考研英语00到08真题

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2009年四联法律硕士备考辅导招生简章来臼:四联法硕“四联法硕”迄今经历了七年的风雨，现已成长为全国一流的法律硕士考前辅导品牌。在广大的法硕考生心目中，有着崇高的信誉和良好的知名度。“四联法硕”以她权威的师资、诚信的服务、人性化的管理，被广大学员称为“最乖质量和信誉”的辅导班。我们的师资主要来自于政法、人大、北大、清华等法学院知名教授，其中包括《联考指南》刑法学编委李方晓（政法），原法制史命题组组长郭成伟（政法），原法理学命题组组长刘金国（政法），原命题组民法组长尹志强（政法）、宪法成员薛晓健（政法）、民法成员靳文静（政法）以及少壮派国内年青学者，如人大版法硕模拟题大串讲编委付翠英、冯玉军等。七年来，经四联法硕培训的学员已达2.6万多人次，为社会输送了大批的法律硕士人才。授课老师:刑法：李方晓（政法大学，独家授课，联考指南编委）、曲新久（政法，联考指南编委）、梁根林（北大）民法：尹志强（政法大学，独家授课）、靳文鄢（政法，原民法命题组成员）、付翠英（人大模拟题编委）法理：刘金国（政法大学，原法理命题组组长）、冯玉军（人大）、朱力宇（人大版辅导书法理编委）宪法：薛晓健（政法大学，原命题组成员）、焦洪昌（政法，教材编委）、刘志刚（政法）、刘匕宇（人大）法制史：郭成伟（政法大学，原法制史命题组组长）、赵晓耕（人大）2009年四联法律硕士备考辅导面授班招生简章班别班号上课时间（2008年）学费优惠价报名暑期基础1班M0917.14-24日900元850元顺利结课暑期主观1班M0927.25-28日450元400元顺利结课暑期基础2班M0938.2-8.12日900元850元取消暑期主观2班M0948.13-16日450元400元取消国庆强化班M0959.29-10.5日850元780元顺利结课精品串讲班M09612.13-15日500元450元报名主观点题班M09712.16-18日500元460元报名合报优惠价（不退班）基础+主观=1200元基础+串讲（或点题）=1250元基础+主观+串讲（或点题）=1550元基础+主观+串讲+点题=1880元国庆+串讲（或点题）=1180元国庆+串讲+点题=1500元串讲+点题=800元

1全程班=2350元（任选一个基础班和主观班）北京各高校学员报名，四联可免费为您速递听课证。预约电话：010-6212560062126800备注：外地学员可代办住宿，每人每天25・40元。需要住宿的学员请提前预交定金100元。2009年四联法律硕士备考辅导函授班招生简章为了更好的满足不同学员的听课要求，北京四联特别推出了函授教学模式，方便广大学员的学习。磁带完全和面授课堂同步，一样的老师语音，一样的面授班资料，一样的跟踪式全年服务。函授最大的优点在于，只需要一部小小的随身听，可以随时随地反复无限制的听。可以满足不同层次学员的需要。班别班号函授学费（不退班）磁带效果报名函授暑期基础班H091680+40元（邮寄费）点击下载报名1函授暑期主观班H092380+30元（邮寄费）点击卜.载报名函授国庆强化班H093650+40元（邮寄费）点击下载报名函授精品串讲班H094380+30兀（邮寄费）点击下载报名1函授上观点题班H095390+30元（邮寄费）点击下载报名上课时间:邮寄面授班现场录制磁带，结课3天内邮寄。合报优惠价:全程班=2200元（不包含邮费）2009年四联法律硕士备考辅导远程班招生简章随着计算机的普及和互联网的快速发展，远程教育显示出它日益强大的优势和广阔的发展前景，已经开始被越来越多的人们所认可和接受。为了更好的适应这一时代发展的需要，紧跟信息现代化的潮流，北京四联凭借自己强大的团队资源和先进的网络软/硬件环境，实现远程教育和面授课堂同步进行的现代化的教学方式。北京四联是全国最早•家开通法律硕士远程教育的考前辅导班，有着丰富完善的后台管理和课件制做经验。远程课件内容完全与而授班相同，一样的老师语音，一样的面授班资料，一样的跟踪式全年服务。不一样的是：全部语音可听4遍，听课权限可保留到2009年法律硕士考试结束。

2班别班号远程学费（不退班）试听报名远程暑期基础班Y091680元点击试听脸远程暑期主:观班Y092380元点击试听报看远程国庆强化班Y093650元点击试听报名远程精品串讲班Y094380元点击试听报名远程主观点题班Y095390元点击试听报:合报优惠价:全程班=2200元（开课前邮寄资料）面授班开课24小时后网络课堂可以正常听课。远程课件是从而授班现场采集录制而成。具有声音清晰、板书齐全、传播及时、可反复多次登陆，随时随地听课等特点.（每节课有4次听课权限，且权限保留至09年考试结束）总础班特色:依照法硕大纲中的考试范围和样题题型，讲授法硕指南中的基础理论和主:要知识点。通过系统扎实的教学，引导学生对基础知识点理解的准确性、全面性与系统性，以达到对法硕知识点交差性与综合性能力的培养，全面提升对要点的洞察力，紧密结合法硕考试题型，为法硕考试的成功奠定坚实的基础。卜：观题班特色:通过重点分析，系统讲解，指出各章节可能在考试中出的案例、法条分析、简答、分析等各种主观题知识点。进行各种题型的讲解训练，通过案例分析巩固基础，通过法条分析扩大视野，通过试题讲解强化提高考生的知识应用能力、表达能力和逻辑思维能力。以便更好地理解法硕指南，掌握答题技巧，保证会答的题不丢分、少丢分！强化班特色:全面强化各科知识点，重点明确，思路清晰，突出题眼。引用大量的案例分析，弥补法硕指南的不足，扩大考生知识面。帮助考生掌握考试的重点原理，并用理论原理分析社会实务。不仅让考生知其然，而且知其所以然.小讲班特色:根据历年出题规律及最新的命题动向，分析热点、把握考点、由内部专家针对性地进行重点讲解，使学员在基木知识掌握较好的情况下，更准确地把握考试的方向和思路。让学员做到心中有数、重点突出，是学员最后复习阶段梳理思路、掌握重点的必要选择。点题班特色:根据历年真题，进行重点分析、系统讲解，指出教材中各章、各节可能出的案例、法条分析、简答、分析题等各种主观知识点.针对性地分析各种题型，帮助学员牢固掌握答题的技巧与思路，分析阅卷老师的采分点。使学员尽量做到“会做的题不丢分，不会做的题少丢分”。此班主:要是提高考生的知识应用能力、逻辑思维。从目前考试发展趋势来看，主观题日显重要，学员感到最主要的难点就在主观题，主观题已是法律硕上考试的重中之中。

3报名地点：北京海淀区中关村南大街甲10号（银海大厦）北区400室（友谊宾馆对面）乘车路线：26,209,320,332,651,653,716,717,722,727,732,804,808,814,827,特4,特6,运通105,106,205,农科院站下车往北50米即到。或乘302,323快，361.367,422,425,619,727,730内环,731,801,801快，827,831,836,836快,967,特8,运通101,201,人民大学站下车往南200米即到。邮局汇款地址：北京市海淀区清华大学邮电局84-16信箱四联教育（收）邮编：100084（请详细填写您的姓名、地址、邮编、电话和所报班别班号）银行汇款地址：开户行:中国工商银行开户名：张秀俊卡号：6222020200001420260（汇款后请至电010-6212560062126800或EmaiI至sledu@slschool.com说明所报班别、联系方式等信息）咨询电话：010-6212560062126800（节假日不休息）四联法硕备考资料库索引四联法硕网www.slschool.com四联法硕论坛www.slschool.com/bbsI*四联法硕民法预翻!耳httD：//bbs.slschool.com/disDbbs.asD?boardid=2&ld=82561.2007年48所法硕院校学习、复试经验集！（08更新版）httD：//bbs.slschool.com/disDbbs.asD?boardid=2&ld=58372.2007年法硕调剂一路通！http://bbs.slschool.com/dispbbs.asp?boardid=2&ld=58693.四联09版:法硕新人必读及咨询处!（你来问，我来答）http^/bbs.slschool.com/dispbbs.asp?boardid=2&ld=5807

44法硕备考之法律法规记忆篇http:〃bbs.slschool.com/dispbbs.asp?boardid=2&ld=58685.法制史脉络与重点背诵版http^/bbs.slschool.com/dispbbs.asp?boarclicl=2&ld=58666.法硕联考试卷题型分析http^/bbs.slschool.com/dispbbs.asp?boardid=2&ld=58657.法硕备考成功秘诀http://bbs.slschool.com/dispbbs.asp?boardid=2&ld=58648.考研法律硕士知识体系及复习方法http^/bbs.slschool.com/dispbbs.asp?boardid=2&ld=58639.刑法学复习的重点http^/bbs.slschool.com/dispbbs.asp?boardid=2&ld=586210.刑法学的复习方法http://bbs.slschool.com/dispbbs.asp?boardid=2&ld=586011.关于法硕就业汇总12.报考参考:80所法硕院校的历年招生情况httD：//bbs.slschooLcom/disDbbs.asD?boardid=2&ld=584413.偶找到了2008年法硕联考指南电子版httD：//bbs.slschool.com/disDbbs.asD?boardid=2&ld=5841&Daqe=214.2008年法硕联考80所法硕高校招生简章汇总

5httD：//bbs.slschool.com/disDbbs.asD?boardid=2&ld=5829&Daqe=215.淘来的宝贝：08年法硕考试分析电子版httD：//bbs.slschool.com/disDbbs.asD?boardid=2&ld=5843&Daae=216.高教社给的2008年考试分析勘误及httD:〃bbs.slschool.com/disDbbs.asp?boardid=2&ld=5840&r)aqe=217.民法166个名词解释:httD：//www.slschool.com/bbs/disDbbs.asD?boardid=2&ld=618718.考研法律项士知识体系及复习方法httD:〃www.slschool.com/bbs/disDbbs.asD?boardid=2&ld=586319・法球备考成功秘诔htto:〃www.slschcx)l.8m/bbs/disDbbs.asD?boardid=2&ld=5864&Daae=320.法硕备考口诀汇总httD:〃bbs.slschool.com/disDbbs.asD?boardid=2&ld=634221.2009年78所法硕院校全日制法硕招生简章汇总(8月20日更新)22.2009年法律硕士大纲解析及考试预测http://bbs.slschool.com/dispbbs.asp?boardid=2&ld=9412&page=323.2009年全国法律硕士统考大纲权威解析之考查范围httD:〃bbs.slschool.com/dispbbs.asp?boardid=2&ld=9413&page=524.四联法硕2004-2008押题分析httD：〃bbs.slschool.com/disDbbs.asD?boardid=2&ld=969825.［分享］法硕历年高分学员学习经验交流汇总http:〃bbs.slschool.com/dispbbs.asp?boardid=2&ld=969226.搜狐法律硕士博客http"/slfashuo.blog.sohu.com/

624.新浪法硕备考博客httD：//blog.sina.com.cn/sledu62126800

7使用说明（必读）一爱你需要理由么?1.本文件包括1986—2008年23套全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案。是我花费数百小时，反复逐字审校、多方考证制作而成。这是一份凝结着无限心血的、以当今世界一流技术精心打造的、美仑美奂至不可思议的、不论内容还是形式均堪称一流的、正确率接近词典级的文档！她囊括23年真题，可谓工程浩大，功在当代，利及千秋；她美观准确，引领中国互联网走向精致时代！本文档由大家学习网出品、首发。2.试题及答案均经无数遍仔细校对，是无比准确的电子板本（正确率基本接近词典级）。但错误肯定还有，请各位不吝指正（请来大家论坛本文档发布性跟帖指正）。为了感谢大家的指正，为了打造真正词典级文档，为了大幅度提高中国人民一尤其是中国考生一的生活品质（窃以为，词典级真题文本是考研复习资料中最最重要的“基础设施”）,本人筹措专款数千元用于奖励（应该是绰绰有余了），基本的奖励标准是：一个标点符号2元，一个单词3元，一个句子5元，错误、遗漏、多余等都算，每处错误当然只能奖励一次，当然奖给最先指正者。纠错必须在本文档发布帖跟帖指出（不是没有诚意，因为你发在别处我未必能看见啊，而且还有一个指正的先后顺序问题）。具体奖励办法请看专帖：错误标准和奖励办法。对于核实的错误，会立即改正，立即更新本文档，真正实现“有错知错，知错就改”的理想！3.本文档的意义，不仅在于方便广大考生备考，也在于方便广大教师、专家编著考研真题复习资料.对于考生，在电脑上学习英语的效率肯定会比书面上高，查单词，查资料非常方便，学习变成了一种享受！而且，对于做错的题目，或者尚有疑惑的题目，可以来本站很方便地提出，大家网已将每题一个帖子发好，你连题目都不用发，直接根据全部单题链接总目录（或者在考研英语区用6位数标准题号搜索，如2006年第5题的标准题号就是200605,1990年第18题就是199018）找到相应的题目，跟帖提问便是（请不要发新帖）!4.本文档版权归大家网所有，任何网站转载此文档时，不得将本文档用于商业用途，不得破坏本作品的完整性，不得清除本文档中大家学习网和作者标识，必须在明显位置清楚注明转自大家学习网，否则，自行承担一切法

8律后果!5,预祝大家轻松考出满意高分（简称“满分”，呵呵）!祝你成功！阁明俊2008年3月10日

92008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreintelligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranis]tosayitanyway.Heisthat2bird,ascientistwhoworksindependently3anyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot4thoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfections,whicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested.5he,however,mighttrembleatthe6ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientists,heispublishingapaperwhichnotonlythatonegroupofhumanityismoreintelligentthantheothers,butexplainstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin8areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection.ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest,912-15pointsabovethe10valueof100,andhavecontributed11totheintellectualandculturallifeoftheWest,asthe12oftheirelites,includingseveralworld-renownedscientists,13.Theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseases,suchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts,14,havepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen15tosocialeffects,suchasastrongtraditionof16education.Thelatterwasseenasa(an)17ofgeneticisolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhattheintelligenceanddiseasesareintimately18.Hisargumentisthattheunusualhistoryof

10thesepeoplehas19themtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis20stateofaffairs.1.[A]selected[B]prepared[C]obliged[D]pleased2.[A]unique[B]particular[C]special[D]rare3.[A]of[B]with[C]in[D]against4.[A]subsequently[B]presently[C]previously[D]lately5.[A]Only[B]So[C]Even[D]Hence6.[A]thought[B]sight[C]cost[D]risk7.[A]advises[B]suggests[C]protests[D]objects8.[A]progress[B]fact[C]need[D]question9.[A]attaining[B]scoring[C]reaching[D]calculating10.[A]normal[B]common[C]mean[D]total11.[A]unconsciously[B]disproportionately[C]indefinitely[D]unaccountably12.[A]missions[B]fortunes[C]interests[D]careers13.[A]affirm[B]witness[C]observe[D]approve14.[A]moreover[B]therefore[C]however[D]meanwhile15.[A]givenup[B]gotover[C]carriedon[D]putdown16.[A]assessing[B]supervising[C]administering[D]valuing17.[A]development[B]origin[C]consequence[D]instrument18.[A]linked[B]integrated[C]woven[D]combined19.[A]limited[B]subjected[C]converted[D]directed20.[A]paradoxical[B]incompatible[C]inevitable[D]continuous

11SectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)四联法硕网www.slschool.com四联法硕论坛www.slschool.com/bbsText1Whilestillcatching-uptomeninsomespheresofmodemlife,womenappeartobewayaheadinatleastoneundesirablecategory."Womenareparticularlysusceptibletodevelopingdepressionandanxietydisordersinresponsetostresscomparedtomen,^^accordingtoDr.Yehuda,chiefpsychiatristatNewYork'sVeteran'sAdministrationHospital.Studiesofbothanimalsandhumanshaveshownthatsexhormonessomehowaffectthestressresponse,causingfemalesunderstresstoproducemoreofthetriggerchemicalsthandomalesunderthesameconditions.Inseveralofthestudies,whenstressed-outfemaleratshadtheirovaries(thefemalereproductiveorgans)removed,theirchemicalresponsesbecameequaltothoseofthemales.Addingtoawoman'sincreaseddoseofstresschemicals,areherincreased“opportunities“forstress."It'snotnecessarilythatwomendon'tcopeaswell.It'sjustthattheyhavesomuchmoretocopewithJsaysDr.Yehuda."Theircapacityfortoleratingstressmayevenbegreaterthanmen's,"sheobserves,"it'sjustthatthey'redealingwithsomanymorethingsthattheybecomewornoutfromitmorevisiblyandsooner.^^Dr.Yehudanotesanotherdifferencebetweenthesexes."Ithinkthatthekindsofthingsthatwomenareexposedtotendtobeinmoreofachronicorrepeatednature.Mengotowarandareexposedtocombatstress.Menareexposedtomoreactsofrandomphysicalviolence.Thekindsofinterpersonalviolencethatwomenareexposedtotendtobeindomesticsituations,by,unfortunately,parentsorotherfamilymembers,andtheytendnottobeone-shotdeals.Thewear-and-tearthatcomesfromtheselongerrelationshipscanbequitedevastating.”AdelineAlvarezmarriedat18andgavebirthtoason,butwasdeterminedtofinishcollege."Istruggledalottogetthecollegedegree.Iwaslivinginsomuchfrustrationthatthatwasmyescape,togotoschool,andgetaheadanddobetter.Later,hermarriageendedandshebecameasinglemother."It'sthehardestthingtotakecareofateenager,haveajob,paytherent,paythecarpayment,andpaythedebt.Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck.”NoteveryoneexperiencesthekindsofseverechronicstressesAlvarezdescribes.Butmostwomentodayarecopingwithalotofobligations,withfewbreaks,andfeelingthestrain.Alvarez'sexperiencedemonstratestheimportanceoffindingwaystodiffusestressbeforeitthreatensyourhealthandyourabilitytofunction.

1220.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs?[A]Womenarebiologicallymorevulnerabletostress.[B]Womenarestillsufferingmuchstresscausedbymen.[C]Womenaremoreexperiencedthanmenincopingwithstress.[D]Menandwomenshowdifferentinclinationswhenfacedwithstress.21.Dr.Yehuda'sresearchsuggeststhatwomen[A]needextradosesofchemicalstohandlestress.[B]havelimitedcapacityfbrtoleratingstress.[C]aremorecapableofavoidingstress.[D]areexposedtomorestress.22.AccordingtoParagraph4,thestresswomenconfronttendstobe[A]domesticandtemporary.[B]irregularandviolent.[C]durableandfrequent.[D]trivialandrandom.23.Thesentence“Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck.^^(Line6,Para.5)showsthat[A]Alvarezcaredaboutnothingbutmakingmoney.[B]Alvarez'ssalarybarelycoveredherhouseholdexpenses.[C]Alvarezgotpaychecksfromdifferentjobs.[D]Alvarezpaidpracticallyeverythingbycheck.24.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitlefbrthetext?[A]StrainofStress:NoWayOut?[B]ResponsestoStress:GenderDifference[C]StressAnalysis:WhatChemicalsSay[D]GenderInequality:WomenUnderStressText2Itusedtobesostraightforward.Ateamofresearchersworkingtogetherinthelaboratorywouldsubmittheresultsoftheirresearchtoajournal.Ajournaleditorwouldthenremovetheauthors7namesandaffiliationsfromthepaperandsendittotheirpeersfbrreview.Dependingonthecommentsreceived,theeditorwouldacceptthepaperforpublicationordeclineit.Copyrightrestedwiththejournalpublisher,andresearchersseekingknowledgeoftheresultswouldhavetosubscribetothejournal.Nolonger.TheInternet-andpressurefromfundingagencies,whoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfromgovernment-fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoit-ismakingaccesstoscientificresultsareality.TheOrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD)hasjustissueda

13reportdescribingthefar-reachingconsequencesofthis.Thereport,byJohnHoughtonofVictoriaUniversityinAustraliaandGrahamVickeryoftheOECD,makesheavyreadingforpublisherswhohave,sofar,madehandsomeprofits.Butitgoesfurtherthanthat.Itsignalsachangeinwhathas,untilnow,beenakeyelementofscientificendeavor.Thevalueofknowledgeandthereturnonthepublicinvestmentinresearchdepends,inpart,uponwidedistributionandreadyaccess.Itisbigbusiness.InAmerica,thecorescientificpublishingmarketisestimatedatbetween$7billionand$11billion.TheInternationalAssociationofScientific,TechnicalandMedicalPublisherssaysthattherearemorethan2,000publishersworldwidespecializinginthesesubjects.Theypublishmorethan1.2millionarticleseachyearinsome16,000journals.Thisisnowchanging.AccordingtotheOECDreport,some75%ofscholarlyjournalsarenowonline.Entirelynewbusinessmodelsareemerging;threemainoneswereidentifiedbythereport'sauthors.Thereistheso-calledbigdeal,whereinstitutionalsubscriberspayforaccesstoacollectionofonlinejournaltitlesthroughsite-licensingagreements.Thereisopen-accesspublishing,typicallysupportedbyaskingtheauthor(orhisemployer)topayfbrthepapertobepublished.Finally,thereareopen-accessarchives,whereorganizationssuchasuniversitiesorinternationallaboratoriessupportinstitutionalrepositories.Othermodelsexistthatarehybridsofthesethree,suchasdelayedopen-access,wherejournalsallowonlysubscriberstoreadapaperfbrthefirstsixmonths,beforemakingitfreelyavailabletoeveryonewhowishestoseeit.Allthiscouldchangethetraditionalformofthepeer-reviewprocess,atleastfbrthepublicationofpapers.20.Inthefirstparagraph,theauthordiscusses[A]thebackgroundinformationofjournalediting.[B]thepublicationroutineoflaboratoryreports.[C]therelationsofauthorswithjournalpublishers.[D]thetraditionalprocessofjournalpublication.21.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheOECDreport?[A]Itcriticizesgovernment-fundedresearch.[B]Itintroducesaneffectivemeansofpublication.[C]Itupsetsprofit-makingjournalpublishers.[D]Itbenefitsscientificresearchconsiderably.22.Accordingtothetext,onlinepublicationissignificantinthat[A]itprovidesaneasieraccesstoscientificresults.[B]itbringshugeprofitstoscientificresearchers.[C]itemphasizesthecrucialroleofscientificknowledge.[D]itfacilitatespublicinvestmentinscientificresearch.四联法硕网www.slschool.com四联法硕论坛www.slschool.com/bbs

1420.Withtheopen-accesspublishingmodel,theauthorofapaperisrequiredto[A]coverthecostofitspublication.[B]subscribetothejournalpublishingit.[C]allowotheronlinejournalstouseitfreely.[D]completethepeer-reviewbeforesubmission.21.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthemainideaofthetext?[A]TheInternetisposingathreattopublishers.[B]Anewmodeofpublicationisemerging.[C]Authorswelcomethenewchannelforpublication.[D]Publicationisrenderedeasierbyonlineservice.Text3Intheearly1960sWiltChamberlainwasoneofonlythreeplayersintheNationalBasketballAssociation(NBA)listedatoversevenfeet.Ifhehadplayedlastseason,however,hewouldhavebeenoneof42.Thebodiesplayingmajorprofessionalsportshavechangeddramaticallyovertheyears,andmanagershavebeenmorethanwillingtoadjustteamuniformstofitthegrowingnumbersofbigger,longerframes.Thetrendinsports,though,maybeobscuringanunrecognizedreality:Americanshavegenerallystoppedgrowing.Thoughtypicallyabouttwoinchestallernowthan140yearsago,today'speople-especiallythosebomtofamilieswhohavelivedintheU.S.formanygenerations-apparentlyreachedtheirlimitintheearly1960s.Andtheyaren'tlikelytogetanytaller.6tInthegeneralpopulationtoday,atthisgenetic,environmentallevel,we'veprettymuchgoneasfaraswecango,“saysanthropologistWilliamCameronChumleaofWrightStateUniversity.InthecaseofNBAplayers,theirincreaseinheightappearstoresultfromtheincreasinglycommonpracticeofrecruitingplayersfromallovertheworld.Growth,whichrarelycontinuesbeyondtheageof20,demandscaloriesandnutrients-notably,protein-tofeedexpandingtissues.Atthestartofthe20thcentury,under-nutritionandchildhoodinfectionsgotintheway.Butasdietandhealthimproved,childrenandadolescentshave,onaverage,increasedinheightbyaboutaninchandahalfevery20years,apatternknownastheseculartrendinheight.YetaccordingtotheCentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention,averageheight-5'9"formen,5'4"fbrwomen-hasn'treallychangedsince1960.Geneticallyspeaking,thereareadvantagestoavoidingsubstantialheight.Duringchildbirth,largerbabieshavemoredifficultypassingthroughthebirthcanal.Moreover,eventhoughhumanshavebeenuprightfbrmillionsofyears,ourfeetandbackcontinuetostrugglewithbipedalpostureandcannoteasilywithstandrepeatedstrainimposedbyoversizelimbs."Therearesomerealconstraintsthataresetbythegeneticarchitectureoftheindividualorganism,saysanthropologistWilliamLeonardofNorthwesternUniversity.Geneticmaximumscanchange,butdon'texpectthistohappensoon.ClaireC.

15Gordon,senioranthropologistattheArmyResearchCenterinNatick,Mass.,ensuresthat90percentoftheuniformsandworkstationsfitrecruitswithoutalteration.Shesaysthat,unlikethosefbrbasketball,thelengthofmilitaryuniformshasnotchangedfbrsometime.Andifyouneedtopredicthumanheightinthenearfuturetodesignapieceofequipment,Gordonsaysthatbyandlarge,"youcouldusetoday'sdataandfeelfairlyconfident.^^20.WiltChamberlainiscitedasanexampleto[A]illustratethechangeofheightofNBAplayers.[B]showthepopularityofNBAplayersintheU.S..[C]comparedifferentgenerationsofNBAplayers.[D]assesstheachievementsoffamousNBAplayers.21.Whichofthefollowingplaysakeyroleinbodygrowthaccordingtothetext?[A]Geneticmodification.[B]Naturalenvironment.[C]Livingstandards.[D]Dailyexercise.22.Onwhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthormostprobablyagree?[A]Non-Americansaddtotheaverageheightofthenation.[B]Humanheightisconditionedbytheuprightposture.[C]Americansarethetallestonaverageintheworld.[D]Largerbabiestendtobecometallerinadulthood.23.Welearnfromthelastparagraphthatinthenearfuture[A]thegarmentindustrywillreconsidertheuniformsize.[B]thedesignofmilitaryuniformswillremainunchanged.[C]genetictestingwillbeemployedinselectingsportsmen.[D]theexistingdataofhumanheightwillstillbeapplicable.24.Thetextintendstotellusthat[A]thechangeofhumanheightfollowsacyclicpattern.[B]humanheightisbecomingevenmorepredictable.[C]Americanshavereachedtheirgeneticgrowthlimit.[D]thegeneticpatternofAmericanshasaltered.Text4四联法硕网www.slschool.com四联法硕论坛www.sischool.com/bbsIn1784,fiveyearsbeforehebecamepresidentoftheUnitedStates,GeorgeWashington,52,wasnearlytoothless.Sohehiredadentisttotransplantnineteethintohisjaw-havingextractedthemfromthemouthsofhisslaves.

16That'safardifferentimagefromthecherry-tree-choppingGeorgemostpeoplerememberfromtheirhistorybooks.Butrecently,manyhistorianshavebeguntofocusontherolesslaveryplayedinthelivesofthefoundinggeneration.TheyhavebeenspurredinpartbyDNAevidencemadeavailablein1998,whichalmostcertainlyprovedThomasJeffersonhadfatheredatleastonechildwithhisslaveSallyHemings.Andonlyoverthepast30yearshavescholarsexaminedhistoryfromthebottomup.Worksofseveralhistoriansrevealthemoralcompromisesmadebythenation'searlyleadersandthefragilenatureofthecountry'sinfancy.Moresignificantly,theyarguethatmanyoftheFoundingFathersknewslaverywaswrong一andyetmostdidlittletofightit.Morethananything,thehistorianssay,thefounderswerehamperedbythecultureoftheirtime.WhileWashingtonandJeffersonprivatelyexpresseddistasteforslavery,theyalsounderstoodthatitwaspartofthepoliticalandeconomicbedrockofthecountrytheyhelpedtocreate.Foronething,theSouthcouldnotaffordtopartwithitsslaves.Owningslaveswas“likehavingalargebankaccount,9,saysWiencek,authorofAnImperfectGod:GeorgeWashington,HisSlaves,andtheCreationofAmerica.ThesouthernstateswouldnothavesignedtheConstitutionwithoutprotectionsforthe"peculiarinstitution/9includingaclausethatcountedaslaveasthreefifthsofamanforpurposesofcongressionalrepresentation.Andthestatesmen'spoliticallivesdependedonslavery.Thethree-fifthsformulahandedJeffersonhisnarrowvictoryinthepresidentialelectionof1800byinflatingthevotesofthesouthernstatesintheElectoralCollege.Onceinoffice,JeffersonextendedslaverywiththeLouisianaPurchasein1803;thenewlandwascarvedinto13states,includingthreeslavestates.Still,JeffersonfreedHemings'schildren-thoughnotHemingsherselforhisapproximately150otherslaves.Washington,whohadbeguntobelievethatallmenwerecreatedequalafterobservingthebraveryoftheblacksoldiersduringtheRevolutionaryWar,overcamethestrongoppositionofhisrelativestogranthisslavestheirfreedominhiswill.Onlyadecadeearlier,suchanactwouldhaverequiredlegislativeapprovalinVirginia.20.GeorgeWashington'sdentalsurgeryismentionedto[A]showtheprimitivemedicalpracticeinthepast.[B]demonstratethecrueltyofslaveryinhisdays.[C]stresstheroleofslavesintheU.S.history.[D]revealsomeunknownaspectofhislife.21.Wemayinferfromthesecondparagraphthat[A]DNAtechnologyhasbeenwidelyappliedtohistoryresearch.[B]initsearlydaystheU.S.wasconfrontedwithdelicatesituations.[C]historiansdeliberatelymadeupsomestoriesofJefferson'slife.[D]politicalcompromisesareeasilyfoundthroughouttheU.S.history.

