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小学英语语法小升初必会语法(3)一区分where,/hich,that,who,whose,what的用法用来说明主句中某•名词或代词(有时也可说明整个主句或上句中部分)而起定语作用的句子叫作定语从句。一.词引导的定语从句1.关系代词用来指代先行词是人或物的名词或代词句子成分用于限制从句或非限制性从句只用于限制性从句代替人代替物代替人或物主语Whowhichthat主语Whomwhichthat宾语Whose(=ofwhom)whose(=ofwhich)例1:ThisisthedetectivewhocamefromLondon.例2:ThebookwhichIamreadingiswrittenbyTomasHardy.例3:Thedeskwhoselegisbrokenisveryold.例4:ThisistheroomthatShakespearewasbornin.2.关系代词的用法(1)如果先行词是all,much,anything,something,nothing,everything,little,none等不定代词,关系代词一般只用Ihal,不用which。例如:Allthepeoplethatarepresentburstintotears.(2)如果先等词被形容词最高级以及first,last,any,only,few,mush,no,some,very等词修饰,关系代词常用ihat,不用which,who,或whom。例如:(3)非限制性定语从句中,不能用关系代词that,作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。例如:Thereareaboutsevenmillionpeopletakingpartintheelection,mostofwhom、arewelleducated.(4)which还有种特殊用法,它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句,代替上句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中,which可以作主语,也可以作宾语或表语,多数情况下意思是与andthis相似,并可以指人。例如:Hesucceededinthecompetition,whichmadehisparentsveryhappy.
1(4)that可指人或物,在从句中作表语,(指人作主语时多用who)仅用于限制性定语从句中。(5)which可作表语,既可指人,以可指物。指人时,一般指从事某种职业或是有种特征.品性或才能的人。Which引导的定语从句可以限制性的,也可以是非限制性的。(7)如果作先作词的集体名词着眼于集体的整体,关系代词用which;若是指集体中的各个成员,则用who©(8)先行词有两个,一个指人,一个指物,关系代词应该用that。例如:Theboyandthedogthatareinthepictureareverylovely.(9)如果先行词是anyone,anybody,everyone,everybody,someone,somebody,关系代词应该用who或whom,不用whicho例如:Isthereanyoneherewhowillgowithyou?3.“介词+关系代词”是一个普遍使用的结构(1)“介词+关系代词”可以引导限制性定语从句,也可以引导非限制性定语从句。“介词+关系代词”结构中的介词可以是in,on,about,from,for,with,toat,of,without等,关系代词只可用whom或which,不可用that。(2)fromwhere为“介词+关系副词“结构,但也可以引导定语从句。例如:Westoodatthetopofthehill,fromwherewecanseethetown..(3)像listento,lookat,dependon,payattentionto,takecareof等固定短语动词,在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。例如:Thisistheboywhomshehastakencareof.二关系副词引导的定语从句1.关系副词也可以引导定语从句关系副词在从句中分别表示时间.地点或原因。关系副词when在从句中充当时间状语,where充当地点状语,why充当原因状语。2.that可引导定语从句表示时间.地点或原因That有时可以代替关系副词when,where或者why引导定语从句表示时间.地点或原因,在that引导的这种定语从句中,that也可以省去。三.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句1.二者差异比较限制定语从句紧跟先行词,同先行词这间一般不加逗号,仅修饰先行词,可以由关系代词.关系副词或that来引导。非限制性定语从句仅作补充或说明,用逗号与主句隔开,既可修饰先行词,乂可修饰整个主
2句,不可用that引导。1.关系代词和关系副词的选择依据(1)弄清代替先行词的关系词在从句中作什么成分,作状语的应选用关系副词,作主语.宾语或表语的可选用关系代词。3.先行词与定语从句隔离定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后,但定语从句与先行词之间有时也会插入别的成分,构成先行词与定语从句的隔离。例如:1)ThisisthearticlewrittenbyhimthatIspoketoyouabout..2)Hewastheonlypersoninthiscountrywhowasinvited四.As在定语从句中的用法1.引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句(l)as多与such或thesame连用,可以代替先行词是人或物的名词。(2)as也可单独使用,引导非限制性定语从句,作用相当于which。例如:Theelephant1snoseis1ikeasnake,asanybodycansee.(3)thesame…that与thesame…as在意思上是不同的。2.As引导的非限制性定语从句的位置as引导的非限制性定语从句位置较灵活,可以位于主句前面.中间或后面,一般用逗号与主句隔开,但which所引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。例如:(1)Asisexpected,theEnglandteamwonthefootballmatch.(2)Theearthrunsaroundthesun,asisknownbyeveryone一、作副词,意为“相同地”,“同样地”o例如:Theydon'thaveasmanyairplanes.他们没有同样多的飞机。二、作连词,1.引导时间状语从句as与when,while都是引导时间状语从句的从属连词,含义都是"当……的时候”。但它们有区别:(1).when作“当……的时候”解,可以指较短的(一点)时间,也可指一段时间。从句的动作可以与主句的动作同时发生,也可以先于主句的动作发生。例如:JohnwashavinghisdinnerwhenIsawhim.当我看到约翰的时候,他正在吃饭。
3Shecanwriteonlywhenthebabyisasleep.只有婴儿睡着的时候,她才能写作。(1).while常表示一段较长的时间或一个过程,强调主句谓语动词与从句谓语动词同时发生或在从句动作过程中发生。例如:Wemuststrikewhiletheironishot.要趁热打铁。Whilewewerereading,theteachercamein.我们正在读书的时候,老师走了进来。(2).但属下列情形时,只用as,而不用when或while。①用于表示同一个人的两种动作交替进行,指“一边……,一边……”。例如:Thegirldancesasshesingsonthestage.那个女孩在舞台边唱歌边跳舞。Helookedbehindfromtimetotimeashewentforward.当他朝前走时,不时地向后看。②表示两个同步发展的动作或行为,译为“随着……”。例如:Astimewenton/by,shebecamemoreandmoreworried.随着时间的流逝,她变得越来越焦虑。Ashegrewolder,hebecamemoreintelligent.随着他年龄的增长,他变得更有才智了。③表示两个短促行为或事件几乎同时发生。例如:Ithoughtofitjustasyouopenedyourmouth.恰好在你开口时,我想到了它。Justastheflyingwormhitherface,shegavealoudcry.恰巧在匕虫撞到她脸上时,她大哭起来。1.引导原因状语从句as,because,since都可以表示因果关系,连接原因状语从句,含义是“因为,由于“,但它们有区别:because表示的语气最强;as一般放在句首,语气较弱,较口语化;since常常用在书面语中,表示多为对方已知的、或稍加分析便可得知的原因,有时可译作“既然”。例如:IdoitbecauseIlikeit.我做这件事是因为我喜欢。Sincemanyofthecustomersworkduringtheday,Billyhastocollectthemoneyatnight.因为许多顾客白天上班,所以毕利只好晚上去收钱。Asshehasbeenillperhapsshe*11needsomehelp.她由于生病可能需要些帮助。2.引导让步状语从句as与although(或though),however(或nomatterhow)等都可以引导让步状语从句,含义是“虽然,尽管”,但它们有区别:although语气稍正式些,可放在句首,也可放在句中,主句中不能再用but,但可以用yet;as所表示的语气较强,引导的让步状语从句用倒装语序;however引导让步状语从句时,它的后面可跟形容词或副词,也要用倒装语序。例如:Althoughtheyarepoortheyarehappy.虽然他们很穷,但很快乐。
