小升初语法总结之八

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名词是表示人、事物和抽象概念等的词。下面主要介绍一下名词的复数规则：1.一般情况下，直接加-s,如：book-books,bag-bags,cat-cats,bed-beds2.以s.x.sh.ch结尾,力口-es,如：bus-buses,box-boxes,brush-brushes,watch-watches3.以“辅音字母+y”结尾，变y为i,再加-es,如：family-families,strawberry-strawberries4.以“f或fe”结尾，变f或fe为v,再加-es,如：knife-knives5.不规则名词复数：man-men,woman-women,policeman-policemen,policewoman-policewomen,mouse-micechild-childrenfoot-feet,.tooth-teethfish-fish,people-people,Chinese-Chinese,Japanese-Japanese随堂练习：Ihimthisherwatchchildphotodiarydayfootbookdresstoothsheepboxstrawberrythiefyo-yopeachsandwichmanwomanpaperjuicewatermilkricetea答案wethemthesetheir、themwatcheschildrenphotosdiariesdaysfeetbooksdressesteethsheepboxesstrawberriesthievesyo-yospeachessandwichesmenwomenpaperjuice小升初语法总结之二般现在时态一般现在时的功能1.表示事物或人物的特征、状态。如：Theskyisblue.天空是蓝色的。2.表示经常性或习惯性的动作。如：Igetupatsixeveryday.我每天六点起床。3.表示客观现实。如：Theearthgoesaroundthesun.地球绕着太阳转。

1一般现在时的构成1.be动词：主语+be(am,is,are)+其它。如：Iamaboy.我是一个男孩。2.行为动词：主语+行为动词(+其它)。如：WestudyEnglish.我们学习英语。当主语为第三人称单数(he,she,it)时,要在动词后加"-s"或"-es"。如:MarylikesChinese.玛丽喜欢汉语。一般现在时的变化1.be动词的变化。否定句：主语+be+not+其它。如：Heisnotaworker.他不是工人。一般疑问句：Be+主语+其它。如：-Areyouastudent?-Yes.Iam./No,I'mnot.特殊疑问句：疑问词+一般疑问句。如：Whereismybike?2.行为动词的变化。否定句：主语+don*t(doesn't)+动词原形(+其它)。如：Idon'tlikebread.当主语为第三人称单数时，要用doesn't构成否定句。如：Hedoesn，toftenplay.一般疑问句：Do(Does)+主语+动词原形+其它。如：-Doyouoftenplayfootball?-Yes,Ido./No,Idon*t.当主语为第三人称单数时，要用does构成一般疑问句。如：-Doesshegotoworkbybike?-Yes,shedoes./No,shedocsn't.特殊疑问句：疑问词+一般疑问句。如：Howdoesyourfathergotowork?一般现在时用法练习：一、写出下列动词的第三人称单数drinkgostaymakelookhavepasscarrycomewatchplantflystudybrushdoteach

2二、用括号内动词的适当形式填空1.Heoften(have)dinnerathome.2.DanielandTommy(be)inClassOne.3.We(notwatch)TVonMonday.4.Nick(notgo)tothezooonSunday.5.they(like)theWorldCup?6.Whattheyoften(do)onSaturdays?7.yourparents(read)newspaperseveryday?8.Thegirl(teach)usEnglishonSundays.9.SheandI(take)awalktogethereveryevening.10.There(be)somewaterinthebottle.11.Mike__(like)cooking.12.They__(have)thesamehobby.13.Myaunt(look)afterherbabycarefully.14.Youalways(do)yourhomeworkwell.15.I(be)ill.I'mstayinginbed.16.She(go)toschoolfromMondaytoFriday.17.LiuTao(do)notlikePE.18.Thechildoften(watch)TVintheevening.19.SuHaiandSuYang(have)eightlessonsthisterm.20.—Whatday(be)ittoday?-It'sSaturday.题目的答案：一、写出下列动词第三人称单数drinksgoesstaysmakeslookshaspassescarriescomeswatchesplantsfliesstudiesbrushesdoesteaches二、用括号内动词的适当形式填空。Inhas2、are3、don'twatch4、doesn'tgo5、Do-Tike6、do…do7、Do…read8、teaches9、take10>is11、likes12、have13、looks14、do15、am16、goes17、does18、watches19、have20、is1.现在进行时表示现在正在进行或发生的动作，也可表示当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。

31.现在进行时的肯定句基本结构为be+动词ing.2.现在进行时的否定句在be后加not。3.现在进行时的一般疑问句把be动词调到句首。4.现在进行时的特殊疑问的基本结构为：疑问词不达意+be+主语+动词ing?但疑问词当主语时其结构为：疑问词不达意+be+动词ing?动词加ing的变化规则1.一般情况下,直接加ing,如：cook-cooking2.以不发音的e结尾，去e加ing,如：make-making,taste-tasting3.如果末尾是一个元音字母和一个辅音字母，双写末尾的辅音字母，再加ing,如：run-running,stop-stopping现在进行时练习题：一、写出下列动词的现在分词：playrunswimmakegolikewriteskireadhavesingdanceputseebuylovelivetakecomegetstopsitbeginshop二、用所给的动词的正确形式填空：1.Theboy(draw)apicturenow.2.Listen.Somegirls(sing)intheclassroom.3.Mymother(cook)somenicefoodnow.4.Whatyou(do)now?5.Look.They(have)anEnglishlesson.6.They(not,water)theflowersnow.7.Look!thegirls(dance)intheclassroom.8.Whatisourgranddaughterdoing?She(listen)tomusic.9.It's5o'clocknow.We(have)suppernow.10.Helen(wash)clothes?Yes,sheis.三、句型转换：1.Theyaredoinghousework.（分别改成一般疑问句和否定句）

41.Thestudentsarecleaningtheclassroom.（改一般疑问句并作肯定和否定回答）2.Tmplayingthefootballintheplayground.（对划线部分进行提问）3.Tomisreadingbooksinhisstudy.（对划线部分进行提问）答案如下：一、写出下列动词的现在分词：playingrunningswinnningmakinggoinglikingwritingskiingreadinghavingsingingdancingputtingseeingbuyinglovinglivingtakingcominggettingstoppingsittingbeginningshopping二、用所给的动词的正确形式填空：1、isdrawing2、aresinging3、iscooking4、are...doing5、arehaving6、aren*twatering7、aredancing8、islistening9、arehaving10、Is...washing三、句型转换：1、Aretheydoinghousework?Theyaren'tdoinghousework.2、Arethestudentscleaningtheclassroom?Yes,theyare.No,theyaren?t.3、Whatareyoudoingintheplaygroud?4、WhereisTomreadingbooks?一、概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。句中一般有以下时间状语：tomorrow,nextday(week,month,year***),soon,thedayaftertomorrow(后天)等。二、基本结构：①begoingto+do；②will+do.三、否定句：在be动词(am,is,are)1后加not或情态动词will后加not成won't。例如：I*mgoingtohaveapicnicthisafternoon.-*Tmnotgoingtohaveapicnicthisafternoon.四、一般疑问句：be或will提到句首，some改为any,and改为or,第一二人称互换。例如：Wearegoingtogoonanoutingthisweekend.-*Areyougoingtogoonan

5outingthisweekend?五、对划线部分提问。一般情况，一般将来时的对划线部分有三种情况。1.问人。Who例如：I*mgoingtoNewYorksoon.-*Who,sgoingtoNewYorksoon.2.问干什么。What…do.例如：Myfatherisgoingtowatcharacewithmethisafternoon.-*Whatisyourfathergoingtodowithyouthisafternoon.3.问什么时候。When.例如：She'sgoingtogotobedatnine.-*Whenisshegoingtobed?六、同义句：begoingto=willIamgoingtogoswimmingtomorrow(明天).=1willgoswimmingtomorrow.今日练习：填空：1.我打算明天和朋友去野炊。Ihaveapicnicwithmyfriends.Ihaveapicnicwithmyfriends.2.下个星期一你打算去干嘛？我想去打篮球。WhatnextMonday?Iplaybasketball.WhatyoudonextMonday?Iplaybasketball.3.你妈妈这个周末去购物吗？是，她要去买一些水果。yourmothergoshoppingthis?Yes,she.Shebuysomefruit.4.你们打算什么时候见面。

6Whattimeyoumeet?改句子。1.Nancyisgoingtogocamping.(改否定)Nancygoingtogocamping.2.V11goandjointhem.(改否定)Igojointhem.3.I'mgoingtogetupat6:30tomorrow.(改一般疑问句)togetupat6:30tomorrow?4.Wewillmeetatthebusstopat10:30.(改一般疑问句)meetatthebusstopat10:30.5.Sheisgoingtolistentomusicafterschool.(对划线部分提问)sheafterschool?6.Myfatherandmotheraregoingtoseeaplaythedayaftertomorrow.(同上)goingtoseeaplaythedayaftertomorrow.用所给词的适当形式填空：7.Todayisasunnyday.We(have)apicnicthisafternoon.8.Mybrother(go)toShanghainextweek.9.Tomoften(go)toschoolonfoot.Buttodayisrain.He(go)toschoolbybike.10.Whatdoyouusuallydoatweekends?Iusually(watch)TVand(catch)insects?11.It'sFridaytoday.Whatshe(do)thisweekend?She(watch)TVand(catch)insects.12.What(dO)youdolastSunday?I(pick)applesonafarm.What(do)nextSunday?I(milk)cows.13.Mary(visit)hergrandparentstomorrow.14.LiuTao(fly)kitesintheplaygroundyesterday.15.David(give)apuppetshownextMonday.16.I(plan)formystudynow答案如下：一、填空1.amgoingtowill2.areyougoingtodoamgoingtowillwill3.Is...goingto...weekendwillisgoingto4.are...goingto二、改句子5.isn't6.won，t...or7.Areyougoing8.Willyou9.Whatis...goingtodo

71.Whois三、用所给词的适当形式填空2.wi11have3.willgo4.goeswillgo5.watchcatch6.will...dowillwatch...catch7.didpickedwillyoudowillmilk8.willvisit9.flew10.wi11give11.amplanning小升初语法总结之五般过去时态1.一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常和表示过去的时间状语连用。一般过去时也表示过去经常或反复发生的动作感谢。2.Be动词在一般过去时中的变化：⑴am和is在一。般过去时中变为waso(wasnot=wasn,t)(2)are在一般过去时中变为were。(werenot=weren,t)⑶带有was或were的句子，其否定、疑问的变化和is,am,are,样，即否定句在was或were后加not,■般疑问句把was或were调到句首。3.句中没有be动词的一般过去时的句子否定句：didn't+动词原形，如：Jimdidn'tgohomeyesterday.•般疑问句：在句首加did,句子中的动词过去式变回原形。如：DidJimgohomeyesterday?特殊疑问句：⑴疑问词+did+主语+动词原形？如：WhatdidJimdoyesterday?⑵疑问词当主语时：疑问词+动词过去式？如：Whowenttohomeyesterday?动词过去式变化规则：1.一般在动词末尾加-ed,如：pull-pulled,cook-cooked2.结尾是e加d,如：taste-tasted3.末尾只有一个元音字母和一个辅音字母的重读闭音节，应双写末尾的辅音字母，再加-ed,如：stop-stopped4.以“辅音字母+y”结尾的，变y为i,再加-ed,如：study-studied5.不规则动词过去式：is-was,are_were,do_did,see-saw,say-said,give-gave,

8get-got,go_went,come_came,have-had,eat-ate,take-took,run-ran,sing-sang,put-put,make-made,read-read,write-wrote,draw-drew,drink-drank,fly-flew,ride-rode,speak-spoke,sweep-swept,swim-swam,sit-sat过去时练习材料一、写出下列动词的过去式isamflyplant——aredrinkplaygomakedoesdanceworryasktasteeatdrawputthrowkickpassdo二、Be动词的过去时练习用be动词的适当形式填空1.Iatschooljustnow.2.Heatthecamplastweek.3.Westudentstwoyearsago.4.Theyonthefarmamomentago.5.YangLingelevenyearsoldlastyear.6.Thereanappleontheplateyesterday.7.TheresomemilkinthefridgeonSunday.8.Themobilephoneonthesofayesterdayevening.9.IanEnglishteachernow.10.Shehappyyesterday.11.Theygladtoseeeachotherlastmonth.12.HelenandNancygoodfriends.13.Thelittledogtwoyearsoldthisyear.14.Look,therelotsofgrapeshere.15.ThereasignonthechaironMonday..16.TodaythesecondofJune.YesterdaythefirstofJune.ItChildren,sDay.Allthestudentsveryexcited.三、行为动词的过去时练习用行为动词的适当形式填空1.He(live)inWuxitwoyearsago.2.Thecat(eat)abirdlastnight.3.We(have)apartylastHalloween.4.Nancy__(pick)uporangesonthefarmlastweek.

95.I(make)amodelshipwithMikeyesterday.6.They—_(play)chessintheclassroomlastPElesson.7.Mymother__(cook)anicefoodlastSpringFestival.8.Thegirls(sing)and(dance)attheparty.9.I(watch)acartoononSaturday.10.Herfather(read)anewspaperlastnight.11.Wetozooyesterday,wetothepark,(go)12.you_(visit)yourrelativeslastSpringFestival?13.he(fly)akiteonSunday?Yes,he.14.GaoShan(pull)upcarrotslastNationalDayholiday.15.I(sweep)theflooryesterday,butmymother16.Whatshe(find)inthegardenlastmorning?She(find)abeautifulbutterfly.一般过去时态练习题答案：一、写出下列动词的过去式wasflewplantedweredrankplayedwentmadediddancedworriedaskedtastedatedrewputthrewkickedpasseddid二、Be动词的过去时练习1.was2.was3.were4.were5.was6.was7.was8.was9.am10.was11.were12.are13.was14.are15.was16.iswaswaswere三、行为动词的过去时练习1.lived2.ate3.had4.picked5.made6.played7.cooked8.sang...danced9.watched10.read11.wentwent12.Did...visit13.Did...fly14.pulled15.sweptdidn't16.did...findfound小升初语法总结之六——形容词和副词比较级一、形容词的比较级1、形容词比较级在句子中的运用：两个事物或人的比较用比较级，比较级后面一般带有单词than。比较级前面可以用more,alittle来修饰表示程度。than后的人称代词用主格（口语中可用宾格）。2.形容词加er的规则：⑴一般在词尾加er：⑵以字母e结尾，加r；⑶以一个元音字母和一个辅音字母结尾，应双写末尾的辅音字母，再加er；⑷以“辅音字母+y”结尾，先把y变i,再加er.3.不规则形容词比较级：good-better,beautiful-morebeautiful二、副词的比较级

101.形容词与副词的区别（有be用形，有形用be；有动用副，有副用动）⑴在句子中形容词一般处于名词之前或be动词之后⑵副词在句子中最常见的是处于实义动词之后2.副词比较级的变化规则基本与形容词比较级相同（不规则变化：well-better,far-farther）形容词和副词比较级的练习一）、写出下列形容词或副词的比较级old—young_tall__longshortstrongbigsmallfatthinheavylightnicegoodbeautifullowhighslowfastlateearlyfarwell二）、根据句意填入单词的正确形式:1.Mybrotheristwoyears(old)thanme.2.Tomisas(fat)asJim.3.Isyoursister(young)thanyou?Yes,sheis.4.Whois(thin),youorHelen?Helenis.5.Whosepencil-boxis(big),yoursorhers?Hersis.6.Mary,shairisas(long)asLucy's.7.Ben(jump)(high)thansomeoftheboysinhisclass.8.Nancysing(well)thanHelen?Yes,she.9.Fangfangisnotas(tall)astheothergirls.10.Myeyesare(big)than(she)..11.Whichis(heavy),theelephantorthepig?12.Whogetsup(early),TimorTom?13.thegirlsgetup(early)thantheboys?No,they.14.Jimruns(slow).ButBenruns(slow).15.Thechilddoesn*t(write)as(fast)asthestudents.三)、翻译句子：16.比Jim年纪大？是你。isthanJim?are

111.比David更强壮？是GaoShan.thanDavid?GaoShan.2.的铅笔更长，他的还是她的？我想是她的。penci1is,or?is,Ithink.3.的苹果更重，你的姐姐的还是你的弟弟的？我的弟弟的。apples,youroryour?My.4.和你的叔叔一样高吗？是的。asasyouruncle?Yes,Iam.5.和他的朋友Jim一样年轻。HeasasJim.7、她和她的双胞胎哥哥一样胖吗？不，她比他瘦。No,thanhim.8.YangLing每天睡得比SuYang晚。YangLingtothanSuYangeveryday.9.我跳得和Mike一样远。IasasMike.10.Tom比你跑得快吗？不是的,他和我跑得一样快。_Tomthanyou?No,he.Heasas.11.多做运动，你会更强壮。moreexercise,you*11soon.12.我的科学很好，但是语文不好。IatScience.ButIdon'twellinChinese.13.你放风筝比王兵放得高吗？不，我比他放得低。_you—thekitethanWangbing?No,Iitthan,14.我喜欢游泳。我所有的朋友都游得比我慢。

12Ilike.Allmythanme.8.我的姐姐起得比我早。Myupthanme.9.女孩比男孩唱得好吗？是的。_thegirlstheboys?Yes,they_.10.她不擅长体育。但我跳得没有她高。Shedoesn,tinPE.ButIdon'tthan11.你足球踢得比你的同班同学好吗？不，他们踢得和我一样好。_youfootballthanyourclassmates?No,theyasasme.12.我母亲比我父亲年纪小。Mythanmy.13.她的毛衣和我的一样重。sweaterasas.14我的连衣裙太短了。我想买一条大点的。Mydresstoo.Iwanttoaone.15.rmtallerthanMike.（该成用原级的比较）I*masasMike.一）、写出下列形容词或副词的比较级older/elderyoungertallerlongershorterstrongerbiggersmallerfatterthinnerheavierlighternicerbettermorebeautifullowerhigherslowerfasterlaterearlierfarther/furtherbetter二）、根据句意填入单词的正确形式：1.older2.asfatas3.younger4.thinner5.bigger6.long7.jumpshigher8.Dose...betterdose9.tall10.bigger...hers11.heavier12.earlier13.Do...earlierdo14.slowlymoreslowly15.write...fast三）、翻译句子1.Who...olderYou2.Who*sstronger...is3.Whose...