1720.WhatdowelearnaboutThomasJefferson?[A]Hispoliticalviewchangedhisattitudetowardsslavery.[B]Hisstatusasafathermadehimfreethechildslaves.[C]Hisattitudetowardsslaverywascomplex.[D]Hisaffairwithaslavestainedhisprestige.21.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext?[A]SomeFoundingFathersbenefitpoliticallyfromslavery.[B]Slavesintheolddaysdidnothavetherighttovote.[C]Slaveownersusuallyhadlargesavingsaccounts.[D]Slaverywasregardedasapeculiarinstitution.22.Washington'sdecisiontofreeslavesoriginatedfromhis[A]moralconsiderations.[B]militaryexperience.[C]financialconditions.[D]politicalstand.PartBDirections:Inthefollowingarticle,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Thetimeforsharpeningpencils,arrangingyourdesk,anddoingalmostanythingelseinsteadofwritinghasended.Thefirstdraftwillappearonthepageonlyifyoustopavoidingtheinevitableandsit,standup,orliedowntowrite.(41)_Beflexible.Youroutlineshouldsmoothlyconductyoufromonepointtothenext,butdonotpermitittorailroadyou.Ifarelevantandimportantideaoccurstoyounow,workitintothedraft.(42)Grammar,punctuation,andspellingcanwaituntilyourevise.Concentrateonwhatyouaresaying.Goodwritingmostoftenoccurswhenyouareinhotpursuitofanidearatherthaninanervoussearchforerrors.(43)Yourpageswillbeeasiertokeeptrackofthatway,and,ifyouhavetoclipaparagraphtoplaceitelsewhere,youwillnotloseanywritingontheotherside.Ifyouareworkingonawordprocessor,youcantakeadvantageofitscapacitytomakeadditionsanddeletionsaswellasmoveentireparagraphsbymakingjustafewsimplekeyboardcommands.Somesoftwareprogramscanalsocheckspellingandcertaingrammaticalelementsinyourwriting.(44)Theseprintoutsarealsoeasiertoreadthanthescreenwhenyouworkonrevisions.Onceyouhaveafirstdraftonpaper,youcandeletematerialthatisunrelatedto

18yourthesisandaddmaterialnecessarytoillustrateyourpointsandmakeyourpaperconvincing.Thestudentwhowrote"TheA&PasaStateofMind,,wiselydroppedaparagraphthatquestionedwhetherSammydisplayschauvinisticattitudestowardwomen.(45)Rememberthatyourinitialdraftisonlythat.Youshouldgothroughthepapermanytimes-andthenagain-workingtosubstantiateandclarifyyourideas.Youmayevenendupwithseveralentireversionsofthepaper.Rewrite.Thesentenceswithineachparagraphshouldberelatedtoasingletopic.Transitionsshouldconnectoneparagraphtothenextsothattherearenoabruptorconfusingshifts.Awkwardorwordyphrasingorunclearsentencesandparagraphsshouldbemercilesslypokedandproddedintoshape.[A]Tomakerevisingeasier,leavewidemarginsandextraspacebetweenlinessothatyoucaneasilyaddwords,sentences,andcorrections.Writeononlyonesideofthepaper.[B]Afteryouhaveclearlyandadequatelydevelopedthebodyofyourpaper,payparticularattentiontotheintroductoryandconcludingparagraphs.Ifsprobablybesttowritetheintroductionlast,afteryouknowpreciselywhatyouareintroducing.Concludingparagraphsdemandequalattentionbecausetheyleavethereaderwithafinalimpression.[C]It'sworthremembering,however,thatthoughacleancopyfreshoffaprintermaylookterrific,itwillreadonlyaswellasthethinkingandwritingthathavegoneintoit.Manywritersprudentlystoretheirdataondisksandprinttheirpageseachtimetheyfinishadrafttoavoidlosinganymaterialbecauseofpowerfailuresorotherproblems.[D]Itmakesnodifferencehowyouwrite,justsoyoudo.Nowthatyouhavedevelopedatopicintoatentativethesis,youcanassembleyournotesandbegintofleshoutwhateveroutlineyouhavemade.[E]Althoughthisisaninterestingissue,ithasnothingtodowiththethesis,whichexplainshowthesettinginfluencesSammy'sdecisiontoquithisjob.Insteadofincludingthatparagraph,sheaddedonethatdescribedLengePscrabbedresponsetothegirlssothatshecouldleaduptotheA&P"policy“heenforces.[F]Inthefinalparagraphaboutthesignificanceofthesettingin"A&P,"thestudentbringstogetherthereasonsSammyquithisjobbyreferringtohisrefusaltoacceptLengel'sstorepolicies.[G]Byusingthefirstdraftasameansofthinkingaboutwhatyouwanttosay,youwillverylikelydiscovermorethanyournotesoriginallysuggested.Plentyofgoodwritersdon'tuseoutlinesatallbutdiscoverorderingprinciplesastheywrite.Donotattempttocomposeaperfectlycorrectdraftthefirsttimearound.PartC四联法硕网www.slschool.com四联法硕论坛www.slschool.com/bbsDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10

19points)Inhisautobiography,Darwinhimselfspeaksofhisintellectualpowerswithextraordinarymodesty.Hepointsoutthathealwaysexperiencedmuchdifficultyinexpressinghimselfclearlyandconcisely,but(46)hebelievesthatthisverydifficultymayhavehadthecompensatingadvantageofforcinghimtothinklongandintentlyabouteverysentence、andthusenablinghimtodetecterrorsinreasoningandinhisownobservations.Hedisclaimedthepossessionofanygreatquicknessofapprehensionorwit,suchasdistinguishedHuxley.(47)Heasserted、also、thathisDowertofollowalongandpurelyabstracttrainofthoughtwasverylimited,forwhichreasonhe他Itcertainthathenevercouldhavesucceededwithmathematics.Hismemory,too,hedescribedasextensive,buthazy.Sopoorinonesensewasitthathenevercouldrememberformorethanafewdaysasingledateoralineofpoetry.(48)0ntheotherhand,hedidnotacceptaswellfoundedthechargemadebysomeofhiscriticsthat,whilehewasagoodobserver,hehadnopowerofreasoning.This,hethought,couldnotbetrue,becausethe“OriginofSpecies^^isonelongargumentfromthebeginningtotheend,andhasconvincedmanyablemen.Noone,hesubmits,couldhavewrittenitwithoutpossessingsomepowerofreasoning.Hewaswillingtoassertthat“Ihaveafairshareofinvention,andofcommonsenseorjudgment,suchaseveryfairlysuccessfullawyerordoctormusthave,butnot,Ibelieve,inanyhigherdegree.^^(49)Headdshumblythatperhapshewas“superiortothecommonrunofmeninnoticingthingswhicheasilyescapeattention,andinobservingthemcarefUny.”Writinginthelastyearofhislife,heexpressedtheopinionthatintwoorthreerespectshismindhadchangedduringtheprecedingtwentyorthirtyyears.Uptotheageofthirtyorbeyonditpoetryofmanykindsgavehimgreatpleasure.Formerly,too,pictureshadgivenhimconsiderable,andmusicverygreat,delight.In1881,however,hesaid:"NowformanyyearsIcannotenduretoreadalineofpoetry.Ihavealsoalmostlostmytasteforpicturesormusic.^^(50)Darwinwasconvincedthatthelossofthesetasteswasnotonlyalossofhappiness,butmightpossiblybeinjurioustotheintellect,andmoreprobablytothemoralcharacter.SectionIIIWritingPartA51.Directions:YouhavejustcomebackfromCanadaandfoundamusicCDinyourluggagethatyouforgottoreturntoBob,yourlandlordthere.Writehimaletterto1)makeanapology,and2)suggestasolution.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use“LiMing^instead.Donotwritetheaddress.(10points)PartB

2051.Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,andthen3)giveyourcomments.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)

21你一第M,我一条风；律我一起.足南国处、

222008年考研英语真题答案SectionI:UseofEnglish(10points)1.B2.D3.A4.C,5.C6.A7.B8.D9.B10.c11.B12.D13.A14.C15.D16.D17.C18.A19.B20.ASectionII:ReadingComprehension(60points)PartA(40points)21.A22.D23.C24.B25.D26.D27.C28.A29.A30.B31.A32.C33.B34.D35.C36.D37.B38.C39.D40.BPartB(10points)41.D42.G43.A44.C45.E41.D42.G43.A44.C45.EPartC(10points)46.他相信正是这个困难具有一个补偿性优点：迫使他长时间专注地思考每•句，因此促使他发现推理及他本人观察上的错误。47.他还宣称，他理解长而纯抽象的思路的能力非常有限，为此，他感到自己绝不会在数学方面获得成功。48.另一方面，他不并认为他的某些批评者的这项指责非常合理：尽管他是•位优秀的观察家，他没有推理的能力。49.他还谦虚地补充道，在觉察不易被注意的事物，以及仔细观察他们方面，他要强于一般人。50.达尔文深信这些爱好的失去，不仅失去了幸福，而且可能对智力有害，还更有可能伤及品德。SectionIII:Writing(30points)PartA(10points)51.参考范文(略)

23PartB(20points)52.参考范文

242007年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)fbreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)By1830theformerSpanishandPortuguesecolonieshadbecomeindependentnations.Theroughly20million1ofthesenationslooked2tothefuture.BominthecrisisoftheoldregimeandIberianColonialism,manyoftheleadersofindependence3theidealsofrepresentativegovernment,careers4totalent,freedomofcommerceandtrade,the5toprivateproperty,andabeliefintheindividualasthebasisofsociety.6therewasabeliefthatthenewnationsshouldbesovereignandindependentstates,largeenoughtobeeconomicallyviableandintegratedbya7setoflaws.Ontheissueof8ofreligionandthepositionofthechurch,9,therewaslessagreement10theleadership.RomanCatholicismhadbeenthestatereligionandtheonlyone11bytheSpanishcrown.12mostleaderssoughttomaintainCatholicism13theofficialreligionofthenewstates,somesoughttoendthe14ofotherfaiths.ThedefenseoftheChurchbecamearallying15fortheconservativeforces.Theidealsoftheearlyleadersofindependencewereoftenegalitarian,valuingequalityofeverything.BolivarhadreceivedaidfromHaitiandhad16inreturntoabolishslaveryintheareasheliberated.By1854slaveryhadbeenabolishedeverywhereexceptSpain's17colonies.EarlypromisestoendIndiantributeandtaxesonpeopleofmixedorigincamemuch18becausethenewnationsstillneededtherevenuesuchpolicies19.Egalitariansentimentswereoftentemperedbyfearsthatthemassofthepopulationwas20self-rule

25anddemocracy.1.[A]natives[B]inhabitants[C]peoples[D]individuals2.[A]confusedly[B]cheerfully[C]worriedly[D]hopefully3.[A]shared[B]forgot[C]attained[D]rejected4.[A]related[B]close[C]open[D]devoted5.[A]access[B]succession[C]right[D]return6.[A]Presumably[8]Incidentally[C]Obviously[D]Generally7.[A]unique[B]common[C]particular[D]typical8.[A]freedom[B]origin[C]impact[D]reform

261.[A]therefore[B]however[C]indeed[D]moreover2.[A]with[B]about[C]among[D]by3.[A]allowed[B]preached[C]granted[D]funded4.[A]Since[B]If[C]Unless[D]While5.[A]as[B]for[C]under[D]against6.[A]spread[B]interference[C]exclusion[D]influence7.[A]support[B]cry[C]plea[D]wish8.[A]urged[B]intended[C]expected[D]promised

271.[A]controlling[B]former[C]remaining[D]original2.[A]slower[B]faster[C]easier[D]tougher3.[A]created[B]produced[C]contributed[D]preferred4.[A]puzzledby[B]hostileto[C]pessimisticabout[D]unpreparedforSectionIIReadingComprehension四联法硕网www.slschool.com四联法硕论坛www.slschool.com/bbsPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C],or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Ifyouweretoexaminethebirthcertificatesofeverysoccerplayerin2006'sWorldCuptournament,youwouldmostlikelyfindanoteworthyquirk:elitesoccerplayersaremorelikelytohavebeenbomintheearliermonthsoftheyearthaninthelatermonths.IfyouthenexaminedtheEuropeannationalyouthteamsthatfeedtheWorldCupandprofessionalranks,youwouldfindthisstrangephenomenontobeevenmorepronounced.Whatmightaccountforthisstrangephenomenon?Hereareafewguesses:a)certainastrologicalsignsconfersuperiorsoccerskills;b)winter-bombabiestendtohavehigheroxygencapacity,whichincreasessoccerstamina;c)soccer-madparentsaremorelikelytoconceivechildreninspringtime,attheannualpeakofsoccermania;d)noneoftheabove.AndersEricsson,a58-year-oldpsychologyprofessoratFloridaStateUniversity,

28sayshebelievesstronglyin“noneoftheabove.^^EricssongrewupinSweden,andstudiednuclearengineeringuntilherealizedhewouldhavemoreopportunitytoconducthisownresearchifheswitchedtopsychology.Hisfirstexperiment,nearly30yearsago,involvedmemory:trainingapersontohearandthenrepeatarandomseriesofnumbers."Withthefirstsubject,afterabout20hoursoftraining,hisdigitspanhadrisenfrom7to20,“Ericssonrecalls."Hekeptimproving,andafterabout200hoursoftraininghehadrisentoover80numbers.^^Thissuccess,coupledwithlaterresearchshowingthatmemoryitselfisnotgeneticallydetermined,ledEricssontoconcludethattheactofmemorizingismoreofacognitiveexercisethananintuitiveone.Inotherwords,whateverinborndifferencestwopeoplemayexhibitintheirabilitiestomemorize,thosediflferencesareswampedbyhowwelleachperson“encodes“theinformation.Andthebestwaytolearnhowtoencodeinformationmeaningfully,Ericssondetermined,wasaprocessknownasdeliberatepractice.Deliberatepracticeentailsmorethansimplyrepeatingatask.Rather,itinvolvessettingspecificgoals,obtainingimmediatefeedbackandconcentratingasmuchontechniqueasonoutcome.Ericssonandhiscolleagueshavethustakentostudyingexpertperformersinawiderangeofpursuits,includingsoccer.Theygatherallthedatatheycan,notjustperformancestatisticsandbiographicaldetailsbutalsotheresultsoftheirownlaboratoryexperimentswithhighachievers.Theirworkmakesaratherstartlingassertion:thetraitwecommonlycalltalentishighlyoverrated.Or,putanotherway,expertperformers-whetherinmemoryorsurgery,balletorcomputerprogramming一arenearlyalwaysmade,notborn.1.Thebirthdayphenomenonfoundamongsoccerplayersismentionedto[A]stresstheimportanceofprofessionaltraining.[B]spotlightthesoccersuperstarsintheWorldCup.[C]introducethetopicofwhatmakesexpertperformance.[D]explainwhysomesoccerteamsplaybetterthanothers.2.Theword“mania”(Line4,Paragraph2)mostprobablymeans[A]fun.[B]craze.[C]hysteria.[D]excitement.3.AccordingtoEricsson,goodmemory[A]dependsonmeaningfulprocessingofinformation.[B]resultsfromintuitiveratherthancognitiveexercises.[C]isdeterminedbygeneticratherthanpsychologicalfactors.[D]requiresimmediatefeedbackandahighdegreeofconcentration.4.Ericssonandhiscolleaguesbelievethat

29[A]talentisadominatingfactorforprofessionalsuccess.[B]biographicaldataprovidethekeytoexcellentperformance.[C]theroleoftalenttendstobeoverlooked.[D]highachieversowetheirsuccessmostlytonurture.1.Whichofthefollowingproverbsisclosesttothemessagethetexttriestoconvey?[A]"Faithwillmovemountains.”[B]"Onereapswhatonesows.”[C]"'Practicemakesperfect.^^[D]"Likefather,likeson.^^Text2Forthepastseveralyears,theSundaynewspapersupplementParadehasfeaturedacolumncalled“AskMarilyn."PeopleareinvitedtoqueryMarilynvosSavant,whoatage10hadtestedatamentallevelofsomeoneabout23yearsold;thatgaveheranIQof228一thehighestscoreeverrecorded.IQtestsaskyoutocompleteverbalandvisualanalogies,toenvisionpaperafterithasbeenfoldedandcut,andtodeducenumericalsequences,amongothersimilartasks.SoitisabitconfusingwhenvosSavantfieldssuchqueriesfromtheaverageJoe(whoseIQis100)as,What'sthedifferencebetweenloveandfondness?Orwhatisthenatureofluckandcoincidence?It'snotobvioushowthecapacitytovisualizeobjectsandtofigureoutnumericalpatternssuitsonetoanswerquestionsthathaveeludedsomeofthebestpoetsandphilosophers.Clearly,intelligenceencompassesmorethanascoreonatest.Justwhatdoesitmeantobesmart?Howmuchofintelligencecanbespecified,andhowmuchcanwelearnaboutitfromneurology,genetics,computerscienceandotherfields?ThedefiningtermofintelligenceinhumansstillseemstobetheIQscore,eventhoughIQtestsarenotgivenasoftenastheyusedtobe.Thetestcomesprimarilyintwoforms:theStanford-BinetIntelligenceScaleandtheWechslerIntelligenceScales(bothcomeinadultandchildren'sversion).Generallycostingseveralhundreddollars,theyareusuallygivenonlybypsychologists,althoughvariationsofthempopulatebookstoresandtheWorldWideWeb.SuperhighscoreslikevosSavanfsarenolongerpossible,becausescoringisnowbasedonastatisticalpopulationdistributionamongagepeers,ratherthansimplydividingthementalagebythechronologicalageandmultiplyingby100.Otherstandardizedtests,suchastheScholasticAssessmentTest(SAT)andtheGraduateRecordExam(GRE),capturethemainaspectsofIQtests.Suchstandardizedtestsmaynotassessalltheimportantelementsnecessarytosucceedinschoolandinlife,arguesRobertJ.Sternberg.Inhisarticle“HowIntelligentIsIntelligenceTesting?”,Sternbergnotesthattraditionaltestbestassessanalyticalandverbalskillsbutfailtomeasurecreativityandpracticalknowledge,componentsalsocriticaltoproblemsolvingandlifesuccess.Moreover,IQtestsdonotnecessarilypredictsowelloncepopulationsorsituationschange.ResearchhasfoundthatIQpredictedleadershipskillswhenthetestsweregivenunderlow-stressconditions,butunder

30high-stressconditions,IQwasnegativelycorrelatedwithleadership-thatis,itpredictedtheopposite.AnyonewhohastoiledthroughSATwilltestifythattest-takingskillalsomatters,whetherifsknowingwhentoguessorwhatquestionstoskip.四联法硕网www.slschool.com四联法硕论坛www.slschool.com/bbs1.Whichofthefollowingmayberequiredinanintelligencetest?[A]Answeringphilosophicalquestions.[B]Foldingorcuttingpaperintodifferentshapes.[C]Tellingthedifferencesbetweencertainconcepts.[D]Choosingwordsorgraphssimilartothegivenones.2.WhatcanbeinferredaboutintelligencetestingfromParagraph3?[A]PeoplenolongeruseIQscoresasanindicatorofintelligence.[B]MoreversionsofIQtestsarenowavailableontheInternet.[C]Thetestcontentsandformatsforadultsandchildrenmaybedifferent.[D]Scientistshavedefinedtheimportantelementsofhumanintelligence.3.PeoplenowadayscannolongerachieveIQscoresashighasvosSavant'sbecause[A]thescoresareobtainedthroughdifferentcomputationalprocedures.[B]creativityratherthananalyticalskillsisemphasizednow.[C]vosSavant'scaseisanextremeonethatwillnotrepeat.[D]thedefiningcharacteristicofIQtestshaschanged.4.Wecanconcludefromthelastparagraphthat[A]testscoresmaynotbereliableindicatorsofone'sability.[B]IQscoresandSATresultsarehighlycorrelated.[C]testinginvolvesalotofguesswork.[D]traditionaltestareoutofdate.5.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardsIQtests?[A]Supportive.[B]Skeptical.[C]Impartial.[D]Biased.Text3Duringthepastgeneration,theAmericanmiddle-classfamilythatoncecouldcountonhardworkandfairplaytokeepitselffinanciallysecurehadbeentransformedbyeconomicriskandnewrealities.Nowapinkslip,abaddiagnosis,oradisappearingspousecanreduceafamilyfromsolidlymiddleclasstonewlypoorinafewmonths.四联法硕网www.slschool.com四联法硕论坛www.slschool.com/bbs

31Injustonegeneration,millionsofmothershavegonetowork,transformingbasicfamilyeconomics.Scholars,policymakers,andcriticsofallstripeshavedebatedthesocialimplicationsofthesechanges,butfewhavelookedatthesideeffect:familyriskhasrisenaswell.Today'sfamilieshavebudgetedtothelimitsoftheirnewtwo-paycheckstatus.Asaresult,theyhavelosttheparachutetheyoncehadintimesoffinancialsetback一aback-upearner(usuallyMom)whocouldgointotheworkforceiftheprimaryearnergotlaidofforfellsick.This“added-workereflfect”couldsupportthesafetynetofferedbyunemploymentinsuranceordisabilityinsurancetohelpfamiliesweatherbadtimes.Buttoday,adisruptiontofamilyfortunescannolongerbemadeupwithextraincomefromanotherwise-stay-at-homepartner.Duringthesameperiod,familieshavebeenaskedtoabsorbmuchmoreriskintheirretirementincome.Steelworkers,airlineemployees,andnowthoseintheautoindustryarejoiningmillionsoffamilieswhomustworryaboutinterestrates,stockmarketfluctuation,andtheharshrealitythattheymayoutlivetheirretirementmoney.Formuchofthepastyear,PresidentBushcampaignedtomoveSocialSecuritytoasaving-accountmodel,withretireestradingmuchoralloftheirguaranteedpaymentsfbrpaymentsdependingoninvestmentreturns.Foryoungerfamilies,thepictureisnotanybetter.Boththeabsolutecostofhealthcareandtheshareofitbornebyfamilieshaverisen-andnewlyfashionablehealth-savingsplansarespreadingfromlegislativehallstoWal-Martworkers,withmuchhigherdeductiblesandalargenewdoseofinvestmentriskfbrfamilies,futurehealthcare.Evendemographicsareworkingagainstthemiddleclassfamily,astheoddsofhavingaweakelderlyparent-andalltheattendantneedfbrphysicalandfinancialassistance一havejumpedeightfoldinjustonegeneration.Fromthemiddle-classfamilyperspective,muchofthis,understandably,looksfarlesslikeanopportunitytoexercisemorefinancialresponsibility,andagooddealmorelikeafrighteningaccelerationofthewholesaleshiftoffinancialriskontotheiralreadyoverburdenedshoulders.Thefinancialfallouthasbegun,andthepoliticalfalloutmaynotbeforbehind.1.Today'sdouble-incomefamiliesareatgreaterfinancialriskinthat[A]thesafetynettheyusedtoenjoyhasdisappeared.[B]theirchancesofbeinglaidoffhavegreatlyincreased.[C]theyaremorevulnerabletochangesinfamilyeconomics.[D]theyaredeprivedofunemploymentordisabilityinsurance.2.AsaresultofPresidentBush'sreform,retiredpeoplemayhave[A]ahighersenseofsecurity.[B]lesssecuredpayments.[C]lesschancetoinvest.[D]aguaranteedfuture.3.Accordingtotheauthor,health-savingsplanswill

32[A]helpreducethecostofhealthcare.[B]popularizeamongthemiddleclass.[C]compensateforthereducedpensions.[D]increasethefamilies,investmentrisk.1.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat[A]financialriskstendtooutweighpoliticalrisks.[B]themiddleclassmayfacegreaterpoliticalchallenges.[C]financialproblemsmaybringaboutpoliticalproblems.[D]financialresponsibilityisanindicatorofpoliticalstatus.2.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthistext?[A]TheMiddleClassontheAlert[B]TheMiddleClassontheCliff[C]TheMiddleClassinConflict[D]TheMiddleClassinRuinsText4Itneverrainsbutitpours.Justasbossesandboardshavefinallysortedouttheirworstaccountingandcompliancetroubles,andimprovedtheirfeeblecorporationgovernance,anewproblemthreatenstoearnthem-especiallyinAmerica-thesortofnastyheadlinesthatinevitablyleadtoheadsrollingintheexecutivesuite:datainsecurity.Left,untilnow,toodd,low-levelITstafftoputright,andseenasaconcernonlyofdata-richindustriessuchasbanking,telecomsandairtravel,informationprotectionisnowhighontheboss'sagendainbusinessesofeveryvariety.Severalmassiveleakagesofcustomerandemployeedatathisyear-fromorganizationsasdiverseasTimeWarner,theAmericandefensecontractorScienceApplicationsInternationalCorpandeventheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley一haveleftmanagershurriedlypeeringintotheirintricateITsystemsandbusinessprocessesinsearchofpotentialvulnerabilities.“Dataisbecominganassetwhichneedstobeguardedasmuchasanyotherasset,saysHaimMendelsonofStanfordUniversity'sbusinessschool."Theabilitytoguardcustomerdataisthekeytomarketvalue,whichtheboardisresponsibleforonbehalfofshareholde^s.^^Indeed,justasthereistheconceptofGenerallyAcceptedAccountingPrinciples(GAAP),perhapsitistimeforGASP,GenerallyAcceptedSecurityPractices,suggestedEliNoamofNewYork'sColumbiaBusinessSchool."Settingtheproperinvestmentlevelforsecurity,redundancy,andrecoveryisamanagementissue,notatechnicalone,“hesays.Themysteryisthatthisshouldcomeasasurprisetoanyboss.Surelyitshouldbeobvioustothedimmestexecutivethattrust,thatmostvaluableofeconomicassets,iseasilydestroyedandhugelyexpensivetorestore-andthatfewthingsaremorelikelyto

33destroytrustthanacompanylettingsensitivepersonaldatagetintothewronghands.四联法硕网www.slschool.com四联法硕论坛www.slschool.com/bbsThecurrentstateofaffairsmayhavebeenencouraged-thoughnotjustified一bythelackoflegalpenalty(inAmerica,butnotEurope)fordataleakage.UntilCaliforniarecentlypassedalaw,Americanfirmsdidnothavetotellanyone,eventhevictim,whendatawentastray.Thatmaychangefast:lotsofproposeddata-securitylegislationisnowdoingtheroundsinWashington,D.C.Meanwhile,thetheftofinformationaboutsome40millioncredit-cardaccountsinAmerica,disclosedonJune17th,overshadowedahugelyimportantdecisionadayearlierbyAmerica'sFederalTradeCommission(FTC)thatputscorporateAmericaonnoticethatregulatorswillactiffirmsfailtoprovideadequatedatasecurity.1.Thestatement"Itneverrainsbutitpours“isusedtointroduce[A]thefiercebusinesscompetition.[B]thefeebleboss-boardrelations.[C]thethreatfromnewsreports.[D]theseverityofdataleakage.2.AccordingtoParagraph2,someorganizationschecktheirsystemstofindout[A]whetherthereisanyweakpoint.[B]whatsortofdatahasbeenstolen.[C]whoisresponsiblefortheleakage.[D]howthepotentialspiescanbelocated.3.InbringinguptheconceptofGASPtheauthorismakingthepointthat[A]shareholders9interestsshouldbeproperlyattendedto.[B]informationprotectionshouldbegivendueattention.[C]businessesshouldenhancetheirlevelofaccountingsecurity.[D]themarketvalueofcustomerdatashouldbeemphasized.4.AccordingtoParagraph4,whatpuzzlestheauthoristhatsomebossesfailto[A]seethelinkbetweentrustanddataprotection.[B]perceivethesensitivityofpersonaldata.[C]realizethehighcostofdatarestoration.[D]appreciatetheeconomicvalueoftrust.5.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph5that[A]dataleakageismoresevereinEurope.[B]FTC'sdecisionisessentialtodatasecurity.[C]Californiatakestheleadinsecuritylegislation.[D]legalpenaltyisamajorsolutiontodataleakage.

34PartBDirections:Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextaboutwhatparentsaresupposedtodotoguidetheirchildrenintoadulthood.ChooseaheadingfromthelistA-Gthatbestfitsthemeaningofeachnumberedpartofthetext(41-45).Thefirstandlastparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Therearetwoextraheadingsthatyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)A.SetaGoodExampleforYourKidsB.BuildYourKids'WorkSkillsC.PlaceTimeLimitsonLeisureActivitiesD.TalkabouttheFutureonaRegularBasisE.HelpKidsDevelopCopingStrategiesF.HelpYourKidsFigureOutWhoTheyAreG.BuildYourKids'SenseofResponsibilityHowCanaParentHelp?Mothersandfatherscandoalottoensureasafelandinginearlyadulthoodfbrtheirkids.Evenifajob'sstartingsalaryseemstoosmalltosatisfyanemergingadult'sneedfbrrapidcontent,thetransitionfromschooltoworkcanbelessofasetbackifthestart-upadultisreadyfbrthemove.Hereareafewmeasures,drawnfrommybookReadyorNot,HereLifeComes^thatparentscantaketopreventwhatIcall"work-lifeunreadiness.^^41Youcanstartthisprocesswhentheyare11or12.Periodicallyreviewtheiremergingstrengthsandweaknesseswiththemandworktogetheronanyshortcomings,likedifficultyincommunicatingwellorcollaborating.Also,identifythekindsofintereststheykeepcomingbackto,astheseoffercluestothecareersthatwillfitthembest.42Kidsneedarangeofauthenticrolemodels-asopposedtomembersoftheirclique,popstarsandvauntedathletes.Haveregulardinner-tablediscussionsaboutpeoplethefamilyknowsandhowtheygotwheretheyare.Discussthejoysanddownsidesofyourowncareerandencourageyourkidstoformsomeideasabouttheirownfuture.Whenaskedwhattheywanttodo,theyshouldbediscouragedfromsaying“Ihavenoidea.”Theycanchangetheirminds200times,buthavingonlyafoggyviewofthefutureisoflittlegood.43Teachersareresponsiblefbrteachingkidshowtolearn;parentsshouldberesponsibleforteachingthemhowtowork.Assignresponsibilitiesaroundthehouseand

35makesurehomeworkdeadlinesaremet.Encourageteenagerstotakeapart-timejob.Kidsneedplentyofpracticedelayinggratificationanddeployingeffectiveorganizationalskills,suchasmanagingtimeandsettingpriorities.44Playingvideogamesencouragesimmediatecontent.AndhoursofwatchingTVshowswithcannedlaughteronlyteacheskidstoprocessinformationinapassiveway.Atthesametime,listeningthroughearphonestothesamemonotonousbeatsfbrlongstretchesencourageskidstostayinsidetheirbubbleinsteadofpursuingotherendeavors.Alltheseactivitiescanpreventthegrowthofimportantcommunicationandthinkingskillsandmakeitdifficultfbrkidstodevelopthekindofsustainedconcentrationtheywillneedfbrmostjobs.45Theyshouldknowhowtodealwithsetbacks,stressesandfeelingsofinadequacy.Theyshouldalsolearnhowtosolveproblemsandresolveconflicts,waystobrainstormandthinkcritically.Discussionsathomecanhelpkidspracticedoingthesethingsandhelpthemapplytheseskillstoeverydaylifesituations.Whataboutthesonordaughterwhoisgrownbutseemstobestrugglingandwanderingaimlesslythroughearlyadulthood?Parentsstillhaveamajorroletoplay,butnowitismoredelicate.Theyhavetobecarefulnottocomeacrossasdisappointedintheirchild.Theyshouldexhibitstronginterestandrespectforwhatevercurrentlyintereststheirfledgingadult(asnaiveorillconceivedasitmayseem)whilebecomingapartnerinexploringoptionsforthefuture.Mostofall,thesenewadultsmustfeelthattheyarerespectedandsupportedbyafamilythatappreciatesthem.PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)ThestudyoflawhasbeenrecognizedforcenturiesasabasicintellectualdisciplineinEuropeanuniversities.However,onlyinrecentyearshasitbecomeafeatureofundergraduateprogramsinCanadianuniversities.(46)Traditiooallyjegallearninghasbeenviewedinsuchinstitutionsasthespecialpreserveoflawyers,ratherthananecessarypartoftheinteHectualequipmentofaneducatedperson.Happily,theolderandmorecontinentalviewoflegaleducationisestablishingitselfinanumberofCanadianuniversitiesandsomehaveevenbeguntoofferundergraduatedegreesinlaw.Ifthestudyoflawisbeginningtoestablishitselfaspartandparcelofageneraleducation,itsaimsandmethodsshouldappealdirectlytojournalismeducators.Lawisadisciplinewhichencouragesresponsiblejudgment.Ontheonehand,itprovidesopportunitiestoanalyzesuchideasasjustice,democracyandfreedom.(47)Ontheother,itlinkstheseconceptstoeverydayrealitiesinamannerwhichisparalleltothelinks

36journalistsforgeonadailybasisastheycoverandcommentonthenews.Forexample,notionsofevidenceandfact,ofbasicrightsandpublicinterestareatworkintheprocessofjournalisticjudgmentandproductionjustasincourtsoflaw.Sharpeningjudgmentbyabsorbingandreflectingonlawisadesirablecomponentofajoumalisfsintellectualpreparationforhisorhercareer.(48)Buttheideathatthejournalistmustunderstandthelawmoreprofoundlythanan0rdinarycitizenrestsonanunderstandingoftheestablishedconventionsandspecialresponsibilitiesofthenewsmedia.Politicsor,morebroadly,thefunctioningofthestate,isamajorsubjectfbrjournalists.Thebetterinformedtheyareaboutthewaythestateworks,thebettertheirreportingwillbe.(49)Infact,itisdifficulttoseehowjournalistswhodonothaveacleargraspofthebasicfeaturesoftheCanadianConstitutioncandoacompetentjobonpoliticalstories.Furthermore,thelegalsystemandtheeventswhichoccurwithinitareprimarysubjectsforjournalists.Whilethequalityoflegaljournalismvariesgreatly,thereisanunduerelianceamongstmanyjournalistsoninterpretationssuppliedtothembylawyers.(50)Whilecommentandreactionfromlawyersmayenhancestories,itispreferableforjournaliststorelyontheirownnotionsofsignificanceandmaketheirownjudgments.Thesecanonlycomefromawell-groundedunderstandingofthelegalsystem.SectionIIIWritingPartA51.Directions:Writealettertoyouuniversitylibrary,makingsuggestionsforimprovingitsservice.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use“LiMing“instead.Donotwritetheaddress.(10points)PartB52.Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,andthen3)supportyourviewwithanexample/examples.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)

37

382007年考研英语真题答案SectionI:UseofEnglish(10points)1.B2.D3.A4.C,5.C6.D7.B8.A9.B10.c11.A12.D13.A14.C15.B16.D17.C18.A19.B20.DSectionII:ReadingComprehension(60points)PartA(40points)21.C22.B23.A24.D25.C26.D27.C28.A29.A30.B31.C32.B33.D34.C35.B36.D37.A38.B39.A40.DPartB(10points)41.F42.D43.B44.C45.E41.F42.D43.B44.C45.EPartC(10points)46.长久以来，法律知识在这类学校里•起被视为律师们专有的，而不是一个受教育者的知识素养的必要组成部分。47.另一方面，这一学科把这些概念结合到日常生活中，这与新闻记者每天报道和评论新闻的做法是相同的。48.新闻记者应比普通公民更加透彻地了解法律，而这种看法是基于他们对新闻媒体业已确立的规约和特殊责任的理解。。49.事实上，很难设想那些对加拿大宪法的基本要点缺乏清晰了解的新闻记者何以能胜任政治新闻的报道工作。50.尽管律师的见解和反应会提高报道的质量，但新闻记者最好凭借他们自己对重要性的理解自行做出判断。SectionIII:Writing(30points)PartA(10points)51.参考范文January20th,2007DearSirorMadam,

39I'mastudentintheuniversityandaloyalreaderofthislibrary.I'mwritingtotellsomeofmyideas,whichIhopetobehelpfulforyou.Inoticethatmanymagazinesinourlibraryareoutofdate.Itwouldbebeneficialtousstudentsiftheycouldbeupdatedintime.AndIsuggestintroducingsomenewjournalssoastobringnewfreshairtothelibrary.Furthermore,sincewehaveahugenumberofbooks,itisnoteasytofindtherightoneeasily.However,ifwecanintroducesomenewsearchingmeans,suchasimplementingnewinformationmanagementsystemthatwouldbeuseful.ThankyoufortakingtimereadingthisletterandI'mlookingforwardtoseeingsomenewchangessoon.SincerelyYours,LiMingPartB(20points)52.参考范文Ascanbeseenfromthecartoon,differentideasmaycomefromthesamething.Inthepicture,whiletryingtocatchtheupcomingsoccer,thegoal-keepersaystohimselfwhyitissobig.And,thestrikersimplythinksinadifferentway,thatiswhyitissosmall?!Whatmakessuchabigcontraryonthesametournamentatthesamemoment?Itisnodoubtthattheyarefacingtheverysamegoalandexperiencingtheverysamemoment.However,thesubjectiveviewsresultindifferentimpressiononthesameobject.Manyofusmaystillrememberthestoryofaponycrossingtheriver,whichwelearnedfromthetextbookinprimaryschool.Thesquirreltellshim,theriverisdeep;andthecowtellshim,theriverisnotdeepatall.However,intheend,hetellshimselfathirdanswer.Therefore,itisnotexaggeratingtosaythatmostofusarelookingintotheworldwithpersonalideas.Subjectivementalstatusmayresultinareallybigdifferenceinpersonalviews,justlikethegoal-keeperandthestrikerinthedrawing.Apossiblesolutionmightbetofaceanysituationasobjectivelyaspossible.Ifwerealizethisinanobjectiveway,itwouldbegoodforustodealwithwhatweencounterinlife,especiallywhenweareinsetbacksorfacingdifficulties.四联法硕网www.slschool.com四联法硕论坛www.slschool.com/bbs2006年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)ThehomelessmakeupagrowingpercentageofAmerica'spopulation.]

