchoolReforms,tracestherootsofanti-intellectualisminourschools,concludingtheyareanythingbutacounterbalancetotheAmericandistasteforintellectualpursuits.Buttheycouldandshouldbe.Encouragingkidstorejectthelifeofthemindleavesthemvulnerabletoexploitationandcontrol.Withouttheabilitytothinkcritically,todefendtheirideasandunderstandtheideasofothers,theycannotfullyparticipateinourdemocracy.Continuingalongthispath,sayswriterEarlShorris,“Wewillbecomeasecond-ratecountry.Wewillhavealesscivilsociety.”“Intellectisresentedasaformofpowerorprivilege,“writeshistorianandprofessorRichardHofstadterinAnti-IntellectualisminAmericanLife,aPulitzer-Prizewinningbookontherootsofanti-intellectualisminUSpolitics,religion,andeducation.Fromthebeginningofourhistory,saysHofstadter;ourdemocraticandpopulisturgeshavedrivenustorejectanythingthatsmellsofelitism.Practicality,commonsense,andnativeintelligencehavebeenconsideredmorenoblequalitiesthananythingyoucouldlearnfromabook.RalphWaldoEmersonandotherTranscendentalistphilosophersthoughtschoolingandrigorousbooklearningputunnaturalrestraintsonchildren:"Weareshutupinschoolsandcollegerecitationroomsfor10or15yearsandcomeoutatlastwithabellyfulofwordsanddonotknowathing."MarkTwain*sHuckleberryFinnexemplifiedAmericananti-intellectualism.Itsheroavoidsbeingcivilized—goingtoschoolandlearningtoread—sohecanpreservehisinnategoodness.

85Intellect,accordingtoHofstadter;isdifferentfromnativeintelligence,aqualitywereluctantlyadmire.Intellectisthecritical,creative,andcontemplativesideofthemind.Intelligenceseekstograsp,manipulate,re-ordecandadjust,whileintellectexamines,ponders,wonders,theorizes,criticizesandimagines.Schoolremainsaplacewhereintellectismistrusted.Hofstadtersaysourcountry*seducationalsystemisinthegripsofpeoplewhoujoyfullyandmilitantlyproclaimtheirhostilitytointellectandtheireagernesstoidentifywithchildrenwhoshowtheleastintellectualpromise.w56.WhatdoAmericanparentsexpecttheirchildrentoacquireinschool?[A]Thehabitofthinkingindependently.[B]Profoundknowledgeoftheworld.[C]Practicalabilitiesforfuturecareer.[D]Theconfidenceinintellectualpursuits.57.WecanlearnfromthetextthatAmericanshaveahistoryof.[A]undervaluingintellect[B]favoringintellectualism[C]supportingschoolreform[D]suppressingnativeintelligence58.TheviewsofRavitchandEmersononschoolingare.[A]identical[B]similar[C]complementary[D]opposite59.Emerson,accordingtothetext,isprobably.[A]apioneerofeducationreform[B]anopponentofintellectualism[C]ascholarinfavorofintellect[D]anadvocateofregularschooling60.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofintellect?[A]Itissecondtointelligence.[B]Itevolvesfromcommonsense.[C]Itistobepursued.[D]Itunderliespower.PartBDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)Therelationoflanguageandmindhasinterestedphilosophersformanycenturies.61)TheGreeksassumedthatthestructureoflanguagehadsomeconnectionwiththeprocessofthought,whichtookrootinEuropelongbeforepeoplerealizedhowdiverselanguagescouldbe.Onlyrecentlydidlinguistsbegintheseriousstudyoflanguagesthatwereverydifferentfromtheirown.Twoanthropologist-linguists,FranzBoasandEdwardSapir,werepioneersindescribingmanynativelanguagesofNorthandSouthAmericaduringthefirsthalfofthetwentiethcentury.62)Weareobligedtothembecausesomeoftheselanguageshavesincevanished,