13longer,his...hers?Hers4.Whose...areheavier,sister*s...brother1s?brother，sare5.Areyou...tall6.is...young...hisfriend7.Isshe...fat...her...brother?shetsthinner8.goes...bedlater9.jump...far10.Dose...runfaster,dosen*t.runs...fast...me11.Doing...be...stronger12.amgooddo13.Do...fly...higher,fly...lower...him14.swimming...friends...swim...slowlier15.sisiter...gets...earlier16.Do...singthebetterthan?do17.dowell.jump...higher...her18.Do...play...better?play...well19.motherisyounger...father20.Her...is...heavy...mine21.is...short,buy...longer22.not...tall小升初语法总结之七Therebe句型与have,has的区别1、Therebe句型表示：在某地有某物(或人)2、在therebe句型中，主语是单数，be动词用is;主语是复数，be动词用are：如有几件物品，be动词根据最*近be动词的那个名词决定。3、therebe句型的否定句在be动词后加not,一般疑问句把be动词调到句首。4、therebe句型与have(has)的区别：therebe表示在某地有某物(或人)；have(has)表示某人拥有某物。5、some和any在therebe句型中的运用：some用于肯定句，any用于否定句或疑问句。6、and和or在therebe句型中的运用：and用于肯定句，or用于否定句或疑问句。7、针对数量提问的特殊疑问句的基本结构是：Howmany+名词复数+arethere+介词短语？Howmuch+不可数名词+isthere+介词短语？8、针对主语提问的特殊疑问句的基本结构是：

14What*s+介词短语？herebe句型与have,has的练习

15Fillintheblankwith“have,has”or"thereis,thereare”1.I_agoodfatherandagoodmother.2.——atelescopeonthedesk.3.He_—atape-recorder.4.abasketballintheplayground.5.Shesomedresses.6.They—anicegarden.7.Whatdoyou_?8._areading-roominthebuilding?9.WhatdoesMike?10.——anybooksinthebookcase?11.Myfather_astory-book.12.—astory-bookonthetable.13.—anyflowersinthevase?14.Howmanystudentsintheclassroom?15.Myparents_somenicepictures.16.somemapsonthewall.17.amapoftheworldonthewall.18.Davidatelescope.19.David,sfriendssometents.20.——manychildrenonthehill.用恰当的be动词填空。1、Therealotofsweetsinthebox.2、Theresomemilkintheglass.3、Theresomepeopleunderthethebigtree.4、There_apictureandamaponthewall.5、Thereaboxofrubbersnearthebooks.6、Therelotsofflowersinourgardenlastyear.7、Thereatinofchickenbehindthefridgeyesterday.8、Therefourcupsofcoffeeonthetable.Fillintheblankwith,have,has

16LIanicepuppet.2.Heagoodfriend.3.They_somemasks.4.Wesomeflowers.5.Shea।duck.6.Myfatheranewbike.7.Hermotheravase.8.OurteacheranEnglishbook.9.Ourteachersabasketball.10.Theirparentssomeblankets11.Nancymanyskirts.12.Davidsomejackets.13.Mvfriendsafootball.14.Whatdoyou?15.WhatdoesMike?16.Whatdoyourfriends?17.WhatdoesHelen?18.Hisbrotherabasketball.19.Hersisteranicedoll.20.MissLianEnglishbook.herebe句型与have,has的练习Lhave2.Thereis3.has4.Thereis5.has6.have7.have8.Isthere9.have10.Arethere11.has12.Thereis13.Arethere14.arethere15.have16.Thereare17.Thereis18.has19.have20.Thereare用恰当的be动词填空。1.are2.is3.are4.is5.is6.were7.was8.areFillintheblankwith"have,hasnLhave2.has3.have4.have5.has6.has7.has8.has9.have10.have11.has12.has13.have14,have15.have16.have17.have18.has19.has20.has小升初语法总结之八——人称代词和物主代词

171、人称代词主格和宾格的区别：主格通常位于句中第一个动词之前(有时候位于than之后)，宾格一般位于动词或介词之后。2、物主代词形容词性与名词性的区别：形容词性用时后面一般要带上名词，名词性则单独使用，后面不带名词。人称代词物主代词主格宾格形容词性名词性我Ime我的mymine你,你们youyou你的，你们的youryours他hehim他的hishis她sheher她的herhers它itit它的itsits我们weus我们的ourours他(她，它)们theythem他(她，它)们的theirtheirs一.填写代词表Iitweyouthemhisyourhers二.用所给词的适当形式填空1.Thatisnotkite.Thatkiteisverysmall,butisverybig.(I)2.Thedressis.Giveitto.(she)3.Isthiswatch?(you)No,it'snot.(I)4.ismybrother.nameisJack.Look!Thosestampsare.(he)5.dressesarered.(we)Whatcolourare?(you)6.Herearemanydolls,whichoneis?(she)7.Icanfindmytoy,butwhere's?(you)8.Showyourkite,OK?(they)9.Ihaveabeautifulcat.nameisMimi.Thesecakesare.(it)10.Arethesetickets?No,arenot,aren,there.(they)11.Shal1havealookatthatclassroom?Thatisclassroom.(we)12.ismyaunt.Doyouknowjob?anurse.(she)13.Thatisnotcamera.isathome.(he)14.Whereare?Ican*tfind.Let'scallparents.(they)15.Don*ttouch.notacat.atiger!

181.sisterisill.Pleasegoandget.(she)2.don'tknowhername.Wouldyoupleasetell.(we)3.Somanydogs.Let9scount.(they)4.Ihavealovelybrother.isonly3.Ilikeverymuch.(he)5.MayIsitbeside?(you)6.Lookatthatdesk.Thosebookareon,(it)7.Thegirlbehindisourfriend,(she小升初语法总结之九——数词表示“多少”和“第几”的词，叫数词。数词分为基数词和序数词两种。1)基数词：在十位数词和个位数词中间加上连字符"-"。如：21twenty-one'基数词三位以上的数词，在百位和十位之间，一般要用连词"and**o如：132onehundredandthirty-two.表示"万”的词英语中没有。如1万可用10千来表示。tenthousand.30万可用threehundredthousand来表不。基数词的用法：1.编号的事物用基数词：如：LessonFive,Room1012.表示“年，月，日“时用基数词。3.表示“几点钟，几点过几分”用基数词。Itistwototwo.现在是两点差两分。4.加减乘除用基数词。Oneplustwoisthree.一加二等于三。Eightminusfourisfour.八减四等于四。Twotimestwoisfour.二乘二等于四.Tendividedbytwoisfive.十除二等于五。5表示百分数用基数词.Thirtypercentofthemiswater.它们当中有30%的水。6.表示分数时，分子数字用基数词，但分母要用序数词，如分子不是1,序数词要用友数形式。One-fifthofthebooksaremine.三分之一的书是我的。Three-tenthsofwaterisdisappeared.十分之三的水不见了。2)序数词：表示数目顺序的词用序数词。1.序数词1—19除第一，第二，第三，第五，第八，第九，第十二变化不规则外，其余均由在基数词后加上-th。2.十位整数的序数词的构成方法是，是将十位整数基数词的词尾-y变成i再加-eth。3.几十几的序数词，只是把个位数变成序数词，十位数不变。4.第一百以上的多位序数词由基数词的形式变结尾部分为序数词形式来表示。onehundredandtwenty-first，onethousand,threehundredandtwentieth5.序数词的缩写形式有时，序数词可以用缩写形式来表示。主要缩写形式有。first—1stsecond-2ndthird―3rdfourth-4thsixth--6thtwentieth--20thtwenty-third—23rd

19其中1st,2nd,3rd为特殊形式，其它的都是阿拉伯数字后加上th。1.通常前面要加定冠词the；但是如果序数词前出现不定冠词a或an时，则表示“再”，ayr,,We'vetrieditthreetimes.Mustwetryitafourthtime?2.基数词也可以表示顺序。只需将基数词放在它所修饰的名词之后(名词需大写)即可，不需要添加定冠词。thefirstlesson-LessonOne,thefifthpage-Page5>thetwenty-firstroom-Room21数词在线练习题()1.rvereadsportsnewsabouttheFlracetoday.A.twoB.piecesC.twopiecesD.twopiecesof()2.DuringWorldWarII,aJewish(犹太)ladywasprotectedbyalocalfamilyinShanghaiinher.A.fiftiesB.fiftyC.fiftiethD.thefiftieth()3.Theriverthroughourcity,whichisabout,iscleanagain.A.6000meterslongB.6000-metres-longC.6000-metreTongD.6000meterlong()4.IstudyinYuCaiMiddleSchool.Therearetwostudentsinourschool.A.thousandB.thousandsC.thousandofD.thousandsof()5.Theysaidtheywouldhaveholiday.A.atwo-monthB.twomonthsC.two-monthsD.two-month*s()6.-WhenwasthePLAfounded?-Itwasfoundedon.A.July1.1921B.October1.1949C.May1.1922D.August1.1927()7.Inthepasttwoyears,manytai1buildingshavebeenbuiltinourcity.Thetallestisanthatstandsinthecentre.

20A.80-floorbuildingB.60-floorbuildingC.80-floorbuildingsD.70floorsbuilding()8.Thenumberofpeopleinvitedfifty>butanumberofthemabsentfordifferentreasons.A.were；wasB.was；wasC.was；wereD.were；were()9.-Howsoonwillyoufinishyourwork?-Inabout.A.oneandahalfmonthB.onemonthandahalfC.oneandhalfamonthD.amonthandhalf()10.-Wouldyoulikesomefruit,madam?-Oh,yes.,please.A.5kilobananasB.5kilosofbananasC.5kiloofbananasD.5kilosofbanana小升初语法总结之十todo与doing的区别一般情况下，todo是一般将来式，是打算去做什么；doing是现在进行式，是现在正在做什么，也有例外，具体情况具体分析。下面是有关该问题的习题讲解，希望有所帮助。todo和doing意义各不同1stopdoing/todostoptodo停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事。stopdoing停止做某事。Theystoptosmokeacigarette.他们停下来，抽了根烟。Imuststopsmoking.我必须戒烟了。2forgetdoing/todoforgettodo忘记要去做某事。（未做）forgetdoing忘记做过某事。（已做）Thelightintheofficeisstilon.Heforgottoturnitoff.办公室的灯还在亮着，它忘记关了。（没有做关灯的动作）Heforgotturningthelightoff.他忘记他已经关了灯了。（已做过关灯的动作）Don'tforgettocometomorrow.

21别忘了明天来。（tocome动作未做）1rememberdoing/todoremembertodo记得去做某事（未做）rememberdoing记得做过某事（已做）Remembertogotothepostofficeafterschool.记着放学后去趟邮局。Don*tyourememberseeingthemanbefore?你不记得以前见过那个人吗？2regretdoing/todoregrettodo对要做的事遗憾。（未做）regretdoing对做过的事遗憾、后悔。（已做）Iregrettohavetodothis,butIhavenochoice.我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没有办法。Idon'tregrettellingherwhatIthought.我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔。3ceasedoing/todoceasetodo长时间，甚至永远停做某事。ceasedoing短时停止做某事，以后还会接着做。Thatdepartmenthasceasedtoexistforever.那个部门已不复存在。Thegirlsceasedchattingforamomentwhentheirteacherpassedby.姑娘们在老师走过时，停了会聊天。4trydoing/todotrytodo努力，企图做某事。trydoing试验，试着做某事。Youmusttrytobemorecareful.你可要多加小心。Itriedgardeningbutdidn'tsucceed.我试着种果木花卉，但未成功。5goondoing/todogoontodo做了一件事后，接着做另一件事。goondoing继续做原来做的事。Afterhehadfinishedhismaths,hewentontodohisphysics.做完数学后，他接着去做物理。

22Goondoingtheotherexerciseafteryouhavefinishedthisone.作完这个练习后，接着做其他的练习1beafraiddoing/todobeafraidtodo不敢，胆怯去做某事，是主观上的原因不去做，意为〃怕”；beafraidofdoing担心出现doing的状况、结果。doing是客观上造成的，意为"生怕，恐怕”。Shewasafraidtostepfurtheringrassbecauseshewasafraidofbeingbittenbyasnake.她生怕被蛇咬着，而不敢在草丛中再走一步。Shewasafraidtowakeherhusband.她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。Shewasafraidofwakingherhusband.她生怕吵醒她丈夫。2beinteresteddoing/todointerestedtodo对做某事感兴趣，想了解某事。interestedindoing对某种想法感兴趣，doing通常为想法。Tshal1beinterestedtoknowwhathappens.我很想知道发生了什么事。（想了解）rminterestedinworkinginSwitzerland.Doyouhaveanyideaaboutthat?我对在瑞士工作感兴趣。你想过这事吗？（一种想法）3meantodoing/todomeantodo打算、想meandoing意味着Imeantogo,butmyfatherwouldnotallowmeto.我想去，但是我父亲不肯让我去。Toraisewagemeansincreasingpurchasingpower.赠加工资意味着增加购买力。4begin（start）doing/todobegin/starttodosthbegin/startdoingsth.1)谈及一项长期活动或开始一种习惯时，使用doing.Howoldwereyouwhenyoufirststartedplayingthepiano?你几岁时开始弹钢琴？2)begin,start用进行时时，后面动词用不定式todoIwasbeginningtogetangryo我开始生起气来。

233)在attempt,intend,begin,start后接know,understand,realize这类动词时，常用不定式todooIbegintounderstandthetrutho我开始明白真相。4)物作主语时Itbegantomelt.1感官动词+doing/todo感官动词see,watch,observe,notice,lookat,hear,listento,smell,taste,feel+do表示动作的完整性，真实性；+doing表示动作的连续性，进行性Isawhimworkinthegardenyesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调〃我看见了”这个事实)Isawhimworkinginthegardenyesterday.(强调“我见他正干活”这个动作)昨天我见他正在花园里干活。练习题：()1.Shereachedthetopofthehillandstoppedonabigrockbythesideofthepath.A.tohaverestedB.restingC.torestD.rest()2.Thelightintheofficeisstillon.Oh,Iforgot.A.turningitoffB.turnitoffC.toturnitoffD.havingturneditoff()3.—Youwerebraveenoughtoraiseobjectionsatthemeeting.Well,nowIregretthat.A.todoB.tobedoingC.tohavedoneD.havingdone()4.Theyknewherverywell.Theyhadseenherupfromchildhood.A.growB.grewC.wasgrowingD.togrow

24()5.Themissingboywaslastseenneartheriver.A.playingB.tobeplayingC.playD.toplay()6.lateintheafternoon,Bobturnedoffthealarm.ATosleepBSleepingCSleepDHavingsleep()7.Doesshelikestamps?A.collectB.tocollectingC.collectingD.collectting()8.Wouldyoulikesomewater?A.drinkeB.todrinkC.drankD.drinking)9.Areyouinterestedin?A.drawingB.drawC.todrawD.drew)10.Lucydoeswel1inEnglish.A.learnB.tolearnC.learnningD.learning小升初语法总结十独立主格结构（一）（-）:独立主格结构的构成：独立主格结构有两部分组成，前一部份是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓语动词或其他的一些词。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。独立主格结构在句中做状语，多用于书面语。名词（代词）+现在分词、过去分词；名词（代词）+形容词；名词（代词）+副词;名词（代词）+不定式；名词（代词）+介词短语构成。（二）:独立主格结构的特点：1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。举例：Thetestfinished,webeganourholiday.=Whenthetestwasfinished,webeganourholiday.考试结束了，我们开始放假。Thepresidentassassinated,thewholecountrywasindeepsorrow.=Afterthepresidentwasassassinated,thewholecountrywasindeepsorrow.