4Angryashewas,hemanagedtospeakcalmly.虽然他很生气,但是他讲话很平静。Howeverhardthequestionis,hecananswerit.不管问题有多难他都能回答。注意:当as引导让步状语从句时,句子的倒装语序有以下三种形式:(1).形容词或副词+as+主语+连系动词be或实义动词。例如:Richasheis,heneverspendsacentonclothes.虽然他很富有,但他从不花一分钱在衣服上。MuchasIadmirehiscourage,Idon'tthinkheactedwisely.我虽然佩服他的勇气,但我认为他这样做是不聪明的。(2).名词+as+主语+连系动词be(注意句首的名词不带冠词)。例如:Childasheis,heknowsalot.尽管他是个孩子,但懂很多事情。Boyashewas,hewaschosenking.尽管他还是个孩子,但却被立为国王。(3).实义动词+as+主语+助动词[如果没有助动词,则要加上个do(does或did)]。例如:Tryashemay,heneversucceeds.尽管他很努力,但总是不成功。Changeyourmindasyouwill,youwillgainnoadditionalsupport.即使你改变主意,你也不会得到另外的支持。(4)导方式状语从句,意为“如",“像”,“按照……的方式”。如:Iwantyoutotel1myfriendyourveryinterestingexperienceexactlyasyouhavetoldittome.我想让你像给我讲述的那样,给我的朋友讲一讲你那段极其有趣的经历。Remember,youmustdoeverythingasIdo.记住,你必须按照我做的那样做一切。注意:like在非正式语体中可以有与as相同的用法。如:Ican'tsinglikeIusedto.我不能像以前那样唱歌了。Hewritesjustlikehisbrotherdidwhenhewasyoung.他现在写文章正像他哥哥年轻时写文章一样。(5)导比较状语从句,用于“as...as...或notso/as...as...M中,前,个as是副词,后,个as是连词,意为“如(不如)・••一样”。如:(1).YouhateherasmuchasI(=asIhateher).(2).Idon*tspeakEnglishso/aswellashedoes.注意:句中连同as后面的代词实际是省略了与主句相同的部分,即例(1)可以写成YouhateherasmuchasIhateher.如果很明显就能看出所省略的部分,意义不会含糊不清时,在口语中也可以用代词的宾格形式。例:Atyourageyoucan,texpecttoplayfootballaswellasme(=asIdo).但例(1)就不能改I为me,改后意思就变为:Youhateherasmuchasyouhateme.你恨她像恨我一样深;而原句
5的意思为:你恨她像我恨她一样深。三、作代词as作关系代词的用法关系代词as引导定语从句时,既可以单独使用,也可以与其他词连用,其用法要比that和which更为复杂。小升初必会语法(4)-As的用法1.as引导定语从句与其他词连用(1).用于thesame...as结构中ThisisthesamewatchasIhavelost.这块手表跟我丢失的那块一样。(2).用于such.・.as结构中Idon,t1ikesuchnovelsasyourecommend.我不喜欢你推荐的那些小说。(3).用于"so+adj.+a/an+n.(单数)+as”结构中IamnotsostrongamanasIwas.我已经没有从前那么强壮了。2.as单独引导定语从句as单独引导定语从句时,先行词可以是一个词,也可以是一个句子或短语。例如:(1)Sheislate,asisoftenthecase.她迟到了,这是经常的事。(先行词是整个主句)(2)Toshutyoureyestofacts,asmanyofyoudo,isfoolish.对事实视而不见一你们好多人都是如此的愚蠢。(先行词是不定式短语)注意1:(1).当as引导的定语从句位于具有否定意义的主句之前时,as从句所修饰的范围是整个主句的内容,也就是说,把否定意义也包括在内。例如:Ashasbeensaidabove,grammarisnotasetofdeadrules.正如前面所说,语法不是一套死条文。(2).当as引导的定语从句位于具有否定意义的主句之后时,as从句所修饰的范围不包括否定意义。例如:Spidersarenotinsects,asmanypeoplethink.=Spidersarenotinsects.Butmanypeoplethinktheyare.许多人认为蜘蛛是昆虫,但蜘蛛并不是昆虫。(3).当as引导的定语从句位于具有否定意义的主句中间时,as从句所修饰的范围也不包括否定意义。例如:Shedidnot,asherfriendhadfeared,openthecase.她没有打开盒子,而她的朋友就是怕她当面打开盒子。
6注意2:当修饰句子的非限制性定语从句位于句尾时,as可以用which来替代。例如:Ilivealongwayfromwork,as(which)youknow.我住得离工作单位很远,这你是知道的。但是,当as从句位于句首或句中是,as就不能用which来替代了。例如:Asyouwi11findout,Iwillneverletyoudown.你将会发现,我绝不会使你失望的。Taiwanis,asyouknow,aninseparablepartofChina.你们知道,台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。此外,如果主句为否定句,则位于句末和句中的as从句所修饰的范围并不包括生句的否定意义,此时,as也不能用while来替代。例如:Greenlandwasnotacontinent,aspeoplethought.格陵兰并不像人们所想象的那样是•个大陆。四、作介词,1.表示“好像(某人)",例如:Theyenteredthebuildingdisguisedascleaners.他们化装成清洁工人的模样进入大楼。2.表示“作为,当作”,例如:Ifoundajobasateacher.我找了一份教师的工作。3.表示“当某人是(某身份)时。例如:Asachild,shewassenttothreedifferentcountries.她儿时去过三个不同的国家。4.表示“因某人是(某身份)”,例如:Asherprivatesecretaryhehasaccesstoal1hercorrespondence.他是她的私人秘书,能接触到她所有的信件。5意1:as引导的介词短语大多用作状语,as译为"作为”,少数情况可引起宾语补足语。例如:AsaPartymember,I*11taketheleadineverything.(状语)Sheworksasanurse.(状语)Tomhasmeasoneofhisbestfriends.(引起宾语补足语)6意2:as和Iike都可以作介词,但意义不同。as表示“以实际的身份或地位"。like则表示“与…相似,以与…相类似的方式”。例如:(1).Hespokeasateacher.(2).Hespokelikeateacher.句(1)的意思是:“他作为老师发言”或“他以老师的身份发言”。句(2)的意思是:“他讲话很像是老师”。
7五、用于一些固定搭配1.asgoodas差不多,几乎Don'tworry,thematter,sasgoodassettled.别担心,问题差不多已经解决了。Whenthecarwasrepaired,itlookedasgoodasnew.这辆汽车修理好的时候,看起来差不多就像新的一样。2.asif/asthough似乎;好像Hebehavedasifnothinghadhappened,他装着若无其事的样子。Shetreatshimasthoughhewasherownson.她待他好像待自己的儿子一样。另外,asif可以接一个动词不定式短语。例如:Hewavedhishandtomeasiftohavesomethingtotellme.他向我挥手好像有什么要告诉我。3.aswel1as同(--样也);和;还JoancanspeakChineseaswel1asEnglish.琼能讲英语还能讲汉语。Hespental1hismoney,aswel1aswastinghistime.他不仅浪费了时间,还花光了他所有的钱。4.such...as,suchas像这样的Iboughtalotoffruits,suchasapples,oranges,bananasandsoon.我买了许多种水果,像苹果,桔子,香蕉等。Wehadsuchbooksasyouneversaw.我们有•些你从未看过的书。5.asfor至于某人(某事物)Wehadadelightfulweekendinthecountry.Asforthetraffic,wehadnodifficulty.在乡下我们度过了一个愉快的周末。至于交通,我们没遇到任何困难。6.asto关于某事物;提到某事物Idon'tknowanythingastotheothers.至于其他,我一无所知。7.soasto...以便,为了Studentsshouldtakenotessoastomakerevisioneasier.学生应当记笔记,以便容易复习。8.asamatteroffact其实;实际上Asamatteroffact,I'mveryfondofhousework.其实,我很喜欢做家务。9.asaresult结果(发生某种情况)Asaresult,hehadbeengivenanexcellentjob.结果,他得到了一份极好的工作。
81.aslongas只要Youmayborrowthisbookaslongasyoupromisetogiveitback.只要你答应归还,你就可以把这书借走。总之,通过以上的分析,我们对as的词性和用法有了比较全面的理解和把握,才能在实际的运用中做到心中有数,应付自如。巩固练习1.Shehadatenseexpressiononherface,shewereexpectingtrouble.A.eventhoughB.evenasC.asthoughD.nowthat2.Agoodmanyproposalswereraisedbythedelegates,wastobeexpected.A.thatB.whatC.soD.as3.mightbeexpected,theresponsetothequestionwasverymixed.A.AsB.ThatC.ItD.What4.Americanseatastheyactuallyneedeveryday.A.twiceasmuchproteinB.twiceproteinasmuchC.twiceproteinasmuchD.proteinastwicemuch5.Thetrumpetplayerwascertainlyloud.ButIwasn'tbotheredbyhisloudnessbyhislackoftalent.A.thanB.morethanC.asD.somuchas6.Studiesshowthatthethingsthatcontributemosttoasenseofhappinesscannotbebought,agoodfamilylife,friendshipandworksatisfaction.A.asforB.inviewofC.incaseofD.suchas7.heworkshard,Idon*tmindwhenhefinishestheexperiment.A.AssoonasB.SofarasC.Aswel1asD.Aslongas8.thedangerfromenemyaction,peoplehadtocopewithasevereshortageoffood,clothing,fuelandalmosteverything.A.AslongasB.AsfarasC.AssoonasD.AswellasKey:1-5CDAAD6-8DDD高考真题直练1.Itisgenerallybelievedthatteachingisitisascience.