asthepeopleswhospokethemdiedoutorbecameassimilatedandlosttheirnativelanguages.Otherlinguistsintheearlierpartofthiscentury,however;whowerelesseagertodealwithbizarredatafrom“exotic”language,werenotalwayssograteful.63)ThenewlydescribedlanguageswereoftensostrikinglydifferentfromthewellstudiedlanguagesofEuropeandSoutheastAsiathatsomescholarsevenaccusedBoasandSapiroffabricatingtheirdata.NativeAmericanlanguagesareindeeddifferent,somuchsoinfactthatNavajocouldbeusedbytheUSmilitaryasacodeduringWorldWarII

86tosendsecretmessages.Sapir'spupil,BenjaminLeeWhorf,continuedthestudyofAmericanIndianlanguages.64)Beinginterestedintherelationshipoflanguageandthought,Whorfdevelopedtheideathatthestructureoflanguagedeterminesthestructureofhabitualthoughtinasociety.Hereasonedthatbecauseitiseasiertoformulatecertainconceptsandnotothersinagivenlanguage,thespeakersofthatlanguagethinkalongonetrackandnotalonganother.65)Whorfcametobelieveinasortoflinguisticdeterminismwhich,initsstrongestform,statesthatlanguageimprisonsthemind,andthatthegrammaticalpatternsinalanguagecanproducefar-reachingconsequencesforthecultureofasociety.Later;thisideabecametobeknownastheSapir-Whorfhypothesis,butthistermissomewhatinappropriate.AlthoughbothSapirandWhorfemphasizedthediversityoflanguages,Sapirhimselfneverexplicitlysupportedthenotionoflinguisticdeterminism.57.58.59.60.61.SectionIVWriting66.Directions:Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould1)describethedrawing,2)interpretitsmeaning,and3)supportyourviewwithexamples.Youshouldwriteabout200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)SectionIV:Writing(20points)66.参考范文Lookatthispicture.Amanisrunningtowardtheendofarace,sweatingallover.Perhapsthereisnothingspecialaboutthemanandtherace,yettheendlineleavesadeepimpressiononusforitisboth“finishline”andastartingline,,ifwelookatitfromadifferentangle.Thepicturetellsusalotaboutlife.Anordinaryrunnermaythinkthathisachievementcallsforcelebrationforhehasreachedhisgoal.Butanambitiousrunnerwillwellrealizethathissuccessisthestartingpointforanewrace.Obviously,thewaywelookatthingsdetermineshowfarwewillgo.Ifwefeelsatisfiedwiththeabilitytoreadandwrite,perhapswewillnotstrivetogetacollegeeducation.Again,ifwethinkaBachelordegreeisquiteenough,wewillnottakepainstopasstheexaminationforpostgraduate.Lifeisjustlikeanendlessrace.Ifwedon'tpreparefornewraces,weareeitherdisqualifiedfromtheraceorsurpassedbyothers.That'swhythefinishlineisalsoastartinglive.Ilikethispicture.Imayhavebeenrunningthisendlessrace,butIhavebeenpushedforwardbymyparentsorpeoplearoundme.Fromnowon,Iwillbecomemoreactiveandtaketheinitiative,forthepicturehasreallyenlightenedme.(233words)SectionIIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Teachersneedtobeawareoftheemotional,intellectual,andphysicalchangesthatyoungadultsexperience.Andtheyalsoneedtogiveserious长21喜tohowtheycanbest长22喜suchchanges.Growingbodiesneedmovementand长23喜，butnotjustinwaysthatemphasizecompetition.