25总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。Weatherpermitting,wearegoingtovisityoutomorrow.如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。Thisdone,wewenthome.工作完成后，我们才回家。Themeetinggoneover,everyonetiredtogohomeearlier.会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。Hecameintotheroom,hisearsredwithcold.他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。Hecameoutofthelibrary,alargebookunderhisarm.他夹着木厚书，走出了图书馆（三）：With的复合结构作独立主格表伴随时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用With的复合结构。with+名词（代同）+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语举例：Hestoodthere,hishandraised.=Hestoodthere,withhishandraise.注意：1）独立主格结构使用介词的问题：当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。但with的复合结构不受此限制Arobberburstintotheroom,knifeinhand.（hand前不能加his）。2）当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分词，不及物动词用过去分词。Helaythere,histeethset,hishandclenched,hiseyeslookingstraightup.独立主格练习：（1）Weather,we*11gooutforawalk.ApermittedBpermittingCpermitsDforpermitting（2）,hersuggestionisofgreatervaluethanyours.A.AllthingsconsideringB.AllthingsconsideredC.AllthingswereconsideredD.Withal1thingswereconsidered(3),thebusstartedatonce.A.ThesignalwasgivenB.ThesignalgivingC.ThesignalgivenD.Whenthesignalgiven

26(3)Helefttheoffice_A.tearsbeingineyesBtearsineyes,CbeingtearsineyesD,withtearsbeingineyes.(4)Hewrotealotofnovels,manyoftranslatedintoforeignlanguages.A.itB.themC.thisD.that(5)Hewrotealotofnovels,manyofweretranslatedintoforeignlanguages.A.itB.themC.whichD.that(7)Hewrotealotofnovels,andmanyofweretranslatedintoforeignlanguages.A.itB.themC.whichD.that（8）ThereImetseveralpeople,twoofbeingforeigners.A.whichB.themC.whomD.that（9）ThereImetseveralpeople,twoofwereforeigners.A.whichB.whomC.whoD.that（10）ThereImetseveralpeople,andtwoofwereforeigners.A.whichB.themC.whomD.that小升初语法总结十二——独立主格结构（二）独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随等。独立主格结构的功能独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。例如：1）表示时间Themeetingbeingover,al1ofuswenthome.开完会后我们都回家了。Herworkdone,shesatdownforacupoftea.她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。2）表示条件Theconditionbeingfavourable,hemaysucceed.若条件有利，他或许能成功。3）表示原因Therebeingnotaxis,wehadtowalk.没有出租车，我们只好步行。Hewrappedherupwithgreatcare,thenightbeingdarkandfrosty.夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得严严实实的。4)表示伴随情况

27Almostallmetalsaregoodconductors,silverbeingthebestofall.几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体。(=Almostallmetalsaregoodconductors,andsilveristhebestofall.)常见的独立主格结构有如下几种：1.名词/主格代词+现在分词。名词/主格代词与现在分词之间主谓关系。如：Thegirlstaringathim(=Asthegirlstaredathim),hedidn，tknowwhattosay.姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。Timepermitting(=Iftimepermits),wewillgoforanoutingtomorrow.如果时间允许的话，我们明天去郊游。2.名词/主格代词+过去分词。名词/主格代词与过去分词之间的动宾关系。如：Theproblemssolved(=Astheproblemsweresolved),thequalityhasbeenimproved.随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。Herglassesbroken(=Becauseherglasseswerebroken),shecouldn'tseethewordsontheblackboard.由于眼镜摔坏了，她看不见黑板上的字。3.名词/主格代词+不定式。名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。如：Heisgoingtomakeamodelplane,someoldpartstohelp.借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。Theysaidgood-byetoeachother,onetogohome,theothertogotothebookstore.他们道别后，一个回了家，一个去了书店。4.名词/主格代词+形容词。如：Anairaccidenthappenedtotheplane,nobodyalive.那架飞机遭遇了空难，无一人生还。Somanypeopleabsent,themeetinghadtobecalledoff.这么多人缺席，会议不得不取消。5.名词/主格代词+副词。如：Heputonhissweaterwrongsideout.他把毛衣穿反了。Themeetingover,theyallwenthome.会议一结束，他们就都回家了。6.名词/主格代词+介词短语。如：Theboygoestotheclassroom,bookinhand.那男孩手里拿着书去教室。Marywassittingnearthefire,herbacktowardsthedoor.玛丽靠近火炉坐着，背对着门。7.Therebeing+名词（代词）如：Therebeingnothingelsetodo,wewenthome.没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。Therebeingnofurtherbusiness,Ideclarethemeetingclosed.没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。8.Itbeing+名词（代词）如：ItbeingChristmas,thegovernmentofficeswereclosed.由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。

28Itbeingaholiday,al1theshopswereshut.由于今天是假口，所有商店都关门了。独立主格结构的特点：1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。举例：Thetestfinished,webeganourholiday.=Whenthetestwasfinished,webeganourholiday.考试结束了，我们开始放假。Thepresidentassassinated,thewholecountrywasindeepsorrow.=Afterthepresidentwasassassinated,thewholecountrywasindeepsorrow.总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。Weatherpermitting,wearegoingtovisityoutomorrow.如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。Thisdone,wewenthome.工作完成后，我们才回家。Themeetinggoneover,everyonetiredtogohomeearlier.会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。Hecameintotheroom,hisearsredwithcold.他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。Hecameoutofthelibrary,alargebookunderhisarm.他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆注：独立主格结构有时可在其前加上介词with。如：Don'tsleepwiththewindowsopen.别开着窗睡觉。Hewaslyingonthebedwithal1hisclotheson.他和衣躺在床上。Shecameinwithabookinherhand.她手里拿着一本书走了进来。Hefellasleepwiththelampburning.他没熄灯就睡着了。Iwon'tbeabletogoonholidaywithmymotherbeingill.因为妈妈有病，我无法去度假。Hesattherewithhiseyesclosed.他闭目坐在那儿。Al1theafternoonheworkedwiththedoorlocked.整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。Ican'tgooutwithalltheseclothestowash.要洗这些衣服，我无法出去了。使用独立主格五点注意：1.独立主格与状语从句的转换当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时,可用独立主格结构取代状语从句，但不再保留连词。如：Afterclasswasover(=Classbeingover/

29Classover),thestudentssoonlefttheclassroom.下课后，学生很快离开了课室。1.不能省略being(havingbeen)的情形在下列两种情况下，独立主格结构中的being(或havingbeen)不能省略。(1)独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。如：ItbeingSunday,wewenttochurch.因为是星期天，我们去了做礼拜。(2)在Therebeing+名词的结构中。如：Therebeingnobus,wehadtogohomeonfoot.因为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家。2.通常不用物主代词或冠词在〃名词(或代词)+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。如：MissSmithenteredtheclassroom,bookinhand.史密斯先生走进了课室，手里拿着一本书。比较with的复合结构。如：MissSmithenteredtheclassroom,withabookinhishand.3.独立主格结构没有所有格形式Thechief-editorarriving,webeganthemeeting.主编来主编来了，我们开始开会。(比较动名词复合结构。)独立主格结构的用法独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。1.用作时间状语：Theworkdone(=Aftertheworkhadbeendone),wewenthome.工作完成后，我们就回家了。2.用作条件状语：Weatherpermitting(=Ifweatherpermits),theywillgoonanoutingtothebeachtomorrow.如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。3.用作原因状语：Animportantlecturetobegiventomorrow(=Asanimportantlecturewillbegiventomorrow),theprofessorhastostayuplateintothenight.因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。4.用作伴随状语：Hewaslyingonthegrass,hishandscrossedunderhishead(=andhishandswerecrossedunderhishead).他躺在草地匕两手交叉枕在脑后。5.表示补充说明：Weredoubledourefforts,eachmanworkingliketwo.我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。*注：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。小升初语法总结十三——no与not的区别no可作为形容词，也可用作副词；not只可用作副词。no用作形容词时，可直接置于名词前。如果名词前已有a,an,the,his,much,any等词时，则应该在这些词前面加not。如：Therearenoapplesintheboxes.这些盒子里没有苹果。（作形容词）一Doyoulikedancing?你喜欢跳舞吗？—No,Idon,t.不，我不喜欢。（作副词）

30It'saduck,notachicken.它是只鸭子，不是小鸡。（作副词）试译：杯子里没有茶。误：Thereisnoanyteainthecup.正：Thereisnotanyteainthecup.正：Thereisnoteainthecup.no,not详解如下：这两个词在词义和使用场合上都有所不同。N。可以作副词，也可以作名词和形容词；not只能用作副词。现将它们各种用法分述如下，以便比较：作副词时，no有下列两种用法：（一）作为yes的反义词，用在回答问题的场合，表示“不”的意思。例：No,Iwon'tgotothecasino.不，我不去赌场。（二）用在比较级之前，表示“并不”之意。例：Theweathertodayisnobetterthanitwasyesterday.今天的天气并不比昨天好。用作形容词时，no表示notany的意味。例：Thereisno（=notany）timetolose.时不可失。注：当no用作形容词时，可直接放在名词之前，如果名词的前面有a、any、much>many>enough等词，就要改用not,不用no,因为not是副词，只有副词才有资格修饰a、any、much、many、enough等词。因此,我们说：Ihavenomoney.或Ihavenotanymoney.作名词时，no表示“否定”的意思。例：Twonoesmakeayes.否定的否定就是肯定。Not可用于：（一）修饰动词Idonotknowanyofthem.这些人我一个都不认识。（二）修饰形容词：It'snotcoldtoday.今天天气不冷。（三）修饰不定冠词：Threedecadesagonotayearpassedwithoutanumberofpeoplefallingvictimstohungerhere.三十年前，这里每年都有不少人死于饥荒。

31（四）修饰副词:NotseldomdidIgotoVictoriaParkwhileIstayedinCausewayBay.我住在铜锣湾期间常到维多利亚公园去。（五）修饰连词：Theyareworkinghardnotbecausetheywanttomakemoneybutbecausetheyknowwhattheyareworkingfor.他们在努力工作其原因并非是为了赚钱，而是在于他们知道为何而工作。请注意下面no和not的区别：Mr.Chenisnofool.陈先生决不是傻瓜。Mr.Chenisnotafool.陈先生不是傻瓜。Heisnogoodattennis.他的网球打得很不好。Heisnotgoodattennis.他的网球打得不好。Ihavenomorethantendollars.我只有十元元钱。Ihavenotmorethantendollars.我有不超过十元钱。用正确形式填空（no,not,nor）1.Dropthatgun!If,you*11besorry.2.Hehasfriendsinthiscity.3.He*11bebackintime.4.smoking!5.HeisamemberoftheUnion.6.Theyrefusedherrequestwithoutgoodreason.7.Ihaveneithertimemoneyforpopfestivals.8.Thestoryisnotinterestinginstructive.

32小升初语法总结十四——情态动词首先、了解情态动词各自的基本意义及用法，然后掌握情态动词表示推测的用法（其中重点是对表过去推测的用法）还要注意带有情态动词的反意疑问句的用法。情态动词只有情态意义，即它所表示的是说话人对动作的观点，如需要、可能、意愿或怀疑等。情态动词的特征：1.在形式上，情态动词没有实义动词的各种变化。2.在意义上，大多数情态动词有多个意义。3.在用法上，情态动词与助动词一样，须后接动词原形。情态动词各自的基本意义及用法一、can与could用法对比表对比点cancould1、表"能力"Canyouliftthisheavybox?Icouldn,tunderstandwhathesaidatall.2、表"许可"Youcanuseadifferentmaterialinstead.HesaidIcouldborrowhisbike.3、“怀疑"No,no,itcan,tbetrue.Whatonearthcanthismean?Wethoughtthestorycouldnotbetrue.Howcouldyoubesocareless?4、can与beableto区别1.could代替can,表示语气更为婉转。Eg.CouldIuseyourbike?Yes,youcan.2.can（能够）=beableto（仅表能力时），但beableto表示一番努力后，才能做得到，且有更多的时态。Hewasagoodswimmer,soheswimtotheriverbankwhentheboatsank.A.couldB.mightC.shallD.wasableto二、may与might用法对比表对比点mayMight1.表“询问"MayI…？（=CanI•••?）MightI…？（=CouldI・・・?）（但比用may更客气）2.表“允许“Youmaytaketheboythere.Hetoldmehemightcome.（might与told相呼应）3.表"可能""或许"Shemaynorlikethisplace.I'mafraidhemightnotlikethisplay.注：1.MayI…？的答语。2.may可表示期望或祝愿Mayyousucceed!3.may（might）用于目的状语从句中肯定：Yes,youmay.否定：No,youmustn*t不行（语气强硬）No,youmaynot或No,you'dbetternot.

33Theemperorgavethemsomegoldinorderthattheymightbegintheirworkatonce.三、must与haveto的用法对比表对比点musthaveto1.表“必须”（主观看法）必须；没有过去式，可用于间接引语中。HetoldmeImustdoaccordingtowhathesaid.（客观需要）不得不,有多种时态。It'srainingheavily,wecan'tgonow.2.疑问句MustI••?Yes,youmust.（一定）No,youneedn*t./youdon'thaveto.（不必）Doyouhavetogotoday?Yes,wedo.否定句：Youdon'thavetoworryaboutthat.四、need与dare的用法对比表对比点needdare1.情态动词+动词原形1）否定式2）疑问式Heneednot（needn,t）go.Needwedoitagain?No,youneedn*tdoitagain.Hedarenotsayso.Dareshegooutaloneatnight?HowdareyousayIfmunfair?Ifhedaredothat,he'11bepunished.（条件句）Idaresay.（固定用法）2.行为动词+带to不定式1）肯定式2）否定式3)疑问式Heneedstogo.Hedoesn,t(doesnot)needtogo.Doesheneedtodoitagain?No,hedoesn*tneedotdoitagain.Hedarestosay.Hedoesnot(doesn*t)daretosay.Ifyoudaretojumpintothewaterfromhere,sodareI.3.didnotneedtodo表不过去没有必要做Shedidn'tneedtoattendthemeetingyesterday,andshestayedwithherchildren.(她没有参加)五、should与oughtto用法对比表对比点shouldoughtto

341、表“应该”表劝告、建议Youshouldlistentothedoctor*sadvice.WeshouldlearnfromZhangHua表示“有责任有必要“做某事Yououghttofinishyourworkbeforeyougohome.Weoughttohelpeachother.2、表“估计”Theyshouldgethomebynow.表示“非常可能”的事，可译为“总应该”Ifwestarttoworkrightnow,weoughttofinishitbeforelunch.(午饭前应当能干完)注：1)>should还可在虚拟语气中的使用2).注意：oughtto的疑问式及否定式Oughthetogo?Yes,Ithinkheoughtto.No,heoughtn,tto.否定式:oughtnottoa或oughtn'ttodo(不说oughttonotdo)反疑问句：oughtn*t?六、shall与will的用法对比表shallWill1.征询对方意见或请求指示，用于第一、三人称：ShallI(we)-?Shal1he(she),,,?WhereshallI(we)waitforyou?1.询问对方的意思或向对方提出要求：Willyou(please),•,?Won'tyou…？Wouldyouliketo…？(用would替代will更客气)Won*tyougoandseethefilm?你不去看电影吗？—Yes,IthinkIwill.不，我想去。2.表示说话人的“意愿”有“命令”“警告”“强制”“允诺”“决心”等，用于第二、三人称，要重读。YoushalldowhatItellyou(todo).我叫你干什么你就干什么。Everythingshal1bedonetosavetheship.一定要竭尽全力来拯救这艘船。表示“意志”“意愿”，用于各种人称：Iwon'tdoanythingyoudon'tlike.我不会做任何你不喜欢的事。Would表示过去时间的“意志”“意愿”Shylockwouldnottakethemoneyearlier.夏洛克先前是不肯要钱的。

35七：usedto与would用法对比表usedtowould1.表示过去的动作、状态，重在与现在情况的对比，不一定要有时间状语。Iusedtoplaycardsalot,butnowIseldomplay.Myhometownisnotwhatitusedtobe.1.只表示过去动作的重复，有明确的时间状语IwouldgotoseemygrandfatheronSundaywhenhewasinthemiddleschool.2.would后只接表动作的动词，不接表认识或状态动词Heusedtobenervousintheexam.3.表示过去的习惯有时可互换：Whenwewereveryyoung,weusedto/wouldgoskatingeverywinter.4.表示过去的次数时，不能使用：(V)WewenttotheGreatWal1fivetimeswhenwewereyoung.(X)Weusedtogo/wouldgototheGreatWallfivetimeswhenwewereyoung.注：usedtodo的否定式：usedn'ttodo或didn'tusetodo(usedn,t也可写作usen，t)疑问式：Didyouusetodo?Didn'tyouusetodo?Usedyoutodo?Usedn*tyoutodo?情态动词表推测情态动词表推测的意义：1、大多数情态动词(除表'能力、许可、意志'外)，都可以表示推测，其程度有差异。按其可能性程度的高低排列为：Must>wi11>would>oughtto>should>can>could>may>might肯定完全可能很可能可能有可能2.注意区分情态动词的否定的含义：maynot或许不、可能不mightnot可能不can't不可能mustn,t不许、禁止shouldn,t不应该needn*t不必3.情态动词表推测具体运用：情态动词可以对现在、进行、过去推测S主+情态动词+be+adj对“性质”“特征”的推测S主+情态动词+be+n对“职业”“事物”的推测S主+情态动词+V原对经常性行为的推测S主+情态动词+be+V-ing对进行着的行为的推测S主+情态动词+have+PP对过去的行为的推测特别提醒：情态动词表推测时1、can只能用于否定句和疑问句2、must只能用于肯定句（它的否定句和疑问句其实就用can来代替了）3、如句中有情态动词+完成时，定是对过去的推测。4、句中如有表示不肯定的话语，如：Iamnotsure;Idon,tknow之类，常选may/might

36的各种形式2.记住下面几组表示反劝的特殊的表推测的形式1）.could+have+PP表示本来能做到，但事实上没有做到。Hecouldhavefinishedthetaskontime,buttheheavysnowcame.2）.couldn,t+have+PP表示本来不能做到，但已经做到了。Shecouldnothavecoveredthewholedistance,butinfactshearrivedaheadoftime.3）needn,t+have+pp表示本不必做的，但已经做到了。Sheneedn,thaveattendedthemeetingyesterday,butshedid.4））should/oughtto+have+PP表示该做而没有做Theplantisdead.Ishould/oughttohavegivenotmorewater.5）shouldn't/oughtn'tto+have+PP表示不该做而做了。Yououghtn*tto/shouldn*thavetakenherbikewithoutpermission.5.记住下面对比：must只能用于肯定句（它的否定句和疑问句其实就用can来代替了）1.must+have+PP表示对过去肯定的推测，译为“•定是，准是“Theroadiswet.Itmusthaverainedyesterday.2.can+have+PP表示对过去的推测（限于问句中）Canshehavesaidso?他可能这样说吗？3.can,t+have+PP表示对过去的否定推测Hecannothavesaidsuchafoolishthing.情态动词表推测的反意疑问句情态动词表推测的反意疑问句，简单来说，就是以情态动词后的时态为淮，如句子里有明确的时间状语，则以其为准。以must为例：eg.1.Youmustbehungrynow,aren*tyou?2.HemustbewatchingTV,isn1the?3.Tommusthavelivedherforalongtime,hasn,the?