40homelessnesshasreachedsuchproportionsthatlocalgovernmentscan'tpossibly2.Tohelphomelesspeople3independence,thefederalgovernmentmustsupportjobtrainingprograms,4theminimumwage,andfundmorelow-costhousing.5everyoneagreesonthenumberofAmericanswhoarehomeless.Estimates6anywherefrom600,000to3million.7thefiguremayvary,analystsdoagreeonanothermatter:thatthenumberofthehomelessis8.Oneofthefederalgovernment'sstudies9thatthenumberofthehomelesswillreachnearly19millionbytheendofthisdecade.Findingwaysto10thisgrowinghomelesspopulationhasbecomeincreasinglydifficult.11whenhomelessindividualsmanagetofinda12thatwillgivethemthreemealsadayandaplacetosleepatnight,agoodnumberstillspendthebulkofeachday13thestreet.Partoftheproblemisthatmanyhomelessadultsareaddictedtoalcoholordrugs.Andasignificantnumberofthehomelesshaveseriousmentaldisorders.Manyothers,14notaddictedormentallyill,simplylacktheeveryday15skillsneededtoturntheirlives16.BostonGlobereporterChrisReidynotesthatthesituationwillimproveonlywhenthereare17programsthataddressthemanyneedsofthehomeless.18EdwardZlotkowski,directorofcommunityserviceatBentleyCollegeinMassachusetts,19it,"Therehastobe20ofprograms.What'sneededisapackagedeal.”1.[A]Indeed[B]Likewise[C]Therefore[D]Furthermore2.[A]stand

41[B]cope[C]approve[D]retain1.[A]in[B]for[C]w汕[D]toward2.[A]raise[B]add[C]take[D]keep3.[A]generally[B]almost[C]hardly[D]not4.[A]cover[B]change[C]range[D]differ5.[A]Nowthat[B]Although[C]Provided[D]Exceptthat6.[A]inflating[B]expanding[C]increasing[D]extending7.[A]predicts[B]displays[C]proves[D]discovers8.[A]assist[B]track

42[B]sustain[C]dismiss1.[A]Hence[B]But[C]Even[D]Only2.[A]lodging[B]shelter[C]dwelling[D]house3.[A]searching[B]strolling[C]crowding[D]wandering4.[A]when[B]once[C]while[D]whereas5.[A]life[B]existence[C]survival[D]maintenance6.[A]around[B]over[C]on[D]up7.[A]complex[B]comprehensive[C]complementary[D]compensating8.[A]So[B]Since[C]As

43[B]Thus1.[A]puts[B]interprets[C]assumes[D]makes2.[A]supervision[B]manipulation[C]regulation[D]coordinationSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C],or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Inspiteof"endlesstalkofdifference,Americansocietyisanamazingmachineforhomogenizingpeople.Thereis“thedemocratizinguniformityofdressanddiscourse,andthecasualnessandabsenceofdeference^^characteristicofpopularculture.Peopleareabsorbedinto“acultureofconsumption^^launchedbythe19th-centurydepartmentstoresthatoffered“vastarraysofgoodsinanelegantatmosphere.Insteadofintimateshopscateringtoaknowledgeableelite,thesewerestores"anyonecouldenter,regardlessofclassorbackground.Thisturnedshoppingintoapublicanddemocraticact."Themassmedia,advertisingandsportsareotherforcesforhomogenization.Immigrantsarequicklyfittingintothiscommonculture,whichmaynotbealtogetherelevatingbutishardlypoisonous.WritingfbrtheNationalImmigrationForum,GregoryRodriguezreportsthattoday'simmigrationisneitheratunprecedentedlevelsnorresistanttoassimilation.In1998immigrantswere9.8percentofpopulation;in1900,13.6percent.Inthe10yearspriorto1990,3.1immigrantsarrivedfbrevery1,000residents;inthe10yearspriorto1890,9.2forevery1,000.Now,considerthreeindicesofassimilation-language,homeownershipandintermarriage.The1990Censusrevealedthat“amajorityofimmigrantsfromeachofthefifteenmostcommoncountriesoforiginspokeEnglish'well'or'verywelTaftertenyearsofresidence."ThechildrenofimmigrantstendtobebilingualandproficientinEnglish.“Bythethirdgeneration,theoriginallanguageislostinthemajorityofimmigrantfamilies.HencethedescriptionofAmericaasa“graveyard”fbrlanguages.By1996fbreign-bornimmigrantswhohadarrivedbefore1970hadahomeownershiprateof75.6percent,higherthanthe69.8percentrateamongnative-bornAmericans.

44Foreign-bomAsiansandHispanics"havehigherratesofintermarriagethandoU.S.-bornwhitesandblacks."Bythethirdgeneration,onethirdofHispanicwomenaremarriedtonon-Hispanics,and41percentofAsian-Americanwomenaremarriedtonon-Asians.RodrigueznotesthatchildreninremotevillagesaroundtheworldarefansofsuperstarslikeArnoldSchwarzeneggerandGarthBrooks,yet“someAmericansfearthatimmigrantslivingwithintheUnitedStatesremainsomehowimmunetothenation'sassimilativepower.^^AretheredivisiveissuesandpocketsofseethingangerinAmerica?Indeed.Itisbigenoughtohaveabitofeverything.ButparticularlywhenviewedagainstAmerica'sturbulentpast,today'ssocialindiceshardlysuggestadarkanddeterioratingsocialenvironment.1.Theword“homogenizing”(Line2,Paragraph1)mostprobablymeans[A]identifying[B]associating[C]assimilating[D]monopolizing2.Accordingtotheauthor,thedepartmentstoresofthe19thcentury.[A]playedaroleinthespreadofpopularculture[B]becameintimateshopsforcommonconsumers[C]satisfiedtheneedsofaknowledgeableelite[D]oweditsemergencetothecultureofconsumption3.ThetextsuggeststhatimmigrantsnowintheU.S..[A]areresistanttohomogenization[B]exertagreatinfluenceonAmericanculture[C]arehardlyathreattothecommonculture[D]constitutethemajorityofthepopulation4.WhyareArnoldSchwarzeneggerandGarthBrooksmentionedinParagraph5?[A]Toprovetheirpopularityaroundtheworld.[B]Torevealthepublic'sfearofimmigrants.[C]Togiveexamplesofsuccessfulimmigrants.[D]ToshowthepowerfulinfluenceofAmericanculture.5.Intheauthor'sopinion,theabsorptionofimmigrantsintoAmericansocietyis[A]rewarding

45[A]successful[B]fruitless[C]harmfulText2Stratfbrd-on-Avon,asweallknow,hasonlyoneindustry-WilliamShakespeare--buttherearetwodistinctlyseparateandincreasinglyhostilebranches.ThereistheRoyalShakespeareCompany(RSC),whichpresentssuperbproductionsoftheplaysattheShakespeareMemorialTheatreontheAvon.Andtherearethetownsfolkwholargelyliveoffthetouristswhocome,nottoseetheplays,buttolookatAnneHathaway'sCottage,Shakespeare^birthplaceandtheothersights.TheworthyresidentsofStratforddoubtthatthetheatreaddsapennytotheirrevenue.TheyfranklydisliketheRSC'sactors,themwiththeirlonghairandbeardsandsandalsandnoisiness.It'salldeliciouslyironicwhenyouconsiderthatShakespeare,whoearnstheirliving,washimselfanactor(withabeard)anddidhisshareofnoise-making.Thetouriststreamsarenotentirelyseparate.Thesightseerswhocomebybus—andoftentakeinWarwickCastleandBlenheimPalaceontheside-don'tusuallyseetheplays,andsomeofthemareevensurprisedtofindatheatreinStratford.However,theplaygoersdomanagealittlesight-seeingalongwiththeirplaygoing.Itistheplaygoers,theRSCcontends,whobringinmuchofthetown'srevenuebecausetheyspendthenight(someofthemfourorfivenights)pouringcashintothehotelsandrestaurants.Thesightseerscantakeineverythingandgetoutoftownbynightfall.Thetownsfolkdon'tseeitthiswayandlocalcouncildoesnotcontributedirectlytothesubsidyoftheRoyalShakespeareCompany.Stratfordcriespoortraditionally.Neverthelesseveryhotelintownseemstobeaddinganewwingorcocktaillounge.Hiltonisbuildingitsownhotelthere,whichyoumaybesurewillbedecoratedwithHamletHamburgerBars,theLearLounge,theBanquoBanquetingRoom,andsoforth,andwillbeveryexpensive.Anyway,thetownsfolkcan'tunderstandwhytheRoyalShakespeareCompanyneedsasubsidy.(Thetheatrehasbrokenattendancerecordsfbrthreeyearsinarow.Lastyearits1,431seatswere94percentoccupiedallyearlongandthisyearthey'lldobetter.)Thereason,ofcourse,isthatcostshaverocketedandticketpriceshavestayedlow.ItwouldbeashametoraisepricestoomuchbecauseitwoulddriveawaytheyoungpeoplewhoareStratford\mostattractiveclientele.Theycomeentirelyfbrtheplays,notthesights.Theyallseemtolookalike(thoughtheycomefromallover)--lean,pointed,dedicatedfaces,wearingjeansandsandals,eatingtheirbunsandbeddingdownfbrthenightontheflagstonesoutsidethetheatretobuythe20seatsand80standing-roomticketsheldfbrthesleepersandsoldtothemwhentheboxofficeopensat10:30a.m.1.Fromthefirsttwoparagraphs,welearnthat.[A]thetownsfolkdenytheRSC'scontributiontothetown'srevenue[B]theactorsoftheRSCimitateShakespeareonandoffstage

46[A]thetwobranchesoftheRSCarenotongoodterms[B]thetownsfolkearnlittlefromtourism1.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3that.[A]thesightseerscannotvisittheCastleandthePalaceseparately[B]theplaygoersspendmoremoneythanthesightseers[C]thesightseersdomoreshoppingthantheplaygoers[D]theplaygoersgotonootherplacesintownthanthetheater2.Bysaying"Stratfordcriespoortraditionally^^(Line2-3,Paragraph4),theauthorimpliesthat.[A]Stratfordcannotaffordtheexpansionprojects[B]Stratfordhaslongbeeninfinancialdifficulties[C]thetownisnotreallyshortofmoney[D]thetownsfolkusedtobepoorlypaid3.Accordingtothetownsfolk,theRSCdeservesnosubsidybecause.[A]ticketpricescanberaisedtocoverthespending[B]thecompanyisfinanciallyill-managed[C]thebehavioroftheactorsisnotsociallyacceptable[D]thetheatreattendanceisontherise4.Fromthetextwecanconcludethattheauthor.[A]issupportiveofbothsides[B]favorsthetownsfolk'sview[C]takesadetachedattitude[D]issympathetictotheRSCText3四联法硕网www.slschool.com四联法硕论坛www.slschool.com/bbsWhenprehistoricmanarrivedinnewpartsoftheworld,somethingstrangehappenedtothelargeanimals.Theysuddenlybecameextinct.Smallerspeciessurvived.Thelarge,slow-growinganimalswereeasygame,andwerequicklyhuntedtoextinction.Nowsomethingsimilarcouldbehappeningintheoceans.Thattheseasarebeingoverfishedhasbeenknownforyears.WhatresearcherssuchasRansomMyersandBorisWormhaveshownisjusthowfastthingsarechanging.Theyhavelookedathalfacenturyofdatafromfisheriesaroundtheworld.Theirmethodsdonotattempttoestimatetheactualbiomass(theamountoflivingbiologicalmatter)offishspeciesinparticularpartsoftheocean,butratherchangesinthatbiomassovertime.AccordingtotheirlatestpaperpublishedinNature,thebiomassoflargepredators(animalsthatkillandeatotheranimals)inanewfisheryisreducedonaverageby80%within15yearsofthestartofexploitation.Insomelong-fishedareas,ithashalvedagainsincethen.

47Dr.Wormacknowledgesthatthesefiguresareconservative.Onereasonforthisisthatfishingtechnologyhasimproved.Today'svesselscanfindtheirpreyusingsatellitesandsonar,whichwerenotavailable50yearsago.Thatmeansahigherproportionofwhatisintheseaisbeingcaught,sotherealdifferencebetweenpresentandpastislikelytobeworsethantheonerecordedbychangesincatchsizes.Intheearlydays,too,longlineswouldhavebeenmoresaturatedwithfish.Someindividualswouldthereforenothavebeencaught,sincenobaitedhookswouldhavebeenavailabletotrapthem,leadingtoanunderestimateoffishstocksinthepast.Furthermore,intheearlydaysoflonglinefishing,alotoffishwerelosttosharksaftertheyhadbeenhooked.Thatisnolongeraproblem,becausetherearefewersharksaroundnow.Dr.MyersandDr.Wormarguethattheirworkgivesacorrectbaseline,whichfuturemanagementeflfortsmusttakeintoaccount.Theybelievethedatasupportanideacurrentamongmarinebiologists,thatofthe"shiftingbaseline.^,Thenotionisthatpeoplehavefailedtodetectthemassivechangeswhichhavehappenedintheoceanbecausetheyhavebeenlookingbackonlyarelativelyshorttimeintothepast.Thatmattersbecausetheorysuggeststhatthemaximumsustainableyieldthatcanbecroppedfromafisherycomeswhenthebiomassofatargetspeciesisabout50%ofitsoriginallevels.Mostfisheriesarewellbelowthat,whichisabadwaytodobusiness.1.Theextinctionoflargeprehistoricanimalsisnotedtosuggestthat.[A]largeanimalwerevulnerabletothechangingenvironment[B]smallspeciessurvivedaslargeanimalsdisappeared[C]largeseaanimalsmayfacethesamethreattoday[D]slow-growingfishoutlivefast-growingones2.WecaninferfromDr.MyersandDr.Worm'spaperthat.[A]thestockoflargepredatorsinsomeoldfisherieshasreducedby90%[B]thereareonlyhalfasmanyfisheriesastherewere15yearsago[C]thecatchsizesinnewfisheriesareonly20%oftheoriginalamount[D]thenumberoflargerpredatorsdroppedfasterinnewfisheriesthanintheold3.Bysaying"thesefiguresareconservative”(Line1,paragraph3),Dr.Wormmeansthat.[A]fishingtechnologyhasimprovedrapidly[B]thecatch-sizesareactuallysmallerthanrecorded[C]themarinebiomasshassufferedagreaterloss[D]thedatacollectedsofarareoutofdate4.Dr.Myersandotherresearchersholdthat.[A]peopleshouldlookfbrabaselinethatcanworkfbralongertime[B]fisheriesshouldkeeptheiryieldsbelow50%ofthebiomass[C]theoceanbiomassshouldberestoredtoitsoriginallevel

48[A]peopleshouldadjustthefishingbaselinetothechangingsituation1.Theauthorseemstobemainlyconcernedwithmostfisheries'.[A]managementefficiency[B]biomasslevel[C]catch-sizelimits[D]technologicalapplicationText4Manythingsmakepeoplethinkartistsareweird.Buttheweirdestmaybethis:artists'onlyjobistoexploreemotions,andyettheychoosetofbcusontheonesthatfeelbad.Thiswasn'talwaysso.Theearliestformsofart,likepaintingandmusic,arethosebestsuitedforexpressingjoy.Butsomewherefromthe19thcenturyonward,moreartistsbeganseeinghappinessasmeaningless,phonyor,worstofall,boring,aswewentfromWordsworth'sdaffodilstoBaudelaire^flowersofevil.Youcouldarguethatartbecamemoreskepticalofhappinessbecausemodemtimeshaveseensomuchmisery.Butit'snotasifearliertimesdidn'tknowperpetualwar,disasterandthemassacreofinnocents.Thereason,infact,maybejusttheopposite:thereistoomuchdamnhappinessintheworldtoday.Afterall,whatistheonemodemformofexpressionalmostcompletelydedicatedtodepictinghappiness?Advertising.Theriseofanti-happyartalmostexactlytrackstheemergenceofmassmedia,andwithit,acommercialcultureinwhichhappinessisnotjustanidealbutanideology.Peopleinearliererasweresurroundedbyremindersofmisery.Theyworkeduntilexhausted,livedwithfewprotectionsanddiedyoung.IntheWest,beforemasscommunicationandliteracy,themostpowerfulmassmediumwasthechurch,whichremindedworshippersthattheirsoulswereindangerandthattheywouldsomedaybemeatforworms.Givenallthis,theydidnotexactlyneedtheirarttobeabummertoo.TodaythemessagestheaverageWesternerissurroundedwitharenotreligiousbutcommercial,andforeverhappy.Fast-fbodeaters,newsanchors,textmessengers,ailsmiling,smiling,smiling.Ourmagazinesfeaturebeamingcelebritiesandhappyfamiliesinperfecthomes.Andsincethesemessageshaveanagenda—tolureustoopenourwallets-theymaketheveryideaofhappinessseemunreliable.“Celebrate!”commandedtheadsfbrthearthritisdrugCelebrex,beforewefoundoutitcouldincreasetheriskofheartattacks.Butwhatweforget-whatoureconomydependsonusforgetting-isthathappinessismorethanpleasurewithoutpain.Thethingsthatbringthegreatestjoycarrythegreatestpotentialforlossanddisappointment.Today,surroundedbypromisesofeasyhappiness,weneedarttotellus,asreligiononcedid,Mementomori:rememberthatyouwilldie,thateverythingends,andthathappinesscomesnotindenyingthisbutinlivingwithit.It'samessageevenmorebitterthanaclovecigarette,yet,somehow,abreathoffreshair.

491.BycitingtheexamplesofpoetsWordsworthandBaudelaire,theauthorintendstoshowthat.[A]poetryisnotasexpressiveofjoyaspaintingormusic[B]artgrowsoutofbothpositiveandnegativefeelings[C]poetstodayarelessskepticalofhappiness[D]artistshavechangedtheirfbcusofinterest2.Theword“bummer"(Line5,paragraph5)mostprobablymeanssomething[A]religious[B]unpleasant[C]entertaining[D]commercial3.Intheauthor'sopinion,advertising.[A]emergesinthewakeoftheanti-happyart[B]isacauseofdisappointmentforthegeneralpublic[C]replacesthechurchasamajorsourceofinformation[D]createsanillusionofhappinessratherthanhappinessitself4.Wecanlearnfromthelastparagraphthattheauthorbelieves.[A]happinessmoreoftenthannotendsinsadness[B]theanti-happyartisdistastefulbutrefreshing[C]miseryshouldbeenjoyedratherthandenied[D]theanti-happyartflourisheswheneconomybooms5.Whichofthefollowingistrueofthetext?[A]Religiononcefunctionedasareminderofmisery.[B]Artprovidesabalancebetweenexpectationandreality.[C]Peoplefeeldisappointedattherealitiesofmodemsociety.[D]Massmediaareinclinedtocoverdisastersanddeaths.PartBDirections:Inthefollowingarticle,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedgaps.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichyoudonotneedtouseinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)OnthenorthbankoftheOhioriversitsEvansville,Ind.,homeofDavidWilliams,52,andofariverboatcasino(aplacewheregamblinggamesareplayed).Duringseveralyearsofgamblinginthatcasino,Williams,astateauditorearning$35,000ayear,lost

50approximately$175,000.Hehadnevergambledbeforethecasinosenthimacouponfor$20worthofgambling.Hevisitedthecasino,lostthe$20andleft.Onhissecondvisithelost$800.Thecasinoissuedtohim,asagoodcustomer,a"FunCard"，whichwhenusedinthecasinoearnspointsformealsanddrinks,andenablesthecasinototracktheuser'sgamblingactivities.ForWilliams,thoseactivitiesbecomewhathecalls^electronicheroin*1.(41).In1997helost$21,000tooneslotmachineintwodays.InMarch1997helost$72,186.Hesometimesplayedtwoslotmachinesatatime,allnight,untiltheboatdockedat5a.m.,thenwentbackaboardwhenthecasinoopenedat9a.m.Nowheissuingthecasino,chargingthatitshouldhaverefusedhispatronagebecauseitknewhewasaddicted.Itdidknowhehadaproblem.InMarch1998afriendofWilliams'sgothiminvoluntarilyconfinedtoatreatmentcenterforaddictions,andwrotetoinformthecasinoofWilliams'sgamblingproblem.ThecasinoincludedaphotoofWilliamsamongthoseofbannedgamblers,andwrotetohima“ceaseadmissions^^letter.Notingthemedical/psychologicalnatureofproblemgamblingbehavior,thelettersaidthatbeforebeingreadmittedtothecasinohewouldhavetopresentmedical/psychologicalinformationdemonstratingthatpatronizingthecasinowouldposenothreattohissafetyorwell-being.(42).TheWallStreetJournalreportsthatthecasinohas24signswarning:"Enjoythefun...andalwaysbetwithyourhead,notoverit."Everyentranceticketlistsatoll-freenumberforcounselingfromtheIndianaDepartmentofMentalHealth.Nevertheless,Williams'ssuitchargesthatthecasino,knowinghewas"helplesslyaddictedtogambling,Mintentionallyworkedto"lure"himto“engageinconductagainsthisWell.(43).ThefourtheditionoftheDiagnosticandStatisticalManualofMentalDisorderssays"pathologicalgambling^^involvespersistent,recurringanduncontrollablepursuitlessofmoneythanofthrilloftakingrisksinquestofawindfall.(44).Pushedbyscience,orwhatclaimstobescience,societyisreclassifyingwhatoncewereconsideredcharacterflawsormoralfailingsaspersonalitydisordersakintophysicaldisabilities.(45).Forty-fourstateshavelotteries,29havecasinos,andmostofthesestatesaretovaryingdegreesdependenton-youmightsayaddictedto-revenuesfromwagering.AndsincethefirstInternetgamblingsitewascreatedin1995,competitionforgamblers7dollarshasbecomeintense.TheOct.28issueofNewsweekreportedthat2milliongamblerspatronize1,800virtualcasinoseveryweek.With$3.5billionbeinglostonInternetwagersthisyear,gamblinghaspassedpornographyastheWeb'smostprofitablebusiness.[A]Althoughnosuchevidencewaspresented,thecasino'smarketingdepartmentcontinuedtopepperhimwithmailings.AndheenteredthecasinoandusedhisFunCardwithoutbeingdetected.

51[A]Itisunclearwhatluringwasrequired,givenhiscompulsivebehavior.Andinwhatsensewashiswilloperative?[B]Bythetimehehadlost$5,000hesaidtohimselfthatifhecouldgetbacktoeven,hewouldquit.Onenighthewon$5,500,buthedidnotquit.[C]GamblinghasbeenacommonfeatureofAmericanlifeforever,butforalongtimeitwasbroadlyconsideredasin,orasocialdisease.Nowitisasocialpolicy:themostimportantandaggressivepromoterofgamblinginAmericaisthegovernment.[D]DavidWilliams'ssuitshouldtroublethisgamblingnation.Butdon'tbetonit.[E]Itisworrisomethatsocietyismedicalizingmoreandmorebehavioralproblems,oftendefiningasaddictionswhatearlier,sternergenerationsexplainedasweaknessofwill.[F]Theanonymous,lonely,undistractednatureofonlinegamblingisespeciallyconducivetocompulsivebehavior.ButevenifthegovernmentknewhowtomoveagainstInternetgambling,whatwouldbeitsgroundsfordoingso?PartC四联法硕网www.slschool.com四联法硕论坛www.slschool.com/bbsDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)IsittruethattheAmericanintellectualisrejectedandconsideredofnoaccountinhissociety?1amgoingtosuggestthatitisnottrue.FatherBruckbergertoldpartofthestorywhenheobservedthatitistheintellectualswhohaverejectedAmerica.Buttheyhavedonemorethanthat.Theyhavegrowndissatisfiedwiththeroleofintellectual.Itisthey,notAmerica,whohavebecomeanti-intellectual.First,theobjectofourstudypleadsfbrdefinition.Whatisanintellectual?46)IshalldefinehimasanindividualwhohaselectedashisprimarydutyandpleasureinlifetheactivityofthinkinginaSocratic(苏格拉底)wayaboutmoralproblems.Heexploressuchproblemsconsciously,articulately,andfrankly,firstbyaskingfactualquestions,thenbyaskingmoralquestions,finallybysuggestingactionwhichseemsappropriateinthelightofthefactualandmoralinformationwhichhehasobtained.47)Hisfunctionisanalogoustothatofajudge,whomustaccepttheobligationofrevealinginasobviousamanneraspossiblethecourseofreasoningwhichledhimtohisdecision.Thisdefinitionexcludesmanyindividualsusuallyreferredtoasintellectuals-theaveragescientist,forone.48)Ihaveexcludedhimbecause,whilehisaccomplishmentsmaycontributetothesolutionofmoralproblems、hehasnotbeenchargedwiththetaskofapproachinganybutthefactualaspectsofthoseproblems.Likeotherhumanbeings,heencountersmoralissuesevenintheeverydayperformanceofhisroutineduties—heisnotsupposedtocookhisexperiments,manufactureevidence,ordoctorhisreports.49)Buthisprimarytaskisnottothinkaboutthemoralcodewhichgovernshisactivity,anymorethanabusinessmanisexpectedtodedicatehisenergiestoanexplorationofrulesofconductinbusiness.Duringmostofhiswakinglifehewilltakehiscodeforgranted,asthebusinessmantakeshisethics.

52Thedefinitionalsoexcludesthemajorityofteachers,despitethefactthatteachinghastraditionallybeenthemethodwherebymanyintellectualsearntheirliving.50)Theymayteachverywellandmorethanearntheirsalaries,butmostofthemmakelittleornoindeDendentreflectionsonhumanproblemswhichinvolvemoraljudgment.Thisdescriptionevenfitsthemajorityofeminentscholars.Beinglearnedinsomebranchofhumanknowledgeisonething,livingin"publicandillustriousthoughts,asEmersonwouldsay,issomethingelse.SectionIIIWritingPartA51.DirectionsYouwanttocontributetoProjectHopebyofferingfinancialaidtoachildinaremotearea.Writealettertothedepartmentconcerned,askingthemtohelpfindacandidate.Youshouldspecifywhatkindofchildyouwanttohelpandhowyouwillcarryoutyourplan.Writeyourletterinnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter;use“LiMing,9instead.Donotwritetheaddress.(10points)PartB52.Directions:Studythefollowingphotoscarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould1.describethephotosbriefly,2.interpretthesocialphenomenonreflectedbythem,and3.giveyourpointofview.Youshouldwrite160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)

53有两幅图片，图1把崇拜写在脸上；图2花300元做“小贝头”注：Beckham是英国足球明星有两张照片，一张照片上有一位男士脸上写着足球明星的名字，另一张照片上有一个男子在理发，他要求理发师为他设计一个小贝克汉姆的发型。

542006年考研英语真题答案SectionI:UseofEnglish(10points)1.[A]2.[B]3.[D]4.[A]5.[D]6.[C]7.[B]8.[C]9.[A]10.[A]11.[C]12.[B]13.[D]14.[C]15.[C]16.[A]17.[B]18.[C]19.[A]20.[D]SectionII:ReadingComprehension(60points)PartA(40points)21.[C]22.[A]23.[C]24.[D]25.[B]26.[A]27.[B]28.[C]29.[D]30.[D]31.[C]32.[A]33.[C]34.[D]35.[B]36.[D]37.[B]38.[D]39.[B]40.[A]PartB(10points)41.[C]42.[A]43.[B]44.[F]45.[D]PartC(10points)41.[C]42.[A]43.[B]44.[F]45.[D]46.我将他定义为-一个对道德问题进行苏格拉底式思考并将此作为自己人生首要责任和快乐的人。47.他的职责与法官相似，必须承担这样的责任：用尽可能明了的方式来展示自己做出决定的推理过程。48.我之所以把他(普通科学家)排除在外，是因为尽管他的成果可能会有助于解决道德问题，但他承担的任务只不过是研究这些问题的事实方面。49.但是，他的首要任务并不是考虑支配自己行为的道德规范，就如同不能指望商人专注于探索行业规范一样。50.他们可以教得很好，而且不仅仅是为了挣薪水，但他们大多数人却很少或没有对需要进行道德判断的、人的问题进行独立思考。SectionIII:Writing(30points)PartA(10points)51.参考范文DearSirorMadam,Asacollegestudentwhoisstudyingandlivinginagoodenvironment,IwishtocontributetoProjectHopebyofferingfinancialassistancetoachildinaremotearea.

55Havingconceivedsuchaplanforalongtime,Iwritethislettertorequestyourhelptorecommendapropercandidate.Iwonderifitisconvenientforyouifthreethingsconcerningthechildaretakenintoconsideration.First,thechildshouldcomefromGansuProvince,forIintendtohelpachildfrommyhometown.Second,itwillbebetterifthechildisaprimaryschoolstudent.1hopeIwillhelphim/herfromtheverybeginning.Inaddition,he/shemustbewillingtoreturntohishometowntohelpbuiltitaftergraduationfromuniversity.Myplanwillbecarriedoutasfollows.Ononehand,Iwillremitatleast2,000Yuanincasheveryyearuntilhe/shefinisheshis/hereducationbeforeenteringcollege.Ontheotherhand,IdecidetoteachthechildmathandEnglishinpersonduringmysummervacation,whichwillsurelybemorebeneficialtothechild.Yourprompthelpwouldbehighlyappreciated.AndIamlookingforwardtoyourreplyverysoon.Yourssincerely,LiMingPartB(20points)52.参考范文Howironicthetwopicturesareindescribingoneofthemostwidespreadsocialphenomenaconcerningidoladoration!Inthefirstpicture,ayoungmanwritesthenameofBeckhamonhisface.Inthesecondpicture,anotheryoungmanspends300YuanindealingwithhishairtomakehimselflooklikeBeckham.ThemeaningconveyedinthetwopicturesrevealsthatincurrentChinasomeyoungpeoplearelosingthemselves.IamgreatlyshockedbytheenthusiasmforthisBritishfootballsuperstarshownbythesetwoyoungmen.Franklyspeaking,thingsofthiskindreallyhappenamongus.Somepeople,especiallycollegestudents,donothingbutconcentrateonimitatingsuperstars.Thisdoesgreatharmtotheirstudyandgrowth.Ifwecan'tstoptheworseningofthistendency,ourownculturewillbedamaged,andweourselveswillbetheultimatevictims.Frommypointofview,alotofmeasuresshouldbetakentosaveourlosingcultureandre-findourselves.Infact,somemeasureshavealreadybeentaken.Inmyuniversity,campaignshavebeenlaunchedtoeducatepeopletopaymoreattentiontoourtraditionalcultureandreadmorebooksinsteadoffocusingonourappearances.Asaresult,wehavewitnessedsomeimprovementsbutstillthereisalongwaytogo-2005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1(10points)

56Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.Humansareoftenthoughttobeinsensitivesmellerscomparedwithanimals,]thisislargelybecause,2animals,westandupright.Thismeansthatournosesare3toperceivingthosesmellswhichfloatthroughtheair,4themajorityofsmellswhichsticktosurfaces.Infact,5,weareextremelysensitivetosmells,6wedonotgenerallyrealizeit.Ournosesarecapableof7humansmellsevenwhentheseare8tofarbelowonepartinonemillion.Strangely,somepeoplefindthattheycansmellonetypeofflowerbutnotanother,9othersaresensitivetothesmellsofbothflowers.Thismaybebecausesomepeopledonothavethegenesnecessarytogenerate10smellreceptorsinthenose.Thesereceptorsarethecellswhichsensesmellsandsend11tothebrain.However,ithasbeenfoundthatevenpeopleinsensitivetoacertainsmell12cansuddenlybecomesensitivetoitwhen13toitoftenenough.Theexplanationfbrinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatthebrainfindsit14tokeepallsmellreceptorsworkingallthetimebutcan15newreceptorsifnecessary.Thismay16explainwhywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmells-wesimplydonotneedtobe.Wearenot17oftheusualsmellofourownhouse,butwe18newsmellswhenwevisitsomeoneelse9s.Thebrainfindsitbesttokeepsmellreceptors19fbrunfamiliarandemergencysignals20thesmellofsmoke,whichmightindicatethedangeroffire.1.[A]although[B]as[C]but[D]while2.[A]above[B]unlike

57[B]excluding[C]besides1.[A]limited[B]committed[C]dedicated[D]confined2.[A]catching[B]ignoring[C]missing[D]tracking3.[A]anyway[B]though[C]instead[D]therefore4.[A]evenif[B]ifonly[C]onlyif[D]asif5.[A]distinguishing[B]discovering[C]determining[D]detecting6.[A]diluted[B]dissolved[C]dispersed[D]diffused7.[A]when[B]since[C]for[D]whereas8.[A]unusual[B]particular[C]unique

58[B]typical1.[A]signs[B]stimuli[C]messages[D]impulses2.[A]atfirst[B]atall[C]atlarge[D]attimes3.[A]subjected[B]left[C]drawn[D]exposed4.[A]ineffective[B]incompetent[C]inefficient[D]insufficient5.[A]introduce[B]summon[C]trigger[D]create6.[A]still[B]also[C]otherwise[D]nevertheless7.[A]sure[B]sick[C]aware[D]tired8.[A]tolerate[B]repel[C]neglect

59[B]notice1.[A]available[B]reliable[C]identifiable[D]suitable2.[A]similarto[B]suchas[C]alongwith[D]asidefromSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]orD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1(40points)Text1Everybodylovesafatpayrise.Yetpleasureatyourowncanvanishifyoulearnthatacolleaguehasbeengivenabiggerone.Indeed,ifhehasareputationforslacking,youmightevenbeoutraged.Suchbehaviourisregardedas"alltoohuman,“withtheunderlyingassumptionthatotheranimalswouldnotbecapableofthisfinelydevelopedsenseofgrievance.ButastudybySarahBrosnanandFransdeWaalofEmoryUniversityinAtlanta,Georgia,whichhasjustbeenpublishedinNature,suggeststhatitisalltoomonkey,aswell.Theresearchersstudiedthebehaviouroffemalebrowncapuchinmonkeys.Theylookcute.Theyaregood-natured,co-operativecreatures,andtheysharetheirfoodreadily.Aboveall,liketheirfemalehumancounterparts,theytendtopaymuchcloserattentiontothevalueof“goodsandservicesMthanmales.SuchcharacteristicsmakethemperfectcandidatesforDr.Brosnan'sandDr.deWaaPsstudy.Theresearchersspenttwoyearsteachingtheirmonkeystoexchangetokensforfood.Normally,themonkeyswerehappyenoughtoexchangepiecesofrockforslicesofcucumber.However,whentwomonkeyswereplacedinseparatebutadjoiningchambers,sothateachcouldobservewhattheotherwasgettinginreturnforitsrock,theirbehaviourbecamemarkedlydifferent.Intheworldofcapuchins,grapesareluxurygoods(andmuchpreferabletocucumbers).Sowhenonemonkeywashandedagrapeinexchangefbrhertoken,thesecondwasreluctanttohandhersoverfbramerepieceofcucumber.Andifonereceivedagrapewithouthavingtoprovidehertokeninexchangeatall,theothereithertossedherowntokenattheresearcheroroutofthechamber,orrefusedtoacceptthesliceof

60cucumber.Indeed,themerepresenceofagrapeintheotherchamber(withoutanactualmonkeytoeatit)wasenoughtoinduceresentmentinafemalecapuchin.Theresearcherssuggestthatcapuchinmonkeys,likehumans,areguidedbysocialemotions.Inthewild,theyareaco-operative,group-livingspecies.Suchco-operationislikelytobestableonlywheneachanimalfeelsitisnotbeingcheated.Feelingsofrighteousindignation,itseems,arenotthepreserveofpeoplealone.Refusingalesserrewardcompletelymakesthesefeelingsabundantlycleartoothermembersofthegroup.However,whethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependentlyincapuchinsandhumans,orwhetheritstemsfromthecommonancestorthatthespecieshad35millionyearsago,is,asyet,anunansweredquestion.1.Intheopeningparagraph,theauthorintroduceshistopicby.[A]posingacontrast[B]justifyinganassumption[C]makingacomparison[D]explainingaphenomenon2.Thestatement“itisalltoomonkey^^(Lastline,Paragraph1)impliesthat[A]monkeysarealsooutragedbyslackrivals[B]resentingunfairnessisalsomonkeys9nature[C]monkeys,likehumans,tendtobejealousofeachother[D]noanimalsotherthanmonkeyscandevelopsuchemotions3.Femalecapuchinmonkeyswerechosenfortheresearchmostprobablybecausetheyare.[A]moreinclinedtoweighwhattheyget[B]attentivetoresearchers'instructions[C]niceinbothappearanceandtemperament[D]moregenerousthantheirmalecompanions4.Dr.BrosnanandDr.deWaalhaveeventuallyfoundintheirstudythatthemonkeys.[A]prefergrapestocucumbers[B]canbetaughttoexchangethings[C]willnotbeco-operativeiffeelingcheated[D]areunhappywhenseparatedfromothers5.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?[A]Monkeyscanbetrainedtodevelopsocialemotions.[B]Humanindignationevolvedfromanuncertainsource.[C]Animalsusuallyshowtheirfeelingsopenlyashumansdo.