长24喜theyareadjustingtotheirnewbodiesandawholehostofnewintellectualandemotionalchallenges,teenagersareespeciallyself-consciousandneedthe长25喜thatcomesfromachievingsuccessandknowingthattheiraccomplishmentsare长26喜byothers.However;thetypicalteenagelifestyleisalreadyfilledwithsomuchcompetitionthatitwouldbe长27喜toplanactivitiesinwhichtherearemorewinnersthanlosers,长28喜,publishingnewsletterswithmanystudent-writtenbookreviews,长29喜studentartwork,andsponsoringbookdiscussionclubs.Avarietyofsmallclubscanprovide长30喜opportunitiesforleadership,aswellasforpracticeinsuccessful长31喜dynamics.Makingfriendsisextremelyimportanttoteenagers,andmanyshystudentsneedthe长32喜ofsomekindoforganizationwithasupportiveadult氏33喜visibleinthebackground.Intheseactivities,itisimportanttorememberthattheyoungteenshave长34喜attentionspans.Avarietyofactivitiesshouldbeorganized长35喜participantscanremainactiveaslongastheywantandthengoonto长36喜elsewithoutfeelingguiltyandwithoutlettingtheotherparticipants

87长37喜.Thisdoesnotmeanthatadultsmustacceptirresponsibility.长38喜，theycanhelpstudentsacquireasenseofcommitmentby长39喜forrolesthatarewithintheir长40喜andtheirattentionspansandbyhavingclearlystatedrules.21.[A]thought[B]idea[C]opinion[D]advice22.[A]strengthen[B]accommodate[C]stimulate[D]enhance23.[A]care[B]nutrition[C]exercise[D]leisure24.[A]lf[B]Although[C]Whereas[D]Because25.[A]assistance[B]guidance[C]confidence[D]tolerance26.[A]claimed[B]admired[C]ignored[D]surpassed27.[A]improper[B]risky[C]fair[D]wise28.[A]ineffect[B]asaresult[C]forexample[D]inasense29.[A]displaying[B]describing[C]creating[D]exchanging30.[A]durable[B]excessive[C]surplus[D]multiple31.[A]groups[B]individual[C]personnel[D]corporation32.[A]consent[B]insurance[C]admission[D]security33.[A]particularly[B]barely[C]definitely[D]rarely34.[A]similar[B]long[C]different[D]short35.[A]ifonly[B]nowthat[C]sothat[D]evenif36.[A]everything[B]anything[C]nothing[D]something第103页37.[A]off[B]down[C]out[D]alone38.[A]Onthecontrary[B]Ontheaverage[C]Onthewhole[D]Ontheotherhand39.[A]making[B]standing[C]planning[D]taking40.[A]capability[B]responsibility[C]proficiency[D]efficiencySectionIIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B]z[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1(40points)Text1WildBillDonovanwouldhavelovedtheInternet.TheAmericanspymasterwhobuilttheOfficeofStrategicServicesintheWorldWarIIandlaterlaidtherootsfortheCIAwasfascinatedwithinformation.Donovanbelievedinusingwhatevertoolscametohandintheugreatgame“ofespionage-spyingasa“profession."ThesedaystheNet,whichhasalreadyre-madesucheverydaypastimesasbuyingbooksandsendingmail,isreshapingDonovanJsvocationaswell.Thelatestrevolutionisn'tsimplyamatterofgentlemenreadingothergentlemen'se-mail.Thatkindofelectronicspyinghasbeengoingonfordecades.Inthepastthreeorfouryears,theWorldWideWebhasgivenbirthtoawholeindustryofpoint-and-clickspying.Thespookscallituopen-sourceintelligence,andastheNetgrows,itisbecomingincreasinglyinfluential.In1995theCIAheldacontesttoseewhocouldcompilethemostdataaboutBurundi.Thewinner;byalargemargin,wasatinyVirginiacompanycalledOpenSourceSolutions,whoseclearadvantagewasitsmasteryoftheelectronicworld.AmongthefirmsmakingthebiggestsplashinthenewworldisStraitford,lnc.