372.Shemusthavearrivedyesterday,didn'tshe?注：如选择题中(以Shemusthavearrivedyesterday,didn'tshe?为例)既有didn'tshe又有hasn'tshe则以didn'tshe?为最佳答案。练习题：()1、Guesswhat!IhavegotAformytermpaper.—Great!Youreadwidelyandputalotofworkintoit.A.mustB.shouldC.musthaveD.shouldhave()2、-Whatdoyouthinkwecandoforouragedparents?-Youdoanythingexcepttobewiththemandbeyourself.A.don'thavetoB.oughtn，ttoC.mustn，tD.cant)3、Youknowheisnotgoingtoletusleaveearlyifwegettheworkdone.A.can*tB.maynotC.shouldn，tD.mustn*t)4、There，snolighton-theybeathome.A.can，tB.mustn，tC.needn，tD.shouldn，t)5、WhenIwasyoung,IwastoldthatplaywithmatchesA.wouldn*tB.needn*tC.mustn，tD.darentt()6、Johnpromisedhisdoctorhenotsmoke,andhehasneversmokedeversince.A.mightB.shouldC.couldD.would()7、ItisusuallywarminmyhometowninMarch,butitberathercoldsometimes.A.mustB.canC.shouldD.would()8、Youdon'thavetoknowthenameoftheauthortofindabook.Youfindthebookbythetitle.A.mustB.needC.canD.would小升初语法总结十五——状语从句状语就是在一句话中，表达该句的时间，地点，方式，原因，条件等的成分。那么状语从句就是用一个从句，表示状语。小升初考试需要掌握的状从:一般可分为九大类，分别表示时间、条件、结果、目的、让步、地点、原因、比较和方式。难点：

38a.掌握连词b.注意时态，特别是时间，条件状语从句中的主将从现，主从时态一致原则(1)时间状语从句连词：when,while,assoonas,not…until,before,after,since,etc.注意：主将从现，主从时态一致eg.：IwillvisitmygoodfriendwhenIhavetime.Someoneknockedatthedoorwhen/whileIwassleeping.Hedidn'tgotobeduntilhefinishedhishomework.(2)地点状语从句连词：where,wherever,anywhere,everywhere,nowhereYoucangoanywhereyoulike.(3)条件状语从句连词：if,unless除非，as/solongas只要，once一旦eg.:Ifitdoesn,traintomorrow,wewillgotherebybike.You'11failintheexamunlessyouworkharder.(4)结果状语从句：连词:sotaht,so+adj./adv.+that,such+n.+thateg.:Shewassoangrythatshecouldn，tspeak.Sheworkedhardsothateverythinggotreadyby6o'clock.(5)目的状语从句连词：sothat,inorderthateg.:Pleasespeakmoreslowlysothatwecanmakefullnotes.(6)让步状语从句连词：although,though,as,eventhough/if,whether…ornot,nomatter+疑问词/疑luJ词-ever(7)原因状语从句连词：because,since/nowthat,as语气的强弱：because最强，since次之，as最弱(8)比较状语从句连词：as…as,notas/so…as,,•,than(9)方式状语从句连词：as,asif/though好像练习题:1.TheplaceinterestedmemostwastheChildren，sPalace.A.WhichB.whereC.whatD.inwhich2.Thisisoneofthebestfilms.A.thathavebeenshownthisyearB.thathaveshown

39C.thathasbeenshownthisyearD.thatyoutalked1.Theyarrivedatafarmhouse,infrontofsatasmallboy.A.whomB.whoC.whichD.that2.Heisn'tsuchamanheusedtobe.A.whoB.whomC.thatD.as3.Idon'tlikeasyouread.A.thenovelsB.thesuchnovelsC.suchnovelsD.samenovels4.Youcandependonwhateverpromisehemakes.A./B.whyC.whenD.whose5.Smoking,isabadhabit,is,however,popular.A.thatB.whichC.itD.though6.—Didyouasktheguardhappened?Yes,hetoldmeallheknew.A.what;thatB.what;whatC.which;whichD.that;that小升初语法总结十六——主谓一致主谓一致指的是主语和谓语在人称和数的方面取得一致的问题。1.主语是he,she,it,either,neither,each,anything,something,everything,nothing,someone,everyone,anyone,nobody,noone,等代词时，谓语动词用单数。Someoneisaskingforyou.有人在找你。Everyoneishere.大家都来了。Eachoftheboyshasanapple.2.表示总称意义的名词people,cattle,police做主语时，谓语动词用完数。Cattlearefarmerrsfriends.Thepolicemanisstandingatthestreetcorner.Thepolicearesearchingforhim.3.主语是：时间，距离，价格等名词，即使是复数形式，渭语动词只用单数。Threeyearspassesquickly.Twometersisnotlongenough.4.主语是：clothes,glasses,trousers,shoes,socks,gloves等名词时，谓语动词用复数。Thetrousersarenotexpensive.Yoursocksareoverthere.

404.主语是：family,class,team,group等名词时，如果是作为整体，谓语动词用单数；如果作为其中一个个的成员，谓语动词用复数。Ourclassismadeupoftenstudents.Ourclassareworkingveryhard.5.主语是thenumberof+名词复数时，表示……的数目，谓语动词用单数。但是主语是anumberof+名词复数时，表示许多，谓语动词用复数。Thenumberofstudentsinourschoolislarge.AnumberofstudentsinourschoolarefromAmerica.6.and连接的两个成对的名词：forkandknife,breadandbutter,coffeeandwater等，表示单一的概念，故谓语动词用单数。Whereisyoueforkandknife?Breadandbutterisadailyfoodinthewest.7.and连接的两个名词若是指同一个人，谓语动词用单数。Theteacherandwriterismyuncle.Theteacherandthewriterarecomingtousnow.8.and连接的两个名词前分别有every,each,manya修饰时，谓语动词用单数。Everyboyandeverygirlenjoysthemselvesintheschool.Manyateacherandmanyastudenthasspokenatthemeeting.9.主语是：manya+名词单数；a+名词单数+ortwo,谓语动词用单数。ManyastudentisinterestedinEnglish.很多学生对英语感兴趣。Aworkerortwoisgoingtobesenttoworkabroad.一两个工人将被派往国外去工作。10.主语是：oneortwo+名词复数，谓语动词用复数。Oneortwospellingmistakeshavebeenfoundinyourcomposition.11.Oneandahalf+名词复数做主语，谓语动词用单数。Oneanndahalfbananasisleftonthetable.12.either…or…，neithernor***,notonly…butalso…等连接名词作主语时,谓语动词遵循就近原则。Neitheryounorheisright.13.主语是：介词with,togetherwith,except,besides,aswel1as,but等连接的两个名词时，谓语动词的形式应与介词前面的名词的数保持一致。

41Theteacherwithhisstudentsisdiscussingaquestion.老师和学生们在讨论问题。Nothingbutcarsissoldintheshop.练习题1.Thepolicesearchingforthethiefeverywhere.Thepolicemansearchingforthethiefeverywhere.A.was;wasB.hasbeen;hasbeenC.are;isD.have;is2.Everyboyandeverygirlanewbook.A.aregivenB.isgivenC.hasgivenD.havegiven3.Eachofusadictionaryofthiskind.Weeachadictionaryofthiskind.A.has;haveB.have;haveC.has;hasD.have;has4."Allpresentandal1goingonwell,“ourmonitorsaid.A.is;areB.are;areC.are;isD.is;is5.Theyounghappytogivetheirseatstotheold.A.isB.areC.hasD.have6.Oversixtypercentofthecitydestroyedinthewar.Thirty-fivepercentofthedoctorswomen.A.was;wasB.was;wereC.were;wereD.were;was7.Theshoesmine.Thispairofshoesmybrother's.A.are;isB.is;isC.are;areD.is;are8.Largequantitiesofcottonshippedallovertheworldalready.Alargequantityofbamboousedforpipestocarrywater.A.hasbeen;areB.hasbeen;isC.havebeen;isD.havebeen;are

42小升初语法总结十七——虚拟语气如果你看到下列的句子，你会认为它们是正确的还是错的呢？1.IwishIwereabird.2.Werequestthatyoubeheretomorrow.也许你会说:“哈哈，第一句的Iwere错了，应该是Iwas；而第二句中的yoube是什么东东呀？不是youare,也不是youwillbe,什么yoube?!”其实上面的句子都是一种称为Subjunctive类型的句子。SubjunctiveMood有的书译为"假设语气"，虽不很贴切；但在相当大的程度上，告诉我们这种句子的特点。SubjunctiveMood中文译作”虚拟语气〃，似乎不及〃假设语气〃那么容易明白。它是一种动词形式，表示说话人的某种假设、愿望、怀疑、猜测、建议等含义。基本上，虚拟语气可分为虚拟现在(SubjunctivePresent)和虚拟过去(SubjunctivePast)两种；但它们和时态(Tenses)上所指的现在时态(PresentTense)和过去时态(PastTense)是有所不同的。一、虚拟现在(SubjunctivePresent):虚拟现在的句子，在任何时候都要用动词的原形(rootform),就算是第三人称(he,she,it)也是如此。如：1.1现在时态(SimplePresent):(右边为虚拟语气)IworkIworkyouworkyouworkheworkshework(注意到了吗，是work,不是works)sheworksshework(不是sheworks喔)itworksitwork(同样不是itworks喔)weworkweworktheyworktheywork1.2现在进行时态(PresentContinuous)多右边为虚拟语气)IamworkingIbeworking(注意用的是be,怪怪的！)youareworkingyoubeworkingheisworkinghebeworkingsheisworkingshebeworkingitisworkingitbeworkingweareworkingwebeworkingtheyareworingtheybeworking1.3现在完成时态(PresentPerfect)之右边为虚拟语气)IhaveworkedIhaveworked

43hehasworkedhehaveworked（用的还是have喔）shehasworkedshehaveworkedithasworkedithaveworkedwehaveworkedwehaveworkedtheyhaveworkedtheyhaveworked1.4现在完成进行时态（PresentPerfectContinuous）.右边为虚拟语气）IhavebeenworkingIhavebeenworkingyouhavebeenworkingyouhavebeenworkinghehasbeenworkinghehavebeenworking（是hehave,不是hehas）shehasbeenworkingshehavebeenworkingithasbeenworkingithavebeenworkingwehavebeenworkingwehavebeenworkingtheyhavebeenworkingtheyhavebeenworking二、虚拟过去（SubjunctivePast）虚拟过去的动词无论在什么情况之下都要用过去复数形式。如：动词be,在虚拟过去中要用wereo2.1过去时态（SimplePast）之右边为虚拟语气）IworkedIworkedyouworkedyouworkedheworkedheworkedsheworkedsheworkeditworkeditworkedweworkedweworkedtheyworkedtheyworked2.2过去进行时态（PastContinuous）啰右边为虚拟语气）IwasworkingIwereworking（注意是Iwere）youwereworkingyouwereworkinghewasworkinghewereworking（是hewere喔）shewasworkingshewereworkingitwasworkingitwereworkingwewereworkingwewereworkingtheywereworkingtheywereworking2.3过去完成时态（PastPerfect）:（右边为虚拟语气）IhadworkedIhadworked

44youhadworkedyouhadworkedhehadworkedhehadworkedshehadworkedshehadworkedithadworkedithadworkedwehadworkedwehadworkedtheyhadworkedtheyhadworked(耶，全部都用had!)2.4过去完成进行时态(PastPerfectContinuous):(右边为虚拟语气)IhadbeenworkingIhadbeenworkingyouhadbeenworkingyouhadbeenworkinghehadbeenworkinghehadbeenworkingshehadbeenworkingshehadbeenworkingithadbeenworkingithadbeenworkingwehadbeenworkingwehadbeenworkingtheyhadbeenworkingtheyhadbeenworking练习题(1).IfIyou,Iwouldgobyplane.Flyingismuchfaster.A.beB.wasC.wereD.amspeak(2).IdonotthinkthosepeoplearereallyEnglish.Iftheywere,theywishFrenchaccents.C.mustn*tD.wouldn'tabletogettherebyTuesday?B.IfweleaveD.Werewetoleavewhatwouldyoudo?B.willnotcomeD.hadnotcomeA.don'tB.willnot(3).today,wouldwebeA.WereweleavingC.Wouldweleave(4).IfJonetomorrow,A.werenottocomeC.wouldnotcome(5).“Shedidn'taskme,soIdidn'thelpher?n“Youmeantosay,youwould'vehelpedher?”

45A.ifsheaskedyouB.ifsheweretoaskyouC.hadsheaskedyouD.wereshetoaskyou(6).Theytooktheinjuredstraighttothehospital.OtherwisesomeofthemA.mighthavediedB.mightdieC.woulddieD.coulddie(7).Iftheyhadknownhim,tohim?A.wouldtheyhavetalkedB.wouldtheytalkC.hadtheytalkedD.theywouldtalk(8).IfIlivedinthecity,Itravelincrowededbuses,butItoseelotsoffilms.A.shallhaveto/shal1beableB.shallhaveto/amableC.wouldhaveto/wereableD.wouldhaveto/wouldbeable小升初语法总结十八——虚拟语气(二)虚拟语气表示一种假设的情况，或一种主观的愿望，即动词所表示的动作或状态并非事实，或不可能实现。英语虚拟语气的形式有下列几种：一、与现在事实相反连接词条件从句结果从句if1.动词过去式（或were）2.助动词（过去式）病b词原形shouldwould闰)词原形couldmightIfhadthetime,JohnwouldmakeatriptoChinatoseetheGreatWall.IfIwereyou,Iwouldgiveupdrinkingimmediately.二.与将来事实相反连接词条件从句结果从句if1.should闰］词原形2.动词过去式3.wereto+动词原形shouldwould闰)词原形couldmightIfyoushouldlose,whatwou1dyoudo?

46IfIweretoseehertomorrow,Iwouldtellherthetruth.Ifyouwenttherenexttime,youwouldseewhatImean.三、与过去事实相反连接词条件从句结果从句ifhad+过去分词should照四四双+过去分词couldmightIfI*ddnownthatitwasgoingtorain,Iwouldneverhavegoneforawalkinthecountry.四、虚拟语气的几种特殊用法省掉if的条件从句结构：Hadyouaskedme,Iwouldhavetoldyou.(=Ifyouhadaskedme,••,)2.有时虚拟条件不用条件从句而用不定式、分词、介词、名词、连接词或定语从句来表示,如：Atruefriendwouldnotdosuchathing.(=Ifhewereatruefriend,he...)(=Iftherewerenowater,…)(=Ifyouhadn,thelpedme,…)3.有时条件从句中的动作和结果从句中的动作发生的时间不一致，如：Ifhehadfollowedthedoctor,sadvice,hewouldbequiteal1rightnow.IfIwereyou,Iwouldhavegonehome.五、虚拟语气的其他用法1、Suggest,advise等动词之后宾语从句须用虚拟语气，其句子结构如下：suggest,advise,recommend,demand,reqiiiie,insist、luge,request,ordei,+that...(should)+动词原形devide.ask、move,propose等注意：在此结构中that不可省略；should省不省均可。Hesuggestedthatthey(should)stopsmoking.上述动词的名词形式出现时，that引导的从句仍用虚拟语气。Hemadearequestthatthey(should)stopsmoking.如果that引导的从句所表达的内容是事实，也可用陈述语气。Heinsiststhatheisright.2、Itis(was)+necessary,apity等+that引导的从句须用虚拟语气,其句子结构如下:imperative,advisable,动词完成式Itis(was)+importantjiahiral,necessary,+tliat...(should)4-esseiitial.strange,等动词原形Itisimportantthatyou(should)followthedoctor'sorders.