61[A]Cooperationamongmonkeysremainsstableonlyinthewild.Text2Doyourememberallthoseyearswhenscientistsarguedthatsmokingwouldkillusbutthedoubtersinsistedthatwedidn'tknowforsure?Thattheevidencewasinconclusive,thescienceuncertain?Thattheantismokinglobbywasouttodestroyourwayoflifeandthegovernmentshouldstayoutoftheway?LotsofAmericansboughtthatnonsense,andoverthreedecades,some10millionsmokerswenttoearlygraves.Thereareupsettingparallelstoday,asscientistsinonewaveafteranothertrytoawakenustothegrowingthreatofglobalwarming.ThelatestwasapanelfromtheNationalAcademyofSciences,enlistedbytheWhiteHouse,totellusthattheEarth'satmosphereisdefinitelywarmingandthattheproblemislargelyman-made.Theclearmessageisthatweshouldgetmovingtoprotectourselves.ThepresidentoftheNationalAcademy,BruceAlberts,addedthiskeypointintheprefacetothepanefsreport:"Scienceneverhasalltheanswers.Butsciencedoesprovideuswiththebestavailableguidetothefuture,anditiscriticalthatournationandtheworldbaseimportantpoliciesonthebestjudgmentsthatsciencecanprovideconcerningthefutureconsequencesofpresentactions.”Justasonsmoking,voicesnowcomefrommanyquartersinsistingthatthescienceaboutglobalwarmingisincomplete,thatit'sOKtokeeppouringfumesintotheairuntilweknowforsure.Thisisadangerousgame:bythetime100percentoftheevidenceisin,itmaybetoolate.Withtherisksobviousandgrowing,aprudentpeoplewouldtakeoutaninsurancepolicynow.Fortunately,theWhiteHouseisstartingtopayattention.Butit'sobviousthatamajorityofthepresident'sadvisersstilldon'ttakeglobalwarmingseriously.Insteadofaplanofaction,theycontinuetopressfbrmoreresearch-aclassiccaseof"paralysisbyanalysis.^^Toserveasresponsiblestewardsoftheplanet,wemustpressforwardondeeperatmosphericandoceanicresearch.Butresearchaloneisinadequate.IftheAdministrationwon'ttakethelegislativeinitiative,Congressshouldhelptobeginfashioningconservationmeasures.AbillbyDemocraticSenatorRobertByrdofWestVirginia,whichwouldofferfinancialincentivesfbrprivateindustry,isapromisingstart.Manyseethatthecountryisgettingreadytobuildlotsofnewpowerplantstomeetourenergyneeds.Ifweareevergoingtoprotecttheatmosphere,itiscrucialthatthosenewplantsbeenvironmentallysound.1.Anargumentmadebysupportersofsmokingwasthat.[A]therewasnoscientificevidenceofthecorrelationbetweensmokinganddeath[B]thenumberofearlydeathsofsmokersinthepastdecadeswasinsignificant[C]peoplehadthefreedomtochoosetheirownwayoflife[D]antismokingpeoplewereusuallytalkingnonsense2.AccordingtoBruceAlberts,sciencecanserveas.

62[A]aprotector[B]ajudge[C]acritic[D]aguide1.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“paralysisbyanalysis^(Lastline,Paragraph4)?[A]Endlessstudieskillaction.[B]Carefulinvestigationrevealstruth.[C]Prudentplanninghindersprogress.[D]Extensiveresearchhelpsdecision-making.2.Accordingtotheauthor,whatshouldtheAdministrationdoaboutglobalwarming?[A]Offeraidtobuildcleanerpowerplants.[B]Raisepublicawarenessofconservation.[C]Pressfbrfurtherscientificresearch.[D]Takesomelegislativemeasures.3.Theauthorassociatestheissueofglobalwarmingwiththatofsmokingbecause[A]theybothsufferedfromthegovernment'snegligence[B]alessonfromthelatterisapplicabletotheformer[C]theoutcomeofthelatteraggravatestheformer[D]bothofthemhaveturnedfrombadtoworseText3Ofallthecomponentsofagoodnight'ssleep,dreamsseemtobeleastwithinourcontrol.Indreams,awindowopensintoaworldwherelogicissuspendedanddeadpeoplespeak.Acenturyago,Freudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythatdreamswerethedisguisedshadowsofourunconsciousdesiresandfears;bythelate1970s,neurologistshadswitchedtothinkingofthemasjust“mentalnoise“―therandombyproductsoftheneural-repairworkthatgoesonduringsleep.Nowresearcherssuspectthatdreamsarepartofthemind'semotionalthermostat,regulatingmoodswhilethebrainis“offJine."Andoneleadingauthoritysaysthattheseintenselypowerfulmentaleventscanbenotonlyharnessedbutactuallybroughtunderconsciouscontrol,tohelpussleepandfeelbetter,"It'syourdream,“saysRosalindCartwright,chairofpsychologyatChicago'sMedicalCenter."Ifyoudon'tlikeit,changeit.”Evidencefrombrainimagingsupportsthisview.ThebrainisasactiveduringREM(rapideyemovement)sleep-whenmostvividdreamsoccur--asitiswhenfullyawake,saysDr,EricNofzingerattheUniversityofPittsburgh.Butnotallpartsofthebrainareequallyinvolved;thelimbicsystem(the"emotionalbrain")isespeciallyactive,whiletheprefrontalcortex(thecenterofintellectandreasoning)isrelativelyquiet.uWewakeupfromdreamshappyordepressed,andthosefeelingscanstaywithusallday."says

63StanfordsleepresearcherDr.WilliamDement.ThelinkbetweendreamsandemotionsshowsupamongthepatientsinCartwright'sclinic.Mostpeopleseemtohavemorebaddreamsearlyinthenight,progressingtowardhappieronesbeforeawakening,suggestingthattheyareworkingthroughnegativefeelingsgeneratedduringtheday.Becauseourconsciousmindisoccupiedwithdailylifewedon'talwaysthinkabouttheemotionalsignificanceoftheday'sevents-until,itappears,webegintodream.Andthisprocessneednotbelefttotheunconscious.Cartwrightbelievesonecanexerciseconsciouscontroloverrecurringbaddreams.Assoonasyouawaken,identifywhatisupsettingaboutthedream.Visualizehowyouwouldlikeittoendinstead;thenexttimeitoccurs,trytowakeupjustenoughtocontrolitscourse.Withmuchpracticepeoplecanlearnto,literally,doitintheirsleep.Attheendoftheday,there'sprobablylittlereasontopayattentiontoourdreamsatallunlesstheykeepusfromsleepingor“wewakeupinapanic,“Cartwrightsays.Terrorism,economicuncertaintiesandgeneralfeelingsofinsecurityhaveincreasedpeople'sanxiety.Thosesufferingfrompersistentnightmaresshouldseekhelpfromatherapist.Fortherestofus,thebrainhasitswaysofworkingthroughbadfeelings.Sleep--orratherdream--onitandyou'llfeelbetterinthemorning.1.Researchershavecometobelievethatdreams.[A]canbemodifiedintheircourses[B]aresusceptibletoemotionalchanges[C]reflectourinnermostdesiresandfears[D]arearandomoutcomeofneuralrepairs2.Byreferringtothelimbicsystem,theauthorintendstoshow.[A]itsfunctioninourdreams[B]themechanismofREMsleep[C]therelationofdreamstoemotions[D]itsdifferencefromtheprefrontalcortex3.Thenegativefeelingsgeneratedduringthedaytendto.[A]aggravateinourunconsciousmind[B]developintohappydreams[C]persisttillthetimewefallasleep[D]showupindreamsearlyatnight4.Cartwrightseemstosuggestthat.[A]wakingupintimeisessentialtotheriddingofbaddreams[B]visualizingbaddreamshelpsbringthemundercontrol[C]dreamsshouldbelefttotheirnaturalprogression[D]dreamingmaynotentirelybelongtotheunconscious

641.WhatadvicemightCartwrightgivetothosewhosometimeshavebaddreams?[A]Leadyourlifeasusual.[B]Seekprofessionalhelp.[C]Exerciseconsciouscontrol.[D]Avoidanxietyinthedaytime.Text4Americansnolongerexpectpublicfigures,whetherinspeechorinwriting,tocommandtheEnglishlanguagewithskillandgift.Nordotheyaspiretosuchcommandthemselves.Inhislatestbook,DoingOurOwnThing:TheDegradationofLanguageandMusicandWhyWeShould,Like,Care,JohnMcWhorter,alinguistandcontroversialistofmixedliberalandconservativeviews,seesthetriumphof1960scounter-cultureasresponsibleforthedeclineofformalEnglish.Blamingthepermissive1960sisnothingnew,butthisisnotyetanothercriticismagainstthedeclineineducation.Mr.McWhorter'sacademicspecialityislanguagehistoryandchange,andheseesthegradualdisappearanceof"whom,"forexample,tobenaturalandnomoreregrettablethanthelossofthecase-endingsofOldEnglish.Butthecultoftheauthenticandthepersonal,"doingourownthing,“hasspeltthedeathofformalspeech,writing,poetryandmusic.Whileeventhemodestlyeducatedsoughtanelevatedtonewhentheyputpentopaperbeforethe1960s,eventhemostwellregardedwritingsincethenhassoughttocapturespokenEnglishonthepage.Equally,inpoetry,thehighlypersonal,performativegenreistheonlyformthatcouldclaimrealliveliness.InbothoralandwrittenEnglish,talkingistriumphingoverspeaking,spontaneityovercraft.Illustratedwithanentertainingarrayofexamplesfrombothhighandlowculture,thetrendthatMr.McWhorterdocumentsisunmistakable.Butitislessclear,totakethequestionofhissubtitle,whyweshould,like,care.Asalinguist,heacknowledgesthatallvarietiesofhumanlanguage,includingnon-standardoneslikeBlackEnglish,canbepowerfullyexpressive-thereexistsnolanguageordialectintheworldthatcannotconveycomplexideas.Heisnotarguing,asmanydo,thatwecannolongerthinkstraightbecausewedonottalkproper.Russianshaveadeeplovefortheirownlanguageandcarrylargechunksofmemorizedpoetryintheirheads,whileItalianpoliticianstendtoelaboratespeechthatwouldseemold-fashionedtomostEnglish-speakers.Mr.McWhorteracknowledgesthatformallanguageisnotstrictlynecessary,andproposesnoradicaleducationreforms-heisreallygrievingoverthelossofsomethingbeautifulmorethanuseful.WenowtakeourEnglish“onpaperplatesinsteadofchina."Ashame,perhaps,butprobablyaninevitableone.2.AccordingtoMcWhorter,thedeclineofformalEnglish.[A]isinevitableinradicaleducationreforms[B]isbutalltoonaturalinlanguagedevelopment[C]hascausedthecontroversyoverthecounter-culture

65[A]broughtaboutchangesinpublicattitudesinthe1960s1.Theword“talking”(Line6,Paragraph3)denotes.[A]modesty[B]personality[C]liveliness[D]informality2.TowhichofthefollowingstatementswouldMcWhortermostlikelyagree?[A]Logicalthinkingisnotnecessarilyrelatedtothewaywetalk.[B]BlackEnglishcanbemoreexpressivethanstandardEnglish.[C]Non-standardvarietiesofhumanlanguagearejustasentertaining.[D]Ofallthevarieties,standardEnglishcanbestconveycomplexideas.3.ThedescriptionofRussians5loveofmemorizingpoetryshowstheauthor's[A]interestintheirlanguage[B]appreciationoftheirefforts[C]admirationfortheirmemory[D]contemptfortheirold-fashionedness4.Accordingtothelastparagraph,"paperplates99isto“china"as.[A]"temporary"isto"permanent”[B]"radical”isto"conservative”[C]“functional”isto“artistic”[D]"humble”isto"noble”PartBDirections:Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Canada'spremiers(theleadersofprovincialgovernments),iftheyhaveanybreathleftaftercomplainingaboutOttawaattheirlateJulyannualmeeting,mightspareamomenttodosomething,together,toreducehealth-carecosts.They'reallgroaningaboutsoaringhealthbudgets,thefastest-growingcomponentofwhicharepharmaceuticalcosts.5.Whattodo?BoththeRomanowcommissionandtheKirbycommitteeonhealthcare

66-tosaynothingofreportsfromotherexperts-recommendedthecreationofanationaldrugagency.Insteadofeachprovincehavingitsownlistofapproveddrugs,bureaucracy,proceduresandlimitedbargainingpower,allwouldpoolresources,workwithOttawa,andcreateanationalinstitution.1.But“national“doesn'thavetomeanthat."National“couldmeaninterprovincial-provincescombiningeffortstocreateonebody.Eitherway,onebenefitofa“national“organizationwouldbetonegotiatebetterprices,ifpossible,withdrugmanufacturers.Insteadofhavingoneprovince-oraseriesofhospitalswithinaprovince-negotiateapriceforagivendrugontheprovinciallist,thenationalagencywouldnegotiateonbehalfofallprovinces.Ratherthan,say,Quebec,negotiatingonbehalfofsevenmillionpeople,thenationalagencywouldnegotiateonbehalfof31millionpeople.Basiceconomicssuggeststhegreaterthepotentialconsumers,thehigherthelikelihoodofabetterprice.2.AsmallstephasbeentakeninthedirectionofanationalagencywiththecreationoftheCanadianCo-ordinatingOfficefbrHealthTechnologyAssessment,fundedbyOttawaandtheprovinces.Underit,aCommonDrugReviewrecommendstoprovinciallistswhichnewdrugsshouldbeincluded.Predictably,andregrettably,Quebecrefusedtojoin.Afewpremiersaresuspiciousofanyfederal-provincialdeal-making.They(particularlyQuebecandAlberta)justwantOttawatoforkoveradditionalbillionswithfew,ifany,stringsattached.That'sonereasonwhytheideaofanationallisthasn'tgoneanywhere,whiledrugcostskeeprisingfast.3.PremierslovetoquoteMr.Romanow9sreportselectively,especiallythepartsaboutmorefederalmoney.Perhapstheyshouldreadwhathehadtosayaboutdrugs:“Anationaldrugagencywouldprovidegovernmentsmoreinfluenceonpharmaceuticalcompaniesinordertoconstraintheever-increasingcostofdrugs.^^4.SowhenthepremiersgatherinNiagaraFallstoassembletheirusualcomplaintlist,theyshouldalsogetcrackingaboutsomethingintheirjurisdictionthatwouldhelptheirbudgetsandpatients.[A]Quebec'sresistancetoanationalagencyisprovincialistideology.OneofthefirstadvocatesfbranationallistwasaresearcheratLavalUniversity.Quebec'sDrugInsuranceFundhasseenitscostsskyrocketwithannualincreasesfrom14.3percentto26.8percent![B]OrtheycouldreadMr.Kirby'sreport:"thesubstantialbuyingpowerofsuchanagencywouldstrengthenthepublicprescription-druginsuranceplanstonegotiatethelowestpossiblepurchasepricesfromdrugcompanies.^^[C]Whatdoes"national"mean?RoyRomanowandSenatorMichaelKirbyrecommendedafederal-provincialbodymuchliketherecentlycreatedNationalHealthCouncil.

67[A]Theproblemissimpleandstark:health-carecostshavebeen,are,andwillcontinuetoincreasefasterthangovernmentrevenues.[B]AccordingtotheCanadianInstituteforHealthInformation,prescriptiondrugcostshaverisensince1997attwicetherateofoverallhealth-carespending.Partoftheincreasecomesfromdrugsbeingusedtoreplaceotherkindsoftreatments.Partofitarisesfromnewdrugscostingmorethanolderkinds.Partofitishigherprices.[C]So,iftheprovinceswanttorunthehealth-careshow,theyshouldprovetheycanrunit,startingwithaninterprovincialhealthlistthatwouldendduplication,saveadministrativecosts,preventoneprovincefrombeingplayedoffagainstanother,andbargainforbetterdrugprices.[D]Ofcourse,thepharmaceuticalcompanieswillscream.Theylikedividedbuyers;theycanlobbybetterthatway.Theycanusethethreatofremovingjobsfromoneprovincetoanother.Theycanhopethat,ifoneprovinceincludesadrugonitslist,thepressurewillcauseotherstoincludeitontheirs.Theywouldn'tlikeanationalagency,butself-interestwouldleadthemtodealwithit.PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)ItisnoteasytotalkabouttheroleofthemassmediainthisoverwhelminglysignificantphaseinEuropeanhistory.Historyandnewsbecomeconfused,andone'simpressionstendtobeamixtureofskepticismandoptimism.46)Televisionisoneofthemeansbywhichthesefeelingsarecreatedandconveyed・・andperhapsneverbeforehasitservedsomuchtoconnectdifferentpeoplesandnationsasintherecenteventsinEurope.TheEuropethatisnowformingcannotbeanythingotherthanitspeoples,theirculturesandnationalidentities.WiththisinmindwecanbegintoanalyzetheEuropeantelevisionscene.47)InEurope、aselsewhere,multi-mediagroupshavebeenincreasinglysuccessful:groupswhichbringtogethertelevision,radio,newspapers,magazinesandpublishinghousesthatworkinrelationtooneanothe匚OneItalianexamplewouldbetheBerlusconigroup,whileabroadMaxwellandMurdochcometomind.Clearly,onlythebiggestandmostflexibletelevisioncompaniesaregoingtobeabletocompeteinsucharichandhotly-contestedmarket.48)Thisalonedemonstratesthatthetelevisionbusinessisnotaneasyworldtosurvivein,afhetunderlinedbystatisticsthatshowthatoutofeightyEuropeantelevisionnetworks,nolessthan50%tookalossin1989.Moreover,theintegrationoftheEuropeancommunitywillobligetelevisioncompaniestocooperatemorecloselyintermsofbothproductionanddistribution.49)Creatinga“Europeanidentity-thatrespectsthedifferentculturesandtraditionswhichgotomakeuptheconnectingfhbricoftheOldContinentisnoeasytaskanddemandsastrategicchoice-thatofproducingprogramsinEuropeforEurope.This

68entailsreducingourdependenceontheNorthAmericanmarket,whoseprogramsrelatetoexperiencesandculturaltraditionswhicharedifferentfromourown.Inordertoachievetheseobjectives,wemustconcentratemoreonco-productions,theexchangeofnews,documentaryservicesandtraining.ThisalsoinvolvestheagreementsbetweenEuropeancountriesforthecreationofaEuropeanbankforTelevisionProductionwhich,onthemodeloftheEuropeanInvestmentsBank,willhandlethefinancesnecessaryforproductioncosts.50)Indealingwithachallengeonsuchascale、itisnoexaggerationtosay“Unitedwestand,dividedwefhll”-andifIhadtochooseasloganitwouldbe“Unityinourdiversity??Aunityofobjectivesthatnonethelessrespectthevariedpeculiaritiesofeachcountry.SectionIIIWritingPartA51.Directions:TwomonthsagoyougotajobasaneditorforthemagazineDesigns&Fashions.Butnowyoufindthattheworkisnotwhatyouexpected.Youdecidetoquit.Writealettertoyourboss,Mr.Wang,tellinghimyourdecision,statingyourreason(s),andmakinganapology.Writeyourletterwithnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter;use“LiMingMinstead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.(10points)PartB52.Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshouldfirstdescribethedrawing,theninterpretitsmeaning,andgiveyourcommentonit.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)

69二儿子泰走“足球赛”

702005年考研英语真题答案SectionI:UseofEnglish(10points)1.[C]2.[B]3.[A]4.[C]5.[B]6.[A]7.[D]8.[A]9.[D]10.[B]11.[C]12.[A]13.[D]14.[C]15.[D]16.[B]17.[C]18.[D]19.[A]20.[B]SectionII:ReadingComprehension(60points)PartA(40points)21.[C]22.[B]23.[A]24.[C]25.[B]26.[C]27.[D]28.[A]29.[D]30.[B]31.[A]32.[C]33.[D]34.[D]35.[A]36.[B]37.[D]38.[A]39.[B]40.[C]PartB(10points)41.[E]42.[C]43.[G]44.[F]45.[B]PartC(10points)41.[E]42.[C]43.[G]44.[F]45.[B]46.电视是创造和传递感情的手段之一-也许在此之前，就加强不同的民族和国家之间的联系而言，电视还从来没有像在最近的欧洲事件中起过如此大的作用。47.多媒体集团在欧洲就像在其他地方一样越来越成功了。这些集团把相互关系密切的电视台、电台、报纸、杂志、出版社整合到了一起。48.仅这一点就表明在电视行业不是一个容易生存的领域。这个事实通过统计数字--目了然，统计表明在80家欧洲电视网中1989年出现亏损的不少于50%o49.创造一个尊重不同文化和传统的“欧洲统一体"绝非易事，需要战略性选择。正是这些文化和传统组成了连接欧洲大陆的纽带。50.在应付一个如此规模的挑战过程中，我们可以毫不夸张地说，“团结，我们就会站起来；分裂，我们就会倒下去。”SectionIII:Writing(30points)PartA(10points)51.参考范文ALetter,toQuitJun22,2005

71DearMr.Wang,Firstofall,pleaseallowmetoexpressmydeepsorrytoyouformyresignation.IdoknowthatthiswillbringaboutmuchtroubletoyousothatIwritetoyouformyexplanation.Idecidedtoquitforsomereasonsasfollows.Tobeginwith,thejobasaneditorforthemagazineDesigns&Fashionsisnotsuitabletome.What'smore,IampreparingforanotherdegreeandIprefertofurthermystudy.Again,Iapologizeformyresignationtoyou!Iamlookingforwardtoyourearlyreply.Sincerelyyours,LiMingPartB(20points)52.参考范文AHelplessFatherThepictureironicallyshowsthatapitiableoldmaninragsisbeinghelplesslykickedoffbyhisthreesonsandadaughter,whoallweardecentclothes.Thefather'snegligentchildrenareallguardingtheirhomegateslesttheiroldfather“rollinto”theirhouseholds.Inotherwords,theyfourignoretheirmoralsenseofassumingtheresponsibilityfbrtheiroldfathereventhoughtheymaybealllivingasatisfyinglife.Thatisapainfulsceneweoftenencounterinourdailylife.Sadtosay,themoraldeclineoftheyoungergenerationsmaybearatherexplosivesituationinourmodemsociety.Peopledefinitelyhavetheirlivingconditionsimprovedbywiderandwidermargins,asevidencedbythefourchildren'sdecentdressing,buttheirmoralsensestillremainssadlyunchangedorinsomecasesbecomesdramaticallydowngrading.Mostpeoplemighthavebecometoomuchself-centered,andevenworse,theydiscardthetraditionofgivingrespecttotheelderly.Theynolongercarefbrtheirelders,letalonetheirneighborsorthedisadvantaged;insteadtheytryeverymeanstoavoidresponsibilityforothercitizens.Whenonecaresfbrothers,onemightevenappearstupidormayevenbedistrusted.Therefore,wehavetotakesomeusefulmeasurestoavoidthescenethatismentionedabove.Wemustlaunchavarietyofcampaignsaboutthereturntothegoodtraditionofgivinghelpandlovetheelderly.Moreover,wemustappealtoourgovernmenttoestablishsomerelevantlawstopunishthosewhoavoidtheirduties.Thelastbutnottheleast,ourrespectfbrageisanindicationoftheprogressofhumansociety,asimperativesoftraditionsrequire.Wesincerelywishthattheoldmancouldbewelcometoanyofthefourhouseholds,elegantlydressed,andasmileontheface.2004年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionIListeningComprehension

72Directions:ThissectionisdesignedtotestyourabilitytounderstandspokenEnglish.Youwillhearaselectionofrecordedmaterialsandyoumustanswerthequestionsthataccompanythem.Therearethreepartsinthissection,PartA,PartBandPartC.Remember,whileyouaredoingthetest,youshouldfirstputdownyouranswersinyourtestbooklet.Attheendofthelisteningcomprehensionsection,youwillhave5minutestotransferallyouranswersfromyourtestbooklettoANSWERSHEET1.NowlookatPartAinyourtestbooklet.PartADirections:Forquestions1-5,youwillhearatalkaboutthegeographyofBelgium.Whileyoulisten,filloutthetablewiththeinformationyouhaveheard.Someoftheinformationhasbeengiventoyouinthetable.Writeonly1wordornumberineachnumberedbox.Youwillheartherecordingtwice.Younowhave25secondstoreadthetablebelow.(5points)GeographyofBelgiumThreemainregionscoastalplaincentralplateau1Highestaltitudeofthecoastalplainm2ClimateneartheseaHumid3ParticularlyrainymonthsoftheyearsApril4AveragetemperaturesinJulyinBrusselslow13℃high℃5PartBDirections:ForQuestions6-10,youwillhearaninterviewwithMr.SaffbfromtheInstitutefbrtheFuture.Whileyoulisten,completethesentencesoranswerthequestions.Usenotmorethan3wordsfbreachanswer.Youwillheartherecordingtwice.Younowhave25secondstoreadthesentencesandquestionsbelow.(5points)WhatisSaffbaccordingtohimself?TheInstitutefbrtheFutureprovidesservicestoprivatecompaniesand

73TheInstitutebelievesthattothinksystematicallyaboutthelong-rangefutureis.Tosucceedinanything,oneshouldbeflexible,curiousand.WhatdoesSaffbconsidertobeessentialtotheworkofateam?678910PartCDirections:Youwillhearthreepiecesofrecordedmaterial.Beforelisteningtoeachone,youwillhavetimetoreadthequestionsrelatedtoit.Whilelistening,answereachquestionbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].Afterlistening,youwillhavetimetocheckyouranswers.Youwillheareachpieceonceonly.(10points)Questions11-13arebasedonthefollowingtalkaboutnamingnewborns.Younowhave15secondstoreadQuestions11-13.11.Whatdoweoftendowiththethingswelove?[A]Askfbrtheirnames.[B]Namebabiesafterthem.[C]Putdowntheirnames.[D]Choosenamesfbrthem.12.Theunpleasantmeaningofanoldfamilynameisoftenoverlookedif[A]thefamilytreeisfairlylimited[B]thefamilytieisstrongenough[C]thenameiscommonlyused[D]nobodyinthefamilycomplains13.Severalmonthsafterababy'sbirth,itsnamewill.[A]showthebeautyofitsown[B]developmoreassociations[C]losetheoriginalmeaning[D]helpformthebaby'spersonality

74Questions14-16arebasedonthebiographyofBobbyMoore,anEnglishsoccerplayer.Younowhave15secondstoreadQuestions14-16.11.HowmanymatchesdidMooreplayduringhisprofessionalcareer?[A]90[B]108[C]180[D]66812.In1964,BobbyMoorewasmade.[A]England'sfootballeroftheyear[B]asoccercoachinWestGermany[C]amedalistforhissportsmanship[D]anumberoftheOrderoftheBritishEmpire13.AfterMooreretiredfromplaying,thefirstthinghedidwas.[A]editingSundaySport[B]workingforCapitalRadio[C]managingprofessionalsoccerteams[D]developingasportsmarketingcompanyQuestions17-20arebasedonthefollowingtalkonthecityofBelfast.Younowhave20secondstoreadQuestions17-20.14.Belfasthaslongbeenfamousfbrits.[A]oilrefinery[B]linentextiles[C]foodproducts[D]deepwaterport15.WhichofthefollowingdoesBelfastchieflyexport?[A]Soap[B]Grain[C]Steel[D]Tobacco16.WhenwasBelfastfounded?[A]In1177[B]In1315[C]Inthe16thcentury

75[A]Inthe17thcentury11.WhathappenedinBelfastinthelate18thcentury?[A]Frenchrefugeesarrived.[B]Theharborwasdestroyed.[C]Shipbuildingbegantoflourish.[D]ThecitywastakenbytheEnglish.Younowhave5minutestotransferallyouranswersfromyourtestbooklettoANSWERSHEET1.SectionIIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquency(crimescommittedbyyoungpeople)fbcuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories21ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior22theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough23withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin24totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus,25asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues.Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies,26thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes27lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheories,however,aretentativeandare28tocriticism.Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirectly29juvenilecrimerates.Forexample,changesintheeconomythat30tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment31makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin32leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior.Familieshavealso33changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parent

76householdsortwoworkingparents;34,childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome35wascommoninthetraditionalfamily36.Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other37causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschool,theincreased38ofdrugsandalcohol,andthegrowing39ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact,40adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.11.[A]acting[B]relying[C]centering[D]commenting12.[A]before[B]unless[C]until[D]because[B]assimilation[C]cooperation[D]consultation24.[A]return[B]reply[C]reference[D]response25.[A]or[B]butrather[C]but[D]orelse26.[A]considering[B]ignoring[C]highlighting[D]discarding27.[A]on

77[B]in[C]for[D]with24.[A]immune[B]resistant[C]sensitive[D]subject25.[A]affect[B]reduce[C]check[D]reflect26.[A]point[B]lead[C]come[D]amount27.[A]ingeneral[B]onaverage[C]bycontrast[D]atlength28.[A]case[B]short[C]turn[D]essence29.[A]survived[B]noticed[C]undertaken[D]experienced30.[A]contrarily[B]consequently[C]similarly[D]simultaneously31.[A]than

78[B]that[C]which[D]as24.[A]system[B]structure[C]concept[D]heritage25.[A]assessable[B]identifiable[C]negligible[D]incredible26.[A]expense[B]restriction[C]allocation[D]availability27.[A]incidence[B]awareness[C]exposure[D]popularity28.[A]provided[B]since[C]although[D]supposingSectionIIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D]MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Huntingforajoblatelastyear,lawyerGantRedmonstumbledacrossCareerBuilder,ajobdatabaseontheInternet.Hesearcheditwithnosuccessbutwasattractedbythesite's"personalsearchagent."It'saninteractivefeaturethatletsvisitorskeyinjobcriteriasuchas

79location,title,andsalary,thenE-mailsthemwhenamatchingpositionispostedinthedatabase.Redmonchosethekeywordslegal,intellectualproperty,andWashington,D.C.Threeweekslater,hegothisfirstnotificationofanopening."IstruckgoldJsaysRedmon,whoE-mailedhisresumetotheemployerandwonapositionasin-housecounselfbracompany.Withthousandsofcareer-relatedsitesontheInternet,findingpromisingopeningscanbetime-consumingandinefficient.Searchagentsreducetheneedfbrrepeatedvisitstothedatabases.ButalthoughasearchagentworkedfbrRedmon,careerexpertsseedrawbacks.Narrowingyourcriteria,fbrexample,mayworkagainstyou:"Everytimeyouansweraquestionyoueliminateapossibility.^^saysoneexpert.Foranyjobsearch,youshouldstartwithanarrowconcept-whatyouthinkyouwanttodo-thenbroadenit."Noneoftheseprogramsdothat,^^saysanotherexpert."There'snocareercounselingimplicitinallofthis.^^Instead,thebeststrategyistousetheagentasakindoftipservicetokeepabreastofjobsinaparticulardatabase;whenyougetE-mail,consideritaremindertocheckthedatabaseagain."Iwouldnotrelyonagentsfbrfindingeverythingthatisaddedtoadatabasethatmightinterestme,“saystheauthorofajob-searchingguide.Somesitesdesigntheiragentstotemptjobhunterstoreturn.WhenCareerSite9sagentsendsoutmessagestothosewhohavesignedupforitsservice,forexample,itincludesonlythreepotentialjobs-thoseitconsidersthebestmatches.Theremaybemorematchesinthedatabase;jobhunterswillhavetovisitthesiteagaintofindthem-andtheydo."Onthedayafterwesendourmessages,weseeasharpincreaseinourtraffic,“saysSethPeets,vicepresidentofmarketingforCareerSite.Eventhosewhoaren'thuntingforjobsmayfindsearchagentsworthwhile.Someusethemtokeepaclosewatchonthedemandfbrtheirlineofworkorgatherinformationoncompensationtoarmthemselveswhennegotiatingfbraraise.Althoughhappilyemployed,RedmonmaintainshisagentatCareerBuilder."Youalwayskeepyoureyesopen,“hesays.Workingwithapersonalsearchagentmeanshavinganothersetofeyeslookingoutfbryou.24.HowdidRedmonfindhisjob?[A]Bysearchingopeningsinajobdatabase.[B]Bypostingamatchingpositioninadatabase.[C]Byusingaspecialserviceofadatabase.[D]ByE-mailinghisresumetoadatabase.25.Whichofthefollowingcanbeadisadvantageofsearchagents?[A]Lackofcounseling.[B]Limitednumberofvisits.[C]Lowerefficiency.[D]Fewersuccessfulmatches.26.Theexpression“tipservice^^(Line4,Paragraph3)mostprobablymeans