#aprivateintelligence-analysisfirmbasedinAustin,Texas.Straitfordmakesmoneybysellingtheresultsofspying(coveringnationsfromChiletoRussia)tocorporationslikeenergy-servicesfirmMcDermottInternational.Manyofitspredictionsareavailableonlineatwww.straitford.com.StraitfordpresidentGeorgeFriedmansaysheseestheonlineworldasakindofmutuallyreinforcingtoolforbothinformationcollectionanddistribution,aspymasterJsdream.LastweekhisfirmwasbusyvacuumingupdatabitsfromthefarcornersoftheworldandpredictingacrisisinUkraine."Acsoonasthatreportruns,we'IIsuddenlyget500newInternetsign-upsfromUkraine,“saysFriedman,aformerpoliticalscienceprofessor."Andwe'IIhearbackfromsomeofthem/,Open-sourcespyingdoeshaveitsrisks,ofcourse,sinceitcanbedifficulttotellgoodinformationfrombad.That'swhereStraitfordearnsitskeep.FriedmanreliesonaleanstaffinAustin.Severalofhisstaffmembershavemilitary-intelligencebackgrounds.Heseesthefirm'soutsiderstatusasthekeytoitssuccess.Straitford'sbriefsdon'tsoundliketheusualWashingtonback-and-forthing,

88wherebyagenciesavoiddramaticdeclarationsonthechancetheymightbewrong.Straitford,saysFriedman,takesprideinitsindependentvoice.21.TheemergenceoftheNethas.[A]receivedsupportfromfanslikeDonovan[B]remoldedtheintelligenceservices[C]restoredmanycommonpastimes[D]revivedspyingasaprofession22.Donovan'sstoryismentionedinthetextto.[A]introducethetopicofonlinespying[B]showhowhefoughtfortheU.S.[C]giveanepisodeoftheinformationwar[D]honorhisuniqueservicestotheCIA23.Thephrase“makingthebiggestsplash”(Line1,Paragraph3)mostprobablymeans.[A]causingthebiggesttrouble[B]exertingthegreatesteffort[C]achievingthegreatestsuccess[D]enjoyingthewidestpopularity24.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph4that.[A]Straitford'spredictionaboutUkrainehasprovedtrue[B]Straitfordguaranteesthetruthfulnessofitsinformation[C]Straitford'sbusinessischaracterizedbyunpredictability[D]Straitfordisabletoprovidefairlyreliableinformation25.Straitfordismostproudofits.[A]officialstatus[B]nonconformistimage[C]efficientstaff[D]militarybackgroundText2Toparaphrase18th-centurystatesmanEdmundBurke,“allthatisneededforthetriumphofamisguidedcauseisthatgoodpeopledonothing."Onesuchcausenowseekstoendbiomedicalresearchbecauseofthetheorythatanimalshaverightsrulingouttheiruseinresearch.Scientistsneedtorespondforcefullytoanimalrightsadvocates,whoseargumentsareconfusingthepublicandtherebythreateningadvancesinhealthknowledgeandcare.Leadersoftheanimalrightsmovementtargetbiomedicalresearchbecauseitdependsonpublicfunding,andfewpeopleunderstandtheprocessofhealthcareresearch.Hearingallegationsofcrueltytoanimalsinresearchsettings,manyareperplexedthatanyonewoulddeliberatelyharmananimal.Forexample,agrandmotherlywomanstaffingananimalrightsboothatarecentstreetfairwasdistributingabrochurethatencouragedreadersnottouseanythingthatcomesfromoristestedinanimals-nomeat,nofuonomedicines.Askedifsheopposedimmunizations,shewantedtoknowifvaccinescomefromanimalresearch.Whenassuredthattheydo,shereplied,“ThenIwouldhavetosayyes."Askedwhatwillhappenwhenepidemicsreturn,shesaid,"Don'tworry,scientistswillfindsomewayofusingcomputers."Suchwell-meaningpeoplejustdon'tunderstand.Scientistsmustcommunicatetheirmessagetothepublicinacompassionate,understandableway—inhumanterms,notinthelanguageofmolecularbiology.WeneedtomakecleartheconnectionbetweenanimalresearchandagrandmotherTshipreplacement,afather'sbypassoperation,ababy'svaccinations,andevenapet'sshots.Tothosewhoareunawarethatanimalresearchwasneededtoproducethesetreatments,aswellasnewtreatmentsandvaccines,animalresearchseemswastefulatbestandcruelatworst.Muchcanbedone.Scientistscould“adopt“middleschoolclassesandpresenttheirownresearch.