47Itisrightthatyoushouldhavedoneyourhomework.3、wish的用法动词过去式或wetL与现在事实相反主语+wish(that)+主语+动词过去完成,一与过去事实相反助动词过去试+动词原形一与将来事实相反IwishIwereapopsinger.(=1amsorryIamnotapopsinger..)IwishIhadneverstoppedteaching.(=1amsorryIstoppedteaching.)Iwishthey*dletusgetsomesleep.注意：wish与hope接宾语从句的区别在于：hope表示一般可以实现的希望，宾语从句用陈述语气。wish表示很难或不大可能实现的希望，宾语从句用虚拟语气。试比较：(1)Wehopetheywillcome,(Wedon,tknowiftheycancome.)(2)Wewishtheycouldcome,(Weknowtheyarenotcoming.)4、asif,asthough,wou1d(had)rather(that)引导的从句须用虚拟语气,如：Heactsasifnothinghadhappened.Iwouldratheryoudidn'ttellhim.5、It's(high)timethat…+动词过去式或should+动词原形，如：It'stime(that)youhadahaircut.It'shightime(that)wetooksomeaction.小升初语法总结十九sometime(s)与sometime(s)的区别(1)sometimes是个频度副词，意为“有时候”，多用于一般现在时，对它进行提问常用howofteno如：SometimesIwatchTVwithmyparents.有时我和父母一起看电视。一Howoftendoyouwritetoyourfather?你多久给你父亲写一次信？—Sometimes.有时。Sometimeshecomesbybikeandsometimesbybus.他有时骑车来，有时乘公共汽车来。(2)sometime是一个副词，意为“在某一时候(过去或将来)”，表示的是任何时候或某一不确定的时间，对它提问用when。如Newstudentswillcometoschoolsometimenextweek.下周某个时候新同学就要到校上学了。一Whencanyoufinishthework?你何时能完成这项工作。一Sometimenextmonth.下个月某个时候。YoucanhandinyourhomeworksometimebeforeFriday.你可以在周五前某个时候交作业。(3)sometime是名词短语，意为“一段时间”，time是不可数名词，对它提问用howlong。如：ShewillstayinBeijingforsometime.她将在北京呆一段时间。-HowlongcanIbeaway?我能离开多久？

48一Sometime.一段时间。I*11beawayforsometime.我将离开一段时间。(1)sometimes也是一个名词短语，意为“几次(倍)”.time在这里用作可数名词，意思是“次数”。对它提问用howmanytimeso如：一HowmanytimesdoyouwatchTVeveryweek?你每周看几次电视？一Sometimes.好几次。sometimes的意思是“几次”。例如：IhavebeentotheGreatWallsometimes.我去过长城几次。有一个口诀可以帮助记忆：分开“一段时间”，相聚“某个时候”；S连住是“有时”，分开“几次”、“几倍”行。解释：some和time分开写时表示“一段时间”，连着写时表示“某个时候”；有S连着写时表示“有时”，分开写表示“几次”、“几倍”的意思。练习题用sometime,sometimes,sometime与sometimes填空(1),IspentsometimereadingaEnglishlecturer*snovelwrittenin1996.(2)Doyouhavenow?Iwanttotalktoyou.(3)Thenewmanagerwasveryhot-tempered.(4)Heismyboss.(5)Aftertheexplosionitwasbeforethetownresumeditseverydayroutines.（6）Imethiminthestreetlastmontho（7）Theplaywillbeputonnextweek.（8）Goodstudentasheis,hemakesmistakes.小升初语法总结二十一被动语态动词的语态主耍分为两种：主动语态与被动语态主动语态指主语是谓语功作的执行者。被动语态指主语是谓语动作的承受者。

49Ihavedonethejob.（主动句）Thejobhasbeendone.（被动句）1.被动语态根据时态的不同，可分为以下几种类型：一般现在时：am/is/are+done;,般过去时：was/were+done现在进行时：am/is/are+beingdone过去进行时：was/were+beingdone将来时：will/would+bedone,begoingtobedone,betobedone现在完成时：have/has+beendone过去完成时：had+beendone将来完成时：will+havebeendone2.被动语态和主功语态一样具有不同时态，其时态的变化取决于时间状语，其时态的变化形式由其助动词be的事态变化形式来体现Thehouseisbeingpaintednow.（现在进行时被动语态）Tomhasbeensaidtohimaboutit.（现在完成时被动语态）Thefurniturewasboughtlastweek..（过去时被动语态）You*11bepunishedoneday.（将来时被动语态）3.被动语态的意义（1）不知道或没必要指出行为、动作的执行者ColourTVsetsaresoldinthatshop.Footbal1isplatedallovertheworld.（2）突出和强调行为或动作的承受着。

50Historyismadebythepeople.Thewoundedsoldiershavebeensavedbythosepeople.（3）有时主语较长，可后置。It'ssaidthatwehavewonthegame.1.在实义动词make及感官动词see,hear….等动词的被动语态形式后面出现的作主语补足语的不定式须加不定式符号“to”?TheteachermadeTomansweritagain.（主动语态，不加"to"）Tomwasmadetoansweritagain.（被动语态，加"to"）2.短语动词的被动语态要注意不可丢失其附加的介词、副词或短语。lookat,laughat,sendfor,callon,carryout,listento»takecareof,makeuseof,dependon,payattentionto,handin,puton,lookup,giveup）等.3.be+过去分词可以是被动语态形式，也可以是系表结构形式。区别是，系表结构表示主语状态或特征，不带by短语；而被动语态是表示主语的一个被动动作，可以带by短语。Thejobwaswelldone.（系表结构）Thejobwaswe11donebyaskilledworker.（被动语态）Thecompositioniswellwritten.（系表结构）Thecompositioniswrittenwithgreatcare;.（被动语态）4.原来主动语态中的宾语如果是从句，变为被动语态时，要用形式主语it.Ithasbeenknowntohimthatmanyfriendswillcometoseehim.Itissaidthatthisbookhasbeentranslatedintoseverallanguages.5.有一些动词不能用被动语态。breakout,takeplace,happen,belongto,cost,suit,fit,have,let,wear,weigh,suffer,pass,killthetime,enter,last,meet（遇见），join（参加），fail等

511.宾语为反身代词时，不用被动语态，只用主动语态形式。ThemanintroducedhimselfasMr.Wang.2.有些动词或情态动词常用所接的不定式来表示被动意义。如：happen,pretend,seem,usedto,oughtto,appear等。Thehouseusedtobepaintedwhite.Thejobhastobedonebeforedark.Onthewaywehappenedtobecaughtintherain.3.有些动名词在want,need,require和介词worth后形式为主动，意义为被动。4.有些动词用主动形式来表示被动意义。如：clean,sell,look,lock,open,write,read,wash,feel等。Thiskindofclothwasheseasily.Thesebookssellwell.（好卖）Thedoordoesn，tlock.Thedoorcan*topen.Thispenwritesverywell.5.除助动词be可以构成被动语态外，get,become等词也可以+过去分词构成被动意义。Shewasunhappybecauseshedidn'tgetinvitedtotheparty.练习题：1.—Lizzy,youonthephone.一Ifmcoming.Thanks.A.wantB.arewantingC.arewantedD.havewanted2.一What'swrongwiththatboy?—Hebyacaryesterday.A.ishitB.hit

52C.washitD.hits3.Oh,themilkstrange-doyouthinkit'sOKtodrink?A.istastedB.istastingC.tastesD.tasted4.Thesebooksshouldtothe1ibraryontime.A.sendB.bereturnedC.givebackD.begotback5.Couldyoutellmewhichbestamongthebooksonsale?A.issoldB.sellsC.arewrittenD.writes6.MostinternationalbusinesslettersinEnglish.A.iswrittenB.arewrittenC.iswritingD.arewriting7.—Haveyoufoundtheruleryet?——Yes,itinmybagtwodaysago.A.hasfoundB.foundC.hasbeenfoundD.wasfound8.MyEnglishbook.Ican'tlendittoyou.A.hasbeenlostB.waslostChaslostD.lost9.Thebagofriceuntilitwastoolate.A.didn,tseeB.didn,tseenCisn'tseenD.wasn'tseen10.—WhereisJim,stelephonenumber?—Itontheblackboardalready.A.writesB.wroteC.iswrittenD.hasbeenwritten小升初语法总结二十二——介词（表时间）介词preposition缩写prep.,又叫前置词，表示其后的名词或代词（或是相当于名词的其他短语或从句）与其他句子成分的关系。介词是一种虚词，不能单独在句中作成分。表示时间的（at、on、in、at、before,after、by、until、through、from、since、within）（Dat:用于表示时刻，时间的某一点。atnoon在午时atnight在夜间atpresent目前（2）on:用于星期，某天，某一天的上午、下午、晚1:（指具体的某一天时，一律用）onsunday在星期天onsundaymorning在星期天的上午

53onmarch8在3月8日（3）in:用于表示周、月、季节、年、泛指上午、下午、晚上。in1999在1999年innovember在11月份insummer在夏季intheafternoon在下午过……后（未来时间）Ithinkhewillbebackinanhour.我想他一小时后就会回来。Iheardthatshewouldbebackinamonth.我听说她一个月后回来的。（4）before：在之前Weihuagotupbefore7o'clockthismorning.今天早晨，魏华在7点之前起床了。（5）after：在之后Afterthat,nonoeshouldeverkillaseagull.从那时起，任何人不得捕杀海鸥。（6）by：在……前（时间），截止（到）……BythetimeIarrived,shehadalreadygone.在我到达之前，她已经走了。（7）for：达……之久（表示过了多少时间），可以和一般现在时，过去时，将来时连用，但是经常和完成时连用。Florenceoftenworkedfortwenty-fourhourswithoutrest.弗洛沦斯常常工作24小时而不休息。(8)during：在期间Duringthelifetimeofoneman,northamericaandeuropewillmorefurtherapartbynearlytwometres.在一个人的一生期间，北美洲和欧洲由于漂移，其间的距离将要增加差不多两米。(9)through：一直……(从开始到结束)He,wholedtheunitedstatesthroughtheseyears,wasshotonapri114,1865,atatheaterinWashington领导美国度过了这些年代的他，于1865年4月14日在美国华盛顿一家戏院里被人枪杀。(10)from：从起(时间)Thewordersweremadetoworkfrom7inthemorningto7intheevening.工人们被迫从早7点工作到晚7点。(11)since：自从……以来(表示从以前某时一直到现在仍在继续)Sincethattime,myeyeshadneverbeenverygood.从那时起，我的眼睛一直不是很好。(12)within:不超过的范围Hewillarrivewithinanhour.他一小时内就人到。练习题一、用at,in,on填空1TheyhaveaPElessonMonday.

541Classesbegin8：00.2Wehavefourlessonsthemorning.3IwatchTVplayFridayevening.4Mysisterplaybasketballhalfpastfourtheafternoon.5Myparentsgetupsixthirtyeverymorning.6Wehavelunchnoon.7Hisbrothergetslotsofpresentshisbirthday.8Flowerscomeoutspring.9Sheisafraidofgoingoutnight.二、填空1.Theplaybeginsat6:40pm.Sowehavetobeatthetheatre6:30pmatthelatest.A.afterB.aroundC.untilD.by2.ItmustbethreehourssinceIstartedworking.AoverBpastCmoreDby3.Iamsotiredthreehours，working.AbeforeBafterCfromDfor4.It*shalftwo.AatBbeforeCinDpast5.Iknowthetime.It'stenfour.(3:50)ApastBafterCtoDby小升初语法总结二十三——介词（表地点）表示地点（at、in、on、under>over、above、below、near>by、between、among>around>around、infrontof、behind、in、into、outof、along、across、,through、to、for、from）（l）at:在某地点（表示比较狭窄的场所）atschool上学athome在家at320xinfudistrict在新抚区320号atthestation在火车站（2）in:在某地（表示比较宽敞的场所）shewillarriveinshanghaiatten.10点她将到达上海。（3）表示地点方向的on,under,over,above,below①on:在……上面，有接触面onthetable在桌子上面②above:在上方sometimesjulianacouldhearplanesabovethetrees.有时朱莉安娜能听到树林上空的飞机声。③over:在正上方，是under的反义词

55overthesetombs,theybuiltpyramids.在这些坟墓上，他们建起了金字塔。©under：在下面，在之内thetwinsistersputthebasketunderthetree.这姐俩把篮子放到了树下。⑤below：在下方，（不一定是正下方）threethousandmetresbelowher,shecouldseenothingexceptthethickjungle.3000米以下，除了茂密的从林之外，她什么也看不见。（4）near,by①near:近的，不远的（=notfar）是的反义词，near还可以指时间，inthenearfuture在不远的将来。green*slakewasasmalllakenearhishome.格林湖是他家附近的一■个小湖。②by:在……旁边，比的距离要近julianawalkedbythesideoftheriverforsixmorelongdays.朱莉安娜沿着河岸又走了足足6天。（5）between,among,around①between:在两者之间thedifferencesbetweenamericanenglishandbritishenglisharenotverygreat.美国英语和英国英语之间的差别不是很大。②among:在三者或者更多的之中therearesomeamericanstudentsamongus.在我们中间有几个美国学校。③around:环绕，在…..的周围，在的四周theyarrivedatavalleywithhighmountainsallaroundit.他们到达了四周有高山环绕的山谷(6)infrontof,behind①infrontof:在的前面thereisacarinfrontofthehouse.房子前面有,辆小汽车。②behind:在…..后边arethereanycowsbehindthehouse?房子后面有一些牛吗?(7)in,into,outof①in:在…..之内，用于表示静止的位置therearefourgirlsintheroom.房间里有4个女孩。②into:进入，用于表示有特定终点的运动方向，通常用于表示动作的动作之后。如：come,go,walk,jump,run..shetookmefromthehallintomyclassroom.她把我从门厅带进我的教室里边去。(8)along,across,through①along:沿着

56goalongzhongshanroadandturnrightatthesecondcrossing.沿着中山路走然后在第二个十这路口向右拐。②across:横过(平面物体)veryslowly,thecontinentsaremovingacrossthefaceoftheworld.各个洲在地球表面缓缓漂移。③through:贯通，通过thestudentswalkedthroughthegatewithunclewang.学生们随着王叔叔通过大门。(9)to,for,from①到达……地点(Fl的地)或方向where*sjack?hehasgonetolondon.杰克上哪了？他去伦敦了。②for：表示目的，为了doyouknowwhathecomesherefor?你知道他为什么来这儿吗？③from：从……地点起howfarisitfromlondontonewyork?从伦敦到纽约有多远？练习题()1TheyaregettingreadyflyEnglandtheirholiday.A.for;to;toB.to;to;forC.for;for;toD.to;to;to()2Whatdidyouhavebreakfast?A.atB.asC.forD.about()3Theywereinvitedtoanimportantballthefirsttimetheirlives.A.for;inB.at;inC.on;forD.in;with()4Tomalwayscomeslateschool.A.at.B.insideC.toD.for()5MrSmithcaughtholdBobandsaid,“Thisisagoodlessonyou.A.of;forB.for;ofC.of;ofD.for;for()6Theshopclothesistherightsidethestreet.A.of;at;besideB.for;on;atC.for;on;ofD.of;in;of()7HismotheroftenhelpshimEnglishsohedoesbetterEnglishthanothers.A.with;inB.on;inC.in;withD.with;at()8HedroveawaythedirectionofLondon.A.inB.atC.toD.for小升初语法总结二十四——介词(手段、材料)表示手段和材料的介词用(1)with①和……在一起Theseplateskeepmoving,likegreatships,carryingthecontinentswiththem.这些板块载着各个