9A.anartmuchasB.muchanartasC.asanartmuchasD.asmuchanartas1.Shedoesn,tspeakherfriend,butherwrittenworkisexcellent.A.aswel1asB.sooftenasC.somuchasD.asgoodas2.Thepianointheothershopwillbe,but.A.cheaper;notasbetterB.morecheap;notasbetterC.cheaper;notasgoodD.morecheap;notasgood3.Aftersuppershewouldsitdownbythefire,sometimesforanhour,thinkingofheryoungandhappydays.A.aslongasB.assoonasC.asmuchasD.asmanyas4.WiththehelpoftheGermanexperts,thefactoryproducedcarsin1993astheyearbefore.A.astwicemanyB.asmanyastwiceC.astwiceasmanyD.twiceasmanytractorsin1988as5.Afterthenewtechniquewasintroduced,thefactoryproducedtheyearbefore.A.astwicemanyB.asmanytwiceC.twiceasmanyD.twicemanyas7.,hedoesn,tstudywell.A.AsheiscleverB.HeisascleverC.CleverasheisD.Ascleverheis8.,hewasunabletomakemuchprogress.HardashetryB.HardashetriedC.AshetriedhardD.Hetriedhard9.Tomkeptquietabouttheaccidentlosehisjob.A.sonotastoB.soasnottoC.soastonotD.notsoasto10.Whenapenci1ispartlyinaglassofwater,itlooksasifit.A.breaksB.hasbrokenC.werebrokenD.hadbeenbroken11.isknowntoeverybody,themoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth.A.ItB.AsC.ThatD.What
1012.isknowntoal1,Chinawillbeanandpowerfulcountryin20or30years,time.A.That;advancingB.This;advancedC.As;advancedD.It;advancing13.Hedoesn,tbelievethingsyoudo.A.thesame;asB.thesame;withC.assame;asD.assame;with14.ismentionedabove,thenumberofthestudentsinseniorhighschoolsisincreasing.A.WhichB.AsC.ThatD.ItKey:1-5DACAD6-10CCBBC11-14BCAB小升初必会语法(5)Tappen用法小结生活中什么事都可能会“发生(happen)”。那么,你知道怎样使用happen这个词吗?下面我们就对happen的用法作一小结。happen是不及物动词,它的用法常见的有如下儿种情况:1.表示“某地(某时)发生了什么事”,常用“sth.+happen+地点/时间”这一结构来表达,此时主语应是事情。例如:Thestoryhappenedin2003.这个故事发生在2003年。Anaccidenthappenedinthatstreet.那条街上发生了一起事故。2.表示“某人出了某事(常指不好的事)”,要用“sth.+happen+tosb.”这一结构来表达。例如:Acaraccidenthappenedtoherthismorning.今天上午她发生了交通事故。Whathappenedtoyou?你怎么啦?3.表示“某人碰巧做某事”,要用“sb.+happen+todosth.”这一结构来表达。例如:Ihappenedtomeetafriendofmineinthestreetyesterday.昨天我碰巧在街上遇到了我的一个朋友。4.happen表示“碰巧或恰巧发生某事”时,还可用"Ithappens/happenedthat...M这一结构来表达。例如:IthappenedthatBrianandPeterwereathomethatday.碰巧那天布莱恩和彼得在家了。Ithappenedthathehadtotakepartinameetingthatafternoon.碰巧那天下午他不得不参加一个会议。注:that从句中的主语是人时,此种结构可以与“sb.+happen+todosth.”结构互换。例如:
1111happenedthatBrianandPeterwereathomethatday.=BrianandPeterhappenedtobeathomethatday.小升初必会语法(7)一比较级1.比较级可分形容词(adj)的比较和副词(adv)的比较两种。HeistallerthanI.(他比我高)Heworksmoredi1igentlythanIdo.他比我更努力地工作。2.原级,比较级,最高级的变化A.规则变化(a)大部分一个音节和部分两个音节的形容词和副词,字尾+er变成比较级,字尾+est变成最高级clearclearerclearestsmallsmallersmallestnarrownarrowernarrowestnearnearernearestlatelaterlatest(b)字尾是短母音+单子音,加er,est时单子音需再重复一次。BigbiggerbiggestHothotterhottestFatfatterfattest(c)字尾是y,前面是辅音,把y变i,再加er,est.drydrierdriesthappyhappierhappiestearlyearlierearliest三个或三个音节以上及(d)-able,-ful,-ive,-ing,Tess,-ous等字尾的形容词及末尾是ly的副词,肯定加more,否定加less变成比较级,肯定加most,否定加least变成最高级。diligentmorediligentmostdiligentreadablemorereadablemostreadable(less)(least)beautifulmorebeautifulmostbeautiful(less)(least)activemoreactivemostactivecarelessmorecarelessmostcarelessbrightlymorebrightlymostbrightlyhonestlymorehonestlymosthonestlyB.不规则变化
12goodbetterbestwellbetterbestmany(much)moremostlatelater(较晚的)latest(最晚的)latelatter(后者的)last(最后的)farfarther(较远的)farthestfarfurther(更进•步的)furthestoldolderoldest(比较年龄大小)oldeldereldest(比较长幼次序)1.比较级用法(a)肯定(正面)比较:more…than,-erthan〜Thehouseisbright.这间房子很明亮。ThehouseisbrighterthanouroldoneinNewYork.这间房子比我们在纽约的老房子明亮。Thehouseisthemostbrightofal1thehousesinwhichwehavelived.这间房子是我们所住过最明亮的•间。(b)否定(反面)比较:less…than〜Heisstrong.他很强壮。HeislessstrongthanJoe.他没有乔强壮。Heistheleaststronginhisclass.他是班上最不强壮的。(c)同等比较用于肯定:as+原级+as用于否定:notas-as或notso-asAnappleisasbigasanorange.苹果和橘子一样大。Thecoldsoupisn'tasdeliciousasthehotone.冷了的汤没有热汤好喝。Iamnotsofatasyou.我没有你那样胖。小升初必会语法(8)一没有比较级的形容词和副词没有比较级的形容词和副词包括:1)有些程度副词,如:quite,rather,comparatively,incomparably,relatively,fairly等与形容词连用具有"比较”含义。故这时句中的形容词不能再使用比较级。例如:
13Itisasetofcomparativelynewinstrumentinourlaboratory.Thisbookisratherdifficultforthejuniors,butfairlyeasyforthe
14seniors.2)下列几类形容词也没有比较等级:(1)表示"终极”意义或绝对概念的形容词或副词。如:absolute(ly),blind,dead,excellent,entire,living,full,perfect(ly),round,relative,wrong等。(2)表示时间、方位或方向的形容词或副词。如:back,backward,forward,front,past,monthly,weekly,present,southern,vertical等。(3)部分表示事物性质、物质材料或结构成分的形容词。如:atomic,cultural,economic,educational,golden,political,scientific,silken,urban,wooden等。(4)本身具有"最"或"唯一*"概念的形容词。如:maximal,mere,minimal,matchless,sole,onlyunique等。小升初必会语法(9)••形容词、副词及比较级最高级一.形容词的修饰与位置一般来说,从构词法角度来看,后缀“ly”往往是副词,但有的以“ly'结尾的词是形容词而不是副词,这点要注意;形容词一般可以在句子中做定语,表语等成份,但有些形容词在句子中只能做表语和只能做前置定语;这些形容词在修饰时候有一定的特殊性要引起大家的注意,下面做了一下归纳:1以-ly结尾的是形容词而不是副词:costly昂贵的lonely孤独的deadly死•般的lively活泼的friendly友好的silly傻气的kindly热心肠的likely可能的leisurely悠闲的ugly长得H的brotherly兄弟般的monthly每月的earthly尘世的2只作以“a”开头的很多形容词只能做表语:afraid害怕的alike相象的awake醒着的alone单独的,惟•的alive活着的ashamed羞愧的asleep睡着的aware意识到的、察觉到的well健康的content满意的unable无能的3只作前置定语的形容词
15earthen泥十.做的,大地的daily每日的latter后面的golden金子般的weekly每周的inner里面的silken丝一般的monthly每月的outer外面的wooden木制的yearly每年的elder年长的woolen毛织的former前任的mere仅,只不过only惟一的sheer纯粹的very恰好的little小的live活的1.卜列动词既是实义动词又是系动词,注意用做系动词时,要求形容词做表语:remainkeepbecome»get,grow,go,come,turn,stay>stand,run,prove»seem»appear,look.如:Allthoseleftundonemaysoundgreatintheory,buteventhetruestbelieverhasgreatdifficultywhenitcomestospecifics.二.形容词与副词的比较级与最高级1.考比较级时,考生应把握:1)形容词和副词比较级的形式是否和比较连词对应出现,即是否符合原级比较及比较级的结构。如:Doyouenjoylisteningtorecords?Ifindrecordsareoften,orbetterthananactualperformance.[A]asgoodas[B]asgood[C]good[D]goodas在这里asgoodas比较连词与betterthan比较连词同时出现时候,不能省略任何一个介词。答案为AOnthewhole,ambitiousstudentsaremorelikelytosucceedintheirstudiesthanarethosewith1ittleambition.2)比较的成分是否属于同类事物或同类概念,既是说比较要具有可比性。如:Thenumberofregisteredparticipantsinthisyear,smarathonwashalf.