89Theyshouldbequicktorespondtoletterstotheeditor;lestanimalrightsmisinformationgounchallengedandacquireadeceptiveappearanceoftruth.Researchinstitutionscouldbeopenedtotours,toshowthatlaboratoryanimalsreceivehumanecare.Finally,becausetheultimatestakeholdersarepatients,thehealthresearchcommunityshouldactivelyrecruittoitscausenotonlywell-knownpersonalitiessuchasStephenCooper,whohasmadecourageousstatementsaboutthevalueofanimalresearch,butallwhoreceivemedicaltreatment.Ifgoodpeopledonothingthereisarealpossibilitythatanuninformedcitizenrywillextinguishthepreciousembersofmedicalprogress.21.TheauthorbeginshisarticlewithEdmundBurke'swordsto.[A]callonscientiststotakesomeactions[B]criticizethemisguidedcauseofanimalrights[C]warnofthedoomofbiomedicalresearch[D]showthetriumphoftheanimalrightsmovement22.Misledpeopletendtothinkthatusingananimalinresearchis.[A]cruelbutnatural[B]inhumanandunacceptable[C]inevitablebutvicious[D]pointlessandwasteful23.Theexampleofthegrandmotherlywomanisusedtoshowthepublic's.[A]discontentwithanimalresearch[B]ignoranceaboutmedicalscience[C]indifferencetoepidemics[D]anxietyaboutanimalrights24.Theauthorbelievesthat,infaceofthechallengefromanimalrightsadvocates,scientistsshould[A]communicatemorewiththepublic[B]employhi-techmeansinresearch[C]feelnoshamefortheircause[D]strivetodevelopnewcures25.FromthetextwelearnthatStephenCooperis.[A]awell-knownhumanist[B]amedicalpractitioner[C]anenthusiastinanimalrights[D]asupporterofanimalresearchText3Inrecentyears,railroadshavebeencombiningwitheachother;mergingintosupersystems,causingheightenedconcernsaboutmonopoly.Asrecentlyas1995,thetopfourrailroadsaccountedforunder70percentofthetotalton-milesmovedbyrails.Nextyear;afteraseriesofmergersiscompleted,justfourrailroadswillcontrolwellover90percentofallthefreightmovedbymajorrailcarriers.Supportersofthenewsupersystemsarguethatthesemergerswillallowforsubstantialcostreductionsandbettercoordinatedservice.Anythreatofmonopoly,theyargue,isremovedbyfiercecompetitionfromtrucks.Butmanyshipperscomplainthatforheavybulkcommoditiestravelinglongdistances,suchascoal,chemicals,andgrain,truckingistoocostlyandtherailroadsthereforehavethembythethroat.Thevastconsolidationwithintherailindustrymeansthatmostshippersareservedbyonlyonerailcompany.Railroadstypicallychargesuch“captive“shippers20to30percentmorethantheydowhenanotherrailroadiscompetingforthebusiness.Shipperswhofeeltheyarebeingoverchargedhavetherighttoappealtothefederalgovernment'sSurfaceTransportationBoardforraterelief,buttheprocessisexpensive,time-consuming,andwillworkonlyintrulyextremecases.

90Railroadsjustifyratediscriminationagainstcaptiveshippersonthegroundsthatinthelongrunitreduceseveryone*scost.Ifrailroadschargedallcustomersthesameaveragerate,theyargue,shipperswhohavetheoptionofswitchingtotrucksorotherformsoftransportationwoulddoso,leavingremainingcustomerstoshoulderthecostofkeepinguptheline.It*satheorytowhichmanyeconomistssubscribe,butinpracticeitoftenleavesrailroadsinthepositionofdeterminingwhichcompanieswillflourishandwhichwillfail."Dowereallywantrailroadstobethearbitersofwhowinsandwholosesinthemarketplace?wasksMartinBercovici,aWashingtonlawyerwhofrequentlyrepresentsshipper.Manycaptiveshippersalsoworrytheywillsoonbehitwitharoundofhugerateincreases.Therailroadindustryasawhole,despiteitsbrighteningfortunes,stilldoesnotearnenoughtocoverthecostofthecapitalitmustinvesttokeepupwithitssurgingtraffic.Yetrailroadscontinuetoborrowbillionstoacquireoneanother;withWallStreetcheeringthemon.Considerthe$10.2billionbidbyNorfolkSouthernandCSXtoacquireConrailthisyear.Conrail,snetrailwayoperatingincomein1996wasjust$427million,lessthanhalfofthecarryingcostsofthetransaction.Who'sgoingtopayfortherestofthebill?Manycaptiveshippersfearthattheywill,asNorfolkSouthernandCSXincreasetheirgriponthemarket.21.Accordingtothosewhosupportmergers,railwaymonopolyisunlikelybecause.