57大陆，像航船一样不断地漂移。②具有，带有Apersonwithgoodmannersisalwayskindandpolite.有礼貌的人总是和和气气，彬彬有礼的。③用某种工具或方法Hecouldswimwithsomespecialswimmingshoes.穿着•些特制的游泳鞋，他能游泳。(1)in:表示用什么材料(例如：墨水，铅笔等)或用什么语言。表示衣着，声调特点时，不用with而用inoWhat'sthisinenglish.这个用英语怎么说？(2)by:通过……方法，手段Whatdoyoumeanbytheword*island*?”island"是什么意思Iprefertravelingbytrain.我更喜欢乘火车旅行。表示其他(1)of,from①of属于……的，表示…..的数量或种类Itwasbeginningoftheterm.这是学期开始的时候。②from:来自(某地，某人)，以….起始SheisaladyfromCanada.她是一■位加拿大的女士。(2)without,like,as①without:没有，是with的反义词Sheoftenworkedfortwenty-fourwithoutrest.她通常工作24小时而不休息。②like:像一样Likemanychildrenofherage,DingFangisayoungpioneer.像很多同龄的孩子一样同，丁芳是个少先队员。③as:作为Theyarecarryingusaspassengers.它们把我们当作乘客运载着。(3)against:反对。靠着Everyonetriedtofightagainstthelocusts.所有的人奋力扑打蝗虫。(3)about:①关于，各处，四周Nightingalewroteabookaboutnursing.南丁格尔写了一部关于护理方面的书。②询问某人，某物的情况或提出建议Whataboutyourfamily?你家里人怎么样？

58练习题()1themoney,sheboughtanewcoatherfather.A.With;forB.With;toC.For;withD.To;with()2WeiHuagetsonwellherclassmates.A.withB.inC.toD.at()3-Hissuddendeathsurprisedhiswife.-Itwassobad.Hiswifewassurprisedhisdeath.B.byB.withC.atD.on()4Don'tlaughhim,heonlymadeasmallmistake.A.atB.toC.aboutD.over()5Theboycriedoutthetopofhisvoice.A.atB.inC.onD.to()6Thebeautifulbottlewasmadeglass.C.fromB.inC.ofD.by()7Thedoctorworkedfivehoursarest.A.for;withB.on;withoutC.about;havingD.for;without()81workedontheproblemalongtimeandIworkeditoutmyselflast.A.for;by;atB.in;with;onC.on;by;inD.for;for;atthe小升初语法总结二十五——时间状语从句所谓状语从句顾名思义就是用作状语的从句。引导状语从句的关联词是某些从属连词。（从属连词：用于引导从句以形成句子的一部分或修饰句子的构成要素的叫作从属连词.由从属连词所引导的句子叫从句，而含有从句的句子叫作复合句.）在这里我们再一次强调一下状语从句的难点：a.掌握连词b.注意时态，特别是时间，条件状语从句中的主将从现，主从时态一致原则（主将从现：时间和条件状语从句中，表示将来的时候，主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时。）首先，要复习的句型为时间状语从句时间状语从句表时间，其关联词有（as,after,before,once,since,till,until,when,whenever,while,aslongas,assoonas,bythetime,now（that）等）一、when,while和as的区别when引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词，又可以是瞬时动词。when有时表示“就在那时"，when=andthen;atthatmoment（正在那个时候）；还可以表示从句动词的动作在主句动词的动作“之前“或“之后”发生。有很多情况已经约定俗成,可以当成句型来记忆。例如：

59begoingtodo....when...did...beabouttodo....when....did...beonthepointofdoing...when...did...bestartingtodo....when...did...bedoing....when...did...hadjustdone....when....did...hadhardlydone....when....did....hadscarcelydone....when....did...hadnosoonerdone...when...did...Whenshecamein,Istoppedeating.（瞬时动词）WhenI1ivedinthecountryside,Iusedtocarrysomewaterforhim.（延续性的动词）Wewereabouttoleavewhenhecamein.WhenIhadreadthearticle,hecalledme.（从句动作发生在主句之前，注意时态表达，只能用when）WhenIgottothecinema,thefilmhadbegun.（从句的动作发生在主句之后，只能用when,并要注意时态）Hewasabouttoleave,whenthetelephonerang.（此时不能放在句首。主句动词一般表达"正在"“即将”.atthemoment/andthen）许多同学只知道when表示“当……的时候”,其实还可以是“尽管”、“虽然”、“既然”、“本该・..却・・・"（对比）、“如果”、"考虑到''的意思。又虽然Hewalkswhenhemighttakeataxi.尽管他nJ以坐出租车，但他却走路。Hestoppedtryingwhenhemighthavesucceedednexttime.尽管他本来下次就可以成功的了，但他却停止努力了。Theboywasrestlesswhenheshouldhavelistenedtotheteachercarefully.这男孩子本来应该专心听老师讲的，但他却坐立不安。这男孩子本来应该专心听老师讲的，但他却坐立不安。While引导的从句的谓语动作必须是延续性的，用于时间较长时；并强调主句和从句的动作同时发生（或者相对比译为'而'）。例如：Whilemywifewasreadingthenewspaper,IwaswatchingTV.（wasreading是延续性的动词，wasreading和waswatching同时发生）Ilikeplayingfootballwhileyoulikeplayingbasketball.（对比）Wouldbuymesomestampswhileyouareinthepostoffice?Whilelockedupinprison,shewroteherfirstnovel.WhileMarywaswritingaletter,thechildrenwereplayingoutside.As表示“一边……一边”，as引导的动作是延续性的动作？不能是状态动词，一般用于强调主句和从句动作同时发生；as也可以强调“一先一后”、表示对比时，用于发生时间较短时例如：Wealwayssingaswewalk,（as表示“一1边■边”）Aswewasgoingout,itbegantosnow.（as

60强调句中两个动作紧接着先后发生，而不强调开始下雪的特定时间）有时这三个连词可以互换，有时不可以。Itwasraininghardwhen（as）Igotthere.（动作同时发生，when可换为as,但不能换为while,因为get是点动词.）MotherwasworriedbecauselittleAlicewasill,especiallyas（when/while）fatherwasaway.（此时as,when,while可通用）while,as不能代替Whilethealienwasbuyingasouvenir,thegirlcalledthepolice.（表示主句，从句的动作同时发生）ShethoughtIwastalkingaboutherdaughter,while,infact,Iwastalkingaboutmydaughter.（表转折，对比，when,as都不能代替它）二、由before和after引导的时间状语从句。注意before引导的从句不再用否定式的谓语，主句用将来时，从句总是用现在时；如果before引导的从句谓语用的是过去时，则主句动词多用过去完成时或者一般过去时，根据情况可翻译成“・・・才・・・.”，“・・・・就・・・.”，“・・・・还没・・・.”，“・・・趁着・・・.”“然后・・・."等。After表示主句动作发生在从句动作之后。主句和从句的动作的时间关系正好与before引导的从句相反。例如：Itwillbefourdaysbeforetheycomeback.（・・•才.・・・）Itwasn'tlongbeforetheygotarrestedbythepolicemen.（就）Einsteinalmostknockedmedownbeforehesawme.（才）MyfatherhadleftforCanadajustbeforetheletterarrived.（才）Theyhadnotbeenmarriedfourmonthsbeforetheyweredivorced.（就）Thinkbeforeyouleap.（然后）HehadgoneoutofthedoorbeforeIcouldsayasinglewordofit.（还没）Doitbeforeitgetsworse.（趁着）Eatitbeforethefoodgetscold.（趁着）Don'tletmeknowwhatyoudecidebeforeyouthinkitover.Afteryouthinkitover,pleaseletmeknowwhatyoudecide.Afterwehadfinishedthework,wewenthome.（从句用过去完成时，主句用一般过去时）三、由till或until引导的时间状语从句。till和until一般情况下两者可以互换，但是在强调句型中多用until。并且要注意的是:如果主句中的谓语动词是瞬时动词时，必须用否定形式;如果主句中的谓语动词是延续性动词时,用肯定或否定形式都可以，但表达的意思不同。例如：Ididn'tgotobeduntil（till）myfathercameback.ItwasnotuntilthemeetingwasoverthathebegantoteachmeEnglish.Iworkeduntilhecameback.我工作到他回来为止。动作结束的时间Ididn'tworkuntilhecameback.他回来我这才开始工作。动作开始的时间PleasewaituntilIarrived.四、由since/before引导的时间状语从句。

61一般情况下，从句谓语动词用一般过去时，而主句的谓语动词用现在完成时。但在Itis+时间+since从句的句型中，主句多用一般现在时。例如：IhavebeeninBeijingsinceyouleft.ItisfouryearssincemysisterlivedinBeijing.（动词延续,译为否定句）ItwasalongtimebeforeIwenttosleepagain.Itwasanhourbefore（=until）thepolicearrived.ShehadknownsomethingaboutitlongbeforeItoldher.Doitbeforeyouforgetit.Itwasn1tlongbeforetheygotmarried.五、由assoonas,immediately,directly,instantly,themoment,thesecond,theinstant,theminute,thewhile等引导的时间状语从句。这些连词都表示”就“。例如：IwillgotheredirectlyIhavefinishedmybreakfast.ThemomentIheardthenews,Ihastenedtothespot.【注意】hardly(scarcely,rarely)••,when/before,nosooner**ethan相当于assoonas之意。主句用过去完成时，从句用•般过去时。当hardly,scarcely,rarely和nosooner位于句首时，主句应用倒装语序。例如：Hehadnosoonerarrivedhomethanhewasaskedtostartonanotherjourney.Nosoonerhadthesunshownitselfabovethehorizonthanhegotoutofbedtocommencework.六、由bythetime引导的时间状语从句。在一般情况下，如果从句的谓语动词用一般过去时，主句的谓语动词用过去完成时；如果主句的谓语动词用一般现在时，主句的谓语动词用将来完成时或将来进行时。例如：Bythetimeyoucameback,Ihadfinishedthisbook.Bythetimeyoucomeheretomorrow,Iwillhavefinishedthiswork.Bythetimeyoucomebacktomorrow,Iwillbehavinglessonsinclass.Bythetimeyouarrivedhome,Iwillbestudyinginthisuniversity.七、由eachtime\everytime

62exttime/lasttime/everytime/thefirsttime,和whenever/nomatterwhen引导的时间状语从句。例如：EachtimehecametoHarbin,hewouldcallonme.Wheneverthatmansays“Totellthetruth”,Isuspectthathe'sabouttotellalie.Nomatterwhenshesays'totellthetruth1,Isuspectthathe'sabouttotellalie.八、由aslongas和solongas引导的时间状语从句.这两个连词表示“有多久……就多久”或者“只要”.如Youcangowhereyoulikeaslongasyougetbackbeforedark.Iwillfightagainsttheseconditionsaslongasthereisabreathinmybody!Youcanstayaslongas10days.练习题：

63一、填入适当的引导词1.Ihaven'theardfromhimhewenttoAmerica.2.Hewon*tbehereheisinvited.3.Hewillnotgotothecinemaheisverybusy.4.Wefoundthekeysheladleftit.5.Wefoundthebookstwodayshehadgoneaway.6.Wehadnosoonergottothestationthetrainleft.7.HespeaksEnglishhewereanEnglishman.8.Heisexplainingclearlytheycouldunderstand.9.Donotleavetheroomyouhavefinishedthetest.10.Shesangshewentalong.二、单选题1.Hewasabouttotellmethesecretsomeonepattedhimontheshoulder.A.asB.untilC.whenD.while2.Thefirewentonforquitesometimeitwasbroughtundercontrol.A.whenB.sinceC.afterD.before3.Wewillworkweareneeded.A.wheneverB.becauseC.sinceD.wherever4.Readitaloudtheclasscanhearyou.A.sothatB.ifC.whenD.although5.yougo,don'tforgetyourpeople.A.WheneverB.HoweverC.WhereverD.Whichever6.ItisabouttenyearsImetyoulast.A.sinceB.forC.whenD.as小升初语法总结二十六——地点状语从句地点状语从句表地点，其关联词有where,wherever,anywhere,everywhere等。常用引导词：where特殊弓I导词：wherever,anywhere,everywhereGenerally,airwillbeheavilypollutedwheretherearefactories.Wherever/nomatterwhereyougo,youshouldworkhard.EverywhereJennygoesshe*smistakenforhersisterYoucan,tcampwhere[wherever,anywhere]youlikethesedays.句型1：Where+地点从句，(there)+主句。“哪里……哪里就……”；主句在从句后面时，there可用可不用；如果主句在从句的前面时，一般都不用there。例如：Wherethereisnorain,farmingisdifficultorimpossible.

64Theyweregoodpersons.Wheretheywent,theretheywerewarmlywelcomed.Youshouldhaveputthebookwhereyoufoundit.WheretheCommunistPartyofChinagoes,therethepeopleareliberated.Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.Bamboogrowswhereitishotandwet.Wherethereislife,thereishope.句型2：Anywhere/wherever+地点从句，+主句。anywhere是副词，但相当于连词常可以引导从句，相似于wherever,anywhere引导的从句，位于主句之前/之后。Wherevertheseais,youwillfindseamen.Whereveryougo,Igotoo.(wherever=nomatterwhere)Whereverthereissmoke,thereisfire.Whileshewaswonderingwheretogo,shemetapoliceman.Itwillbeamixedschoolwherenotallthechildrenaredisabled.练习题1Whenyoureadthebook,you'dbettermakeamarkyouhaveanyquestions.A.atwhichB.atwhereC.theplacewhereD.where2Afterthewar,anewschoolbuildingwasputuptherehadoncebeenatheatre.A.thatB.whereC.whichD.when3Youshouldmakeitaruletoleavethingsyoucanfindthemagain.A.WhenB.WhereC.thenD.there4Shefoundhercalculatorshelostit.A.WhereB.WhenC.inwhichD.that5.—Mom,whatdidthedoctorsay?—Headvisedmetolivetheairisfresher.A.inwhereB.inwhichC.theplacewhereD.where6.Inpeace,too,theRedCrossisexpectedtosendhelpthereishumansuffering.A.whoeverB.howeverC.whateverD.wherever7.Ifyouaretravelingthecustomsarereallyforeigntoyourown,pleasedoastheRomansdo.A.inwhichB.whatC.whenD.where8.Youngpeopleshouldgotheyaremostneeded,Ithink.Youngpeopleshouldgototheplacetheyaremostneeded,Ithink.AwhereBtowhereCtowhichDwhich

65小升初语法总结二十七——原因状语从句原因状语从句表原因或理由，其关联词彳/because,as,since等。如：Lannywasworriedbecausehehadn，thadanyletterfromKurtWewereupearlythenextmorning,aswewantedtobeinOxfordbytheafternoon.Sincewe'venomoney,wecan*tbuyit.because,as,since均表“因为”、“由于"。because语气最强，用以回答why,可表已知或未知的事实。它可与强调词。nly,just以及否定词not连用。because引导的原因状语从句一般放于主句之后，because表示直接原因，语气最强，最适合回答why引导的疑问句。例如：IdoitbecauseIlikeit.我做这件事是因为我喜欢。注意："not...because”结构中的not否定的是because引导的整个从句,例如：Thecountryisnotstrongbecauseitislarge.国强不在大。since引导的原因状语从句一般放于主句之前表示已知的、显然的理由(通常被翻译成“既然")，较为正式，语气比because弱。例如：Sinceyouarefreetoday,youhadbetterhelpmewithmymathematics.既然今天你休息，你最好帮我补习数学。注意：seeing(that),now(that),considering(that),inthat这几个词汇与since引导的原因状语从句意思相近，都表示“既然”。例如：Seeing(that)herefusedtohelpus,there*snoreasonthatweshouldnowhelphim.他既然曾经拒绝帮助我们，我们现在没有理由要来帮助他。as引导原因状语从句时表示附带说明的“双方已知的原因”，语气比since弱，较为正式，位置较为灵活(常放于主句之前)。例如：Asitisraining,you*dbettertakeataxi.既然在下雨，你最好乘出租汽车。除此以外有些表原因的短语亦可以引导原因状语从句。如：nowthat,for,incase,inthat等。练习题1.一I'mgoingtothepostoffice._you'rethere,canyougetmesomestamps?A.AsB.WhileC.BecauseD.If2.Someonecalledmeupinthemiddleofthenight,buttheyhungupIcouldanswerthephone.A.asB.sinceC.untilD.before3.AwarningnewsreportfromQatarannouncesthatagroupofIslamwillcontinuetokillAmericanswherevertheyaretheyleavetheArabworldforever.A.eventhoughB.incase

66C.wheneverD.until1.Itwillbefiveyearswemeetagain.A.sinceB.untilC.beforeD.when2.I’11letyouknowhecomesback.A.beforeB.becauseC.assoonasD.although3.Shewillsingasongsheisasked.A.ifB.unlessC.forD.since4.Wewillworkweareneeded.A.wheneverB.becauseC.sinceD.wherever5.Readitaloudtheclasscanhearyou.A.sothatB.ifC.whenD.although小升初语法总结二十八——结果状语从句结果状语从句表结果其关联词有that,so(that),withtheresultthat等。结果状语从句皆置于主句之后。(1)结果状语从句由so…that,such-that,sothat引导。例如：Heissopoorthathecan'tbuyabikeforhisson.Sheissuchagoodteacherthateverybodylikesher.Mypencilfellunderthedesk,sothatIcouldn*tseeit.(2)so-that语such...that可以互换。例如：在由so...that引导的结果状语从句中，so是副词，与形容词连用。其结构是：”...so+形容词(副词)+that+从句〃。例如：Hewassogladthathecouldn11sayaword.Thehallissobigthatitcanhold2,000people.Motherlivessofarawaythatwehardlyeverseeher.在由such…that引导的结果状语从句中，such是形容词，它修饰的可以是单数或身数可数名词，也可以是不可数名词；名词前面可以带形容词，也可不带。如果是单数可数名词，前面需加不定冠词a或an。例如：Itwassuchahotdaythatnobodywantedtodoanything.Hehadsuchlongarmsthathecouldalmosttouchtheceiling.Hemadesuchrapidprogressthathedidverywellinthemid-term.有时上述两种结构是可以互换的。例如：Itwassuchawonderfulfilmthatallofuswantedtoseeitagain.=Thefilmwassowonderfulthatallofuswantedtoseeitagain.Itissuchanimportantmatchthatnobodywantstomissit.