16[A]oflastyear,s[B]thoseoflastyear*s[C]ofthoseoflastyear[D]thatoflastyear*s(前后相比的应该是今年和去年注册参加的人数“thenumberof”故代替它的应该是单数指示代词“that”,而不能选择B,those是指代participants,不是同类对比,答案为D.Youngreaders,moreoftenthannot,findthenovelsofdickensfarmoreexcitingthanThackeray*s.3)比较级与倍数词关系及其位置原级结构中可插入表达倍数的词,表示为“为…。若干倍”,当与有表示倍数比较的词在••起时候等,他们的位置是,倍数词+as…as…,或倍数词+more…than…,但again一般放在原级词之后,即“as+原级+again+as”。如:Smokingissoharmfultopersonalhealththatitkillspeopleeachyearthanautomobileaccidents.[A]sevenmoretimes[B]seventimesmore[C]overseventimes[D]seventimes(答案为B)“Doyouregretpayingfivehundreddollarsforthepainting?w"No,Iwouldgladlyhavepaidforit.”[A]twicesomuch[B]twiceasmuch[C]asmuchtwice[D]somuchtwice(答案为B)MyuncleisasoldagainasIam4)下列词和短语不用比较级形式却表示比较概念:inferior,minor,senior,prior,preferto,superior,major,junior,preferable,differfrom,comparedwith,incomparisonwith,differentfrom,ratherthan.如:Theirwatchistoalltheotherwatchesonthemarket.[A]superior[B]advantageous[C]super[D]beneficial(答案为A)
17Priortohisdeparture,headdressedalettertohisdaughter.(1986年考研题)5)“比较级+and+比较级”或"moreandmore/lessandless+原级”以及"ever,steadily,daily等副词+比较级”结构表示“越来越”的意思,与这类结构搭配的常用动词有grow,get,beeome等。前面两种情况更多地出现在进行时态中,注意的是这三种情况引导的比较级后面都不需要用than.如:Thingsaregettingworseandworse.AsIspoketohimhebecamelessandlessangry.HerhealthwasbecomingdailyworseTheroadgoteverworseuntiltherewasnoroadatall=theroadgotworseandworse.6)比较级前面可以用even,still,yet,allthe(more)等修饰语用以加强语气,表示“更加”的意思。如TodayitisevencolderthanyesterdayIhaveyetmoreexcitingnewsforyou7)有关比较级的特殊句型:A):notsomuch…as…与其说不如说Thechiefreasonforthepopulationgrowthisn'tsomuchariseinbirthratesafallindeathratesasaresultofimprovementsinmedicalcare.[A]and[B]as[C]but[D]or人口增长的主要原因与其说是因为出生率的提高,还不如说是因为医疗的进步带来的死亡率下降的结果。答案为BB)no/notanymore…than…两者一样都不Theheartisintelligentthanthestomach,fortheyarebothcontrolledbythebrain.[A]notso[B]notmuch[C]muchmore[D]nomore(心脏和胃两者都不具有智力,他们都受大脑控制。答案为D)
18Thereisnoreasontheyshouldlimithowmuchvitaminyoutake»theycan1imithowmuchwateryoudrink.[A]muchmorethan[B]nomorethan[C]nolessthan[D]anymorethan(答案为D)Ono/notanyless…than…两者•样,都注意基本上与no/notanymore…than意思相反Sheisnolessbeautifulthanhersister.她和她如姐一样漂亮D)justas…so—正如,也(用倒装结构)Justasthesoi1isapartoftheearth,theatmosphere.[A]asitis[B]thesameis[C]sois[D]andsois(答案为C)2.最高级形式应注意的问题:1)最高级比较范围用介词in,over,of,among.in,(al1)over用于在某一范围内的比较,如:inChina,allovertheworld.of,among用于在同一群体内同类事物的比较,如:amongtheteachers,ofthefourdresses.注意:among…相当于oneof…,不说amongall…。这一点考生应与汉语表达区别开来如:allvisible1ights,redlighthasthelongestandviolettheshortestwavelength.[A]Among[B]Of[C]For[D]To答案为[B]2)比较级形式表示最高级意义时,比较对象的范围应用:anyother+单数名词theother+复数名词theothersanyone/anythingelse上述词是用业将比较级结构转变成最高级意义的关键词语,切不可遗漏,尤其是。then否则会造成逻辑混乱的错误。如不能说:Johnrunsfasterthananyone.注意与汉语表达的不同。
193)most可以用来修饰形容词或副词,意思相当于ver,用法区分单夏数,但不能用定冠词the,如:amostinterestingbook,mostexpensiverestaurants,要注意与“the+形容词最高级+of+名词”的结构表示的最高级的区别,如:HespokeinthewarmestofvoicesTheyhavebeenmostkindtomeBasketbal1isthemostpopularofsportsinthiscountry.ChineseisthemostdifficultoflanguageChineseisamostdifficultlanguage三.不用比较级和最高级的形容词:1)表示颜色的有:white,black2)表示形态的有:round,square,oval,circular,triangular(三角形),level3)表示性质和特征的有:atomic,economic,scientific,sonic>golden,siIvery,woolen,earthen,silent,ful1>empty,sure,dead,deaf,blind*lame*rainy4)表示状态作表语的有:afraid,asleep,alive,ashamed,alone,aware,alike5)表示时间、空间和方位的有:daily,weekly,monthly,annual,present,front,back,forward,backward,east,west,south,north,left,right,final6)表示极限、主次、等级的有:maximum,minimum,utmost»main,major,chiefminor,superior,inferior,senior,junior,super>favorite7)含有绝*j概念的有:absolute,entire,whole,total,perfect,excellent,thorough,complete.四.平行结构与比较级平行结构很多情况下是由形容词或副词的比较级或者暗含比较意味的连词引导的。如:Theideallistenerstaysbothinsideandoutsidethemusicatthemomentitisplayedandenjoysitalmostasmuchasthecomposeratthemomenthecomposes.大多数情况下平行结构都是具有一定的比较含义的,有的是递进对比notonly-but(also);prefer…to…;ratherthan有的是同类对比:and;but;or;both…and…;either…or…;neither…nor
20平行结构测试时候注意以下几点:1.注意比较结构中相比较的内容在语法形式上是否相同。如:Itisbettertodieone,sfeetthan.[A]livingonone'sknees[B]liveonone'sknees[C]onone*sknees[D]toliveonone*sknees(答案为D)Despitethetemporarydifficulties,themanagerprefersincreasingtheoutputtodecreasingit.2.其他具有并列或比较意义的短语也可引导平行结构。1)ratherthan,letalone虽不是并列连词,但在结构上连接两个语法形式相同的成分。如:Wearetaughtthatabusinesslettershouldbewritteninaformalstyleinapersonalstyle.[A]ratherthan[B]otherthan[C]betterthan[D]lessthan答案为AForthenewcountrytosurvive,foritspeop1etoenjoyprosperity,neweconomicpolicieswillberequired.[A]tonameafew[B]letalone[C]nottospeak[D]let'ssay(答案为B)2)如果平行的两个成分在形式上是介词短语,而且介词相同,一般说来第二个介词不要省略。如:Attimes,morecaregoesintothecompositionofnewspaperandmagazineadvertisementsthanintothewritingofthefeaturesandeditorials小升初必会语法(10)一形容词比较级用法1.表示两者之中“较...”,用the+比较级+ofthetwo.