80[A]advisory[B]compensation[C]interaction[D]reminder24.WhydoesCareerSite,sagentoffereachjobhunteronlythreejoboptions?[A]Tofbcusonbetterjobmatches.[B]Toattractmorereturningvisits.[C]Toreservespacefbrmoremessages.[D]Toincreasetherateofsuccess.25.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext?[A]Personalsearchagentsareindispensabletojob-hunters.[B]SomesiteskeepE-mailingjobseekerstotracetheirdemands.[C]Personalsearchagentsarealsohelpfultothosealreadyemployed.[D]Someagentsstopsendinginformationtopeopleoncetheyareemployed.Text2四联法硕网www.slschool.com四联法硕论坛www.slschool.com/bbsOverthepastcentury,allkindsofunfairnessanddiscriminationhavebeencondemnedormadeillegal.Butoneinsidiousformcontinuestothrive:alphabetism.This,forthoseasyetunawareofsuchadisadvantage,referstodiscriminationagainstthosewhosesurnamesbeginwithaletterinthelowerhalfofthealphabet.IthaslongbeenknownthatataxifirmcalledAAAAcarshasabigadvantageoverZodiaccarswhencustomersthumbthroughtheirphonedirectories.LesswellknownistheadvantagethatAdamAbbotthasinlifeoverZoeZysman.Englishnamesarefoirlyevenlyspreadbetweenthehalvesofthealphabet.YetasuspiciouslylargenumberoftoppeoplehavesurnamesbeginningwithlettersbetweenAandK.ThustheAmericanpresidentandvice-presidenthavesurnamesstartingwithBandCrespectively;and26ofGeorgeBush'spredecessors(includinghisfather)hadsurnamesinthefirsthalfofthealphabetagainstjust16inthesecondhalf.Evenmorestriking,sixofthesevenheadsofgovernmentoftheG7richcountriesarealphabeticallyadvantaged(Berlusconi,Blair,Bush,Chirac,ChretienandKoizumi).Theworld'sthreetopcentralbankers(Greenspan,DuisenbergandHayami)areallclosetothetopofthealphabet,evenifoneofthemreallyusesJapanesecharacters.Asaretheworld'sfiverichestmen(Gates,Buffett,Allen,EllisonandAlbrecht).Canthismerelybecoincidence?Onetheory,dreamtupinallthesparetimeenjoyedbythealphabeticallydisadvantaged,isthattherotsetsinearly.Atthestartofthefirstyearininfantschool,teachersseatpupilsalphabeticallyfromthefront,tomakeiteasiertoremembertheirnames.Soshort-sightedZysmanjuniorgetsstuckinthebackrow,andisrarelyaskedtheimprovingquestionsposedbythoseinsensitiveteachers.Atthetimethealphabeticallydisadvantagedmaythinktheyhavehadaluckyescape.Yettheresultmaybe

81worsequalifications,becausetheygetlessindividualattention,aswellaslessconfidenceinspeakingpublicly.Thehumiliationcontinues.Atuniversitygraduationceremonies,theABCsproudlygettheirawardsfirst;bythetimetheyreachtheZysmansmostpeopleareliterallyhavingaZZZ.Shortlistsforjobinterviews,electionballotpapers,listsofconferencespeakersandattendees:alltendtobedrawnupalphabetically,andtheirrecipientsloseinterestastheyploughthroughthem.24.WhatdoestheauthorintendtoillustratewithAAAAcarsandZodiaccars?[A]Akindofoverlookedinequality.[B]Atypeofconspicuousbias.[C]Atypeofpersonalprejudice.[D]Akindofbranddiscrimination.25.Whatcanweinferfromthefirstthreeparagraphs?[A]InbothEastandWest,namesareessentialtosuccess.[B]ThealphabetistoblameforthefailureofZoeZysman.[C]Customersoftenpayalotofattentiontocompanies'names.[D]Someformofdiscriminationistoosubtletorecognize.26.The4thparagraphsuggeststhat.[A]questionsareoftenputtothemoreintelligentstudents[B]alphabeticallydisadvantagedstudentsoftenescapefromclass[C]teachersshouldpayattentiontoalloftheirstudents[D]studentsshouldbeseatedaccordingtotheireyesight27.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“mostpeopleareliterallyhavingaZZZ”(Lines2-3,Paragraph5)?[A]Theyaregettingimpatient.[B]Theyarenoisilydozingoff[C]Theyarefeelinghumiliated.[D]Theyarebusywithwordpuzzles.28.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext?[A]PeoplewithsurnamesbeginningwithNtoZareoftenill-treated.[B]VIPsintheWesternworldgainagreatdealfromalphabetism.[C]Thecampaigntoeliminatealphabetismstillhasalongwaytogo.[D]Puttingthingsalphabeticallymayleadtounintentionalbias.Text3Whenitcomestotheslowingeconomy,EllenSperoisn'tbitinghernailsjustyet.But

82the47-year-oldmanicuristisn'tcutting,filingorpolishingasmanynailsasshe'dliketo,either.Mostofherclientsspend$12to$50weekly,butlastmonthtwolongtimecustomerssuddenlystoppedshowingup.Speroblamesthesofteningeconomy.uFmagoodeconomicindicator,Mshesays,'iprovideaservicethatpeoplecandowithoutwhenthey'reconcernedaboutsavingsomedollars.^^SoSperoisdownscaling,shoppingatmiddle-browDillard'sdepartmentstorenearhersuburbanClevelandhome,insteadofNeimanMarcus."Idon'tknowifotherclientsaregoingtoabandonme,too."shesays.EvenbeforeAlanGreenspan9sadmissionthatAmerica'sred-hoteconomyiscooling,lotsofworkingfolkshadalreadyseensignsoftheslowdownthemselves.FromcardealershipstoGapoutlets,saleshavebeenlaggingfbrmonthsasshopperstempertheirspending.Forretailers,wholastyeartookin24percentoftheirrevenuebetweenThanksgivingandChristmas,thecautiousapproachiscomingatacrucialtime.Already,expertssay,holidaysalesareoff7percentfromlastyear'space.Butdon'tsoundanyalarmsjustyet.Consumersseemonlymildlyconcerned,notpanicked,andmanysaytheyremainoptimisticabouttheeconomy'slong-termprospects,evenastheydosomemodestbelt-tightening.Consumerssaythey'renotindespairbecause,despitethedreadfulheadlines,theirownfortunesstillfeelprettygood.Homepricesareholdingsteadyinmostregions.InManhattan,t4there9sanewgoldrushhappeninginthe$4millionto$10millionrange,predominantlyfedbyWallStreetbonuses,saysbrokerBarbaraCorcoran.InSanFrancisco,pricesarestillrisingevenasfrenziedoverbiddingquiets."Insteadof20to30offers,nowmaybeyouonlygettwoorthreeJsaysJohnTealdi,aBayAreareal-estatebroker.Andmostfolksstillfeelprettycomfortableabouttheirabilitytofindandkeepajob.Manyfolksseesilverliningstothisslowdown.Potentialhomebuyerswouldcheerforlowerinterestrates.Employerswouldn'tmindalittlefewerbubblesinthejobmarket.Manyconsumersseemtohavebeeninfluencedbystock-marketswings,whichinvestorsnowviewasanecessaryingredienttoasustainedboom.Dinersmightseeanupside,too.GettingatableatManhattan'shotnewAlainDucasserestaurantusedtobeimpossible.Notanymore.Forthat,Greenspan&Co.maystillbeworthtoasting.24.By“EllenSperoisn'tbitinghernailsjustyet”(Lines1-2,Paragraph1),theauthormeans.[A]Sperocanhardlymaintainherbusiness[B]Speroistoomuchengagedinherwork[C]Sperohasgrownoutofherbadhabit[D]Speroisnotinadesperatesituation25.Howdothepublicfeelaboutthecurrenteconomicsituation?[A]Optimistic.[B]Confused.[C]Carefree.[D]Panicked.

8324.Whenmentioning"the$4millionto$10millionrange?,(Lines3-4,Paragraph3)theauthoristalkingabout.[A]goldmarket[B]realestate[C]stockexchange[D]ventureinvestment25.Whycanmanypeoplesee"silverlinings^^totheeconomicslowdown?[A]Theywouldbenefitincertainways.[B]Thestockmarketshowssignsofrecovery.[C]Suchaslowdownusuallyprecedesaboom.[D]Thepurchasingpowerwouldbeenhanced.26.Towhichofthefollowingistheauthorlikelytoagree?[A]Anewboom,onthehorizon.[B]Tightenthebelt,thesingleremedy.[C]Cautionallright,panicnot.[D]Themoreventures,themorechances.Text4Americanstodaydon'tplaceaveryhighvalueonintellect.Ourheroesareathletes,entertainers,andentrepreneurs,notscholars.Evenourschoolsarewherewesendourchildrentogetapracticaleducation--nottopursueknowledgeforthesakeofknowledge.Symptomsofpervasiveanti-intellectualisminourschoolsaren'tdifficulttofind."Schoolshavealwaysbeeninasocietywherepracticalismoreimportantthanintellectual,MsayseducationwriterDianeRavitch."Schoolscouldbeacounterbalance.^^Ravitch'slatestbook,LeftBack:ACenturyofFailedSchoolReforms,tracestherootsofanti-intellectualisminourschools,concludingtheyareanythingbutacounterbalancetotheAmericandistastefbrintellectualpursuits.Buttheycouldandshouldbe.Encouragingkidstorejectthelifeofthemindleavesthemvulnerabletoexploitationandcontrol.Withouttheabilitytothinkcritically,todefendtheirideasandunderstandtheideasofothers,theycannotfullyparticipateinourdemocracy.Continuingalongthispath,sayswriterEarlShorris,“Wewillbecomeasecond-ratecountry.Wewillhavealesscivilsociety.”"Intellectisresentedasaformofpowerorprivilege,9,writeshistorianandprofessorRichardHofstadterinAnti-IntellectualisminAmericanLife,aPulitzer-Prizewinningbookontherootsofanti-intellectualisminUSpolitics,religion,andeducation.Fromthebeginningofourhistory,saysHofctadter,ourdemocraticandpopulisturgeshavedrivenustorejectanythingthatsmellsofelitism.Practicality,commonsense,andnativeintelligencehavebeenconsideredmorenoblequalitiesthananythingyoucouldlearnfromabook.RalphWaldoEmersonandotherTranscendentalistphilosophersthoughtschooling

84andrigorousbooklearningputunnaturalrestraintsonchildren:"Weareshutupinschoolsandcollegerecitationroomsfor10or15yearsandcomeoutatlastwithabellyfulofwordsanddonotknowathing."MarkTwain'sHuckleberryFinnexemplifiedAmericananti-intellectualism.Itsheroavoidsbeingcivilized—goingtoschoolandlearningtoread-sohecanpreservehisinnategoodness.Intellect,accordingtoHofstadter,isdifferentfromnativeintelligence,aqualitywereluctantlyadmire.Intellectisthecritical,creative,andcontemplativesideofthemind.Intelligenceseekstograsp,manipulate,re-order,andadjust,whileintellectexamines,ponders,wonders,theorizes,criticizesandimagines.Schoolremainsaplacewhereintellectismistrusted.Hofstadtersaysourcountry'seducationalsystemisinthegripsofpeoplewho"joyfullyandmilitantlyproclaimtheirhostilitytointellectandtheireagernesstoidentifywithchildrenwhoshowtheleastintellectualpromise.^^24.WhatdoAmericanparentsexpecttheirchildrentoacquireinschool?[A]Thehabitofthinkingindependently.[B]Profoundknowledgeoftheworld.[C]Practicalabilitiesforfuturecareer.[D]Theconfidenceinintellectualpursuits.25.WecanlearnfromthetextthatAmericanshaveahistoryof.[A]undervaluingintellect[B]favoringintellectualism[C]supportingschoolreform[D]suppressingnativeintelligence26.TheviewsofRavitchandEmersononschoolingare.[A]identical[B]similar[C]complementary[D]opposite27.Emerson,accordingtothetext,isprobably.[A]apioneerofeducationreform[B]anopponentofintellectualism[C]ascholarinfavorofintellect[D]anadvocateofregularschooling28.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofintellect?[A]Itissecondtointelligence.[B]Itevolvesfromcommonsense.

85[A]Itistobepursued.[B]Itunderliespower.PartBDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)Therelationoflanguageandmindhasinterestedphilosophersfbrmanycenturies.61)TheGreeksassumedthatthestructureoflanguagehadsomeconnectionwiththeprocessofthought,whichtookrootinEuropelongbeforepeoplerealizedhowdiverselanguagescouldbe.Onlyrecentlydidlinguistsbegintheseriousstudyoflanguagesthatwereverydifferentfromtheirown.Twoanthropologist-linguists,FranzBoasandEdwardSapir,werepioneersindescribingmanynativelanguagesofNorthandSouthAmericaduringthefirsthalfofthetwentiethcentury.62)Weareobligedtothembecausesomeoftheselanguageshavesincevanished,asthepeopleswhospokethemdiedoutorbecameassimilatedandlosttheirnativelanguages.Otherlinguistsintheearlierpartofthiscentury,however,whowerelesseagertodealwithbizarredatafrom“exotic“language,werenotalwayssograteful.63)Thenewlydescribedlanguageswereoftensostrikinglydifferentfix)mthewellstudiedlanguagesofEuropeandSoutheastAsiathatsomescholarsevenaccusedBoasandSapiroffabricatingtheirdata.NativeAmericanlanguagesareindeeddifferent,somuchsoinfactthatNavajocouldbeusedbytheUSmilitaryasacodeduringWorldWarIItosendsecretmessages.Sapir'spupil,BenjaminLeeWhorf,continuedthestudyofAmericanIndianlanguages.64)Beinginterestedintherelationshipoflanguageandthought,Whorfdevelopedtheideathatthestructureoflanguagedeterminesthestructureofhabitualthoughtinasociety.Hereasonedthatbecauseitiseasiertoformulatecertainconceptsandnotothersinagivenlanguage,thespeakersofthatlanguagethinkalongonetrackandnotalonganother.65)Whorfcametobelieveinasortoflinguisticdeterminismwhich,initsstrongestform,statesthatlanguageimprisonsthemind,andthatthegrammaticalpatternsinalanguagecanproducefar-reachingconsequencesforthecultureofasociety.Later,thisideabecametobeknownastheSapir-Whorfhypothesis,butthistermissomewhatinappropriate.AlthoughbothSapirandWhorfemphasizedthediversityoflanguages,Sapirhimselfneverexplicitlysupportedthenotionoflinguisticdeterminism.24.25.26.27.

8624.SectionIVWriting25.Directions:Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould1)describethedrawing,2)interpretitsmeaning,and3)supportyourviewwithexamples.Youshouldwriteabout200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)

872004年考研英语真题答案SectionI:ListeningComprehension(20points)PartA(5points)1.highlands2.203.mild4.November5.22PartB(5points)6.A(technology)forecaster;7.governmentagencies;8.(A)meaningful(exercise);9.opentochange;10.Trustandcooperation.PartC(10points)11.[D]12.[B]13.[C]14.[D]15.[A]16.[C]17.[B]18.[A]19.[A]20.[C]SectionII:UseofEnglish(10points)21.[C]22.[D]23.[A]24.[D]25.[A]26.[B]27.[C]28.[D]29.[A]30.[B]31.[A]32.[C]33.[D]34.[B]35.[A]36.[B]37.[B]38.[D]39.[A]40.[C]SectionIII:ReadingComprehension(50points)PartA(40points)41.[C]42.[A]43.[D]44.[B]45.[C]46.[A]47.[D]48.[C]49.[B]50.[D]51.[D]52.[A]53.[B]54.[A]55.[C]56.[C]57.[A]58.[D]59.[B]60.[C]PartB(10points)61.希腊人认为，语言结构与思维过程之间存在着某种联系。这一观点在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就早已在欧洲扎下了根。62.我们之所有感激他们（两位先驱），是因为在此之后，这些（土著）语言中有一些已经不复存在了，这是由于说这些语言的部族或是消亡了，或是被同化而丧失了自己的本族语言。63.这些新近被描述的语言与已经得到充分研究的欧洲和东南亚地区的语言往往差别显著，以至于有些学者甚至指责Boas和Sapir编造了材料。64.Whorf对语言与思维的关系很感兴趣，逐渐形成了这样的观点:在一个社会中，语言的结构决定习惯思维的结构。

8861.Whorf进而相信某种类似语言决定论的观点，其极端说法是:语言禁锢思维,语言的语法结构能对一个社会的文化产生深远的影响。SectionIII:Writing(20points)66.参考范文Lookatthispicture.Amanisrunningtowardtheendofarace,sweatingallover.Perhapsthereisnothingspecialaboutthemanandtherace,yettheendlineleavesadeepimpressiononusforitisboth“finishline,,and"startingline^^ifwelookatitfromadifferentangle.Thepicturetellsusalotaboutlife.Anordinaryrunnermaythinkthathisachievementcallsforcelebrationforhehasreachedhisgoal.Butanambitiousrunnerwillwellrealizethathissuccessisthestartingpointforanewrace.Obviously,thewaywelookatthingsdetermineshowfarwewillgo.Ifwefeelsatisfiedwiththeabilitytoreadandwrite,perhapswewillnotstrivetogetacollegeeducation.Again,ifwethinkaBachelordegreeisquiteenough,wewillnottakepainstopasstheexaminationforpostgraduate.Lifeisjustlikeanendlessrace.Ifwedon'tpreparefbrnewraces,weareeitherdisqualifiedfromtheraceorsurpassedbyothers.That'swhythefinishlineisalsoastartinglive.Ilikethispicture.Imayhavebeenrunningthisendlessrace,butIhavebeenpushedforwardbymyparentsorpeoplearoundme.Fromnowon,Iwillbecomemoreactiveandtaketheinitiative,fbrthepicturehasreallyenlightenedme.(233words)

892003年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionIListeningComprehensionDirections:ThissectionisdesignedtotestyourabilitytounderstandspokenEnglish.Youwillhearaselectionofrecordedmaterialsandyoumustanswerthequestionsthataccompanythem.Therearethreepartsinthissection,PartA,PartB,andPartC.Remember,whileyoushouldfirstputdownyouranswersinyourtestbooklet.Attheendofthelisteningcomprehensionsection,youwillhavefiveminutestotransferallyouranswersfromyourtestbooklettoANSWERSHEET1.NowlookatPartAinyourtestbooklet.PartADirections:ForQuestion1-5,youwillhearatalkaboutBostonMuseumofFineArt.Whileyoulisten,filloutthetablewiththeinformationyouhaveheard.Someoftheinformationhasbeengiventoyouinthetable.Writeonly1wordornumberineachnumberedbox.Youwillheartherecordingtwice.Younowhave25secondstoreadthetablebelow.(5points)BostonMuseumofFineArtsFounded(year)1870Openedtothepublic(year)Question1Movedtothecurrentlocation(year)1909Thewestwingcompleted(year)Question2Numberofdepartments9ThemostremarkabledepartmentQuestion3ExhibitionSpace(m2)Question4Approximatenumberofvisitors/year800,000ProgramsprovidedclasseslecturesQuestion5PartBDirections:ForQuestions6-10,youwillhearaninterviewwithanexpertonmarriageproblems.Whileyoulisten,completethesentencesoranswerthequestions.Usenotmorethan3

90wordsforeachanswer.Youwillheartherecordingtwice.Younowhave25secondstoreadthesentencesandquestionsbelow.(5points)Whatshouldbetheprimarysourceofhelpforatroubledcouple?.Question6Writingdownalistofproblemsinthemarriagemayhelpatroubledcouplediscussthem.Question7Whoshouldacoupleconsiderseriouslyturningtoiftheycan'ttalkwitheachother?.Question8Priestsareusuallyunsuccessfulincounselingtroubledcouplesdespitetheir.Question9Accordingtotheoldnotion,whatwillmakeheartsgrowfonder?.Question10PartCDirections:Youwillhearthreepiecesofrecordedmaterial.Beforelisteningtoeachone,youwillhavetimetoreadthequestionsrelatedtoit.Whilelistening,answereachquestionbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].Afterlistening,youwillhavetimetocheckyouranswersyouwillheareachpieceonceonly.(10points)Questions11-13arebasedonthefollowingtalkaboutnapping,younowhave15secondstoreadquestions11-13.11.Childrenunderfivehaveabundantenergypartlybecausethey.[A]sleepinthreedistinctparts[B]havemanyfive-minutenaps[C]sleepinonelongblock[D]takeoneortwonapsdaily12.Accordingtothespeaker,thesleeppatternofababyisdeterminedby[A]itsgenes[B]itshabit[C]itsmentalstate[D]itsphysicalcondition13.Thetalksuggeststhat,ifyoufeelsleepythroughtheday,youshould.[A]takesomerefreshment[B]gotobedearly[C]havealongrest[D]giveintosleepQuestions14-16arebasedonthefollowinginterviewwithShermanAlexie,anAmerican

91Indianpoet.Younowhave15secondstoreadQuestions14-16.11.WhydidShermanAlexieonlytakedayjobs?[A]Hecouldbringunfinishedworkhome.[B]Hemighthavetimetopursuehisinterests.[C]Hemightdosomeeveningteaching.[D]Hecouldinvestmoreemotioninhisfamily.12.Whatwashisoriginalgoalatcollege?[A]toteachinhighschool[B]towritehisownbooks[C]tobeamedicaldoctor[D]tobeamathematician13.Whydidhetakethepoetry-writingclass?[A]Tofollowhisfather.[B]Foraneasygrade.[C]Tochangehisspecialty.[D]Forknowledgeofpoetry.Questions17-20arebasedonthefollowingtalkaboutpublicspeaking.Younowhave20secondstoreadQuestions17-20.14.Whatisthemostimportantthinginpublicspeaking?[A]Confidence.[B]Preparation.[C]Informativeness.[D]Organization.15.Whatdoesthespeakeradviseustodotocapturetheaudience'sattention?[A]Gatherabundantdata.[B]Organizetheidealogically.[C]Developagreatopening.[D]Selectappropriatematerials.16.Ifyoudon'tstartworkingforthepresentationuntilthedaybefore,youwillfeel[A]uneasy[B]uncertain[C]frustrated

92[A]depressed11.Whoisthisspeechmostprobablymeantfor?[A]Thoseinterestedinthepowerofpersuasion.[B]Thosetryingtoimprovetheirpublicimages.[C]Thoseplanningtotakeupsomepublicwork.[D]Thoseeagertobecomeeffectivespeakers.Younowhave5minutestotransferallyouranswersfromyourtestbooklettoANSWERSHEET1.SectionIIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Teachersneedtobeawareoftheemotional,intellectual,andphysicalchangesthatyoungadultsexperience.Andtheyalsoneedtogiveserious21tohowtheycanbest22suchchanges.Growingbodiesneedmovementand23,butnotjustinwaysthatemphasizecompetition.24theyareadjustingtotheirnewbodiesandawholehostofnewintellectualandemotionalchallenges,teenagersareespeciallyself-consciousandneedthe25thatcomesfromachievingsuccessandknowingthattheiraccomplishmentsare26byothers.However,thetypicalteenagelifestyleisalreadyfilledwithsomuchcompetitionthatitwouldbe27toplanactivitiesinwhichtherearemorewinnersthanlosers,28,publishingnewsletterswithmanystudent-writtenbookreviews,29studentartwork,andsponsoringbookdiscussionclubs.Avarietyofsmallclubscanprovide30opportunitiesforleadership,aswellasforpracticeinsuccessful31dynamics.Makingfriendsisextremelyimportanttoteenagers,andmanyshystudentsneedthe32ofsomekindoforganizationwithasupportiveadult33visibleinthebackground.Intheseactivities,itisimportanttorememberthattheyoungteenshave34attentionspans.Avarietyofactivitiesshouldbeorganized35

93participantscanremainactiveaslongastheywantandthengoonto36elsewithoutfeelingguiltyandwithoutlettingtheotherparticipants37.Thisdoesnotmeanthatadultsmustacceptirresponsibility.38,theycanhelpstudentsacquireasenseofcommitmentby39fbrrolesthatarewithintheir40andtheirattentionspansandbyhavingclearlystatedrules.11.[A]thought[B]idea[C]opinion[D]advice12.[A]strengthen[B]accommodate[C]stimulate[D]enhance13.[A]care[B]nutrition[C]exercise[D]leisure14.[A]If[8]Although[C]Whereas[D]Because15.[A]assistance[B]guidance[C]confidence[D]tolerance16.[A]claimed[B]admired[C]ignored[D]surpassed17.[A]improper

94[B]risky[C]fair[D]wise11.[A]ineffect[B]asaresult[C]forexample[D]inasense12.[A]displaying[B]describing[C]creating[D]exchanging13.[A]durable[B]excessive[C]surplus[D]multiple14.[A]groups[B]individual[C]personnel[D]corporation15.[A]consent[B]insurance[C]admission[D]security16.[A]particularly[B]barely[C]definitely[D]rarely17.[A]similar[B]long[C]different[D]short18.[A]ifonly

95[B]nowthat[C]sothat[D]evenif11.[A]everything[B]anything[C]nothing[D]something12.[A]off[B]down[C]out[D]alone13.[A]Onthecontrary[B]Ontheaverage[C]Onthewhole[D]Ontheotherhand14.[A]making[B]standing[C]planning[D]taking15.[A]capability[B]responsibility[C]proficiency[D]efficiencySectionIIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1(40points)Text1WildBillDonovanwouldhavelovedtheInternet.TheAmericanspymasterwhobuilttheOfficeofStrategicServicesintheWorldWarIIandlaterlaidtherootsfortheCIAwasfascinatedwithinformation.Donovanbelievedinusingwhatevertoolscameto

96handinthe"greatgame“ofespionage-spyingasa“profession.”ThesedaystheNet,whichhasalreadyre-madesucheverydaypastimesasbuyingbooksandsendingmail,isreshapingDonovan9svocationaswell.Thelatestrevolutionisn'tsimplyamatterofgentlemenreadingothergentlemen'se-mail.Thatkindofelectronicspyinghasbeengoingonfordecades.Inthepastthreeorfouryears,theWorldWideWebhasgivenbirthtoawholeindustryofpoint-and-clickspying.Thespookscallit"open-sourceintelligence,andastheNetgrows,itisbecomingincreasinglyinfluential.In1995theCIAheldacontesttoseewhocouldcompilethemostdataaboutBurundi.Thewinner,byalargemargin,wasatinyVirginiacompanycalledOpenSourceSolutions,whoseclearadvantagewasitsmasteryoftheelectronicworld.AmongthefirmsmakingthebiggestsplashinthenewworldisStraitfbrd,Inc.,aprivateintelligence-analysisfirmbasedinAustin,Texas.Straitfbrdmakesmoneybysellingtheresultsofspying(coveringnationsfromChiletoRussia)tocorporationslikeenergy-servicesfirmMcDermottInternational.Manyofitspredictionsareavailableonlineatwww.straitford.com.StraitfordpresidentGeorgeFriedmansaysheseestheonlineworldasakindofmutuallyreinforcingtoolforbothinformationcollectionanddistribution,aspymaster'sdream.LastweekhisfirmwasbusyvacuumingupdatabitsfromthefarcomersoftheworldandpredictingacrisisinUkraine."Assoonasthatreportruns,we'llsuddenlyget500newInternetsign-upsfromUkraine,saysFriedman,aformerpoliticalscienceprofessor."Andwe'llhearbackfromsomeofthem.^^Open-sourcespyingdoeshaveitsrisks,ofcourse,sinceitcanbedifficulttotellgoodinformationfrombad.That'swhereStraitfbrdearnsitskeep.FriedmanreliesonaleanstaffinAustin.Severalofhisstaffmembershavemilitary-intelligencebackgrounds.Heseesthefirm'soutsiderstatusasthekeytoitssuccess.Straitford\briefsdon'tsoundliketheusualWashingtonback-and-fbrthing,wherebyagenciesavoiddramaticdeclarationsonthechancetheymightbewrong.Straitfbrd,saysFriedman,takesprideinitsindependentvoice.11.TheemergenceoftheNethas.[A]receivedsupportfromfanslikeDonovan[B]remoldedtheintelligenceservices[C]restoredmanycommonpastimes[D]revivedspyingasaprofession12.Donovan'sstoryismentionedinthetextto.[A]introducethetopicofonlinespying[B]showhowhefoughtfortheU.S.[C]giveanepisodeoftheinformationwar[D]honorhisuniqueservicestotheCIA13.Thephrase“makingthebiggestsplash"(Line1,Paragraph3)mostprobablymeans.

97[A]causingthebiggesttrouble[B]exertingthegreatesteffort[C]achievingthegreatestsuccess[D]enjoyingthewidestpopularity11.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph4that.[A]Straitfbrd^predictionaboutUkrainehasprovedtrue[B]Straitfbrdguaranteesthetruthfulnessofitsinformation[C]Straitfbrd9sbusinessischaracterizedbyunpredictability[D]Straitfbrdisabletoprovidefairlyreliableinformation12.Straitfbrdismostproudofits.[A]officialstatus[B]nonconformistimage[C]efficientstaff[D]militarybackgroundText2Toparaphrase18th-centurystatesmanEdmundBurke,"allthatisneededforthetriumphofamisguidedcauseisthatgoodpeopledonothing.^^Onesuchcausenowseekstoendbiomedicalresearchbecauseofthetheorythatanimalshaverightsrulingouttheiruseinresearch.Scientistsneedtorespondforcefullytoanimalrightsadvocates,whoseargumentsareconfusingthepublicandtherebythreateningadvancesinhealthknowledgeandcare.Leadersoftheanimalrightsmovementtargetbiomedicalresearchbecauseitdependsonpublicfunding,andfewpeopleunderstandtheprocessofhealthcareresearch.Hearingallegationsofcrueltytoanimalsinresearchsettings,manyareperplexedthatanyonewoulddeliberatelyharmananimal.Forexample,agrandmotherlywomanstaffingananimalrightsboothatarecentstreetfairwasdistributingabrochurethatencouragedreadersnottouseanythingthatcomesfromoristestedinanimals-nomeat,nofur,nomedicines.Askedifsheopposedimmunizations,shewantedtoknowifvaccinescomefromanimalresearch.Whenassuredthattheydo,shereplied,tfcThenIwouldhavetosayyes."Askedwhatwillhappenwhenepidemicsreturn,shesaid,"Don'tworry,scientistswillfindsomewayofusingcomputers.^^Suchwell-meaningpeoplejustdon'tunderstand.Scientistsmustcommunicatetheirmessagetothepublicinacompassionate,understandableway—inhumanterms,notinthelanguageofmolecularbiology.Weneedtomakecleartheconnectionbetweenanimalresearchandagrandmother'shipreplacement,afather^bypassoperation,ababy'svaccinations,andevenapefsshots.Tothosewhoareunawarethatanimalresearchwasneededtoproducethesetreatments,aswellasnewtreatmentsandvaccines,animalresearchseemswastefulatbestandcruelatworst.