67=Thematchissoimportantthatnobodywantstomissit.(3)如果名词前由many,much,little,few等词修饰时，只能用so,不用such。例如：Soonthereweresomanydeerthattheyateupallthewildroses.Hehassolittletimethathecan,tgotothecinemawithyou.状语从句练习题：1.Hard-workingthoughhewas,therewasneverenoughmoneytopaythebills.A./B.andC.butD.therefore2.Muchhardhetried,heflailedtocatchupwiththefirstrunner.A.althoughB.asC.whileD.when3.IgotintouchwithCharlesIreceivedhisletter.A.whenimmediatelyB.soonC.immediatelyD.suddenly4.Wewerejustcallingyouupyoucamein.A.about;whenB.onthepointof;whileC.onthepointof;whenD.onthepointof;as5.Mostofhisgreatnovelsandplayswerenotpublishedorknowntothepublichistragic（悲剧）deathin1786.A.evenbeforeB.eversinceC.untilafterD.untilbefore6.Mr.SaddamHusseinhadtogowiththeAmericansoldiers,.A.nomatterhe1ikesornotB.nomatterheshouldlikeitornotC.nomatterwhetherhelikesornotD.nomatterhemaylikeitornot7.,Ihavetoputitawayandfocus（集中）myattentiononstudythisweek.A.HoweverthestoryisamusingB.NomatteramusingthestoryisC.HoweveramusingthestoryisD.Nomatterhowthestoryisamusing8.Mostanimalshavelittleconnectionwithanimalsofadifferentkind,theyhuntthemforfood.A.ifB.whileC.unlessD.as小升初语法总结二十九——目的状语从句目的状语从句：从句部分是用以补充说明主句中谓语动词发生的目的的。表示目的状语的从句可以由that,sothat,inorderthat,lest,forfearthat,incase等词引导：

68目的状语从句的谓语常含有may,might,can,could,should,would等情态动词。例如：Youmustspeakloudersothat/inorderthatyoucanbeheardbyall.Hewrotethenamedownforfearthat（lest）heshouldforgetit.Bettertakemoreclothesincasetheweatheriscold.引导目的状语从句常用的连词有：that（以便），sothat（以便），inorderthat（为了；以便），Lest（免得；唯恐），forfearthat（生怕；以免）。【例如】Sayitlouder（so）thateveryonecanhearyou.大声说，以便大家都能听到你。Iamtellingyouthatlestyoushouldmakeamistake.我告诉你这一点，以免你搞错。学习目的状语从句应注意以下两点：(1)目的状语从句中常含有can,could,may,might,should等情态动词。【例】IgotupearlysothatIcouldcatchthefirstbus.我起得很早，目的是为了赶上头班公共汽车。(2)在口语中s。可以引导目的状语从句。【例】We'11sitnearerthefrontsowecanhearbetter.我们坐的靠前一点，因此，我们听得清楚一点。【注意】inorderthat与inorderto的区别：inorderthat+从句inorderto+动词原形(inorderto后面加的那个不叫目的状语从句，叫目的状语)FI的状语从句的一个特点：由于目的都是未来的行为，所以从句中一般用表示未来可能性时态，比如上面两句中的COUldo当然还可以用will,would,can,等结果状语从句的连词以下结果状语从句的一些用法。1)so•••that…/such….that该句式中重要考查的是so和such的区别。应注意以下可能出现的结构：soniceaboythat***suchaniceboythat***sobeautiful/di1igent/carefully…that…such(fineweather/greatimprovement)that***

691)sothatEveryonelendahand,sothatthesowingwasdoneintime.该句式中主要考查sothat与其它短语的区别，如：Itooknonoticeofhim,heflewintoarage.A.forthatB.sothatC.inthatD.butthat由于sothat也可以引导目的状语从句，同学们应特别注意从句中时态的运用。2)somuchsothat该结构用于形容词或副词之后，表示"到如此程度以致于"。如：Hewasveryweak,somuchsothathecouldnotwalk.IlongtovisitBeijing,somuchsothatIdreamaboutiteverynight.4)注意结构状语从句与too….to..enoughto…，so…asto结构的不同。5)sothat和so,,,that的区别sothat一般引导目的状语从句，意为”以便；为了”，其从句中的谓语动词通常和can,may,should等情态动词连用。如：Theygotupearlysothattheycouldcatchtheearlybus.为了能赶上早班车，他们早早就起床了。so+形容词或副词+that...引导结果状语从句，意为"如此……以致于……”。如：Thisbookissointerestingthateveryonewantstoreadit.这本书彳艮有趣,人人都想看看。状语从句练习题1.yourcompositioncarefully,somespellingmistakescanbeavoided.A.HavingcheckedB.CheckC.IfyoucheckD.Tocheck2.Iwouldneverspeaktosomeonelikethattheysaidsomethingunpleasanttome.A.evenifB.sothatC.asifD.eversince3.—DidyouremembertoreturnthebooktoourEnglishteacher?-Yes.IgaveittohimIsawhim.A.onceB.whileC.ifD.themoment4.AwarningnewsreportfromQatarannouncesthatagroupofIslamwillcontinuetokillAmericanswherevertheyaretheyleavetheArabworldforever.A.eventhoughB.incaseC.wheneverD.until5.—MayIgonow?一you'vefinishedyourwork,youmaygo.A.AfterB.Although

70C.NowthatD.Assoonas1."Ilivethereareplentyofsheep.*saidtheboypride.A.Where;withB.When;inC.That;inD.Why;with2.Heseemedtohavebeenasleep,soIsaidnothing,butsathewouldseemewaking.A.whether;whenB.that；whenC.which；whereD.where；when3.Itwillbefiveyearswemeetagain.A.sinceB.untilC.beforeD.when小升初语法总结之三十——祈使句和感叹句一.祈使句祈使句的作用是要求、请求或命令、劝告、建议别人做或不做一件事。祈使句的句末一般用感叹号，但是有些祈使句的语气较弱，可以用句号结尾。1）Let's开头的祁使句如：Let'ssayitinEnglish.2）动词原形开头的祁使句.如：Listentotheteacher.3）ShallI开头的祁使句.如：Shal1Icarrytheparcelforyou?4）Willyou开头的祁使句.如：Willyoucomehereearly?5）以Please开头的祁使句如：Pleasetakeamessageforhim.6）带呼语的祈使句，如：Mary,comedownhere!（对mary讲话，而不带呼语的且以动词原形开头的祈使句则对第二人称讲话）7）不让对方做某事，英语用〃Don't〃.例如：Don'tspeakloud.不要大声讲话.Don*twriteinthatway.不要那样写.口诀：祈使句无主语，主语you常省去，动词原形当谓语，句首加don't变否定。祈使句后的反意疑问句：肯定祈使句的反意疑问句通常用willyou或won'tyou,否定祈使句的反意疑问句只用willyouoPassmeabook,willyou?Haveanothercupoftea,won'tyou?Don'twatchtoomuchTV,willyou?Let'sgoshopping,shallwe?Letusgonow,willyou?二.感叹句：用what和how引导，what修饰的是名词，how修饰的是副词或形容词。

71结构：What+a/an+形+可数名词单数+（主语+谓语）！What+形+可数名词复数/不可数名词+（主语+谓语）！How+形/副+（主语+谓语）!做题技巧：从右往左看，先划掉感叹号前的主语和谓语，剩下的是名词就用what,剩下的是形容词或者副词就用howo当然名词还需辨别可数不可数来确定是否有冠词a/an.练习题：（一）填词完成反意疑问句1.Hesaidthathewouldnotgowithus,?2.Wemusthandintheexercises,?3.Youdaretojumpoffthewall,?4.Hemadeafewmistakesinhisexercises,?(二)用whatorhow填空(1)afinedayitis!(2)usefulworkwehavedone!(3)carefulmymotheris!(4)deliciousbreaditis!小升初语法口诀一、be的用法口诀我用am,你用are,is连着他，她，它；单数名词用is,复数名词全用are。变疑问，往前提，句末问号莫丢弃。变否定，更容易，be后not莫忘记。疑问否定任你变，句首大写莫迟疑。二、时间名词前所用介词的速记歌年月周前要用in,日子前面却不行.遇到几号要用on,上午下午又是in。要说某日上下午，用。n换in才能行。午夜黄昏须用at,黎明用它也不错.at也用在明分前，说"差”可要用上to,说“过”只可使用past,多说多练牢牢记，莫让岁月空蹉院。三、记住f(e)结尾的名词复数妻子持刀去宰狼，小偷吓得发了慌；躲在架后保己命，半片树叶遮目光。四、其他非谓语动词的一些特殊用法后只接不定式作宾语的一些常用特殊谓语动词动

72词后，不定式，want,hope和wish,agree,decide,mean,manage,promise,expect,pretend,且说两位算在此，要记牢，要记住，掌握它们靠自己。后接动词不定式做宾语补足语省略不定式符号“to”的一些常用特殊动词一些动词要掌握，have,let和make,此三动词是使役，“注意”“观察”“听到"see,还有feel和watch,使用它们要仔细，后接“宾补”略去“to”，此点千万要牢记除此之外，还可以掌握“八字言”，一感feel,二听hear,1istento,三让have,let,make,四看see,lookat,observe,watch后只接动名词做宾语的一些常用特殊动词特殊动词接“动名”，使用它们要记清，“放弃”“享受”可“后悔”，“坚持”“练习”必“完成”，“延期”“避免”非“介意”掌握它们今必行。五、动名词在句中的功能及其它“动名”语法其功能，名词特征有动、形，主宾表定都可作，“动名”、“现分”要认清，“现分”不作“宾”和“主”，动名作“状”可不行。二词皆可作定语，混为一谈不允许，主谓关系视分词，“动名”一词无此义。现在分词形式及在句子中的作用（包括过去分词的作用）:现在分词真好记,动词后面ING。它的作用真不小，可以充当定状表。还有宾语补足语，忘记此项不可以。六、分词做定语的位置及其它“定分”位置有二条，词前词后定分晓。单个分词在词前，有时此规有颠倒。分词短语在词后，“定从”和它互对照。“现分”动作进行时，“过分”动作完成了。（注：“定分”：做定语的分词；“定从”：定语从句；“现分”：现在分词；“过分”：过去分词。）七、分词做状语在句子中所表示的意义分词做状语，概有七意义。“时间”和“原因”，“结果”与“目的”。

73“方式”力口“伴随”，“条件”常出席。且谈其主语，谓语头前的*。欲要记住它，必须常练习。（*指句子的主语）八、独立主格结构独立结构要认清：名、代之后副或形。或是分词或“介短”，with结构不可轻，名代二词是其“主”，句子结构必分明。独立结构好掌握句中作用只一个：千变万化皆做“状”，其中意义也不多。“时间”“条件”和“原因”，“方式”“伴随”没别的。“状从”和其前三个，可以互变不难学。小学六年级英语总复习知识点归纳之一1、话题(1)字母:(大小)辨认、书写顺序：AaBbCcDdEeFfGgHhliJjKkLIMmNnOoPpQqRrSsTtUuVvWwXxYyZz.元音字母：Aa,Ee,li,Oo,Uu半元音字母：Yy书写容易错误的字母：E,F,G,M,N,d,i,p,q,x,y.(2)数字：基数词和序数词的运用，如计算、购物等.基数词：One,two,three,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,eleven,twelve,thirteen,fourteen,fifteen-**twenty,twenty-one…thirty,forty,fifty,eighty,ninety,one/ahundred,one/ahundredandone…twohundred.序数词：first,second,third,fourth,fifth,sixth,seventh,eighth,ninth,tenth,eleventh,twelfth*"twentieth,twenty-first,twenty-second,twenty-third,twenty-four••,thirtieth,fortieth,fiftieth…eightieth,ninetieth***相关句型：1)WhatJsthirtyandforty?Thatcomestoseventy.2)What'syourtelephonenumber?Mytelephonenumberis83555723.3)Whattimeisit?It'shalfpastten.4)Whendoyouusuallygetup?Atsixthirty-five.5)Wheredoyoulive?IliveatNo.48RenminRoad.6)Howoldareyou?I'mtwelve.7)Howmuchdoesitcost?Itcosts50yuan.

742)Howmanycarshaveyougot?Ihavegot6cars.3)Howmanybirdscanyouseeinthetree?Icansee3.4)Howmanydollsarethereonthebed?Thereisone/adoll.5)Howmanydollsarethereonthebed?Therearefourdolls.6)Whichfloordoyouliveon?Iliveonthefifthfloor.7)Excuseme,canyoutellmethewaytoBaiyunhotel?Yes,godownthisstreet,thenturnleftatthethirdcrossing---.8)Who'sthefifthgirlfromtheright?She'smycousin.注意：数词的应用；不可数名词及它的量的表示方法;many与much在用法上的区别；thereis/are与have/has在用法上的区别.(3)颜色：实物的颜色colours:red,pink,yellow,brown,blue,purple,orange,black,white,grey,darkblue,lightblue.相关句型：1)Whatcolourisyourcoat?It's...2)What'syourfavouritecolour?Myfavouritecolouris…(4)时间：年、季节、月、星期、日、时刻year,season(spring,summer,autumn,winter),month:January,February,March,April,May,June,July,August,September,October,November,December.Week:Sunday,Monday,Tuesday,Wednesday,Thursday,Friday,Saturday.Day:1stMay(thefirstofMay),May2nd(Maythesecond)Time:(an)hour,minute,second10:05(fiveminutespastten,tenofive)10:10(tenminutespastten,tenten)10:15(quarterpastten,tenfifteen)10:30(halfpastten,tenthirty)10:45(quartertoeleven,tenforty-five)11:00(eleveno'clock)相关句型：1)Howoldisyourmother?She'sthirty-sixyearsold.2)Howmanymonthsarethereinayear?Thereare12.3)When'syourbirthday?Mybirthdayison15thJanuary(thefifteenthofJanuary).4)Whendoyougetup?Igetupatsixo'clock.5)Whendoesspringlast?Itlastsfor3monthsfromMarchtoMay.6)Whattimeisit?Ittsquartertonine.

75小学六年级英语总复习知识点归纳之三(9)动物：家畜、家禽;农场动物、动物园及野生动物的特点;生活地点和所属关系words(animals):cat,dog,duck,goose(geese)fish,sheep,bird,panda,monkey,rabbit,hen,cock,chicken,tiger,lion,pig,cow,mouse(mice),giraffe,dolphin,生活地点：athome,inafarm,inazoo…所属关系：同上话题(7)(10)植物：特点、所属关系;存在的位置words:tree,rose,flower,leaf(leaves)•••(11)环境与建筑：特点、所属关系;存在的位置buildings:factory,hospital,park,house,library,museum,office,farm,postoffice,bank,policestation,trainstation,sportsstadium,departmentstore,store,school,classroom,house:bathroom,living-room,sitting-room,bedroom,washroom,kitchen,garden***房子的基本构造：door,gate,wall,window,floor…相关句型：1)Wheredoyoustudyat?IstudyatLongdongPrimarySchool.2)Wheredoesyourmotherworkat?Sheworksatahospital.3)Letysmeetatthegateofthepark.4)Mybrotherisplayinginthegarden.(12)身体：特点body:head,hair,eye,nose,ear,mouth,neck,shoulder,hand,finger,foot(feet),toe***外貌：fat,thin,plump,tall,short,old,young,roundface,twobigblueeyes,longhair,shorthair,blackhair,whitehair--*相关句型:1)Vm/You're/He's/She,s/We're/They9re(not)tall.5)Ishe/shetallorshort?He,s/She'stall(short).6)I/We/They/Youhave(got)blackhair.7)He/Shehas(got)aroundface.8)Hashe/shegotlonghair?Yes,he/shehas.No,he/shehasn,t.注意：描述人的外貌时，have与has用法上的区别；形容词的用法，如:tall,short,old,young,black,long…小学六年级英语总复习知识点归纳之四(13)个人情况：姓名、年龄、地址、特点与爱好

76age,year,address,e-mailaddress,hobby,hobby:collectingstamps(coins),goingswimming…doingsth相关句型：1)Howoldareyou?I'mthirteenyearsold.2)I'mathirteen-yearoldboy.3)What'syouraddress?IliveatNo.48Renminroad.4)WhatJsyoure-mailaddress?Mye-mailaddressis123VIP@126.com.5)WhatJsyourhobby?Myhobbyisgoingrunning.Or:Ilikegoingrunning.6)I/You/Theylikemusic.7)Helikessightseeing.8)Doyoulikereading?Yes,Ido.No,Idon't.9)Doeshe/shelikeplayingbasketball?Yes,he/shedoes.No,he/shedoesn,t.注意：描述个人的喜好时：名词和动词-ing形式作宾语；主语是第三人称单数时一般现在时动词的变化。动词ing的变化规律：1)直接加ing,如：open-opening,clean-cleaning,meet-meeting,sing-singing,study-studying,•••2)去掉词尾不发音的e，如：take-taking,close-closing,come-coming,drive-driving,have-having,use-using,write-writing,practice-practicing,…3)重读闭音节的，双写最后的字母，加ing,如：sit-sitting,put-putting,begin-beginning,get-getting,swim-swimming,run-running,cut-cutting,become-becoming,…主语是第三人称单数时一般现在时动词的变化规律(与名词变复数规律相同)：1)直接力口s,如：cook-cooks,come-comes,close-closes,•••2)以o,x,s,sh,ch结尾+es,如：teach-teaches,go-goes,do-does,catch-catches,wash-washes,brush-brushes,miss-misses,•••3)辅音字母加y,把y改为i,+es,如：fly-flies,worry-worries,carry-carries,•••4)以f或fc结尾，把f或fe,改为v+cs.5)特殊：have-has,…(14)家庭、亲属和朋友：姓名、年龄、地址、特点与爱好：与你的关系words:family,grandfather(grandpa/granddad),grandmother(grandma/grandmum),father,mother,brother,sister,uncle,aunt,cousin,friend相关句型：1)Ishe/sheTom'scousin?Yes,he/sheis.