21I*11giveyouthebiggerofthetwosteaks;I'mnotveryhungry.我要把这块比较大的牛排给你,我不怎么饿。2.定冠词或指示形容词+比较级+名词表示比较。Thetailermanisthebossoftherestaurantandtheshorteroneishisbrother.那个身材较高的男人是餐馆老板。较矮的那位是他弟弟。3.有少数以-ior结尾的属于拉丁语的形容词,如inferior(次于),junior(年幼的;下级的),posterior(之后),prior(之前),senior(年长的,上级的),superior(优于)等本身就有比较的意思,后面不接Ihan,常与介系词lo连用,后面用宾格。[amtwoyearsjuniortoyou.我比你小两岁。该句相当于?Iamtwoyearsyourjunior.Iamyourjuniorbytwoyears.Iamtwoyearsyoungerthanyou(are).类似结构还有?beseniorto(年长于)+宾格?beolderthan+主格besuperiorto(优于)+宾格?bebetterthan+主格beinferiorto(劣于)+宾格?beworsethan+主格4.比较形容词可以被修饰语如alittle(一点),much(得多),even(更加),still(更加),far(...得多),verymuch,any,no,rather,alot(agreatdeal),alittle(abit)等修饰,但不可用very修饰,表示某种程度。Thesunisalotbiggerandbrighterthanthemoon.太阳比月亮大得多、亮得多。小升初必会语法(11)一天的用法1、介词prep.在…里;在…中Thereisnocloudinthesky.晴空万里无云。GlasgowisinScotland.格拉斯哥在苏格兰。2、介词prep.进;入Rayputhishandinthewaler.雷把手放进水中。
223、介词prep.在;于(时间)Margaretstartedschoolin1973.玛格丽特一九七三年开始上学。No,itwasin1970,not1969.不对,是在1970年,不是1969年。4、介词prep.在…(时间)以内I*11bereadyinanhour.我一小时以内准备好。5、介词prep.在…(情况)中Mymotherisingoodhealth我的母亲身体很好。Emmawasintears.埃玛哭了。6、介词prep.穿;戴Thepolicemanisinuniform.警察穿着制服。Shedresseshiminhisnewclothes.她给他穿新衣服。7、介词prep.在…(环境)下Wewalkedintherain.我们冒雨行走。Theysleptintheshade.他们睡在树荫下。8、介词prep.以…(方式),用…(语言)HespokeinItalian.他讲话用意大利语。TheytalkedinEnglish.他们用英语交谈。Pleasewriteinpenci1,notinink.请用铅笔写,不要用钢笔写。TheletterwaswritteninFrench.信是用法文写的。9、介词prep.从事(职业);参加(活动)He'sinthearmy.他在军队里10、副词adv.向内;进入Hejustlookedinforamoment.他只是(在门外)往里头看了看。Comein.进来。Stepin,please.请进来。11、副词adv.在内;在家;在办公室Isyourbrotherinorhashegonetothematch?你弟弟是在家还是看球赛去了?
23IsMr.Smithin?*"No,he'sgoneoutforlunch!*“史密斯先生在家吗?”"不在,他出去吃午饭去了。”12、副词adv.时髦;流行Thisyear,shortskirtsarein.今年时兴短裙。13、副词adv.(车,船)到达Thetrainisin.列车到站了。小升初必会语法(12)一规则动词的过去式及发音规则动词的过去式词尾变化有几种:1.一般情况下加ed,如watched,planted,watered,pulled,climbed,picked。2.以不发音字母e结尾的加d,如liked,moved,tastedo3.以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加ed,如studystudied。4.以1个元音字母加1个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节,双写最后一个辅音字母再加ed,如stopstoppedo词尾读音有3种:a.在浊辅音和元音后读[d],如lived,watered,listened,playedob.在清辅音后读[l],如liked,helped,watched0c.在[t],[d]音后读[Id],如planted,wanted,handed(上交)。不规则动词的过去式变化则没有什么规律,请大家背熟记牢:sit-satthrowthrewam,iswasdrink-drankdraw一—dreware-weresing一——sangflyflewdo-didbegin-begangrow——grewhave,hashadswim————swamputputmaymightgive一——gavecut——cutcan—-couldring一——ranglet——letshallshouldrun-ranread——readwill-—wouldride————rodecatchcaughtgo—-wentwrite-wroteteachtaughteat——ate
24drive-drovethink-thoughthear-—heardkeep——keptbuy——boughtseesawsleep-sleptfightfoughtfind-foundsweep-swepthold——heldwear-worefeel——felttell-toldmeetmetcome——camegetgotmean-meantbecomebecamemake—-madespeakspoketake——tooksay-said1)is,am-wasare-were2)begin-beganring-rangdrink-drankswim-swamgive-gavesing-sangsit-satrun_ranhave-hadmake-madecome-cameeat-ate3)write-wroteride-rodespeak-spokedrive-drovestand-stoodtell-toldwin-wonget-gottake_took4)sleep-sleptsweep-sweptfeel-feltkeep-keptspell-speltspend-spentbend-bentmeet-metgo-went5)know-knewfly-flewblow-blewgrow-grewthrow-threwdraw-drew(glow-glowed)6)teach-taughtcatch-caughtbuy-boughtfight-foughtthink-thought7)find-foundhear-heardsay-said1ie-laysee-sawlearn-learntmean-meant8)put-putread-readcut-cutlet-let小升初必会语法(13)一反意疑问句练习1,You*reinGradetwonow,?2、Yourfatherisaworker,?3、MaryisgoingtostudyChinese,?4、We'regoingtohaveameetingthis
25week,__5、Jackisplayinginthegarden,—?6、Theyalllookfine,?7、YoulikeEnglish,?8、Kateswimsthebestinherclass,一?9、MikewatchesTVeveryday,?10>Theylikespringbest,一?11、Theywonthaveagoodtime,__?12、Hewillgotoseeafilm,?13、Sheisn*tgoingtobuyabook,?14、TomandMikearewatchingTV,_915、Youaredoingsomewashing,?16、MrsWhiteiscleaningtheroom,?17、Ibadarestamomentago,?18、Hewasateacherayearago,?19、TheywroteletterslastSunday,_?20、MrSmithmadeatablelastyear,_?21、Don'topenthedoor,?22、Let'sgotoschool,23、Listentome,?24、There*slittlewaterintherive,—?25、Thelittlegirlcanhardlyread,?26、HehasneverbeentoJapan,?27、ThestudentsborrowedfewEnglishbooksfromthelibrary,Kaipmndpfawmistakesintheexam,?参考答案1、arentyou2、isn'the3、isn,tshe4、aren*twe5、isn'the6、don'tthey7、don'tyou8、doesn*tshe9、doeshe10、don'tthey11、willthey12、won*the13、isshe14、aren'tthey15、aren'tyou16、isn'tshe17>didn'tI18、wasn*the19、didn'tthey20、didn*the21、willyou22、shallwe23、willyou24、isthere25、canshe26hashe27、didthey28、didshe小升初必会语法(15)一英语动词后加Ving形式(l)be动词(is.am.are).介词后面加ing形式。还有固定的词组搭配要记住