98Muchcanbedone.Scientistscould“adopt“middleschoolclassesandpresenttheirownresearch.Theyshouldbequicktorespondtoletterstotheeditor,lestanimalrightsmisinformationgounchallengedandacquireadeceptiveappearanceoftruth.Researchinstitutionscouldbeopenedtotours,toshowthatlaboratoryanimalsreceivehumanecare.Finally,becausetheultimatestakeholdersarepatients,thehealthresearchcommunityshouldactivelyrecruittoitscausenotonlywell-knownpersonalitiessuchasStephenCooper,whohasmadecourageousstatementsaboutthevalueofanimalresearch,butallwhoreceivemedicaltreatment.Ifgoodpeopledonothingthereisarealpossibilitythatanuninformedcitizenrywillextinguishthepreciousembersofmedicalprogress.11.TheauthorbeginshisarticlewithEdmundBurke'swordsto.[A]callonscientiststotakesomeactions[B]criticizethemisguidedcauseofanimalrights[C]warnofthedoomofbiomedicalresearch[D]showthetriumphoftheanimalrightsmovement12.Misledpeopletendtothinkthatusingananimalinresearchis.[A]cruelbutnatural[B]inhumanandunacceptable[C]inevitablebutvicious[D]pointlessandwasteful13.Theexampleofthegrandmotherlywomanisusedtoshowthepublic's[A]discontentwithanimalresearch[B]ignoranceaboutmedicalscience[C]indifferencetoepidemics[D]anxietyaboutanimalrights14.Theauthorbelievesthat,infaceofthechallengefromanimalrightsadvocates,scientistsshould.[A]communicatemorewiththepublic[B]employhi-techmeansinresearch[C]feelnoshamefortheircause[D]strivetodevelopnewcures15.FromthetextwelearnthatStephenCooperis.[A]awell-knownhumanist[B]amedicalpractitioner[C]anenthusiastinanimalrights

99[A]asupporterofanimalresearchText3Inrecentyears,railroadshavebeencombiningwitheachother,mergingintosupersystems,causingheightenedconcernsaboutmonopoly.Asrecentlyas1995,thetopfourrailroadsaccountedfbrunder70percentofthetotalton-milesmovedbyrails.Nextyear,afteraseriesofmergersiscompleted,justfourrailroadswillcontrolwellover90percentofallthefreightmovedbymajorrailcarriers.Supportersofthenewsupersystemsarguethatthesemergerswillallowfbrsubstantialcostreductionsandbettercoordinatedservice.Anythreatofmonopoly,theyargue,isremovedbyfiercecompetitionfromtrucks.Butmanyshipperscomplainthatfbrheavybulkcommoditiestravelinglongdistances,suchascoal,chemicals,andgrain,truckingistoocostlyandtherailroadsthereforehavethembythethroat.Thevastconsolidationwithintherailindustrymeansthatmostshippersareservedbyonlyonerailcompany.Railroadstypicallychargesuch“captive"shippers20to30percentmorethantheydowhenanotherrailroadiscompetingfbrthebusiness.Shipperswhofeeltheyarebeingoverchargedhavetherighttoappealtothefederalgovernment'sSurfaceTransportationBoardforraterelief,buttheprocessisexpensive,time-consuming,andwillworkonlyintrulyextremecases.Railroadsjustifyratediscriminationagainstcaptiveshippersonthegroundsthatinthelongrunitreduceseveryone'scost.Ifrailroadschargedallcustomersthesameaveragerate,theyargue,shipperswhohavetheoptionofswitchingtotrucksorotherformsoftransportationwoulddoso,leavingremainingcustomerstoshoulderthecostofkeepinguptheline.It9satheorytowhichmanyeconomistssubscribe,butinpracticeitoftenleavesrailroadsinthepositionofdeterminingwhichcompanieswillflourishandwhichwillfail.tfcDowereallywantrailroadstobethearbitersofwhowinsandwholosesinthemarketplace?^^asksMartinBercovici,aWashingtonlawyerwhofrequentlyrepresentsshipper.Manycaptiveshippersalsoworrytheywillsoonbehitwitharoundofhugerateincreases.Therailroadindustryasawhole,despiteitsbrighteningfortunes,stilldoesnotearnenoughtocoverthecostofthecapitalitmustinvesttokeepupwithitssurgingtraffic.Yetrailroadscontinuetoborrowbillionstoacquireoneanother,withWallStreetcheeringthemon.Considerthe$10.2billionbidbyNorfolkSouthernandCSXtoacquireConrailthisyear.ConraiPsnetrailwayoperatingincomein1996wasjust$427million,lessthanhalfofthecarryingcostsofthetransaction.Who'sgoingtopayfortherestofthebill?Manycaptiveshippersfearthattheywill,asNorfolkSouthernandCSXincreasetheirgriponthemarket.11.Accordingtothosewhosupportmergers,railwaymonopolyisunlikelybecause[A]costreductionisbasedoncompetition[B]servicescallforcross-tradecoordination

100[A]outsidecompetitorswillcontinuetoexist[B]shipperswillhavetherailwaybythethroat11.Whatismanycaptiveshippers'attitudetowardstheconsolidationintherailindustry?[A]Indifferent.[B]Supportive.[C]Indignant.[D]Apprehensive.12.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3that.[A]shipperswillbechargedlesswithoutarivalrailroad[B]therewillsoonbeonlyonerailroadcompanynationwide[C]overchargedshippersareunlikelytoappealfbrraterelief[D]agovernmentboardensuresfairplayinrailwaybusiness13.Theword“arbiters"(Line7,Paragraph4)mostprobablyreferstothose[A]whoworkascoordinators[B]whofunctionasjudges[C]whosupervisetransactions[D]whodeterminetheprice14.Accordingtothetext,thecostincreaseintherailindustryismainlycausedby[A]thecontinuingacquisition[B]thegrowingtraffic[C]thecheeringWallStreet[D]theshrinkingmarketText4ItissaidthatinEnglanddeathispressing,inCanadainevitableandinCaliforniaoptional.Smallwonder.Americans9lifeexpectancyhasnearlydoubledoverthepastcentury.Failinghipscanbereplaced,clinicaldepressioncontrolled,cataractsremovedina30-minutessurgicalprocedure.SuchadvancesoffertheagingpopulationaqualityoflifethatwasunimaginablewhenIenteredmedicine50yearsago.Butnotevenagreathealth-caresystemcancuredeath-andourfailuretoconfrontthatrealitynowthreatensthisgreatnessofours.Deathisnormal;wearegeneticallyprogrammedtodisintegrateandperish,evenunderidealconditions.Weallunderstandthatatsomelevel,yetasmedicalconsumerswetreatdeathasaproblemtobesolved.Shieldedbythird-partypayersfromthecostofour

101care,wedemandeverythingthatcanpossiblybedonefbrus,evenifit'suseless.Themostobviousexampleislate-stagecancercare.Physicians-frustratedbytheirinabilitytocurethediseaseandfearinglossofhopeinthepatient—toooftenofferaggressivetreatmentfarbeyondwhatisscientificallyjustified.In1950,theU.S.spent$12.7billiononhealthcare.In2002,thecostwillbe$1,540billion.Anyonecanseethistrendisunsustainable.Yetfewseemwillingtotrytoreverseit.Somescholarsconcludethatagovernmentwithfiniteresourcesshouldsimplystoppayingformedicalcarethatsustainslifebeyondacertainage—say83orso.FormerColoradogovernorRichardLammhasbeenquotedassayingthattheoldandinfirm“haveadutytodieandgetoutoftheway,“sothatyounger,healthierpeoplecanrealizetheirpotential.Iwouldnotgothatfar.Energeticpeoplenowroutinelyworkthroughtheir60sandbeyond,andremaindazzlinglyproductive.At78,ViacomchairmanSumnerRedstonejokinglyclaimstobe53.SupremeCourtJusticeSandraDayO'Connorisinher70s,andformersurgeongeneralC.EverettKoopchairsanInternetstart-upinhis80s.Theseleadersarelivingproofthatpreventionworksandthatwecanmanagethehealthproblemsthatcomenaturallywithage.Asamere68-year-old,Iwishtoageasproductivelyastheyhave.Yettherearelimitstowhatasocietycanspendinthispursuit.Askaphysician,Iknowthemostcostlyanddramaticmeasuresmaybeineffectiveandpainful.IalsoknowthatpeopleinJapanandSweden,countriesthatspendfarlessonmedicalcare,haveachievedlonger,healthierlivesthanwehave.Asanation,wemaybeoverfundingthequestforunlikelycureswhileunderfundingresearchonhumblertherapiesthatcouldimprovepeople'slives.11.Whatisimpliedinthefirstsentence?[A]Americansarebetterpreparedfordeaththanotherpeople.[B]Americansenjoyahigherlifequalitythaneverbefore.[C]Americansareover-confidentoftheirmedicaltechnology.[D]Americanstakeavainprideintheirlonglifeexpectancy.12.Theauthorusestheexampleofcancerpatientstoshowthat.[A]medicalresourcesareoftenwasted[B]doctorsarehelplessagainstfataldiseases[C]sometreatmentsaretooaggressive[D]medicalcostsarebecomingunaffordable13.Theauthor'sattitudetowardRichardLamm'sremarkisoneof.[A]strongdisapproval[B]reservedconsent[C]slightcontempt

102[A]enthusiasticsupport11.IncontrasttotheU.S.,JapanandSwedenarefundingtheirmedicalcare[A]moreflexibly[B]moreextravagantly[C]morecautiously[D]morereasonably12.Thetextintendstoexpresstheideathat.[A]medicinewillfurtherprolongpeople'slives[B]lifebeyondacertainlimitisnotworthliving[C]deathshouldbeacceptedasafactoflife[D]excessivedemandsincreasethecostofhealthcarePartBDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)Humanbeingsinalltimesandplacesthinkabouttheirworldandwonderattheirplaceinit.Humansarethoughtfulandcreative,possessedofinsatiablecuriosity.61)Furthermore,humanshavetheabilitytomodifytheenvironmentinwhichtheylive,thussubjectingallotherlifbformstotheirownpeculiarideasandfancies.Therefore,itisimportanttostudyhumansinalltheirrichnessanddiversityinacalmandsystematicmanner,withthehopethattheknowledgeresultingfromsuchstudiescanleadhumanstoamoreharmoniouswayoflivingwiththemselvesandwithallotherlifeformsonthisplanetEarth.“Anthropology“derivesfromtheGreekwordsanthropos“human“andlogos“thestudyof."Byitsveryname,anthropologyencompassesthestudyofallhumankind.Anthropologyisoneofthesocialsciences.62)SocialscienceisthatbranchofinteUectualenquirywhichseekstostudyhumansandtheirendeavorsinthesamereasoned,orderly,systematic,anddispassionedmannerthatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomena.Socialsciencedisciplinesincludegeography,economics,politicalscience,psychology,andsociology.Eachofthesesocialscienceshasasubfieldorspecializationwhichliesparticularlyclosetoanthropology.Allthesocialsciencesfocusuponthestudyofhumanity.Anthropologyisafield-studyorienteddisciplinewhichmakesextensiveuseofthecomparativemethodinanalysis.63)Theemphasisondatagatheredfirst-hand,combinedwithacross-culturalperspectivebroughttotheanalysisofculturespastandpresent,makesthisstudyauniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocialscience.

103Anthropologicalanalysesrestheavilyupontheconceptofculture.SirEdwardTylor'sformulationoftheconceptofculturewasoneofthegreatintellectualachievementsof19thcenturyscience.64)Tylordefinedcultureas”.・・thatcomplexwholewhichincludesbelief,art,morals、law,custom、andanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety."Thisinsight,soprofoundinitssimplicity,openedupanentirelynewwayofperceivingandunderstandinghumanlife.ImplicitwithinTylor'sdefinitionistheconceptthatcultureislearned,shared,andpatternedbehavior.65)Thus、theanthropologicalconceptof“cultureJliketheconccDtof"set"iomathematics,isanabstractconceptwhichmakespossibleimmenseamountsofconcreteresearchandunderstanding.SectionIVWriting

10466.Directions:Studythefollowingsetofdrawingscarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould1)describethesetofdrawings,interpretitsmeaning,and2)pointoutitsimplicationsinourlife.Youshouldwriteabout200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)温室语遨不起风雨

1052003年考研英语真题答案SectionI:ListeningComprehension(20points)PartA(5points)1.18762.19813.textiles4.19,1375.concertsPartB(5points)6.(thecouple)themselves7.constructively8.aqualifiedpsychologist9.goodintentions10.absencePartA(40points)41.[B]42.[A]43.[C]44.[D]45.[B]46.[A]47.[B]48.[B]49.[A]50.[D]51.[C]52.[D]53.[C]54.[B]55.[A]56.[C]57.[A]58.[B]59.[D]60.[C]PartB(10points)61.而且，人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境，从而是让所有其它形态的生命服从人类自己独特的想法和想象。62.社会科学是知识探索的一个分支，它力图象自然科学家研究自然现象那样,用理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式研究人类及其行为。63.强调收集第一手资料，加上在分析过去和现在文化形态时采用跨文化视角,使得这•研究成为•门独特并且非常重要的社会科学。64.泰勒把文化定义为“……一

106个复合整体，它包括人作为社会成员所获得的信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其它能力和习惯工61.因此，人类学中“文化”概念就像数学中“集”的概念一样，是一个抽象概念，它使大量的具体研究和认识成为可能。SectionIV:Writing(20points)66.参考范文Asisshowninthetwopictures,thesameflowerhasdifferentfatewhenputindifferentsituations.Whenthereisprotection,theflowerbloomsbeautifully.However,whenexposeddirectlytorainandstorm,theflowerquicklywithers.Wecansafelycometotheconclusionthatgreenhouseflowerscannotwithstandrainandstorm.Thesameistruewithourchildren.Astheone-childpolicyisadoptedinChina,moreandmoreparentsoverprotecttheirchildren.Witheverythingdoneforthemandeveryneedsatisfiedbytheirparentsorgrandparents,theseonlychildrenseemtobehealthy,happyandhigh-spirited.Butwhentheyleavehome,theybecomedisappointedandfrustrated.Facingharshthingstheyhaveneverexperiencedbefore,suchascompetitionfrompeers,criticismfromsupervisors,pressurefordeadlinesandrestrictionfbrdiscipline,theywillbeataloss,miserableorevendesperate.Infact,themoreprotectiontheygetfromtheirparents,thelessabilitytheyacquire.Parents7lovefbrtheirchildrenturnsouttobeadisaster.Children,likeflowers,shouldbetreatedwithcare,butreasonableandsensiblewaysofdoingthingswillhelptobringaboutmorefruitfulresults,ifwenotonlyloveourchildrenbutalsoteachthemhowtolove,ourlovewillbepasseddownfromgenerationtogeneration;ifwenotonlysolveproblemsfbrourchildrenbutalsoencouragethemtosolveproblems,ourdiligenceandingenuitywillmakeourlifemoremeaningfulandworthwhile.四联法硕网www.slschool.com四联法硕论坛www.slschool.com/bbs

1072002年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题（一）NationalEntranceTestofEnglishforMA/MSCandidates（2002）考生注意事项1.考生必须严格遵守各项考场规则，得到监考人员指令后方可开始答题。2.答题前，考生应将答题卡上的“考生姓名“、“报考单位“、“考试语种“、"考生编号”等信息填写清楚，并与准考证上的一致。3.全国硕士研究生入学考试英语分为试题（一）、试题（二）。4.本试题为试题（一），共4页（1〜4页）。考生必须在规定的时间内作答。5.试题（一）为听力部分。该部分共有A、B、C三节，所有答案都应填写或填涂在答题卡1上。A、B两节必须用蓝（黑）圆珠笔答题，注意字迹清楚。C节必须用2B铅笔按照答题卡上的要求填涂，如要改动，必须用橡皮擦干净。6.听力考试进行时，考生应先将答案写或标记在试题上，然后在听力部分结束前专门留出的5分钟内，将答案整洁地誉写或转涂到答题卡1上。仅写或标记在试题上不给分。SectionIListeningComprehensionDirections:ThisSectionisdesignedtotestyourabilitytounderstandspokenEnglish.Youwillhearaselectionofrecordedmaterialsandyoumustanswerthequestionsthataccompanythem.Therearethreepartsinthissection,PartA,PartBandPartC.Remember,whileyouaredoingthetest,youshouldfirstputdownyouranswersinyourtestbooklet.Attheendofthelisteningcomprehensionsection,youwillhave5minutestotransferallyouranswersfromyourtestbooklettoANSWERSHEET1.NowlookatPartAinyourtestbooklet.PartADirections:ForQuestions1-5,youwillhearanintroductionaboutthelifeofMargaretWelch.Whileyoulisten,filloutthetablewiththeinformationyou'veheard.Someoftheinformationhasbeengiventoyouinthetable.Writeonly1wordornumberineachnumberedbox.Youwillheartherecordingtwice.Younowhave25secondstoread

108thetablebelow.(5points)Welch'sPersonalInformationPlaceofBirthPhiladelphiaYearofBirth1901TransfertoBarnardUniversity(Year)1920MajoratUniversity1FinalDegreePhDYearofMarriage1928GrowingUpInNewGuineaPublished(Year)2FieldStudyintheSouthPacific(Age)3MainInterest4ProfessorshipatColumbiaStarted(Year)5Death(Age)77PartBDirections:Forquestions6-10,youwillhearatalkbyawell-knownU.S.journalist.Whileyoulisten,completethesentencesoranswerthequestions.Usenotmorethan3wordsforeachanswer.Youwillheartherecordingtwice.Younowhave25secondstoreadthesentencesandquestionsbelow.(5points)Besidesreporters,whoelsewerecampedoutfbrdaysoutsidethespeaker'shome?Onereportergottothespeaker'sapartmentpretendingtopay.ThespeakerbelievedthereporterwantedapictureofherlookingWhereisacorrectiontoafalsestoryusuallyplaced?Accordingtothespeaker,thepresswilllosereadersunlesstheeditorsandthenewsdirectorsPartCDirections:Youwillhearthreepiecesofrecordedmaterial.Beforelisteningtoeachone,youwillhavetimetoreadthequestionsrelatedtoit.Whilelistening,answereachquestionbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].Afterlistening,youwillhavetimetocheckyouranswers.Youwillheareachpieceonceonly.(10points)Questions11-13arebasedonareportaboutchildren'shealthydevelopment.Younow

109have15secondstoreadQuestions11-13.11.Whatunusualquestionmaydoctorsaskwhengivingkidsacheckupnexttime?[A]Howmuchexercisetheygeteveryday.[B]Whattheyaremostworriedabout.[C]Howlongtheirparentsaccompanythemdaily.[D]Whatentertainmenttheyareinterestedin.12.Theacademysuggeststhatchildrenunderagetwo.[A]getenoughentertainment[B]havemoreactivities[C]receiveearlyeducation[D]haveregularcheckups13.Accordingtothereport,children'sbedroomsshould.[A]benoplaceforplay[B]benearacommonarea[C]havenoTVsets[D]haveacomputerfbrstudyQuestions14-16arebasedonthefollowingtalkabouthowtosavemoney.Younowhave15secondstoreadQuestions14-16.14.Accordingtothespeaker,whatshouldonepayspecialattentiontoifhewantstosaveup?[A]Familydebts.[B]Banksavings.[C]Monthlybills.[D]Spendinghabits.15.Howmuchcanapersonsavebyretirementifhegivesuphispack-a-dayhabit?[A]$190,000.[B]$330,000.[C]$500,000.[D]$1,000,000.16.Whatshouldonedobeforepayingmonthlybills,ifhewantstoaccumulatewealth?[A]Investintoamutualfund.[B]Usethediscounttickets.[C]Quithiseating-outhabit.

110[A]Useonlypaperbillsandsavecoins.Questions17-20arebasedonaninterviewwithHerbertA.Glieberman,adomestic-relationslawyer.Younowhave20secondstoreadQuestions17-20.11.Whichwordbestdescribesthelawyer\predictionofthechangeindivorcerate?[A]Fall[B]Rise[C]V-sh叩e[D]Zigzag12.Whatdopeoplenowadaysdesiretodoconcerningtheirmarriage?[A]Toembracechangesofthought.[B]Toadapttothedisintegratedfamilylife.[C]Toreturntothepracticeinthe"60sand"70s.[D]Tocreatestabilityintheirlives.13.Whydidsomepeoplechoosenottodivorce20yearsago?[A]Theyfearedthecomplicatedprocedures.[B]Theywantedtogoagainstthetrend.[C]Theywereafraidoflosingfoce.[D]theywerewillingtostaytogether.14.Yearsagoadivorcedmaninacompanywouldhave.[A]beenshiftedaroundthecountry.[B]haddifficultybeingpromoted.[C]enjoyedahappierlife.[D]tastedlittlebitternessofdisgrace.Younowhave5minutestotransferallyouranswersfromyourtestbooklettoANSWERSHEET1.THISISTHEENDOFSECTIONIDONOTREADORWORKONTHENEXTSECTIONUNTILYOUARETOLDTOCONTINUE全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题（二）NationalEntranceTestofEnglishforMA/MSCandidates（2002）考生注意事项1.考生必须严格遵守各项考场规则，得到监考人员指令后方可开始答题。

1111.全国硕士研究生入学考试英语分为试题（一）、试题（二）。2.本试题为试题（二），共11页（5〜15页），含有英语知识运用、阅读理解、写作三个部分。英语知识运用、阅读理解A节的答案必须用2B铅笔按要求直接填涂在答题卡1上，如要改动，必须用橡皮擦干净。阅读理解B节和写作部分必须用蓝（黑）圆珠笔在答题卡2上答题，注意字迹清楚。3.考试结束后，考生应将答题卡1、答题卡2一并装入原试卷袋中，将试题（一）、试题（二）交给监考人员。SectionIIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword（s）fbreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.（10points）Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened21,Aswasdiscussedbefore,itwasnot22the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic23,followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe24oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution25up,beginningwithtransport,therailway,andleading26throughthetelegraph,thetelephone,radio,andmotionpictures27the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin28.Itisimportanttodoso.Itisgenerallyrecognized,29,thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury,30bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960s,radicallychangedtheprocess,31itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately32.Astimewentby,computersbecamesmallerandmorepowerful,andtheybecame“personal"too,aswellas33,withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage34increasing.Theywerethoughtof,likepeople,35

112generations,withthedistancebetweengenerationsmuch36.Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterm"informationsociety^^begantobewidelyusedtodescribethe37withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas38bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtime,buttherehavebeen39viewsaboutitseconomic,political,socialandculturalimplications.fcfcBeneflts^^havebeenweighed40"harmfur9outcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.21.[A]between[B]before[C]since[D]later22.[A]after[B]by[C]during[D]until23.[A]means[B]method[C]medium[D]measure24.[A]process[B]company[C]light[D]form25.[A]gathered[B]speeded[C]worked[D]picked26.[A]on[B]out[C]over[D]off

11321.[A]of[B]for[C]beyond[D]into22.[A]concept[B]dimension[C]effect[D]perspective23.[A]indeed[B]hence[C]however[D]therefore24.[A]brought[B]followed[C]stimulated[D]characterized25.[A]unless[B]since[C]lest[D]although26.[A]叩parent[B]desirable[C]negative[D]plausible27.[A]institutional[B]universal[C]fundamental[D]instrumental28.[A]ability[B]capability[C]capacity[D]faculty

11421.[A]bymeansof[B]intermsof[C]withregardto[D]inlinewith22.[A]deeper[B]fewer[C]nearer[D]smaller23.[A]context[B]range[C]scope[D]territory24.[A]regarded[B]impressed[C]influenced[D]effected25.[A]competitive[8]controversial[C]distracting[D]irrational26.[A]above[B]upon[C]against[D]withSectionIIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Ifyouintendusinghumorinyourtalktomakepeoplesmile,youmustknowhowtoidentifysharedexperiencesandproblems.Yourhumormustberelevanttotheaudience

115andshouldhelptoshowthemthatyouareoneofthemorthatyouunderstandtheirsituationandareinsympathywiththeirpointofview.Dependingonwhomyouareaddressing,theproblemswillbedifferent.Ifyouaretalkingtoagroupofmanagers,youmayrefertothedisorganizedmethodsoftheirsecretaries;alternativelyifyouareaddressingsecretaries,youmaywanttocommentontheirdisorganizedbosses.Hereisanexample,whichIheardatanurses9convention,ofastory,whichworkswellbecausetheaudienceallsharedthesameviewofdoctors.AmanarrivesinheavenandisbeingshownaroundbySt.Peter.Heseeswonderfulaccommodations,beautifulgardens,sunnyweather,andsoon.Everyoneisverypeaceful,politeandfriendlyuntil,waitinginalineforlunch,thenewarrivalissuddenlypushedasidebyamaninawhitecoat,whorushestotheheadoftheline,grabshisfoodandstompsovertoatablebyhimself."Whoisthat?”thenewarrivalaskedSt.Peter."Oh,that'sGod,,,camethereply,"butsometimeshethinkshe'sadoctor.”Ifyouarepartofthegroup,whichyouareaddressing,youwillbeinapositiontoknowtheexperiencesandproblemswhicharecommontoallofyouandit'llbeappropriateforyoutomakeapassingremarkabouttheinediblecanteenfoodorthechairman'snotoriousbadtasteinties.Withotheraudiencesyoumustn'tattempttocutinwithhumorastheywillresentanoutsidermakingdisparagingremarksabouttheircanteenortheirchairman.YouwillbeonsafergroundifyousticktoscapegoatslikethePostOfficeorthetelephonesystem.Ifyoufeelawkwardbeinghumorous,youmustpracticesothatitbecomesmorenatural.Includeafewcasualandapparentlyoff-the-cuffremarkswhichyoucandeliverinarelaxedandunforcedmanner.Oftenit'sthedeliverywhichcausestheaudiencetosmile,sospeakslowlyandrememberthataraisedeyebroworanunbelievinglookmayhelptoshowthatyouaremakingalight-heartedremark.Lookforthehumor.Itoftencomesfromtheunexpected.Atwistonafamiliarquote“Ifatfirstyoudon'tsucceed,giveup“oraplayonwordsoronasituation.Searchfbrexaggerationandunderstatements.Lookatyourtalkandpickoutafewwordsorsentenceswhichyoucanturnaboutandinjectwithhumor.21.Tomakeyourhumorwork,youshould.[A]takeadvantageofdifferentkindsofaudience[B]makefiinofthedisorganizedpeople[C]addressdifferentproblemstodifferentpeople[D]showsympathyfbryourlisteners22.Thejokeaboutdoctorsimpliesthat,intheeyesofnurses,theyare.[A]impolitetonewarrivals[B]veryconsciousoftheirgodlikerole[C]entitledtosomeprivileges[D]verybusyevenduringlunchhours

11621.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthatpublicservices.[A]havebenefitedmanypeople[B]arethefocusofpublicattention[C]areaninappropriatesubjectfbrhumor[D]haveoftenbeenthelaughingstock22.Toachievethedesiredresult,humorousstoriesshouldbedelivered.[A]inwell-wordedlanguage[B]asawkwardlyaspossible[C]inexaggeratedstatements[D]ascasuallyaspossible23.Thebesttitlefbrthetextmaybe.[A]UseHumorEffectively[B]VariousKindsofHumor[C]AddHumortoSpeech[D]DifferentHumorStrategiesText2Sincethedawnofhumaningenuity,peoplehavedevisedevermorecunningtoolstocopewithworkthatisdangerous,boring,burdensome,orjustplainnasty.Thatcompulsionhasresultedinrobotics-thescienceofconferringvarioushumancapabilitiesonmachines.Andifscientistshaveyettocreatethemechanicalversionofsciencefiction,theyhavebeguntocomeclose.Asaresult,themodemworldisincreasinglypopulatedbyintelligentgizmoswhosepresencewebarelynoticebutwhoseuniversalexistencehasremovedmuchhumanlabor.Ourfactorieshumtotherhythmofrobotassemblyarms.Ourbankingisdoneatautomatedtellerterminalsthatthankuswithmechanicalpolitenessforthetransaction.Oursubwaytrainsarecontrolledbytirelessrobot-drivers.Andthankstothecontinualminiaturizationofelectronicsandmicro-mechanics,therearealreadyrobotsystemsthatcanperformsomekindsofbrainandbonesurgerywithsubmillimeteraccuracy-fargreaterprecisionthanhighlyskilledphysicianscanachievewiththeirhandsalone.Butifrobotsaretoreachthenextstageoflaborsavingutility,theywillhavetooperatewithlesshumansupervisionandbeabletomakeatleastafewdecisionsforthemselves-goalsthatposearealchallenge."Whileweknowhowtotellarobottohandleaspecificerror,“saysDaveLavery,managerofaroboticsprogramatNASA,“wecan'tyetgivearobotenough'commonsense9toreliablyinteractwithadynamicworld.”Indeedthequestfortrueartificialintelligencehasproducedverymixedresults.Despiteaspellofinitialoptimisminthe1960sand1970swhenitappearedthattransistorcircuitsandmicroprocessorsmightbeabletocopytheactionofthehumanbrainbytheyear2010,researcherslatelyhavebeguntoextendthatforecastbydecadesifnotcenturies.

117Whattheyfound,inattemptingtomodelthought,isthatthehumanbrain'sroughlyonehundredbillionnervecellsaremuchmoretalented-andhumanperceptionfarmorecomplicated—thanpreviouslyimagined.Theyhavebuiltrobotsthatcanrecognizetheerrorofamachinepanelbyafractionofamillimeterinacontrolledfactoryenvironment.Butthehumanmindcanglimpsearapidlychangingsceneandimmediatelydisregardthe98percentthatisirrelevant,instantaneouslyfocusingonthemonkeyatthesideofawindingforestroadorthesinglesuspiciousfaceinabigcrowd.ThemostadvancedcomputersystemsonEarthcan'tapproachthatkindofability,andneuroscientistsstilldon'tknowquitehowwedoit.21.Humaningenuitywasinitiallydemonstratedin.[A]theuseofmachinestoproducesciencefiction[B]thewideuseofmachinesinmanufacturingindustry[C]theinventionoftoolsfbrdifficultanddangerouswork[D]theelite'scunningtacklingofdangerousandboringwork22.Theword“gizmos”(Line1,Paragraph2)mostprobablymeans.[A]programs[B]experts[C]devices[D]creatures23.Accordingtothetext,whatisbeyondman'sabilitynowistodesignarobotthatcan.[A]fulfilldelicatetaskslikeperformingbrainsurgery[B]interactwithhumanbeingsverbally[C]havealittlecommonsense[D]respondindependentlytoachangingworld24.Besidesreducinghumanlabor,robotscanalso.[A]makeafewdecisionsfbrthemselves[B]dealwithsomeerrorswithhumanintervention[C]improvefactoryenvironments[D]cultivatehumancreativity25.Theauthorusestheexampleofamonkeytoarguethatrobotsare.[A]expectedtocopyhumanbrainininternalstructure[B]abletoperceiveabnormalitiesimmediately[C]farlessablethanhumanbraininfocusingonrelevantinformation[D]bestusedinacontrolledenvironmentText3

118Couldthebadolddaysofeconomicdeclinebeabouttoreturn?SinceOPECagreedtosupply-cutsinMarch,thepriceofcrudeoilhasjumpedtoalmost$26abarrel,upfromlessthan$10lastDecember.Thisneartriplingofoilpricescallsupscarymemoriesofthe1973oilshock,whenpricesquadrupled,and1979-80,whentheyalsoalmosttripled.Bothpreviousshocksresultedindouble-digitinflationandglobaleconomicdecline.Sowherearetheheadlineswarningofgloomanddoomthistime?TheoilpricewasgivenanotherpushupthisweekwhenIraqsuspendedoilexports.Strengtheningeconomicgrowth,atthesametimeaswintergripsthenorthernhemisphere,couldpushthepricehigherstillintheshortterm.Yettherearegoodreasonstoexpecttheeconomicconsequencesnowtobelessseverethaninthe1970s.Inmostcountriesthecostofcrudeoilnowaccountsfbrasmallershareofthepriceofpetrolthanitdidinthe1970s.InEurope,taxesaccountforuptofbur-fifthsoftheretailprice,soevenquitebigchangesinthepriceofcrudehaveamoremutedeffectonpumppricesthaninthepast.Richeconomiesarealsolessdependentonoilthantheywere,andsolesssensitivetoswingsintheoilprice.Energyconservation,ashifttootherfuelsandadeclineintheimportanceofheavy,energy-intensiveindustrieshavereducedoilconsumption.Software,consultancyandmobiletelephonesusefarlessoilthansteelorcarproduction.ForeachdollarofGDP(inconstantprices)richeconomiesnowusenearly50%lessoilthanin1973.TheOECDestimatesinitslatestEconomicOutlookthat,ifoilpricesaveraged$22abarrelforafullyear,comparedwith$13in1998,thiswouldincreasetheoilimportbillinricheconomiesbyonly0.25-0.5%ofGDP.Thatislessthanone-quarteroftheincomelossin1974or1980.Ontheotherhand,oil-importingemergingeconomies-towhichheavyindustryhasshifted—havebecomemoreenergy-intensive,andsocouldbemoreseriouslysqueezed.Onemorereasonnottolosesleepovertheriseinoilpricesisthat,unliketherisesinthe1970s,ithasnotoccurredagainstthebackgroundofgeneralcommodity-priceinflationandglobalexcessdemand.Asizableportionoftheworldisonlyjustemergingfromeconomicdecline.TheEconomist'scommoditypriceindexisbroadlyunchangingfromayearago.In1973commoditypricesjumpedby70%,andin1979byalmost30%.21.Themainreasonforthelatestriseofoilpriceis.[A]globalinflation[B]reductioninsupply[C]fastgrowthineconomy[D]Iraq'ssuspensionofexports22.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthattheretailpriceofpetrolwillgoupdramaticallyif.[A]priceofcruderises[B]commoditypricesrise[C]consumptionrises[D]oiltaxesrise

11921.TheestimatesinEconomicOutlookshowthatinrichcountries.[A]heavyindustrybecomesmoreenergy-intensive[B]incomelossmainlyresultsfromfluctuatingcrudeoilprices[C]manufacturingindustryhasbeenseriouslysqueezed[D]oilpricechangeshavenosignificantimpactonGDP22.Wecandrawaconclusionfromthetextthat.[A]oil-priceshocksarelessshockingnow[B]inflationseemsirrelevanttooil-priceshocks[C]energyconservationcankeepdowntheoilprices[D]thepriceriseofcrudeleadstotheshrinkingofheavyindustry23.Fromthetextwecanseethatthewriterseems.[A]optimistic[B]sensitive[C]gloomy[D]scaredText4TheSupremeCourt'sdecisionsonphysician-assistedsuicidecarryimportantimplicationsforhowmedicineseekstorelievedyingpatientsofpainandsuffering.Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assistedsuicide,theCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleof“doubleeffect,Macenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffects-agoodonethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen-ispermissibleiftheactorintendsonlythegoodeffect.Doctorshaveusedthatprincipleinrecentyearstojustifyusinghighdosesofmorphinetocontrolterminallyillpatients,pain,eventhoughincreasingdosageswilleventuallykillthepatient.NancyDubler,directorofMontefioreMedicalCenter,contendsthattheprinciplewillshielddoctorswho"untilnowhavevery,verystronglyinsistedthattheycouldnotgivepatientssufficientmediationtocontroltheirpainifthatmighthastendeath.”GeorgeAnnas,chairofthehealthlawdepartmentatBostonUniversity,maintainsthat,aslongasadoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurpose,thedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohastendeath."It'slikesurgery,“hesays."Wedon'tcallthosedeathshomicidesbecausethedoctorsdidn'tintendtokilltheirpatients,althoughtheyriskedtheirdeath.Ifyou'reaphysician,youcanriskyourpatient'ssuicideaslongasyoudon'tintendtheirsuicide.”Onanotherlevel,manyinthemedicalcommunityacknowledgethattheassisted-suicidedebatehasbeenfueledinpartbythedespairofpatientsforwhommodemmedicinehasprolongedthephysicalagonyofdying.JustthreeweeksbeforetheCourfsrulingonphysician-assistedsuicide,theNational

120AcademyofScience(NAS)releasedatwo-volumereport,ApproachingDeath:ImprovingCareattheEndofLife.Itidentifiestheundertreatmentofpainandtheaggressiveuseof"ineflfectualandforcedmedicalproceduresthatmayprolongandevendishonortheperiodofdying“asthetwinproblemsofend-of-lifecare.Theprofessionistakingstepstorequireyoungdoctorstotraininhospices,totestknowledgeofaggressivepainmanagementtherapies,todevelopaMedicarebillingcodefbrhospital-basedcare,andtodevelopnewstandardsforassessingandtreatingpainattheendoflife.Annassayslawyerscanplayakeyroleininsistingthatthesewell-meaningmedicalinitiativestranslateintobettercare."Largenumbersofphysiciansseemunconcernedwiththepaintheirpatientsareneedlesslyandpredictablysuffering,totheextentthatitconstitutes"systematicpatientabuse.^^Hesaysmedicallicensingboards“mustmakeitclearthatpainfuldeathsarepresumptivelyonesthatareincompetentlymanagedandshouldresultinlicensesuspension.”21.Fromthefirstthreeparagraphs,welearnthat.[A]doctorsusedtoincreasedrugdosagestocontroltheirpatients9pain[B]itisstillillegalfbrdoctorstohelpthedyingendtheirlives[C]theSupremeCourtstronglyopposesphysician-assistedsuicide[D]patientshavenoconstitutionalrighttocommitsuicide22.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtothetext?[A]Doctorswillbeheldguiltyiftheyrisktheirpatients9death.[B]Modernmedicinehasassistedterminallyillpatientsinpainlessrecovery.[C]TheCourtruledthathigh-dosagepain-relievingmedicationcanbeprescribed.[D]Adoctor'smedicationisnolongerjustifiedbyhisintentions.23.AccordingtotheNAS'sreport,oneoftheproblemsinend-of-lifecareis[A]prolongedmedicalprocedures[B]inadequatetreatmentofpain[C]systematicdrugabuse[D]insufficienthospitalcare24.Whichofthefollowingbestdefinestheword“aggressive”(Line3,Paragraph7)?[A]Bold[B]Harmful[C]Careless[D]Desperate25.GeorgeAnnaswouldprobablyagreethatdoctorsshouldbepunishedifthey

121[A]managetheirpatientsincompetently[B]givepatientsmoremedicinethanneeded[C]reducedrugdosagesfortheirpatients[D]prolongtheneedlesssufferingofthepatientsPartBDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)Almostallourmajorproblemsinvolvehumanbehavior,andtheycannotbesolvedbyphysicalandbiologicaltechnologyalone.Whatisneededisatechnologyofbehavior,butwehavebeenslowtodevelopthesciencefromwhichsuchatechnologymightbedrawn.61)Onedifficultyisthatalmostallofwhatiscalledbehavioralsciencecontinuestotracebehaviortostatesofmind,feelings、traitsofcharacter,humannature,andsoon.Physicsandbiologyoncefollowedsimilarpracticesandadvancedonlywhentheydiscardedthem.62)Thebehavioralscienceshavebeenslowtochangepartlybecausetheexplanatoryitemsoftenseemtobedirectlyobservedandpartlybecauseotherkindsofexplanationshavebeenhardtofind.Theenvironmentisobviouslyimportant,butitsrolehasremainedobscure.Itdoesnotpushorpull,itselects,andthisfunctionisdifficulttodiscoverandanalyze.63)Theroleofnaturalselectioninevolutionwasformulatedonlyalittlemorethanahundredyearsago,andtheselectiveroleoftheenvironmentinshapingandmaintainingthebehavioroftheindividualisonlybeginningtoberecognizedandstudied.Astheinteractionbetweenorganismandenvironmenthascometobeunderstood,however,effectsonceassignedtostatesofmind,feelings,andtraitsarebeginningtobetracedtoaccessibleconditions,andatechnologyofbehaviormaythereforebecomeavailable.Itwillnotsolveourproblems,however,untilitreplacestraditionalprescientificviews,andthesearestronglyentrenched.Freedomanddignityillustratethedifficulty.64)Theyarethepossessionsoftheautonomous(self~goveming)manoftraditionaltheory,andtheyareessentialtopracticesinwhichapersonisheldresponsiblefbrhisconductandgivencreditforhisachievements.Ascientificanalysisshiftsboththeresponsibilityandtheachievementtotheenvironment.Italsoraisesquestionsconcerning“values."Whowilluseatechnologyandtowhatends?65)Untiltheseissuesareresolved,atechnologyofbehaviorwillcontinuetoberejected,andwithitpossiblytheonlywaytosolveourproblems.SectionIVWriting66.Directions:Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayentitled"Cultures-四联法硕http:〃www.slschool.comNationalandInternational”.