77No,he/sheisn't.2)Who'she/she?He's/She,smyfriend.3)Howmanypeoplearethereinyourfamily?Whoarethey?Therearefour,myfather,mymother,mybrotherandme.注意：1)名词单复数，如：family-families;名词单数一复数规律：1)直接加s,如：boy-boys,term-terms,2)以o,x,s,sh,ch结尾+es,如：box-boxes,class-classes,glass-glasses,coach-coaches,dress-dresses,fax-faxes,inch-inches,match-matches,3)辅音字母加y尾，把y改为i,+es,如：baby-babies,lady-ladies,factory-factories,peach-peaches,library-libraries,watch-watches,4)以f或fe结尾，把f或fe,改为v+es:leaf-leaves,knife-knives,wife-wives,shelf-shelves,5)特殊：man-men,po1iceman-policemen,woman-women,child-children,goose-geese,tooth-teeth,foot-feet,6)不变：hair,miIk,tea,coffee,water,bread,rice,paper,juice,meat,people,fish,sheep,•••2)名词所有格，表明是"谁的"如：mycousin's,hisparents'它的构成规则：单数名词后+“'s"，Mike'smother.复数名词词尾有，其后只,TeachersJDa教师节.若是两人共有时，只在后者+s”，JimandTom,smother.吉姆和汤姆的母亲。不是两者所共有的，两者都+“'s”，Jim'sandTom,smother.吉姆母亲和汤姆的母亲。名词若是无生命，所有格构成用。。amapofChina.一幅中国地图(15)学校：学校建筑和学校生活words:schoolbuilding,classroom,dormitory,playground,library,subjects:Chinese,maths,English,music,computer,PE,art,biology,politics,history,meeting,geography,相关句型：1)WhatJsyourfavouritesubject?English.

782)Where'sthelibrary?It'sbehindthedormitory.3)Whendoyougotoschool?At7:20.4)WhendoesChinesebeginonMonday?AtEighto'clock.5)DoesgeographybeginattwentytotenonMonday?Yes,itdoes.No,itdoesn,t.6)We'rehavinganEnglishclass.(16)社交礼仪：礼貌用语;询问与应答1.Greetings:Hello!Howareyou?Fine,Pleasesayhelloto2.Introduction:MyThisisMr/Mrs/MissHello,nicetomeetHi!Goodmorning/afternoon/evening,thanks.Andyou?yourparentsforme.nameis•••Pmapupil.I'mnewhere.White.3.Farewells:Goodbye/Bye-bye/Bye.Seeyouthen/tomorrow.Goodnight.It9slate.Imustgohomenow.Thankingforcoming.4.Thanks:Thankyou(verymuch).You'rewelcome.Notatall.5.apologies:Sorry.I'msorry.That9sallright.Excuseme.6.Incitation:Willyougoshoppingwithme?Wouldyouliketogo?I'dloveto.Thankyou.7.Askingforpermission:MayIhaveanapple?Could/CanIuseyourbike?Sure.Certainly.Yes,ofcourse.Yes,doplease.8.Expressingwishes:Happybirthday!Thankyou.9.Offeringhelp:CanIhelpyou?WhatcanIdoforyou?10.Makingappointments:Areyoufreetomorrow?Whatabouttomorrowafternoon?Let'smeetatthegateat7:50.Shallwevisitthemuseum?11.Hello!MayIspeaktoKate?Speaking/ItJsKatehere.Who'sthis/that,please?12.Takingmeals:Wouldyoulikesomethingtoeat/drink?Wouldyoulikesomefish/meat?13.Shopping:CanIhelpyou,sir?WhatcanIdoforyou,sir?

79Whataboutthisone?Doyoulikethisone?Iwant/I'dlikesomeoranges.Howmuchistheshirt/arethesocks?It'stosmal1.Twokilos,please.I'11takeit.3.Askingtheway:Excuseme.WhereistheGuangzhouLibrary?CanyoutellyoumethewaytotheGardenHotel,please?CanItakethisbustoBeijingRoad?Isthereahotelnearhere?It'soverthere.Turnright/legt小学六年级英语总复习知识点归纳之五(17)国家与城市：地理位置;特点Countries:China,Japan,America(theUSA),English(theUK),Australia,Russia,Canada,Italy,India,France,Nationalities:Chinese,Japanese,American,Englishman,Australian,Russian,Canadian,Itaiian,Indian,French,相关句型：1)WhereJsJapan?It'stotheeastofChina.2)Wheredoesyourfriendcomefrom?ShecomesfromEnglish.3)Wherearetheyfrom?They'refromRussia.4)Whatcountrydoyoufrom?IcomefromChina.5)Whatcountryishefrom?He'sfromFrance.6)Whatlanguagedoesshespeak?ShespeaksFrench.7)Whatlanguagedotheyspeak?TheyspeakChinese.(18)天气：气候特征weather:hot,cold,cool,warm,sun,shine,sunny,rain,heavyrain,lightrain,rainy,wind,strongwind,windy,snow,heavysnow,lightsnowsnowy,cloud,cloudy…temperature:15(fifteendegreescentigrade),0(zerodegreecentigrade),-5(minusdegreescentigrade)相关句型：1)What9stheweatherlikeinspring?It'swarm,rainyandwet.

802)Whatwilltheweatherbelikethere?Itwillbesunny.3)Isitsnowing?Yes,itisasnowyday.4)Willtherebecloudy?Yes,therewill.5)Thesunisshining.6)Iliketakingawarmbath.(19)节日：节日的特点;节日的活动festivals:NewYear,sDay,SpringFestival,Women'sDay,AprilfoolishDay,MayDay,Mother'sDay,Children,sDay,Father'sDay,Party'sDay,Army'sDay,Mid-autumnFestival,Teachers*Day,NationalDay,ThanksGivingDay,ChristmasDay.NewYear'sDay:1stJanuary.SpringFestival:It'stheChineseNewYear.It'sthefirstdayoftheChineseyear.It9saveryspecialfestivalforallChinesepeople.ItisusuallyattheendofJanuaryorthebeginningofFebruary/inlateJanuaryorearlyFebruary.Thechildrencangetaluckymoney”.WomenJsDay:It'son8thMarch.AprilFoolishDay:on1stApril,onthisday,peoplecanplayjokestotheirfriends.MayDay:1stMay,laborersJday.MotherJsDay:onthesecondSundayofMay.Children'sDay:onJune1st.FatherJsDay:onthethirdSundayinJune.Party'sbirthday:inChina,it9son1stJuly.Army'sDay:inChina,it9son1stAugust.Mid-autumnFestival:on15thAugustofChineselunarcalendar.InChina,peopleeatspecialcakescalIsmooncakesandwatchthefullmoon.Teachers'Day:on10thSeptember.NationalDay:inChina,it'satthebeginningofOctober.ThanksGivingDay:thelastThursdayinNovember,it'sAmericanfestival.ChristmasDay:December25th.(20)方位：人或物的位置;问路与应答place:in,on,at,under,near,nextto,beside,behind,infrontof,inthefrontof,inthemiddle(of),back,ontheright/left,thesecond/***personfromtheright/leftA:Excuseme.Where'sthedepartmentstore?

81CanyoutellmethewaytotheGardenHotel,Please?CanItakethisbustoBeijingRoad?Isthereahotelnearhere?A:It9soverthere.Turnright/leftatthefirstcrossing.Thehotelisontheright/left.I'msorry,Idon'tknow.小学六年级英语总复习知识点归纳之六(21)正在发生的事情：现在进行的动作和发生的事bedoingsomething1)I'm/You,re/HeJs/She's/We're/They*re(not)working.2)Areyouplayingfootball?Yes,Iam/weare.3)Ishe/shetakingexercise?Yes,he/sheis.No,he/sheisn,t.4)Aretheygoingshopping?Yes,theyare.No,theyaren,t.5)Whatareyoudoing?I'm/We,recleaningtheroom.6)What'she/shedoing?He's/She'shavingsupper.7)Whataretheydoing?They'rereading.(22)日常生活：日常生活、工作、学习的活动dailyroutinegetupbrushone'steeth,washone,sface,makebreakfast,havebreakfast,gotoschool/work,domorningexercises,haveclasses,playbasketball,playfootball,run,jump,gohome,havelunch,havesupper,doone'shomework,watchTV,dosomereading,takeabath,gotobed1)Whattimedoyougetup?Iusuallygetupat6o'clock.2)ShenZhenoftentakesabathat9o'clockinthemorning.3)Mymotherisneverlateforwork.(23)计划与打算：计划和将要进行的动作和发生的事begoingtodo1)I'm/You,re/He's/She's/We're/TheyJre(not)goingtovisitthemuseum.2)Areyougoingtoswim?Yes,Iam/weare.No,I'mnot/wearen,t.3)Ishe/shegoingtoseeMissWang?Yes,he/sheis.No,he/sheisn't.4)Whatareyougoingtodotomorrow?I'm/We'regoingtovisitthefarm.5)I/You/He/She/They/Wewillgoskiing.6)Areyougoingtobebusytomorrow?Yes,Iam/weare.goswimming,goshopping,goclimbing,goskiing,gowalking,gorunning,go

82fishing,goskating,gosightseeing,•••(24)能力和可能：可能进行的动作和发生的事1)I/You/He/She/We/Theycan(canJt)comeheretomorrow.2)Canhe/shevisitthefactorytoday?Yes,he/shecan.No,he/shecan,t.3)Cantheygobybus?Yes,theycan.No,theycan't.4)MayIvisitthefactorythisafternoon?Yes,ofcourse/Sure/Certainly.5)MayIsithere?Yes,ofcourse/pleasedo.注意：情态动词can的用法，cando(+动词原形).小升初作文之考前冲刺辅导小升初考试在即，孩子们都在为考作文而忙碌着，家长也四处求人要作文、写作文，一遍遍精雕细琢，希望孩子能够按题目套文，更希望有哪一篇文能撞上考试题目，但家长这样的准备方式是行不通的。那考试前，孩子在作文方面究竟该做些什么呢？一、整理生活中的素材努力回忆六年来的校园生活，家庭生活中记忆尤为深刻的小事，哪怕是一次单手磕鸡蛋的经历都不要放过。因为孩子有对生活的观察、积累，有真实的体验、感受，他的表述一定会具体而生动，他所表达的情感一定是真实的。翻翻过去的作文、周记，从多个角度，搜集这样的素材，将细节完整地记录下来，进行分类整理。有些家长大量地看作文选、杂志，想帮助孩子从上面搬些素材下来。我不大同意这样的做法，因为那不是孩子的生活，他很难像成人一样具有缜密的思维，进行合理的想象情节，他也很难描摹当时的细节，这样的作文不能打动读者。不如让作文选、杂志成为勾起孩子回忆生活的媒介，从与作者相似的经历中挖掘写作素材。如：从作文选上看奶奶为我掖被子的细节，想到冬天，妈妈买药回来，为我滴眼药时怕我嫌凉而搓手的动作，这样一来写母爱的文章就有了素材。二、素材的多角度立意意大利著名画家达•芬奇的老师对达・芬奇所说的自己画蛋的体会：即使是同一只蛋，只要变换一下角度，形状便立即不同了。这告诉我们对生活中发生的事件我们可以多角度分析。文章源于生活，它的立意亦应多角度进行。我们以一个发生在同学们身边的事件为例。今年春天，我和爸爸来到高尔夫球场，第一次学打高尔夫球。看教练做很简单，我按照教练的要求去做，却发现和想象的不同，要么杆碰不上球，要么球出去就偏离了方向，经历了一次次失败，我终于成功了。就这一事例，我们可从如下角度立意：一、最大的敌人是自己，战胜自己就会走向成功：二、

83一招一式，看似简单，做起来难，失之毫厘，谬以千里：三、成功需要方法；四、运动带来快乐……这样，一个素材，可以根据命题的不同，确定立意，设置情节，确定描写重点。但无论从哪个角度立意，打球的动作细节是不能丢的。三、练习写好文章的细节学生练习作文的过程中，很多孩子注意了情节的起伏，语言的流畅，但总感觉文章空泛，这是为什么呢？忽视了细节描写。怎样写好细节，简单地说，细节描写要还原生活，去发现场景细节、服饰细节、语言细节、动作细节、心理细节等，按照生活本来的面目去描摹。一篇文章，恰到好处地运用细节描写，能起到烘托环境气氛、刻画人物性格和揭示主题思想的作用。如何将“陌生叔叔帮我把车修好”写细，我们首先要还原生活场景，在头脑中勾勒出雪中修车图，再从这一图画中去寻找描写的细节。这是一位同学的作文片断：“叔叔迅速地摘下手套，用右手拿着链条，左手帮着把链条搬过去，链条一点点地扣上去了，一节一节地扣住了后轮的齿轮。'院当‘一声，链条滑了出来，这一次努力前功尽弃。我的心咯噎一下，万一叔叔告诉我修不好，我该怎么办呀！可事情并非如我想象，只见叔叔向拢起的双手呵了呵气，又蹲下了身子。他为了不让链条弹开，用右手把链条往前面齿轮上套住，然后右手拉住链条往后齿轮上移，左手护住链条不让它再滑出来。后来，他看到位置有些偏，就用左手把它移正再装，洁白的雪花落在了他冻得通红的满是油污的手上，我知道他的手一定很冷，很冷，可他的心一定很热，很热。终于，链条一节一节地和齿轮扣住了。他猛一转脚踏板，车子居然又完好地转动起来。”文章中最直观的细节是叔叔修车的动作细节，摘、拿、套、拉、护、移、转等动词的使用，写出了叔叔雪中修车的不容易，突出了人物精神。其次应当是外貌细节和心理细节的描写衬托了人物美好的心灵。每个人观察生活的角度和经历不同，再现的生活场景也就不同，但无论采用怎样的方法，我们达到这样一种境地为最好——做到写人则如见其人，写景则如临其境。四、努力锤炼文章的语言佳酿总是经过酿造才有它独特的芳醇，文章也是一样，经过锤炼的语言才是有生命力的语言，孔子说“言之无文，行而不远。”说得就是这个道理。我们可尝试这样的几种方式，让语言焕发色彩。在句式变换上下工夫。在表达强烈的情感时，可以将陈述句用反问、设问或感叹句的形式表达。在准确地运用词汇上下工夫。在文章中可以用一些拟声词来丰富表达；另外,可使用叠词使描绘更加准确，而且能使语言具有节奏感，从而让语言富有音乐美。再有，四字词语和成语的使用，会使语言表达更为简练。在恰当地运用修辞上下工夫。修辞不但使文章语言生动活泼，而且能调节音

84节，增强语言的音乐美，提高语言的表达效果。例如：“风追着雨，雨赶着风，风和雨联合起来追赶着天上的乌云，整个天地都处在雨水之中”一句，意思是说“大雨来了”。但是作者使用了拟人的手法，把风、雨当作正在奔跑的人，飞快地追赶天空的乌云，这样一说比“大雨来了”更能表现出雨来的之快、之急、之大。当然，修辞方法还有引用、夸张、排比、设问、反问等等，我们应根据需要采用。尽管复习紧张，还是要抽出一定的时间读文章，学习他人如何布局谋篇，遣词造句，积累语言。