[A]costreductionisbasedoncompetition[B]servicescallforcross-tradecoordination[C]outsidecompetitorswillcontinuetoexist[D]shipperswillhavetherailwaybythethroat22.Whatismanycaptiveshippers*attitudetowardstheconsolidationintherailindustry?[A]Indifferent.[B]Supportive.[C]Indignant.[D]Apprehensive.23.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3that.[A]shipperswillbechargedlesswithoutarivalrailroad[B]therewillsoonbeonlyonerailroadcompanynationwide[C]overchargedshippersareunlikelytoappealforraterelief[D]agovernmentboardensuresfairplayinrailwaybusiness54.Theword“arbiters”(Line7,Paragraph4)mostprobablyreferstothose.[A]whoworkascoordinators[B]whofunctionasjudges[C]whosupervisetransactions[D]whodeterminetheprice55.Accordingtothetext,thecostincreaseintherailindustryismainlycausedby.[A]thecontinuingacquisition[B]thegrowingtraffic[C]thecheeringWallStreet[D]theshrinkingmarketText4ItissaidthatinEnglanddeathispressing,inCanadainevitableandinCaliforniaoptional.Smallwonder.Americans*lifeexpectancyhasnearlydoubledoverthepastcentury.Failinghipscanbereplaced,clinicaldepressioncontrolled,cataractsremovedina30-minutessurgicalprocedure.SuchadvancesoffertheagingpopulationaqualityoflifethatwasunimaginablewhenIenteredmedicine50yearsago.Butnotevenagreathealth-caresystemcancuredeath-andourfailuretoconfrontthatrealitynowthreatensthisgreatnessofours.Deathisnormal;wearegeneticallyprogrammedtodisintegrateandperish,evenunderidealconditions.Weallunderstandthatatsomelevel,yetasmedicalconsumerswetreatdeathasaproblemtobesolved.Shieldedbythird-partypayersfromthecostofourcare,wedemandeverythingthatcanpossiblybedoneforus,evenifit'suseless.Themostobviousexampleislate-stagecancercare.Physicians-frustratedbytheirinabilitytocurethediseaseandfearinglossofhopeinthepatient—

91toooftenofferaggressivetreatmentfarbeyondwhatisscientificallyjustified.In1950,theU.S.spent$12.7billiononhealthcare.In2002,thecostwillbe$1,540billion.Anyonecanseethistrendisunsustainable.Yetfewseemwillingtotrytoreverseit.Somescholarsconcludethatagovernmentwithfiniteresourcesshouldsimplystoppayingformedicalcarethatsustainslifebeyondacertainage—say83orso.FormerColoradogovernorRichardLammhasbeenquotedassayingthattheoldandinfirm“haveadutytodieandgetoutoftheway,“sothatyounger;healthierpeoplecanrealizetheirpotential.Iwouldnotgothatfar.Energeticpeoplenowroutinelyworkthroughtheir60sandbeyond,andremaindazzlinglyproductive.At78,ViacomchairmanSumnerRedstonejokinglyclaimstobe53.SupremeCourtJusticeSandraDay0'Connorisinher70s,andformersurgeongeneralC.EverettKoopchairsanInternetstart-upinhis80s.Theseleadersarelivingproofthatpreventionworksandthatwecanmanagethehealthproblemsthatcomenaturallywithage.Asamere68-year-old,Iwishtoageasproductivelyastheyhave.Yettherearelimitstowhatasocietycanspendinthispursuit.Askaphysician,Iknowthemostcostlyanddramaticmeasuresmaybeineffectiveandpainful.IalsoknowthatpeopleinJapanandSweden,countriesthatspendfarlessonmedicalcare,haveachievedlonger;healthierlivesthanwehave.Asanation,wemaybeoverfundingthequestforunlikelycureswhileunderfundingresearchonhumblertherapiesthatcouldimprovepeople*slives.55.Whatisimpliedinthefirstsentence?[A]Americansarebetterpreparedfordeaththanotherpeople.[B]Americansenjoyahigherlifequalitythaneverbefore.[C]Americansareover-confidentoftheirmedicaltechnology.[D]Americanstakeavainprideintheirlonglifeexpectancy.56.Theauthorusestheexampleofcancerpatientstoshowthat.[A]medicalresourcesareoftenwasted[B]doctorsarehelplessagainstfataldiseases[C]sometreatmentsaretooaggressive[D]medicalcostsarebecomingunaffordable57.Theauthor'sattitudetowardRichardLamm'sremarkisoneof.[A]strongdisapproval[B]reservedconsent[C]slightcontempt[D]enthusiasticsupport58.IncontrasttotheU.S.,JapanandSwedenarefundingtheirmedicalcare.[A]moreflexibly[B]moreextravagantly[C]morecautiously[D]morereasonably59.Thetextintendstoexpresstheideathat.[A]medicinewillfurtherprolongpeople*slives[B]lifebeyondacertainlimitisnotworthliving[C]deathshouldbeacceptedasafactoflife[D]excessivedemandsincreasethecostofhealthcarePartBDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)Humanbeingsinalltimesandplacesthinkabouttheirworldandwonderattheirplaceinit.Humansarethoughtfulandcreative,possessedofinsatiablecuriosity.61)Furthermore,humanshavetheabilitytomodifytheenvironmentinwhichthey