122Intheessayyoushould1)describethepictureandinterpretitsmeaning,and2)giveyourcommentonthephenomenon.Youshouldwriteabout200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)AnAmericangirlintraditionalChinesecostume(服装)

1232002年考研英语真题答案SectionI:ListeningComprehension(20points)PartA(5points)1.sociology2.19303.234.religions5.1954PartB(5points)6.cameramen/cameramen7.apersonalvisit8.depressed9.amongadvertisements10.takefirmactionPartA(40points)41.[C]42.[B]43.[D]44.[D]45.[A]46.[C]47.[C]48.[D]49.[B]50.[C]51.[B]52.[D]53.[D]54.[A]55.[A]56.[B]57.[C]58.[B]59.[A]60.[D]PartB(10points)61.难题这一大于所谓的行为科学几乎全都依然从心态、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去寻找行为的根源。62.行为科学之所以发展缓慢，部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到的，部分原因是其他的解释方式一直难以找到。63.自然选择在进化中的作用仅在一百多年前才得以阐明，而环境在塑造和保持个体行为时的选择作用则刚刚开始被认识和研究。64.

124自由和尊严（它们）是传统理论定义的自主人所拥有的，是要求一个人对自己的行为负责并因其业绩而给予肯定的必不可少的前提。61.（如果）这些问题得不到解决，研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥，解决问题的唯一方式可能也随之继续受到排斥。SectionIV:Writing（20points）66.参考范文Cultures-nationalandinternationalAsisshowninthepicture,ayoungAmericangirliswearingtraditionalChinesedressandornamentsandissmilingsweetly.Itmaybeanordinarypicture,butitconveysdeepandprofoundmeaning:nationalcultureisalsointernationalculture.Eversinceweopenedourdoortotheworld,wehaveattractedandinfluencedbythingsfromothercultures,suchasjeans,countrymusicandfastfood.Wehaveshownsuchinterestinthemthatsomepeople,especiallytheyoungergeneration,becomecrazyaboutthem.Themoreexotictheyare,themorefashionabletheyseemtobe.Now,beguntoshowitscharmandgainpopularityallovertheworld.Ournationalcostume,justasshowninthepicture,BeijingOpera,CrossTalk,fbrexample,havewonfavorwithalotofforeigners.Asnationalculturebecomesinternationalculture,peopleintheworldbetterunderstandeachother.Weareallvillagersinthisglobalvillage.Mutualrespectandunderstandingmakethisworldabetterplacetolivein.

1252001年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionIStructureandVocabularyPartADirections:Beneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(5points)Example:IhavebeentotheGreatWallthreetimes1979.[A]from[B]after[C]for[D]sinceThesentenceshouldread,“IhavebeentotheGreatWallthreetimessince1979.,,Therefore,youshouldchoose[D].SampleAnswer[A][B][C][■]1.IfIwereinmovie,thenitwouldbeabouttimethatImyheadinmyhandsforacry.[A]bury[B]amburying[C]buried[D]wouldbury2.Goodnewswassometimesreleasedprematurely,withtheBritishrecaptureoftheporthalfadaybeforethedefendersactuallysurrendered.[A]toannounce[B]announced[C]announcing[D]wasannounced3.Accordingtoonebelief,iftruthistobeknownitwillmakeitselfapparent,soonewaitinsteadofsearchingforit.[A]wouldrather[B]hadto

126[C]cannotbut[D]hadbest1.Shefeltsuitablyhumblejustasshewhenhehadfirsttakenagoodlookathercityself,hairwavedandgolden,nailsredandpointed.[A]had[B]hadhad[C]wouldhaveand[D]hashad2.TherewasnosignthatMr.Jospin,whokeepsafirmcontrolonthepartydespitefromleadershipofit,wouldintervenepersonally.[A]beingresigned[B]havingresigned[C]goingtoresign[D]resign3.Soinvolvedwiththeircomputersthatleadersatsummercomputercampsoftenhavetoforcethemtobreakforsportsandgames.[A]becamethechildren[B]becomethechildren[C]hadthechildrenbecome[D]dothechildrenbecome4.TheindividualTVviewerinvariablysensesthatheorsheisananonymous,statisticallyinsignificantpartofahugeanddiverseaudience.[A]everythingexcept[B]anythingbut[C]nolessthan[D]nothingmorethan5.Onedifficultyintranslationliesinobtainingaconceptmatch.thisismeantthataconceptinonelanguageislostorchangedinmeaningintranslation.[A]By[B]In[C]For[D]With6.Conversationbecomesweakerinasocietythatspendssomuchtimelisteningandbeingtalkedtoithasallbutlostthewillandtheskilltospeak

127foritself.[A]as[B]which[C]that[D]what1.Churchasweusethewordreferstoallreligiousinstitutions,theyChristian,Islamic,Buddhist,Jewish,andsoon.[A]be[B]being[C]were[D]arePartBDirections:Beneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterintheracketswithapencil.(10points)Example:ThelostcaroftheLeeswasfoundinthewoodsoffthehighway.[E]vanished[F]scattered[G]abandoned[H]rejectedThesentenceshouldread.“ThelostcaroftheLeeswasfoundabandonedinthewoodsoffthehighway.,,Therefore,youshouldchoose[C].SampleAnswer[A][B][B][D]2.Heistooyoungtobeabletobetweenrightandwrong.[A]discard[B]discern[C]disperse[D]disregard3.Itwasnothathiscarwasseennearthebankatthetimeoftherobbery.[A]coincidence[B]convention[C]certainty

128[A]complication1.OneoftheresponsibilitiesoftheCoastGuardistomakesurethatallshipsfollowtrafficrulesinbusyharbors.[A]cautiously[B]dutifully[C]faithfully[D]skillfully2.TheEskimoisperhapsoneofthemosttrustingandconsiderateofallIndiansbutseemstobethewelfareofhisanimals.[A]criticalabout[B]indignantat[C]indifferentto[D]subjectto3.Thechairmanoftheboardonmetheunpleasantjobofdismissinggoodworkersthefirmcannolongeraffordtoemploy.[A]compelled[B]posed[C]pressed[D]tempted4.Itisnaivetoexpectthatanysocietycanresolveallthesocialproblemsitisfacedwith.[A]forlong[B]inandout[C]oncefbrall[D]bynature5.Usingextremelydifferentdecoratingschemesinadjoiningroomsmayresultinandlackofunityinstyle.[A]conflict[B]confrontation[C]disturbance[D]disharmony6.TheTimberrattlesnakeisnowontheendangeredspecieslist,andisextinctintwoeasternstatesinwhichitonce.[A]thrived[B]swelled

129[A]prospered[B]flourished1.However,growthinthefabricatedmetalsindustrywasabletosomeofthedeclineintheironandsteelindustry.[A]overturn[B]overtake[C]offset[D]oppress2.Becauseofitsintimacy,radioisusuallymorethanjustamedium;itis[A]firm[B]company[C]corporation[D]enterprise3.Whenanynon-humanorganistransplantedintoaperson,thebodyimmediatelyrecognizesitas.[A]novel[B]remote[C]distant[D]foreign4.MyfavoriteradiosongistheoneIfirstheardonathick1923EdisondiscIatagaragesale.[A]trifledwith[B]scrapedthrough[C]stumbledupon[D]thirstedfor5.Somedaysoftwarewilltranslatebothwrittenandspokenlanguagesowellthattheneedforanycommonsecondlanguagecould.[A]descend[B]decline[C]deteriorate[D]depress6.Equipmentnotofficialsafetystandardshasallbeenremovedfromtheworkshop.

130[A]conformingto[B]consistentwith[C]predominantover[D]providingfor1.Asanindustry,biotechnologystandstoelectronicsindollarvolumeandperhapssurpassitinsocialimpactby2020.[A]contend[B]contest[C]rival[D]strive2.TheauthorsoftheUnitedStatesConstitutionattemptedtoestablishaneffectivenationalgovernmentwhilepreservingfbrthestatesandlibertyforindividuals.[A]autonomy[B]dignity[C]monopoly[D]stability3.ForthreequartersofitsspanonEarth,lifeevolvedalmostasmicroorganisms.[A]precisely[B]instantly[C]initially[D]exclusively4.Theintroductionofgunpowdergraduallymadethebowandarrow,particularlyinWesternEurope.[A]obscure[B]obsolete[C]optional[D]overlapping5.Whoeverformulatedthetheoryoftheoriginoftheuniverse,itisjustandneedsproving.[A]spontaneous[B]hypothetical[C]intuitive[D]empirical

1311.Thefutureofthiscompanyis:manyofitstalentedemployeesareflowingintomoreprofitablenet-basedbusinesses.[A]atodds[B]introuble[C]invain[D]atstakeSectionIIClozeTestDirections:Foreachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)Thegovernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeopleinvolvedinprominentcases31thetrialofRosemaryWest.Inasignificant32oflegalcontrolsoverthepress,LordIrvine,theLordChancellor,willintroducea33billthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnesses34andwillstrictlycontroltheamountof35thatcanbegiventoacase36atrialbegins.InalettertoGeraldKaufman,chairmanoftheHouseofCommonsMediaSelectCommittee,LordIrvinesaidhe37withacommitteereportthisyearwhichsaidthatselfregulationdidnot38sufficientcontrol.39ofthelettercametwodaysafterLordIrvinecauseda40ofmediaprotestwhenhesaidthe41ofprivacycontrolscontainedinEuropeanlegislationwouldbelefttojudges42toParliament.TheLordChancellorsaidintroductionoftheHumanRightsBill,which43theEuropeanConventiononHumanRightslegally44inBritain,laiddownthateverybodywas45toprivacyandthatpublicfigurescouldgotocourttoprotectthemselvesandtheirfamilies."Pressfreedomswillbeinsafehands46ourBritishjudges/5hesaid.Witnesspaymentsbecamean47afterWestwassentencedto10life

132sentencesin1995.Upto19witnesseswere48tohavereceivedpaymentsfortellingtheirstoriestonewspapers.Concernswereraised49witnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourtto50guiltyverdicts.31.[A]asto[B]forinstance[C]inparticular[D]suchas32.[A]tightening[B]intensifying[C]focusing[D]fastening33.[A]sketch[B]rough[C]preliminary[D]draft34.[A]illogical[B]illegal[C]improbable[D]improper35.[A]publicity[B]penalty[C]popularity[D]peculiarity36.[A]since[B]if[C]before[D]as37.[A]sided[B]shared[C]complied[D]agreed

13331.[A]present[B]offer[C]manifest[D]indicate32.[A]Release[B]Publication[C]Printing[D]Exposure33.[A]storm[B]rage[C]flare[D]flash34.[A]translation[B]interpretation[C]exhibition[D]demonstration35.[A]betterthan[B]otherthan[C]ratherthan[D]soonerthan36.[A]changes[B]makes[C]sets[D]turns37.[A]binding[B]convincing[C]restraining[D]sustaining38.[A]authorized[B]credited[C]entitled[D]qualified

13431.[A]with[B]to[C]from[D]by32.[A]impact[B]incident[C]inference[D]issue33.[A]stated[B]remarked[C]said[D]told34.[A]what[B]when[C]which[D]that35.[A]assure[B]confide[C]ensure[D]guaranteeSectionIIIReadingComprehensionDirections:Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswersmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.ThenmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(40points)Text1Specializationcanbeseenasaresponsetotheproblemofanincreasingaccumulationofscientificknowledge.Bysplittingupthesubjectmatterintosmallerunits,onemancouldcontinuetohandletheinformationanduseitasthebasisforfurtherresearch.Butspecializationwasonlyoneofaseriesofrelateddevelopmentsinscienceaffectingtheprocessofcommunication.Anotherwasthegrowingprofessionalisationofscientificactivity.Noclear-cutdistinctioncanbedrawnbetweenprofessionalsandamateursin

135science:exceptionscanbefoundtoanyrule.Nevertheless,theword“amateur”doescarryaconnotationthatthepersonconcernedisnotfullyintegratedintothescientificcommunityand,inparticular,maynotfullyshareitsvalues.Thegrowthofspecializationinthenineteenthcentury,withitsconsequentrequirementofalonger,morecomplextraining,impliedgreaterproblemsforamateurparticipationinscience.Thetrendwasnaturallymostobviousinthoseareasofsciencebasedespeciallyonamathematicalorlaboratorytraining,andcanbeillustratedintermsofthedevelopmentofgeologyintheUnitedKingdom.AcomparisonofBritishgeologicalpublicationsoverthelastcenturyandahalfrevealsnotsimplyanincreasingemphasisontheprimacyofresearch,butalsoachangingdefinitionofwhatconstitutesanacceptableresearchpaper.Thus,inthenineteenthcentury,localgeologicalstudiesrepresentedworthwhileresearchintheirownright;but,inthetwentiethcentury,localstudieshaveincreasinglybecomeacceptabletoprofessionalsonlyiftheyincorporate,andreflecton,thewidergeologicalpicture.Amateurs,ontheotherhand,havecontinuedtopursuelocalstudiesintheoldway.Theoverallresulthasbeentomakeentrancetoprofessionalgeologicaljournalsharderforamateurs,aresultthathasbeenreinforcedbythewidespreadintroductionofrefereeing,firstbynationaljournalsinthenineteenthcenturyandthenbyseverallocalgeologicaljournalsinthetwentiethcentury.Asalogicalconsequenceofthisdevelopment,separatejournalshavenowappearedaimedmainlytowardseitherprofessionaloramateurreadership.Arathersimilarprocessofdifferentiationhasledtoprofessionalgeologistscomingtogethernationallywithinoneortwospecificsocieties,whereastheamateurshavetendedeithertoremaininlocalsocietiesortocometogethernationallyinadifferentway.AlthoughtheprocessofprofessionalisationandspecializationwasalreadywellunderwayinBritishgeologyduringthenineteenthcentury,itsfullconsequenceswerethusdelayeduntilthetwentiethcentury.Insciencegenerally,however,thenineteenthcenturymustbereckonedasthecrucialperiodfbrthischangeinthestructureofscience.31.Thegrowthofspecializationinthe19thcenturymightbemoreclearlyseeninsciencessuchas.[A]sociologyandchemistry[B]physicsandpsychology[C]sociologyandpsychology[D]physicsandchemistry32.Wecaninferfromthepassagethat.[A]thereislittledistinctionbetweenspecializationandprofessionalisation[B]amateurscancompetewithprofessionalsinsomeareasofscience[C]professionalstendtowelcomeamateursintothescientificcommunity[D]amateurshavenationalacademicsocietiesbutnolocalones

13631.Theauthorwritesofthedevelopmentofgeologytodemonstrate.[A]theprocessofspecializationandprofessionalisation[B]thehardshipofamateursinscientificstudy[C]thechangeofpoliciesinscientificpublications[D]thediscriminationofprofessionalsagainstamateurs32.Thedirectreasonfbrspecializationis.[A]thedevelopmentincommunication[B]thegrowthofprofessionalisation[C]theexpansionofscientificknowledge[D]thesplittingupofacademicsocietiesText2Agreatdealofattentionisbeingpaidtodaytotheso-calleddigitaldivide-thedivisionoftheworldintotheinfo(information)richandtheinfopoor.Andthatdividedoesexisttoday.MywifeandIlecturedaboutthisloomingdangertwentyyearsago.Whatwaslessvisiblethen,however,werethenew,positiveforcesthatworkagainstthedigitaldivide.Therearereasonstobeoptimistic.Therearetechnologicalreasonstohopethedigitaldividewillnarrow.AstheInternetbecomesmoreandmorecommercialized,itisintheinterestofbusinesstouniversalizeaccess-afterall,themorepeopleonline,themorepotentialcustomersthereare.Moreandmoregovernments,afraidtheircountrieswillbeleftbehind,wanttospreadInternetaccess.Withinthenextdecadeortwo,onetotwobillionpeopleontheplanetwillbenettedtogether.Asaresult,Inowbelievethedigitaldividewillnarrowratherthanwidenintheyearsahead.AndthatisverygoodnewsbecausetheInternetmaywellbethemostpowerfultoolfbrcombatingworldpovertythatwe'veeverhad.Ofcourse,theuseoftheInternetisn'ttheonlywaytodefeatpoverty.AndtheInternetisnottheonlytoolwehave.Butithasenormouspotential.Totakeadvantageofthistool,someimpoverishedcountrieswillhavetogetovertheiroutdatedanti-colonialprejudiceswithrespecttoforeigninvestment.Countriesthatstillthinkforeigninvestmentisaninvasionoftheirsovereigntymightwellstudythehistoryofinfrastructure(thebasicstructuralfoundationsofasociety)intheUnitedStates.WhentheUnitedStatesbuiltitsindustrialinfrastructure,itdidn'thavethecapitaltodoso.AndthatiswhyAmerica'sSecondWaveinfrastructure-includingroads,harbors,highways,portsandsoon-werebuiltwithforeigninvestment.TheEnglish,theGermans,theDutchandtheFrenchwereinvestinginBritain'sformercolony.Theyfinancedthem.ImmigrantAmericansbuiltthem.Guesswhoownsthemnow?TheAmericans.IbelievethesamethingwouldbetrueinplaceslikeBraziloranywhereelsefbrthatmatter.ThemoreforeigncapitalyouhavehelpingyoubuildyourThirdWaveinfrastructure,whichtodayisanelectronicinfrastructure,thebetteroffyou'regoingtobe.Thatdoesn'tmeanlyingdownandbecomingfooled,orletting

137foreigncorporationsrununcontrolled.ButitdoesmeanrecognizinghowimportanttheycanbeinbuildingtheenergyandtelecominfrastructuresneededtotakefulladvantageoftheInternet.31.Digitaldivideissomething.[A]gettingworsebecauseoftheInternet[B]therichcountriesareresponsiblefbr[C]theworldmustguardagainst[D]consideredpositivetoday32.GovernmentsattachimportancetotheInternetbecauseit.[A]offerseconomicpotentials[B]canbringforeignfunds[C]cansoonwipeoutworldpoverty[D]connectspeopleallovertheworld33.ThewritermentionedthecaseoftheUnitedStatestojustifythepolicyof[A]providingfinancialsupportoverseas[B]preventingforeigncapitafscontrol[C]buildingindustrialinfrastructure[D]acceptingforeigninvestment34.Itseemsthatnowacountry'seconomydependsmuchon.[A]howwelldevelopeditiselectronically[B]whetheritisprejudicedagainstimmigrants[C]whetheritadoptsAmerica'sindustrialpattern[D]howmuchcontrolithasoverforeigncorporationsText3WhydosomanyAmericansdistrustwhattheyreadintheirnewspapers?TheAmericanSocietyofNewspaperEditorsistryingtoanswerthispainfulquestion.Theorganizationisdeepintoalongself-analysisknownasthejournalismcredibilityproject.Sadtosay,thisprojecthasturnedouttobemostlylow-levelfindingsaboutfactualerrorsandspellingandgrammarmistakes,combinedwithlotsofhead-scratchingpuzzlementaboutwhatintheworldthosereadersreallywant.Butthesourcesofdistrustgowaydeeper.Mostjournalistslearntoseetheworldthroughasetofstandardtemplates(patterns)intowhichtheyplugeachday'sevents.Inotherwords,thereisaconventionalstorylineinthenewsroomculturethatprovidesabackboneandaready-madenarrativestructureforotherwiseconfusingnews.Thereexistsasocialandculturaldisconnectbetweenjournalistsandtheirreaders,

138whichhelpsexplainwhythe"standardtemplates^^ofthenewsroomseemalientomanyreaders.Inarecentsurvey,questionnairesweresenttoreportersinfivemiddle-sizecitiesaroundthecountry,plusonelargemetropolitanarea.Thenresidentsinthesecommunitieswerephonedatrandomandaskedthesamequestions.RepliesshowthatcomparedwithotherAmericans,journalistsaremorelikelytoliveinupscaleneighborhoods,havemaids,ownMercedeses,andtradestocks,andthey'relesslikelytogotochurch,dovolunteerwork,orputdownrootsinacommunity.Reporterstendtobepartofabroadlydefinedsocialandculturalelite,sotheirworktendstoreflecttheconventionalvaluesofthiselite.Theastonishingdistrustofthenewsmediaisn'trootedininaccuracyorpoorreportorialskillsbutinthedailyclashofworldviewsbetweenreportersandtheirreaders.Thisisanexplosivesituationforanyindustry,particularlyadecliningone.Hereisatroubledbusinessthatkeepshiringemployeeswhoseattitudesvastlyannoythecustomers.Thenitsponsorslotsofsymposiumsandacredibilityprojectdedicatedtowonderingwhycustomersareannoyedandfleeinginlargenumbers.Butitneverseemstogetaroundtonoticingtheculturalandclassbiasesthatsomanyformerbuyersarecomplainingabout.Ifitdid,itwouldopenupitsdiversityprogram,nowfocusednarrowlyonraceandgender,andlookfbrreporterswhodifferbroadlybyoutlook,values,education,andclass.31.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?[A]needsofthereadersallovertheworld[B]causesofthepublicdisappointmentaboutnewspapers[C]originsofthedecliningnewspaperindustry[D]aimsofajournalismcredibilityproject32.Theresultsofthejournalismcredibilityprojectturnedouttobe.[A]quitetrustworthy[B]somewhatcontradictory[C]veryilluminating[D]rathersuperficial33.Thebasicproblemofjournalistsaspointedoutbythewriterliesintheir[A]workingattitude[B]conventionallifestyle[C]worldoutlook[D]educationalbackground34.Despiteitsefforts,thenewspaperindustrystillcannotsatisfythereadersowingtoits・

139[A]failuretorealizeitsrealproblem[B]tendencytohireannoyingreporters[C]likelinesstodoinaccuratereporting[D]prejudiceinmattersofraceandgenderText4Theworldisgoingthroughthebiggestwaveofmergersandacquisitionseverwitnessed.TheprocesssweepsfromhyperactiveAmericatoEuropeandreachestheemergingcountrieswithunsurpassedmight.Manyinthesecountriesarelookingatthisprocessandworrying:"Won'tthewaveofbusinessconcentrationturnintoanuncontrollableanti-competitivefbrce?^^There'snoquestionthatthebigaregettingbiggerandmorepowerful.Multinationalcorporationsaccountedfbrlessthan20%ofinternationaltradein1982.Todaythefigureismorethan25%andgrowingrapidly.Internationalaffiliatesaccountforafast-growingsegmentofproductionineconomiesthatopenupandwelcomeforeigninvestment.InArgentina,fbrinstance,afterthereformsoftheearly1990s,multinationalswentfrom43%toalmost70%oftheindustrialproductionofthe200largestfirms.Thisphenomenonhascreatedseriousconcernsovertheroleofsmallereconomicfirms,ofnationalbusinessmenandovertheultimatestabilityoftheworldeconomy.IbelievethatthemostimportantforcesbehindthemassiveM&Awavearethesamethatunderlietheglobalizationprocess:fallingtransportationandcommunicationcosts,lowertradeandinvestmentbarriersandenlargedmarketsthatrequireenlargedoperationscapableofmeetingcustomer'sdemands.Allthesearebeneficial,notdetrimental,toconsumers.Asproductivitygrows,theworld'swealthincreases.Examplesofbenefitsorcostsofthecurrentconcentrationwavearescanty.YetitishardtoimaginethatthemergerofafewoilfirmstodaycouldrecreatethesamethreatstocompetitionthatwerefearednearlyacenturyagointheU.S.,whentheStandardOiltrustwasbrokenup.Themergersoftelecomcompanies,suchasWorldCom,hardlyseemtobringhigherpricesfbrconsumersorareductioninthepaceoftechnicalprogress.Onthecontrary,thepriceofcommunicationsiscomingdownfast.Incars,too,concentrationisincreasing—witnessDaimlerandChrysler,RenaultandNissan-butitdoesnotappearthatconsumersarebeinghurt.Yetthefactremainsthatthemergermovementmustbewatched.Afewweeksago,AlanGreenspanwarnedagainstthemegamergersinthebankingindustry.Whoisgoingtosupervise,regulateandoperateaslenderoflastresortwiththegiganticbanksthatarebeingcreated?Won'tmultinationalsshiftproductionfromoneplacetoanotherwhenanationgetstoostrictaboutinfringementstofaircompetition?Andshouldonecountrytakeuponitselftheroleof"defendingcompetition“onissuesthataffectmanyothernations,asintheU.S.vs.Microsoftcase?31.Whatisthetypicaltrendofbusinessestoday?[A]totakeinmoreforeignfunds

140[A]toinvestmoreabroad[B]tocombineandbecomebigger[C]totradewithmorecountries31.Accordingtotheauthor,oneofthedrivingforcesbehindM&Awaveis[A]thegreatercustomerdemands[B]asurplussupplyfbrthemarket[C]agrowingproductivity[D]theincreaseoftheworld'swealth32.FromParagraph4wecaninferthat.[A]theincreasingconcentrationiscertaintohurtconsumers[B]WorldComservesasagoodexampleofbothbenefitsandcosts[C]thecostsoftheglobalizationprocessareenormous[D]theStandardOiltrustmighthavethreatenedcompetition33.Towardthenewbusinesswave,thewriter'sattitudecanbesaidtobe[A]optimistic[B]objective[C]pessimistic[D]biasedText5WhenIdecidedtoquitmyfulltimeemploymentitneveroccurredtomethatImightbecomeapartofanewinternationaltrend.Alateralmovethathurtmyprideandblockedmyprofessionalprogresspromptedmetoabandonmyrelativelyhighprofilecareeralthough,inthemannerofadisgracedgovernmentminister,Icoveredmyexitbyclaiming“Iwantedtospendmoretimewithmyfamily”.Curiously,sometwo-and-a-halfyearsandtwonovelslater,myexperimentinwhattheAmericansterm“downshifting“hasturnedmytiredexcuseintoanabsolutereality.Ihavebeentransformedfromapassionateadvocateofthephilosophyof“havingitall,“preachedbyLindaKelseyforthepastsevenyearsinthepageofShemagazine,intoawomanwhoishappytosettlefbrabitofeverything.Ihavediscovered,asperhapsKelseywillafterhermuch-publicizedresignationfromtheeditorshipofSheafterabuild-upofstress,thatabandoningthedoctrineof'jugglingyourliffe,“andmakingthealternativemoveinto“downshifting“bringswithitfargreaterrewardsthanfinancialsuccessandsocialstatus.NothingcouldpersuademetoreturntothekindoflifeKelseyusedtoadvocateandIonceenjoyed:12-hourworkingdays,pressureddeadlines,thefearfulstrainofofficepoliticsandthelimitationsofbeingaparenton"qualitytime”.

141InAmerica,themoveawayfromjugglingtoasimpler,lessmaterialisticlifestyleisawell-establishedtrend.Downshifting—alsoknowninAmericaas"voluntarysimplicity^^--has,ironically,evenbredanewareaofwhatmightbetermedanti-consumerism.Thereareanumberofbest-sellingdownshiftingsell-helpbooksfbrpeoplewhowanttosimplifytheirlives;therearenewsletters,suchasTheTightwadGazette,thatgivehundredsofthousandsofAmericansusefultipsonanythingfromrecyclingtheircling-filmtomakingtheirownsoap;thereareevensupportgroupsforthosewhowanttoachievethemid・'90sequivalentofdroppingout.WhileinAmericathetrendstartedasareactiontotheeconomicdecline-afterthemassredundanciescausedbydownsizinginthelate'80s-andisstilllinkedtothepoliticsofthrift,inBritain,atleastamongthemiddle-classdownshiftersofmyacquaintance,wehavedifferentreasonsforseekingtosimplifyourlives.Forthewomenofmygenerationwhowereurgedtokeepjugglingthroughthe'80s,downshiftinginthemid-'90sisnotsomuchasearchforthemythicalgoodlife-growingyourownorganicvegetables,andriskingturningintoone-asapersonalrecognitionofyourlimitations.31.WhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoParagraph1?[A]Full-timeemploymentisanewinternationaltrend.[B]Thewriterwascompelledbycircumstancestoleaveherjob.[C]"Alateralmove“meanssteppingoutoffull-timeemployment.[D]Thewriterwasonlytooeagertospendmoretimewithherfamily.32.Thewriter'sexperimentshowsthatdownshifting.[A]enableshertorealizeherdream[B]helpshermoldanewphilosophyoflife[C]promptshertoabandonherhighsocialstatus[D]leadshertoacceptthedoctrineofShemagazine33.“Jugglingone'slifeMprobablymeanslivingalifecharacterizedby.[A]non-materialisticlifestyle[B]abitofeverything[C]extremestress[D]anti-consumerism34.Accordingtothepassage,downshiftingemergedintheU.S.asaresultof[A]thequickpaceofmodemlife[B]man'sadventurousspirit[C]man'ssearchfbrmythicalexperiences[D]theeconomicsituation

142SectionIVEnglish-ChineseTranslationDirections:ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.YourtranslationmustbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)Inlessthan30years7timetheStarTrekholodeckwillbeareality.Directlinksbetweenthebrain'snervoussystemandacomputerwillalsocreatefullsensoryvirtualenvironments,allowingvirtualvacationslikethoseinthefilmTotalRecall.71)Therewillbetelevisionchatshowshostedbyrobots,andcarswithpollutionmonitorsthatwilldisablethemwhentheyoflfend.72)Childrenwillplaywithdollsequippedwithpersonalitychips,computerswithin-builtpersonalitieswillberegardedasworkmatesratherthantools,relaxationwillbeinfiwtofsmell-television,anddigitalagewillhavearrived.AccordingtoBT'sfuturologist,IanPearson,theseareamongthedevelopmentsscheduledfbrthefirstfewdecadesofthenewmillennium(aperiodof1,000years),whensupercomputerswilldramaticallyaccelerateprogressinallareasoflife.73)Pearsonhaspiecedtogethertheworkofhundredsofresearchersaroundtheworldtoproduceauniquemillenniumtechnologycalendarthatgivesthelatestdateswhenwecanexpecthundredsofkeybreakthroughsanddiscoveriestotakeplace.Someofthebiggestdevelopmentswillbeinmedicine,includinganextendedlifeexpectancyanddozensofartificialorganscomingintousebetweennowand2040.Pearsonalsopredictsabreakthroughincomputerhumanlinks."Bylinkingdirectlytoournervoussystem,computerscouldpickupwhatwefeeland,hopefully,simulatefeelingtoosothatwecanstarttodevelopfullsensoryenvironments,ratherliketheholidaysinTotalRecallortheStarTrekholodeck,9,hesays.74)Butthat、Pearsonpointsout,isonlythestartofman-machineintegration:"Itwillbethebeginningofthelongprocessofintegrationthatwillultimatelyleadtoafiillyelectronichumanbeforetheendofthenextcentury.”Throughhisresearch,Pearsonisabletoputdatestomostofthebreakthroughsthatcanbepredicted.However,therearestillnoforecastsfbrwhenfaster-than-lighttravelwillbeavailable,orwhenhumancloningwillbeperfected,orwhentimetravelwillbepossible.Buthedoesexpectsocialproblemsasaresultoftechnologicaladvances.Aboominneighborhoodsurveillancecameraswill,fbrexample,causeproblemsin2010,whilethearrivalofsyntheticlifelikerobotswillmeanpeoplemaynotbeabletodistinguishbetweentheirhumanfriendsandthedroids.75)Andhomeapplianceswillalsobecomesosmartthatcontrollingandoperatingthemwillresultinthebreakoutofanewpsychologicaldisorder-kitchenrage.SectionVWriting76.Directions:Amongalltheworthyfeelingsofmankind,loveisprobablythenoblest,buteveryonehashis/herownunderstandingofit.