26某些动词后出现非限定性动词时只能用动名词作宾语,不能用不定式。常见的此类动词有:advise,allow,permit,avoid,consider,enjoy,finish,giveup,cannothelp,imagine,include,keep,keepon,mind,miss,putoff,delay,practise,resist,suggest,dependon,thinkabout,setabout,succeedin,worryabout,burstout,insiston,can'tstand,beusedto,getusedto,devote・・・to…,lookforwardto,payattentionto,getdownto等。如:Theywentonwalkingandneverstoppedtalking.他们继续走,说个不停。Ifounditpleasantwalkingalongtheseashore.在海滩上走真是乐事。(2)作介词的宾语Wearethinkingofmakinganewplanforthenextterm.我们正考虑为下学期制定新的计划。Shallwehavearestorgetdowntodoingourwork?我们休息呢还是开始干活?(3)作形容词的宾语Themusiciswellworth1isteningtomorethanonce.这种曲子很值得多听几遍。Wearebusypreparingforthecomingsportsmeet.我们正为马上到来的运动会忙着做准备。(4)、作表语动名词作表语时句子主语常是表示无生命的事物的名词或what引导的名词性从句。表语动名词与主语通常是对等的关系,表示主语的内容,主语、表语可互换位置。Yourtaskiscleaningthewindows.你的任务就是擦窗户。(Cleaningthewindowsisyourtask.)WhatIhatemostisbeinglaughedat.我最痛恨的就是被别人嘲笑。(BeinglaughedatiswhatIhatemost.)(5)、作定语动名词作定语往往表示被修饰词的某种用途。如:awalkingstick=astickforwalking=astickwhichisusedforwalkingawashingmachine=amachineforwashing=amachinewhichisusedforwashingareadingroom=aroomforreading=aroomwhichisusedforreadingameasuringtape=atapeformeasuring=atapewhichisusedformeasuringsleepingpills=pillsforsleeping=pilIswhichisusedforsleeping小升初必会语法(16)--have的用法havev.(动词)
27had[h2d]hav.ing,has[h2z]v.tr.(及物动词)Tobeinpossessionof:拥有:alreadyhadacar.已经有•辆车Topossessasacharacteristic,quality,orfunction:气质:有…的特征、性质或功能:hasabeard;hadagreatdealofenergy.蓄着胡子;精力充沛Topossessorcontainasaconstituentpart:包含:作为某物的组成部分而含有或包含:acarthathasanautomatictransmission.有自动传动系统的汽车Tooccupyaparticularrelationto:有特殊关系:hadagreatmanydisciples.有很多信徒Topossessknowledgeoforfacilityin:具有某方面的知识或才能:hasverylittleSpanish.懂很少一点西班牙语Toholdinthemind;entertain:保持在脑中;怀抱:haddoubtsabouttheirloyalty.对他们的忠诚怀有疑虑Touseorexhibitinaction:发挥:通过行动来运用或显示:havecompassion.发挥同情心Tocomeintopossessionof;acquire:占有;获得:Notonecopyofthebookwastobehadintheentiretown.整个城镇都没有这本书Toreceive;get:收到;得到:Ihadaletterfrommycousin.我收到堂弟寄来的信Toaccept;take:接受;收纳:1111havethegreenpeasinsteadofthespinach.我想要份青豆而不是菠菜Tosufferfrom:经受,遭受:havedefectivevision.视力不好
28Tobesubjecttotheexperienceof:经历,经验:hadadifficulttimelastwinter.去年冬天日子不好过Tocauseto,asbypersuasionorcompulsion:促使:通过劝说或强迫导致…:
29hadmyassistantruntheerrand.让我的助手跑腿Tocausetobe:使…成为:hadeveryonefascinated.把每个人都吸引住了Topermit:allow:允许;许可:Iwon*thavethatkindofbehaviorinmyhouse.在我家中我可不允许做那种事Tocarryon,perform,orexecute:执行,做,实行:haveanargument.进行争吵Toplaceatadisadvantage:把…置于不利状态:Youropponentinthedebatehadyouoneveryissue.你的对手在争论中使你在每个问题上都处于下风Informa1Togetthebetterof,especiallybytrickeryordeception:【非正式用语】利用:尤指通过诡计或欺骗利用:Theyrealizedtoolatethatthey,dbeenhadbyaswindler.他们发现被•个骗子耍了,但为时已晚InformalToinfluencebydishonestmeans;bribe:【非正式用语】贿赂:通过不正当手段影响;购赂:anincorruptibleofficialwhocouldnotbehad.一位不为贿赂所动的廉洁官员Toprocreate(offspring):繁殖(后代):wantedtohaveachild.想要一个孩子Togivebirthto;bear:生;生育:She*sgoingtohaveababy.她就要生孩子了Topartakeof:吃喝:havelunch.吃中饭Tobeobligedto;must:被迫;必须:Wesimplyhavetogetthereontime.我们不得不准时赶到那里v.aux.(助动词)Usedwithapastparticipletoformthepresentperfect,pastperfect,andfutureperfecttensesindicatingcompletedaction:
30与过去分词连用构成现在完成时、过去完成时或将来完成时以表示结束的行为:Thetroublemakerhasgoneforgood.IregrettedthatIhadlostmytemper.Theywillhavefinishedbythetimewearrive.那捣蛋鬼已走上了1E路。我对我曾大发脾气感到后悔。他们会在我们到那里的时候完成的n.(名词)Oneenjoyingespeciallymaterialwealth:富人:尤指享受物质财富的人:MAlmostovernight,therewasanewandwidespreadhostilityonthepartofthehavestowardthehave-nots”(ThomasP.O'Neill,Jr.)“几乎是一夜之间,富人们就对穷人们滋生出一种新的和的仇恨”(小托马斯P・奥涅尔)havev.aux.1.(加过去分词,构成完成时态)已经;曾经Theyhaven*tfinishedthejobyet.他们尚未完成该项工作。2.(用于虚拟语气,表示与过去事实相反的假设)(假如那时)...的话Shemighthavecomeifshehadn,tbeensobusy.当时若不是那么忙,她是可能来的。vt.1.有,拥有MThiscoathasnopockets.这件衣服没有口袋。2.怀有,持有[町Manypeoplehavedoubtsaboutthenewproject.许多人对这项新工程有怀疑。3.体验;经验;患[W]Wehadawonderfultimeonthebeach.我们在海滩上玩得好极了。4.拿;得到,取得[W]Wegavehimapresent,buthewouldn'thaveit.我们给他一件礼物,但他不肯接受。5.进行,从事(某事)Themanagerishavingameeting.经理正在开会。
311.吃;喝;吸(烟)
32Theyhadtheirlunchinacafeteria.他们在一家自助餐厅吃了午饭。Haveacupofcoffee,please.请喝杯咖啡。1.邀请(某人),招待MWehadsomeguestsfordinnerlastnight.我们昨晚请了儿位客人吃饭。2.(用于否定句中)容忍;允许[04]Iwon'thaveanyonesmokinginhere.我不容许任何人在这里抽烟。3.生得,生育Mywifeisgoingtohaveababy.我妻子快要生孩子了。4.使,让;招致[07][08]Pa'shadhishandsburned.爸的手给烫伤了。I*vehadthestovelighted.我已经让人把炉子点着了。5.要;叫;使[03][04]611beproudtohaveyoureadit.你肯读它我会感到骄傲的。7.必须,不得不[+to-v]Ihavetogorightnow.我马上得走。8.明白,懂得[W]IguessIhaveyourideas.我想我明白你的意思。9.【俚】与(女人)性交n.1.富人;富国[theP]Thegapbetweenthehavesandthehave-notsiswidening.贫富之间的差距在扩大。小升初必会语法(17)-in,puton,wear,dress,haveon,pullon用法辨析in,puton,wear,dress,haveon,pul1on用法辨析都含有“穿、戴”之意,但用法不同。in是介词,后接表示衣服或颜色的词,着重于服装的款式或颜色。它所构成的短语只能作表语或定语。例如:Thisisapictureofayoungmaninablackcoat.