92live,thussubjectingallotherlifeformstotheirownpeculiarideasandfancies.Therefore,itisimportanttostudyhumansinalltheirrichnessanddiversityinacalmandsystematicmanner,withthehopethattheknowledgeresultingfromsuchstudiescanleadhumanstoamoreharmoniouswayoflivingwiththemselvesandwithallotherlifeformsonthisplanetEarth.“Anthropology”derivesfromtheGreekwordsanthropos“human“andlogos“thestudyof."Byitsveryname,anthropologyencompassesthestudyofallhumankind.Anthropologyisoneofthesocialsciences.62)Socialscienceisthatbranchofintellectualenquirywhichseekstostudyhumansandtheirendeavorsinthesamereasoned,orderly,systematic,anddispassionedmannerthatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomena.Socialsciencedisciplinesincludegeography,economics,politicalscience,psychology,andsociology.Eachofthesesocialscienceshasasubfieldorspecializationwhichliesparticularlyclosetoanthropology.Allthesocialsciencesfocusuponthestudyofhumanity.Anthropologyisafield-studyorienteddisciplinewhichmakesextensiveuseofthecomparativemethodinanalysis.63)Theemphasisondatagatheredfirst-hand,combinedwithacross-culturalperspectivebroughttotheanalysisofculturespastandpresent,makesthisstudyauniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocialscience.Anthropologicalanalysesrestheavilyupontheconceptofculture.SirEdwardTylor*sformulationoftheconceptofculturewasoneofthegreatintellectualachievementsof19thcenturyscience.64)Tylordefinedcultureas”•一thatcomplexwholewhichincludesbelief,art,morals,law,custom,andanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety.MThisinsight,soprofoundinitssimplicity,openedupanentirelynewwayofperceivingandunderstandinghumanlife.ImplicitwithinTylor*sdefinitionistheconceptthatcultureislearned,shared,andpatternedbehavior.65)Thus,theanthropologicalconceptof“culture,“liketheconceptof"set"inmathematics,isanabstractconceptwhichmakespossibleimmenseamountsofconcreteresearchandunderstanding.SectionIVWriting66)Directions:Studythefollowingsetofdrawingscarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould1)describethesetofdrawings,interpretitsmeaning,and2)pointoutitsimplicationsinourlife.Youshouldwriteabout200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)66.参考范文Asisshowninthetwopictures,thesameflowerhasdifferentfatewhenputindifferentsituations.Whenthereisprotection,theflowerbloomsbeautifully.However;whenexposeddirectlytorainandstorm,theflowerquicklywithers.Wecansafelycometotheconclusionthatgreenhouseflowerscannotwithstandrainandstorm.Thesameistruewithourchildren.Astheone-childpolicyisadoptedinChina,moreandmoreparentsoverprotecttheirchildren.Witheverythingdoneforthemandeveryneedsatisfiedbytheirparentsorgrandparents,theseonlychildrenseemtobehealthy,happyandhigh-spirited.Butwhentheyleavehome,theybecomedisappointedandfrustrated.Facingharshthingstheyhaveneverexperiencedbefore,suchascompetitionfrompeers,criticismfromsupervisors,pressurefordeadlinesandrestrictionfordiscipline,theywillbeataloss,miserableorevendesperate.Infact,themoreprotectiontheygetfromtheirparents,thelessabilitytheyacquire.Parentsylovefortheirchildrenturnsouttobeadisaster.Children,likeflowers,shouldbetreatedwithcare,butreasonableandsensiblewaysofdoingthingswillhelptobringaboutmorefruitfulresults,ifwenotonlyloveourchildrenbutalsoteachthemhowtolove,ourlovewillbepasseddownfromgenerationtogeneration;ifwenotonlysolveproblemsforourchildrenbutalsoencouragethemtosolveproblems,ourdiligenceandingenuitywillmakeourlifemoremeaningfulandworthwhile.