143Therehasbeenadiscussionrecentlyontheissueinanewspaper.Writeanessaytothenewspaperto1)showyourunderstandingofthesymbolicmeaningofthepicturebelow,2)giveaspecificexample,and

1441)giveyoursuggestionastothebestwaytoshowlove.Youshouldwriteabout200wordsonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)

1452001年考研英语真题答案Section1:StructureandVocabulary(15points)PartA(5points)1.[C]2.[B]3.[D]4.[A]5.[B]6.[D]1.[D]8.[A]9.[C]10.[A]PartB(10points)11.[B]12.[A]13.[B]14.[C]15.[C]16.[C]17.[D]18.[A]19.[C]20.[B]21.[D]22.[C]23.[B]24.[A]25.[C]26.[A]27.[D]28.[B]29.[B]30.[D]Section11:ClozeText(10points)31.[D]32.[A]33.[D]34.[B]35.[A]36.[C]37.[D]38.[B]39.[B]40.[A]41.[B]42.[C]43.[B]44.[A]45.[C]46.[A]47.[D]48.[C]49.[D]50.[C]SectionIII:ReadingComprehension(40points)51.[D]52.[B]53.[A]54.[C]55.[C]56.[A]57.[D]58.[A]59.[B]60.[D]61.[C]62.[A]63.[C]64.[A]65.[D]66.[B]67.[B]68.[B]69.[C]70.[D]SectionIV:English-ChineseTranslation(15points)71.届时，将出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目以及装有污染监控器的汽车，一旦这些汽车排污超标(违规)，监控器就会使其停驶。72.儿童将与装有个性化芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具，人们将在气味电视机前休闲，届时数字体时代就来到了。73.皮尔森汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果，编制了一个独特的新技术干年历，它列出了人们有望看到数百项重大突破和发现的最迟日期。74.但皮尔森指出，这个突破仅仅是人机一体化的开始：“它是人机一体化慢长之路的第一步，最终会使人们在下世纪末之前就研制出完全电子化的仿真人。”75.家用电器将会变得如此智能化，以至于控制和操作它们会引发一种新的心理疾病-厨房狂躁。

146SectionIV:Writing(20points)76.参考范文(略)Thispictureisasymbolthattellsushowweshoulduseourlove:ourloveislikealamp;thedarkertheplace,thebrighterthelight.Indeed,loveismostpreciouswhenitisofferedtosomeonewhoisindifficulty.Icantellyouarealstoryhere.WhenIwasachild,myfamilymovedtothecountryside.Amongournewneighborswasaparalyzedwoman.Asaninnocentchild,Isomehowshowedsomeinterestinher.WhenIhadtime,Iwouldtoseeher.WhenIhadsomethingtoeat,Iwouldlethersharewithme.Onedayshesuddenlysaidtome,tearinhereyes,“IwillblessyouwhenIaminheaven.^^Iknewmyloveforherhadworkedwonders,fbrIhadneverheardherspeakingandIthoughtshehadlostherabilitytospeak.HerblessingmayhavereallyworkedfbrIhavebeenaluckypersoninworkandinlife.AsfarasIunderstand,loveissympathyandsinceritythatneedsnotbeexpressedintermsofmoneyorsweetwords.Astheproverbgoes,“ahandmaysmellfragrantwhenitgivesrosestoothers.^^Ibelieveloveisthemostpreciousthingintheworldandweshouldgiveittothosewhoneeditmost.

1472000年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionIStructureandVocabularyPartADirections:Beneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(5points)Example:IhavebeentotheGreatWallthreetimes1979.[A]from[B]after[C]for[D]sinceThesentenceshouldread,“IhavebeentotheGreatWallthreetimessince1979Therefore,youshouldchoose[D]SampleAnswer[A][B][C][■]1.AsFilbeawayfbratleastayear,I'dappreciatefromyounowandthentellingmehoweveryoneisgettingalong.[A]hearing[B]tohear[C]tobehearing[D]havingheard2.Greatlyagitated,Irushedtotheapartmentandtriedthedoor,tofinditlocked.[A]just[B]only[C]hence[D]thus3.Doctorsseeaconnectionbetweenincreaseamountsofleisuretimespentandtheincreasednumberofcasesofskincancer.[A]tosunbathe[B]tohavesunbathed[C]havingsunbathed[D]sunbathing

1481.Unlessyousignacontractwiththeinsurancecompanyfbryourgoods,youarenotentitledarepaymentfbrthegoodsdamagedindelivery.[A]to[B]with[C]for[D]on2.OnarainydayIwasdrivingnorththroughVermontInoticedayoungmanholdingupasignreading“Boston”.[A]which[B]where[C]when[D]that3.Christiestaredangrilyatherbossandturnedaway,asthoughoutoftheoffice.[A]went[B]gone[C]togo[D]wouldgo4.Therolesexpectedoldpeopleinsuchasettinggivetoofewpsychologicalsatisfactionsfbrnormalhappiness.[A]of[B]on[C]to[D]with5.Talktoanyoneinthedrugindustry,you'llsoondiscoverthatthescienceofgeneticsisthebiggestthingtohitdrugresearchsincepenicillinwasdiscovered.[A]or[B]and[C]for[D]so6.Itwasn'tsomuchthatIdislikedherthatIjustwasn'tinterestedinthewholebusiness.[A]rather[B]so[C]than[D]as

1491.Countlessdivorcedpoliticianswouldhavebeenelectedoutofofficeyearsagohadtheyeventhoughtofadivorce,letaloneone.[A]getting[B]toget[C]gotten[D]getPartBDirections:Eachofthefollowingsentenceshasfourunderlinedpartsmarked[A],[B],[C],and[D].IdentifythepartofthesentencethatisincorrectandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(5points)Example:Anumberof[A]foreignvisitorsweretaken[B]totheindustrialexhibition,which[C]theysaw[D]manynewproducts.Answer[C]iswrong.Thesentenceshouldread,“Anumberofforeignvisitorsweretakentotheindustrialexhibition,wheretheysawmanynewproducts.nSoyoushouldchoose[C].SampleAnswer[E][B][■][D]2.Havingisolatedonaremoteisland,withlittleworktooccupythem,theABCsoldierssufferedfromboredomandlowspirits.D3.Ifthelettertobemailedwasplacedonthewritingtableanhourago,itisBCcertainbeingtherenow.D4.Therulingpartycouldevenloseitsmajorityinthelowerhouseofparliament,A百startedaperiodofprolongedstruggling.CD5.ThemechanismsatworkaremanifestinthetendencyforsuchphysicalAactivitytoutilizethepotentialharmfulconstituentsofthestressresponse.CD6.Inthelongrun,however,thishurrytoshedfull-timestaffmaybemoreABCharmfultoindustryasitistotheworkforce.D

1501.SeetoitthatyouincludeintheexaminationpaperwhateverquestionstheyAB―C~didn'tknowtheanswerlasttime.D2.Mostnewspapers,whiledevotingthemajorpartofjtsspacetorecentevents,ABusuallymanagetofindroomontheinsidepagesforarticlesonsomeCDinterestingtopics.3.OnesignbywhichyouaremakingprogressinanartsuchaspaintingorABphotographyisthatyoubegintorealizehowmuchthereistolearn.CD4.TheideallistenerstaysbothinsideandoutsidethemusicatthemomentitisAplayedandenjoyingitalmostasmuchasthecomposeratthemomentheBC-composes.D5.ContinuedexposuretostresshasbeenlinkedtoworsenedfunctioningoftheABimmunesystem,leavingapersonmoreliableforinfection.CDPartCDirections:Beneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)Example:ThelostcaroftheLeeswasfoundinthewoodsoffthehighway.[A]vanished[B]scattered[C]abandoned[D]rejectedThesentenceshouldread,"ThelostcaroftheLeeswasfoundabandonedinthewoodsoffthehighway.^^Therefore,youshouldchoose[C].SampleAnswer[A][B][B][D]6.Hespokesothatevenhisopponentswerewonoverbyhisarguments.[A]bluntly[B]convincingly

151[A]emphatically[B]determinedly1.France'sofnucleartestingintheSouthPacificlastmonthtriggeredpoliticaldebatesandmassdemonstrations.[A]assumption[B]consumption[C]presumption[D]resumption2.The215-pagemanuscript,circulatedtopublisherslastOctober,anoutburstofinterest.[A]flared[B]glittered[C]sparked[D]flashed3.HiseffortstobringaboutareconciliationbetweenthetwoParties.[A]cameoff[B]cameon[C]cameround[D]camedown4.Thesystemwasredesignedtoembracethenetworkandeventuallyitinaprofitabledirection.[A]adapt[A]control[B]install[C]steer26.Thecapitalintendedtobroadentheexportbaseandefficiencygainsfrominternationaltradewaschanneledinsteadintouneconomicimportsubstitution.[A]secure[B]extend[C]defend[D]possess27.Itisannouncedthatawallethasbeenfoundandcanbeatthemanager'soffice.[A]declared[B]obtained

152[A]reclaimed[B]recognized26.WhenImysenses,Ifoundmyselfwrappedupinbedinmylittleroom,withGrandmabendingoverme.[A]wokeup[B]tookto[C]pickedup[D]cameto27.TheAmericansocietyisanexceedinglyshakyfoundationofnaturalresources,whichisconnectedwiththepossibilityofaworseningenvironment.[A]establishedon[B]affiliatedto[C]originatedfrom[D]incorporatedwith28.IamnotwithmyroommatebutIhavetosharetheroomwithher,becauseIhavenowhereelsetolive.[A]concerned[B]compatible[C]considerate[D]complied29.Atfirst,theofcolorpicturesoveralongdistanceseemedimpossible,but,withpainstakingeffortsandatgreatexpense,itbecameareality.[A]transaction[B]transmission[C]transformation[D]transition30.Whenthecommitteetodetails,theproposedplanseemedimpractical.[A]gotdown[B]setabout[C]wentoff[D]cameup31.tosomepartsofSouthAmericaisstilldifficult,becausepartsofthecontinentarestillcoveredwiththickforests.[A]Orientation

153[A]Access[B]Procession[C]Voyage26.Mr.Smithhadanunusual:hewasfirstanofficeclerk,thenasailor,andendedupasaschoolteacher.[A]profession[B]occupation[C]position[D]career27.Themayorisawomanwithgreatandthereforedeservesourpoliticalandfinancialsupport.[A]intention[B]instinct[C]integrity[D]intensity28.TheEnglishweatherdefiesforecastandhenceisasourceofinteresttoeveryone.[A]speculation[B]attribution[C]utilization[D]proposition29.Thefactthatthegoldeneagleusuallybuildsitsnestonsomehighcliffsitalmostimpossibletoobtaintheeggsortheyoungbirds.[A]renders[B]reckons[C]regards[D]relates30.Toimpressafutureemployer,oneshoulddressneatly,be,anddisplayinterestinthejob.[A]swift[B]instant[C]timely[D]punctual31.Youdon'thavetoinstallthisradioinyournewcar,ifsanextra.

154[A]excessive[B]optional[C]additional[D]arbitrary26.Wewerepleasedtonotethattheearlymorningdeliverydidn'ttothetrafficjamofthebusycity.[A]aid[B]amount[C]add[D]attributeSectionIIClozeTestDirections:Foreachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)Ifafarmerwishestosucceed,hemusttrytokeepawidegapbetweenhisconsumptionandhisproduction.Hemuststorealargequantityofgrain41consumingallhisgrainimmediately.Hecancontinuetosupporthimselfandhisfamily42heproducesasurplus.Hemustusethissurplusinthreeways:asseedforsowing,asaninsurance43theunpredictableeffectsofbadweatherandasacommoditywhichhemustsellinorderto44oldagriculturalimplementsandobtainchemicalfertilizersto45thesoil.Hemayalsoneedmoneytoconstructirrigation46andimprovehisfarminotherways.Ifnosurplusisavailable,afarmercannotbe47,Hemusteithersellsomeofhispropertyor48extrafundsintheformofloans.Naturallyhewilltrytoborrowmoneyatalow49ofinterest,butIoansofthiskindarenot50obtainable.27.[A]otherthan[B]aswellas[C]insteadof[D]morethan

15526.[A]onlyif[B]muchas[C]longbefore[D]eversince27.[A]fbr[8]against[C]Of[D]towards28.[A]replace[B]purchase[C]supplement[D]dispose29.[A]enhance[B]mix[C]feed[D]raise30.[A]vessels[B]routes[C]paths[D]channels31.[A]self-confident[B]self-sufficient[C]sell-satisfied[D]self-restrained32.[A]search[B]save[C]offer[D]seek33.[A]proportion[B]percentage[C]rate[D]ratio

15626.[A]genuinely[B]obviously[C]presumably[D]frequentlySectionIIIReadingComprehensionDirections:Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswersmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.ThenmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(40points)Text1Ahistoryoflongandeffortlesssuccesscanbeadreadfulhandicap,but,ifproperlyhandled,itmaybecomeadrivingforce.WhentheUnitedStatesenteredjustsuchaglowingperiodaftertheendoftheSecondWorldWar,ithadamarketeighttimeslargerthananycompetitor,givingitsindustriesunparalleledeconomiesofscale.Itsscientistsweretheworld'sbest,itsworkersthemostskilled.AmericaandAmericanswereprosperousbeyondthedreamsoftheEuropeansandAsianswhoseeconomiesthewarhaddestroyed.Itwasinevitablethatthisprimacyshouldhavenarrowedasothercountriesgrewricher.Justasinevitably,theretreatfrompredominanceprovedpainful.Bythemid-1980sAmericanshadfoundthemselvesatalossovertheirfadingindustrialcompetitiveness.SomehugeAmericanindustries,suchasconsumerelectronics,hadshrunkorvanishedinthefaceofforeigncompetition.By1987therewasonlyoneAmericantelevisionmakerleft,Zenith.(Nowthereisnone:ZenithwasboughtbySouthKorea'sLGElectronicsinJuly.)Foreign-madecarsandtextilesweresweepingintothedomesticmarket.America'smachine-toolindustrywasontheropes.Forawhileitlookedasthoughthemakingofsemiconductors,whichAmericahadinventedandwhichsatattheheartofthenewcomputerage,wasgoingtobethenextcasualty.Allofthiscausedacrisisofconfidence.Americansstoppedtakingprosperityfbrgranted.Theybegantobelievethattheirwayofdoingbusinesswasfailing,andthattheirincomeswouldthereforeshortlybegintofallaswell.Themid-1980sbroughtoneinquiryafteranotherintothecausesofAmerica'sindustrialdecline.Theirsometimessensationalfindingswerefilledwithwarningsaboutthegrowingcompetitionfromoverseas.Howthingshavechanged!In1995theUnitedStatescanlookbackonfiveyearsofsolidgrowthwhileJapanhasbeenstruggling.FewAmericansattributethissolelytosuchobviouscausesasadevalueddollarortheturningofthebusinesscycle.Self-doubthasyieldedtoblindpride."Americanindustryhaschangeditsstructure,hasgoneonadiet,haslearnttobemorequick-witted,accordingtoRichardCavanagh,executivedeanofHarvard'sKennedySchoolofGovernment."ItmakesmeproudtobeanAmericanjusttoseehowourbusinessesareimprovingtheirproductivity/9saysStephenMooreoftheCatoInstitute,athink-tankinWashington,DC.AndWilliamSahlmanoftheHarvardBusiness

157Schoolbelievesthatpeoplewilllookbackonthisperiodas“agoldenageofbusinessmanagementintheUnitedStates?*26.TheU.S.achieveditspredominanceafterWorldWarIIbecause.[A]ithadmadepainstakingeffortstowardsthisgoal[B]itsdomesticmarketwaseighttimeslargerthanbefore[C]thewarhaddestroyedtheeconomiesofmostpotentialcompetitors[D]theunparalleledsizeofitsworkforcehadgivenanimpetustoitseconomy27.ThelossofU.S.predominanceintheworldeconomyinthe1980sismanifestedinthefactthattheAmerican.[A]TVindustryhadwithdrawntoitsdomesticmarket[B]semiconductorindustryhadbeentakenoverbyforeignenterprises[C]machine-toolindustryhadcollapsedaftersuicidalactions[D]autoindustryhadlostpartofitsdomesticmarket28.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?[A]Itishumannaturetoshiftbetweenself-doubtandblindpride.[B]Intensecompetitionmaycontributetoeconomicprogress.[C]Therevivaloftheeconomydependsoninternationalcooperation.[D]Alonghistoryofsuccessmaypavethewayfbrfurtherdevelopment.29.TheauthorseemstobelievetherevivaloftheU.S.economyinthe1990scanbeattributedtothe.[A]turningofthebusinesscycle[B]restructuringofindustry[C]improvedbusinessmanagement[D]successineducationText2Beingamanhasalwaysbeendangerous.Thereareabout105malesbomforevery100females,butthisratiodropstonearbalanceattheageofmaturity,andamong70-year-oldstherearetwiceasmanywomenasmen.Butthegreatuniversalofmalemortalityisbeingchanged.Now,boybabiessurvivealmostaswellasgirlsdo.Thismeansthat,forthefirsttime,therewillbeanexcessofboysinthosecrucialyearswhentheyaresearchingfbramate.Moreimportant,anotherchancefbrnaturalselectionhasbeenremoved.Fiftyyearsago,thechanceofababy(particularlyaboybaby)survivingdependedonitsweight.Akilogramtoolightortooheavymeantalmostcertaindeath.Todayitmakesalmostnodifference.Sincemuchofthevariationisduetogenes,onemoreagentofevolutionhasgone.Thereisanotherwaytocommitevolutionarysuicide:stayalive,buthavefewerchildren.Fewpeopleareasfertileasinthepast.Exceptinsomereligiouscommunities,

158veryfewwomenhave15children.Nowadaysthenumberofbirths,liketheageofdeath,hasbecomeaverage.Mostofushaveroughlythesamenumberofoffspring.Again,differencesbetweenpeopleandtheopportunityfornaturalselectiontotakeadvantageofithavediminished.Indiashowswhatishappening.Thecountryofferswealthforafewinthegreatcitiesandpovertyfbrtheremainingtribalpeoples.Thegrandmediocrityoftoday-everyonebeingthesameinsurvivalandnumberofoffspring-meansthatnaturalselectionhaslost80%ofitspowerinupper-middle-classIndiacomparedtothetribes.Forus,thismeansthatevolutionisover;thebiologicalUtopiahasarrived.Strangely,ithasinvolvedlittlephysicalchange.Nootherspeciesfillssomanyplacesinnature.Butinthepass100,000years-eventhepass100years-ourliveshavebeentransformedbutourbodieshavenot.Wedidnotevolve,becausemachinesandsocietydiditfbrus.Darwinhadaphrasetodescribethoseignorantofevolution:they“lookatanorganicbeingasasavagelooksataship,asatsomethingwhollybeyondhiscomprehension."Nodoubtwewillremembera20thcenturywayoflifebeyondcomprehensionfbritsugliness.ButhoweveramazedourdescendantsmaybeathowfarfromUtopiawewere,theywilllookjustlikeus.26.Whatusedtobethedangerinbeingamanaccordingtothefirstparagraph?[A]Alackofmates.[B]Afiercecompetition.[C]Alowersurvivalrate.[D]Adefectivegene.27.WhatdoestheexampleofIndiaillustrate?[A]Wealthypeopletendtohavefewerchildrenthanpoorpeople.[B]Naturalselectionhardlyworksamongtherichandthepoor.[C]Themiddleclasspopulationis80%smallerthanthatofthetribes.[D]Indiaisoneofthecountrieswithaveryhighbirthrate.28.Theauthorarguesthatourbodieshavestoppedevolvingbecause.[A]lifehasbeenimprovedbytechnologicaladvance[B]thenumberoffemalebabieshasbeendeclining[C]ourspecieshasreachedthehigheststageofevolution[D]thedifferencebetweenwealthandpovertyisdisappearing29.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitlefbrthepassage?[A]SexRatioChangesinHumanEvolution[B]WaysofContinuingMan'sEvolution[C]TheEvolutionaryFutureofNature[D]HumanEvolutionGoingNowhereText3

159Whenanewmovementinartattainsacertainfashion,itisadvisabletofindoutwhatitsadvocatesareaimingat,fbr,howeverfarfetchedandunreasonabletheirprinciplesmayseemtoday,itispossiblethatinyearstocometheymayberegardedasnormal.WithregardtoFuturistpoetry,however,thecaseisratherdifficult,forwhateverFuturistpoetrymaybe-evenadmittingthatthetheoryonwhichitisbasedmayberight-itcanhardlybeclassedasLiterature.This,inbrief^iswhattheFuturistsays;foracentury,pastconditionsoflifehavebeenconditionallyspeedingup,tillnowweliveinaworldofnoiseandviolenceandspeed.Consequently,ourfeelings,thoughtsandemotionshaveundergoneacorrespondingchange.Thisspeedingupoflife,saystheFuturist,requiresanewformofexpression.Wemustspeedupourliteraturetoo,ifwewanttointerpretmodernstress.Wemustpouroutalargestreamofessentialwords,unhamperedbystops,orqualifyingadjectives,orfiniteverbs.Insteadofdescribingsoundswemustmakeupwordsthatimitatethem;wemustusemanysizesoftypeanddifferentcoloredinksonthesamepage,andshortenorlengthenwordsatwill.Certainlytheirdescriptionsofbattlesareconfused.ButitisalittleupsettingtoreadintheexplanatorynotesthatacertainlinedescribesafightbetweenaTurkishandaBulgarianofficeronabridgeoffwhichtheybothfoilintotheriver-andthentofindthatthelineconsistsofthenoiseoftheirfallingandtheweightsoftheofficers:"Pluff!Pluff!Ahundredandeighty-fivekilograms.^^This,thoughitfulfillsthelawsandrequirementsofFuturistpoetry,canhardlybeclassedasLiterature.Allthesame,nothinkingmancanrefusetoaccepttheirfirstproposition:thatagreatchangeinouremotionallifecallsforachangeofexpression.Thewholequestionisreallythis:haveweessentiallychanged?26.Thispassageismainly.[A]asurveyofnewapproachestoart[B]areviewofFuturistpoetry[C]aboutmeritsoftheFuturistmovement[D]aboutlawsandrequirementsofliterature27.Whenanovelliteraryideaappears,peopleshouldtryto.[A]determineitspurposes[B]ignoreitsflaws[C]followthenewfashions[D]accepttheprinciples28.Futuristsclaimthatwemust.[A]increasetheproductionofliterature[B]usepoetrytorelievemodemstress[C]developnewmodesofexpression[D]avoidusingadjectivesandverbs

16026.TheauthorbelievesthatFuturistpoetryis.[A]basedonreasonableprinciples[B]newandacceptabletoordinarypeople[C]indicativeofbasicchangeinhumannature[D]moreofatransientphenomenonthanliteratureText4AimlessnesshashardlybeentypicalofthepostwarJapanwhoseproductivityandsocialharmonyaretheenvyoftheUnitedStatesandEurope.ButincreasinglytheJapaneseareseeingadeclineofthetraditionalwork-moralvalues.Tenyearsagoyoungpeoplewerehardworkingandsawtheirjobsastheirprimaryreasonforbeing,butnowJapanhaslargelyfulfilleditseconomicneeds,andyoungpeopledon'tknowwheretheyshouldgonext.Thecomingofageofthepostwarbabyboomandanentryofwomenintothemale-dominatedjobmarkethavelimitedtheopportunitiesofteenagerswhoarealreadyquestioningtheheavypersonalsacrificesinvolvedinclimbingJapan'srigidsocialladdertogoodschoolsandjobs.Inarecentsurvey,itwasfoundthatonly24.5percentofJapanesestudentswerefullysatisfiedwithschoollife,comparedwith67.2percentofstudentsintheUnitedStates.Inaddition,farmoreJapaneseworkersexpresseddissatisfactionwiththeirjobsthandidtheircounterpartsinthe10othercountriessurveyed.Whileoftenpraisedbyforeignersfbritsemphasisonthebasics,Japaneseeducationtendstostresstesttakingandmechanicallearningovercreativityandself-expression."Thosethingsthatdonotshowupinthetestscores-personality,ability,courageorhumanity-arecompletelyignored,MsaysToshikiKaifii,chairmanoftherulingLiberalDemocraticParty'seducationcommittee."Frustrationagainstthiskindofthingleadskidstodropoutandrunwild."LastyearJapanexperienced2,125incidentsofschoolviolence,including929assaultsonteachers.Amidtheoutcry,manyconservativeleadersareseekingareturntotheprewaremphasisonmoraleducation.LastyearMitsuoSetoyama,whowastheneducationminister,raisedeyebrowswhenhearguedthatliberalreformsintroducedbytheAmericanoccupationauthoritiesafterWorldWarIIhadweakenedthe"Japanesemoralityofrespectforparents/9ButthatmayhavemoretodowithJapaneselife-styles."InJapan,“sayseducatorYokoMuro,"it'sneveraquestionofwhetheryouenjoyyourjobandyourlife,butonlyhowmuchyoucanendure.^^Witheconomicgrowthhascomecentralization;fully76percentofJapan's119millioncitizensliveincitieswherecommunityandtheextendedfamilyhavebeenabandonedinfavorofisolated,two-generationhouseholds.UrbanJapanesehavelongenduredlengthycommutes(travelstoandfromwork)andcrowdedlivingconditions,butastheoldgroupandfamilyvaluesweaken,thediscomfortisbeginningtotell.Inthepastdecade,theJapanesedivorcerate,whilestillwellbelowthatoftheUnitedStates,hasincreasedbymorethan50percent,andsuicideshaveincreasedbynearlyone-quarter.

16126.IntheWesterner'seyes,thepostwarJapanwas.[A]underaimlessdevelopment[B]apositiveexample[C]arivaltotheWest[D]onthedecline27.Accordingtotheauthor,whatmaychieflyberesponsibleforthemoraldeclineofJapanesesociety?[A]Women'sparticipationinsocialactivitiesislimited.[B]Moreworkersaredissatisfiedwiththeirjobs.[C]Excessiveemphasishasbeenplacedonthebasics.[D]Thelife-stylehasbeeninfluencedbyWesternvalues.28.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtotheauthor?[A]Japaneseeducationispraisedforhelpingtheyoungclimbthesocialladder.[B]Japaneseeducationischaracterizedbymechanicallearningaswellascreativity.[C]Morestressshouldbeplacedonthecultivationofcreativity.[D]Droppingoutleadstofrustrationagainsttesttaking.29.ThechangeinJapaneselife-styleisrevealedinthefactthat.[A]theyoungarelesstolerantofdiscomfortsinlife[B]thedivorcerateinJapanexceedsthatintheU.S.[C]theJapaneseenduremorethaneverbefore[D]theJapaneseappreciatetheirpresentlifeText5Ifambitionistobewellregarded,therewardsofambition-wealth,distinction,controloverone'sdestiny—mustbedeemedworthyofthesacrificesmadeonambition'sbehalf.Ifthetraditionofambitionistohavevitality,itmustbewidelyshared;anditespeciallymustbehighlyregardedbypeoplewhoarethemselvesadmired,theeducatednotleastamongthem.Inanoddway,however,itistheeducatedwhohaveclaimedtohavegivenuponambitionasanideal.Whatisoddisthattheyhaveperhapsmostbenefitedfromambition-ifnotalwaystheirownthenthatoftheirparentsandgrandparents.Thereisheavynoteofhypocrisyinthis,acaseofclosingthebamdoorafterthehorseshaveescaped--withtheeducatedthemselvesridingonthem.Certainlypeopledonotseemlessinterestedinsuccessanditssignsnowthanformerly.Summerhomes,Europeantravel,BMWs-thelocations,placenamesandnamebrandsmaychange,butsuchitemsdonotseemlessindemandtodaythanadecadeortwoyearsago.Whathashappenedisthatpeoplecannotconfessfullytotheirdreams,aseasilyandopenlyasoncetheycould,lesttheybethoughtpushing,acquisitiveandvulgar.

162Instead,wearetreatedtofinehypocriticalspectacles,whichnowmorethaneverseeminamplesupply:thecriticofAmericanmaterialismwithaSouthamptonsummerhome;thepublisherofradicalbookswhotakeshismealsinthree-starrestaurants;thejournalistadvocatingparticipatorydemocracyinallphasesoflife,whoseownchildrenareenrolledinprivateschools.Forsuchpeopleandmanymoreperhapsnotsoexceptional,theproperformulationis,"Succeedatallcostsbutavoidappearingambitious.^^Theattacksonambitionaremanyandcomefromvariousangles;itspublicdefendersarefewandunimpressive,wheretheyarenotextremelyunattractive.Asaresult,thesupportforambitionasahealthyimpulse,aqualitytobeadmiredandfixedinthemindoftheyoung,isprobablylowerthanithaseverbeenintheUnitedStates.Thisdoesnotmeanthatambitionisatanend,thatpeoplenolongerfeelitsstirringsandpromptings,butonlythat,nolongeropenlyhonored,itislessopenlyprofessed.Consequencesfollowfromthis,ofcourse,someofwhicharethatambitionisdrivenunderground,ormadesly.Such,then,isthewaythingsstand:ontheleftangrycritics,ontherightstupidsupporters,andinthemiddle,asusual,themajorityofearnestpeopletryingtogetoninlife.26.Itisgenerallybelievedthatambitionmaybewellregardedif.[A]itsreturnswellcompensatefbrthesacrifices[B]itisrewardedwithmoney,fameandpower[C]itsgoalsarespiritualratherthanmaterial[D]itissharedbytherichandthefamous27.Thelastsentenceofthefirstparagraphmostprobablyimpliesthatitis[A]customaryoftheeducatedtodiscardambitioninwords[B]toolatetocheckambitiononceithasbeenletout[C]dishonesttodenyambitionafterthefulfillmentofthegoal[D]impracticalfbrtheeducatedtoenjoybenefitsfromambition28.Somepeopledonotopenlyadmittheyhaveambitionbecause.[A]theythinkofitasimmoral[B]theirpursuitsarenotfameorwealth[C]ambitionisnotcloselyrelatedtomaterialbenefits[D]theydonotwanttoappeargreedyandcontemptible29.Fromthelastparagraphtheconclusioncanbedrawnthatambitionshouldbemaintained.[A]secretlyandvigorously[B]openlyandenthusiastically[C]easilyandmomentarily

163[A]verballyandspirituallySectionIVEnglish-ChineseTranslationDirections:ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.YourtranslationmustbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)Governmentsthroughouttheworldactontheassumptionthatthewelfareoftheirpeopledependslargelyontheeconomicstrengthandwealthofthecommunity.71)Undermodemconditions,thisrequiresvaryingmeasuresofcentralizedcontrolandhencethehelpofspecializedscientistssuchaseconomistsandoperationalresearchexperts.72)Furthermore,itisobviousthatthestrengthofacountry'seconomyisdirectlyboundupwiththeefficiencyofitsagricultureandindustry,andthatthisinturnrestsupontheeffortsofscientistsandtechnologistsofallkinds.Italsomeansthatgovernmentsareincreasinglycompelledtointerfereinthesesectorsinordertostepupproductionandensurethatitisutilizedtothebestadvantage.Forexample,themayencourageresearchinvariousways,includingthesettingupoftheirownresearchcenters;theymayalterthestructureofeducation,orinterfereinordertoreducethewastageofnaturalresourcesortapresourceshithertounexploited;ortheymaycooperatedirectlyinthegrowingnumberofinternationalprojectsrelatedtoscience,economicsandindustry.Inanycase,allsuchinterventionsareheavilydependentonscientificadviceandalsoscientificandtechnologicalmanpowerofallkinds.73)OwingtotheremarkabledeveloDmentinmass-communications、peopleeverywherearefeelingnewwantsandarebeingexposedtonewcustomsandideas、whilegovernmentsareoftenforcedtointroducestillfiirtherinnovationsforthereasonsgivenabove.Atthesametime,thenormalrateofsocialchangethroughouttheworldistakingplaceatavastlyacceleratedspeedcomparedwiththepast.Forexample,74)intheearlyindustrializedcountriesofEuropetheprocessofindustrialization-withalthefar-reachingchangesinsocialpatternsthatfollowed・・wasspreadovernearlyacentury,whereasnowadaysadevelopingnationmayundergothesameprocessinadecadeorso.Allthishastheeffectofbuildingupunusualpressuresandtensionswithinthecommunityandconsequentlypresentsseriousproblemsforthegovernmentsconcerned.75)Additionalsocialstressesmayalsooccurbecauseofthepopulationexplosionorproblemsarisingfh)mmassmigrationmovements■•-themselvesmaderelativelyeasynowadaysbymodemmeansoftransport.Asaresultofal)thesefactors,governmentsarebecomingincreasinglydependentonbiologistsandsocialscientistsforplanningtheappropriateprogramsandputtingthemintoeffect.SectionVWriting76.Directions:[A]Studythefollowingtwopicturescarefullyandwriteanessayofatleast150words.[B]YouressaymustbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)

164[A]Youressayshouldmeettherequirementsbelow:1.Describethepictures.2.Deducethepurposeofthedrawerinthepictures.3.Suggestcountermeasures.

1652000年考研英语真题答案SectionI:StructureandVocabulary(20points)PartA(5points)1.[A]2.[B]3.[D]4.[A]5.[C]6.[C]1.[A]8.[B]9.[D]10.[C]PartB(5points)11.[A]12.[D]13.[C]14.[D]15.[C]16.[D]17.[B]18.[A]19.[B]20.[D]PartC(5points)21.[B]22.[D]23.[C]24.[A]25.[D]26.[A]27.[C]28.[D]29.[A]30.[B]31.[B]32.[A]33.[B]34.[D]35.[C]36.[A]37.[A]38.[D]39.[B]40.[C]PartII:ClozeTest(10points)41.[C]42.[A]43.[B]44.[A]45.[C]46.[D]47.[B]48.[D]49.[C]50.[D]SectionIII:ReadingComprehension(40points)51.[C]52.[D]53.[B]54.[A]55.[C]56.[B]57.[A]58.[D]59.[B]60.[A]61.[C]62.[D]63.[B]64.[D]65.[C]66.[A]67.[A]68.[C]69.[D]70.[B]SectionIV:English-ChineseTranslation(15points)71.在现代条件下，这需要程度不同的中央控制，从而就需要获得诸如经济学和运筹学等领域专家的协助。72.再者，显而易见的是一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关，而效率的提高则又有赖于各种科技人员的努力。73.大众通讯的显著发展使各地的人们不断感到有新的需求，不断接触到新的习俗的思想，由于上述原因，政府常常得推出更多的革新。74.在先期实现工业化的欧洲国家中，其工业化进程以及随之而来的各种深刻的社会结构变革，持续了大约一个世纪之久，而如今一个发展中国家在十年左右就可能完成这个过程。75.由于人口的猛增或大量人口流动(现代交通工具使这种流动相对容易)造成的种种问题也会对社会造成新的压力。

166SectionV:Writing(15points)76.参考范文Thesetwopicturesdisplayasharpcontrast:therewerealotoffishwithonefishingboatintheseain1900whilethesituationwasjusttheoppositein1995.obviously,thefishingindustrywasfacingamajorproblem,withalltheoceanresourcesbeingexhaustedsoquickly.Thedrawerisnotexaggeratingorjokingaboutcommercialfishing.Onthecontrary,heisseriouslywarningusthatourwayofthinkingandwaysofdoingthingsareunreasonableanddangerous.Ourresourcesarelimitedandourecosystemneedscarefulconsiderationandprotection.Ifweonlycareaboutthepresent,wewillsufferinthefuture.It'sjustlikebuildingfriendshipandsavingmoney:themoreyouputintoit,themoreyoucanget;themoreyoutakeout,thelessitisleft.Measuresshouldbetakenifsuchdisappointingsituationistobeavoided.Isuggestthatgovernmentmakelawsandregulationstoguideandsupervisepeople'sfishingactivity,punishingthosewhoonlycareabouttheirowninterestandbringharmtoothersandtheenvironment.Ialsoappealtothepublicthatmoneyisnottheonlythingwecanpursueandfishisnottheonlyfoodwecaneat.Whetherforthebenefitofthehumanraceorfortheinterestofourown,weshouldshowconcernforothersandmakeplansforthefuture.Onlyinthiswaycanwelivehappilyandaffluently.

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