33这是一张穿着黑色外套的年轻人的照片。这里inablackcoat是youngman的定语。Heisinablacknylonjackettoday.今天他穿着黑色尼龙夹克。Inablacknylonjacket在这个句子里作表语。puton"穿上、戴上”,强调“穿”“戴”的动作,后接衣服、鞋帽等。例如:Iwantyoutoputonthiscoatandthishat.我要你穿这件外套,戴这顶帽子。Putonyourheavywintercoatifyouaregoingout.如果你要出去,穿上你的厚冬衣。pullon的意思也是“穿上”,带有“匆忙”的意思:It'stheweekend.Iknowyou'refree.Sopullonyourjeansandcomeoutwithme.现在是周末,我知道你有空。所以穿上你的牛仔裤,和我•起出去吧。You'relate!Quicklypullonyourclothesandleave!你迟到了!快穿上衣服走吧!wear“穿着;戴着”,表示状态,宾语可以是衣帽,也可以是饰物、奖章等。例如:You'dbetterwearblueorblackpantswithblownshoes.穿棕色鞋子的时候,最好要穿蓝色或黑色裤子。Whydoesheoftenweardarksunglasses?他为什么经常戴着深色的太阳镜?dress的宾语通常是人,意思是“给穿衣服”。dressoneself或getdressed表示给自己穿衣服。例如:Mysonisnowabletodresshimself.我儿子现在自己会穿衣服了。It'stimetowakeupandgetdressed!该起床穿衣服了。bedressedin的意思是"穿着",表示状态。Sheisdressedinafurcoat.她穿着毛皮大衣。dressup的意思是“盛装打扮、乔装打扮”。I'dlikeyoutodressupformybirthdaypartytonight.今晚我希望你为我的生日派对打扮打扮。YoungkidsoftendressupandhavefunatHalloween.万圣节前夜,小孩子通常都乔装打扮,玩得很开心。
34haveon的意思是“穿着,戴着”,例如:Ifyou*rewearingblackpantsyoushouldhaveonblackshoesandablackbelt.如果你穿着黑色长裤的话,你应该要穿黑色的鞋子,配黑色的皮带。I,11haveonblackpantsandagrayshirttomorrow.明天我会穿一条黑色的长裤和一件灰色的衬衫。小学英语必备语法.Therebe句型小结大家好,我是therebe句型,我的中文名字是“有”,表示某处存在某(物)人。基本结构为“Therebe+某物(某人)+某地(某时)"。其中there是引导词,没有词义;主语是be后面的名词,be是谓语动词,在•般现在时中be只有is和are两种形式。我常见的结构有两种:1Thereis+单数名词(不可数名词)+介词短语2Thereare+复数名词+介词短语下面的口诀可以帮你更好的了解我:(1)therebe句型有特点,主语跟在be后面;地时放句末,强调置前头。如:(2)Thereisapenonthedesk.有时为了强调地点,也可把介词短语放在句后。如:Onthedeskthereisapen.(2)Be动词,有三个,amis还有are,“therebe真特别,不留am只留俩,is还有are。要用is还是are,须看后面的名词是单数还是复数。若是单数或不可数名词用is,否则就用are.。如:1Thereisagirlintheclassroom.2Thereissomewaterinthebottle.3Therearesomebananasinthebox.(3)注意:如果“be”后的主语是由and连接的两个或两个以上的名词,那么be的形式要遵循“远亲不如近邻”的原则。也就是说,“be”的形式是由与它最近的那个名次来决定的。若那个名词是单数或不可数名词要用is,是复数就用are。如1Thereisateacherandfortystudentsintheclassroom.2Therearefortystudentsandateacherintheclassroom.这就是我的“内涵”,现在你了解我了吧!小学六年英语级过去时练习茏总1.He(live)inWuxitwoyearsago.2.Thecat(eat)abirdlastnight.3.We(have)apartylastHalloween.4.Nancy(pick)uporangesonthefarmlastweek.5.I(make)amodelshipwithMikeyesterday.6.They(play)chessintheclassroomlastPElesson.7.Mymother(cook)anicefoodlastSpringFestival.8.Thegirls(dance)atthepartylastnight.
359.I(watch)acartoononSaturdaylastweek.10.We(go)tozooyesterday.11.you(visit)yourrelativeslastSpringFestival?12.GaoShan(pull)upcarrotslastNationalDayholiday.13.Whatshe(do)inthegardenlastmorning?She(catch)abeautifulbutterfly.14.They(have)abiglunchlastSpringFestival.15.Lastsummerholiday,I(go)toaparty.It(be)fun.16.Weal1(eat)deliciousfoodlastweek.17.(do)yougotothezoolastChiIdren*sDay?18.you(have)agoodtimelastnight?19.WhatNancy(do)lastSpringFestival?20.Whatholiday(come)afterChristmas?21.”(who)CDWalkmanisit?”Iasked.Butnobody(answer).22.I(watch)adragonboatracejustnow.23.Thestudents(go)tothesupermarket(by)busyesterday.24.I've(get)awalletfrommygrandma.25.you(eat)alotofdeliciousfoodlastSpringFestival?26.MrsBlack(go)toworkbybuseveryday,burMrBlack(do).27.It(be)mybirthdayyesterday,I(have)agoodtime.1.Shedoesherhomework.(用yesterdy改写)2.Iamwatchingafilmnow.(用justnow改写)3.Wedidamodelplaneyesterday.(改否定句及一般疑问句,并作两种回答)4.Helentastedorangesonthefarmlastholiday.5.Ihadfivesubjectslastterm.6.Myfatherreadastorybookaboutanimalsyesterdayevening.7.Wepickedlotsofapplesonthefarm.8.Hewantedtogocamping.9.ItwasthefourthofSeptembertwodaysago.10.Iwasatthecamp.11.Therewere30appletrees(1)onthefarm(2).(3)12.Heaskedhertocleanthebedroom.13.TheywenttothecinemaonSunday小升初英语基本语法与练习三形容词、副词•.形容词的修饰与位置
36•般来说,从构词法角度来看,后缀“ly”往往是副词,但有的以“ly’结尾的词是形容词而不是副词,这点要注意;形容词一般可以在句子中做定语,表语等成份,但有些形容词在句子中只能做表语和只能做前置定语;这些形容词在修饰时候有一定的特殊性要引起大家的注意,下面做了一下归纳:1以Ty结尾的是形容词而不是副词:costly昂贵的lonely孤独的friendly友好的silly傻气的leisurely悠闲的ugly长得丑的deadly死一般的lively活泼的kindly热心肠的likely可能的brotherly兄弟般的monthly每月的earthly尘世的2只作以“a”开头的很多形容词只能做表语:afraid害怕的alike相象的awake醒着的alone单独的,惟一的
37asleep睡着的aware意识到的、察觉到的unable无能的alive活着的ashamed羞愧的well健康的content满意的3只作前置定语的形容词earthen泥土做的,大地的daily每日的latter后面的golden金子般的weekly每周的inner里面的silken丝一般的monthly每月的outer外面的wooden木制的yearly每年的elder年长的woolen毛织的former前任的mere仅,只不过only惟•的sheer纯粹的very恰好的little小的live活的4.下列动词既是实义动词又是系动词,注意用做系动词时,要求形容词做表语:remainkeepbecome>get,grow,go,come,turn»stay,stand,run»prove,seem,appear,look.如:Allthoseleftundonemaysoundgreatintheory,buteventhetruestbelieverhasgreatdifficultywhenitcomestospecifics.二.形容词与副词的比较级与最高级
381.考比较级时,考生应把握:1)形容词和副词比较级的形式是否和比较连词对应出现,即是否符合原级比较及比较级的结构。如:Doyouenjoylisteningtorecords?Ifindrecordsareoften,orbetterthananactualperformance.[A]asgoodas[B]asgood[C]good[D]goodas在这里asgoodas比较连词与betterthan比较连词同时出现时候,不能省略任何一个介词。答案Onthewhole,ambitiousstudentsaremorelikelytosucceedintheirstudiesthanarethosewithlittleambition.2)比较的成分是否属丁同类事物或同类概念,既是说比较要具有可比性。如:Thenumberofregisteredparticipantsinthisyear*smarathonwashalf.[A]oflastyear*s[B]thoseoflastyear,s[C]ofthoseoflastyear[D]thatoflastyear*s(前后相比的应该是今年和去年注册参加的人数“thenumberof”故代替它的应该是单数指示代词“thal”,而不能选择B,those是指代participants,不是同类对比,答案为D.Youngreaders,moreoftenthannot,findthenovelsofdickensfarmoreexcitingthanThackeray*s.3)比较级与倍数词关系及其位黄原级结构中可插入表达倍数的词,表示为“为…。若干倍”,当与有表示倍数比较的词在一起时候等,他们的位置是,倍数词+as…as…,或倍数词+more…than…,但again一般放在原级词之后,即“as+原级+again+as”。如:Smokingissoharmfultopersonalhealththatitkillspeopleeachyearthanautomobileaccidents.[A]sevenmoretimes[B]seventimesmore[C]overseventimes[D]seventimes(答案为B)
39“Doyouregretpayingfivehundreddollarsforthepainting?ft"No,Iwou1dgladlyhavepaidforit.”[A]twicesomuch[B]twiceasmuch[C]asmuchtwice[D]somuchtwice(答案为B)MyuncleisasoldagainasIam4)卜.列词和短语不用比较级形式却表示比较概念:inferior,minor,senior,prior,preferto,superior,major,junior,preferable,differfrom,comparedwith.incomparisonwith,differentfrom,ratherthan.如:Theirwatchistoalltheotherwatchesonthemarket.[A]superior[B]advantageous[C]super[D]beneficial(答案为A)Priortohisdeparture,headdressedalettertohisdaughter.(1986年考研题)5)“比较级+and+比较级"或"moreandmore/lessandless+原级”以及"ever,steadily,daily等副词+比较级”结构表示“越来越”的意思,与这类结构搭配的常用动词有grow,get,beeome等。前面两种情况更多地出现在进行时态中,注意的是这三种情况引导的比较级后面都不需要用than.如:Thingsaregettingworseandworse.AsIspoketohimhebecamelessandlessangry.HerhealthwasbecomingdailyworseTheroadgoteverworseuntiltherewasnoroadatall=theroadgotworseandworse.6)比较级前面可以用even,still,yet,allthe(more)等修饰语用以加强语气,表示“更加”的意思。如TodayitisevencolderthanyesterdayIhaveyetmoreexcitingnewsforyou7)有关比较级的特殊句型:A):notsomuch…as…与其说不如说
40Thechiefreasonforthepopulationgrowthisn*tsomuchariseinbirthratesafal1indeathratesasaresultofimprovementsinmedicalcare.[A]and[B]as[C]but[D]or人口增长的主要原因与其说是因为出生率的提高,还不如说是因为医疗的进步带来的死亡率下降的结果。答案为BA)no/notanymore…than…两者一样都不Theheartisintelligentthanthestomach,fortheyarebothcontrolledbythebrain.[A]notso[B]notmuch[C]muchmore[D]nomore(心脏和胃两者都不具有智力,他们都受大脑控制。答案为D)Thereisnoreasontheyshouldlimithowmuchvitaminyoutake,theycan1imithowmuchwateryoudrink.[A]muchmorethan[B]nomorethan[C]nolessthan[D]anymorethan(答案为D)C)no/notanyless…than…两者一样,都注意基本上与no/notanymore…than意思相反Sheisnolessbeautifulthanhersister.她和她姐姐一样漂亮D)justas-so-正如,也(用倒装结构)Justasthesoilisapartoftheearth,theatmosphere.[A]asitis[B]thesameis[C]sois[D]andsois(答案为C)2.最高级形式应注意的问题:D最高级比较范围用介词in,over,of»among.in,(al1)over用于在某一范围内的比较,如:inChina,allovertheworld.of,among用于在同一群体内同类事物的比较,如:amongtheteachers,ofthefourdresses.注意:among…相当于oneof…,不说amongall…。这一点考生应与汉语表达区别开来
41in:allvisible1ights»redlighthasthelongestandviolettheshortestwavelength.[A]Among[B]Of[C]For[D]To答案为[B]2)比较级形式表示最高级意义时,比较对象的范围应用:anyother+单数名词theother+复数名词theothersanyone/anythingelse上述词是用业将比较级结构转变成最高级意义的关键词语,切不可遗漏,尤其是。then否则会造成逻辑混乱的错误。如不能说:Johnrunsfasterthananyone.注意与汉语表达的不同。3)most可以用来修饰形容词或副词,意思相当于very,用法区分单且数,但不能用定冠词the,如:amostinterestingbook,mostexpensiverestaurants,要注意与Mthe+形容词最高级+of+名词”的结构表示的最高级的区别,如:HespokeinthewarmestofvoicesTheyhavebeenmostkindtomeBasketbal1isthemostpopularofsportsinthiscountry.ChineseisthemostdifficultoflanguageChineseisamostdifficultlanguage三.不用比较级和最高级的形容词:1)表示颜色的有:white,black2)表示形态的有:round,square,oval,circular,triangular(三角形),level3)表示性质和特征的有:atomic,economic,scientific,sonic,golden»silvery,woolen,earthen,silent,ful1,empty,sure»dead,deaf,blind,lame*rainy4)表不状态作表语的有:afraid,asleep,alive,ashamed*alone,aware»alike5)表示时间、空间和方位的有:daily,weekly,monthly,annual»present,front,back,forward,backward,east,west,south,north,left»right,final6)表示极限、主次、等级的有:maximum,minimum,utmost,main*major,chiefminor,superior,inferior,senior,junior,super,favorite7)含有绝对概念的有:absolute,entire,who1e,total,perfect,excellent,thorough,complete.
42四.平行结构与比较级平行结构很多情况下是由形容词或副词的比较级或者暗含比较意味的连词引导的。如:Theideallistenerstaysbothinsideandoutsidethemusicatthemomentitisplayedandenjoysitalmostasmuchasthecomposeratthemomenthecomposes.大多数情况下平行结构都是具有一定的比较含义的,有的是递进对比notonly-but(also);prefer…to…;ratherthan有的是同类对比:and;but;or;both…and…;either…or…;neither…nor平行结构测试时候注意以下几点:L注意比较结构中相比较的内容在语法形式上是否相同。如:Itisbettertodieone'sfeetthan.[A]livingonone*sknees[B]liveonone'sknees[C]onone*sknees[D]toliveonone,sknees(答案为D)Despitethetemporarydifficulties,themanagerprefersincreasingtheoutputtodecreasingit.2.其他具有并列或比较意义的短语也可引导平行结构。1)ratherthan,letalone虽不是并列连词,但在结构上连接两个语法形式相同的成分。如:Wearetaughtthatabusinesslettershouldbewritteninaforma1styleinapersonalstyle.[A]ratherthan[B]otherthan[C]betterthan[D]lessthan答案为AForthenewcountrytosurvive,foritspeop1etoenjoyprosperity,neweconomicpolicieswillberequired.[A]tonameafew[B]letalone[C]nottospeak[D]let'ssay(答案为B)
432)如果平行的两个成分在形式上是介词短语,而且介词相同,一般说来第二个介词不耍省略。如:Attimes,morecaregoesintothecompositionofnewspaperandmagazineadvertisementsthanintothewritingofthefeaturesandeditorials英语学习小结:只有复数形式的名词1)一些成双成对的名词通常只有复数形式,常见的有jeans(牛仔裤)、headphones(耳机)、trousers(裤子)、clothes(衣服)、pants(短裤)、glasses(眼镜)、shoes(鞋子)、sunglasses(太阳镜)、scissors(剪刀)、compasses(圆规)。这些名词可单独作主语,动词用复数形式,也可用...pair/pairsof修饰,作主语时动词取决于pair的形式。2)一些食物名词只有复数形式,常见的有noodles,vegetables,snacks<,3)一些固定短语中的名词只有复数形式,常见有的expressone'sthankstosb.(向某人表达感激之情),aletterofthanks(一封感谢信),inhigh/lowspirits(情绪高涨/低落),havesports(进行体育活动)。4)一些不可数名词只有复数形式,但却表示单数概念,常见的有news(消息),means(手段)。Asweallknow,nonewsisgoodnews.众所周知,没有消息就是好消息°5)一些专有名词只有复数形式,但却表示单数概念,常见的有:theUnitedStates(美国)、IheUnitedNations(联合国)、theUnitedKingdoms(英国)、theArabianNights(《一千零一夜》)小升初英语基本语法与练习四数词表示“多少”和“第儿”的词,叫数词。数词分为基数词和序数词两种。1)基数词:在十位数词和个位数词中间加上连字符“-"•如:21twenty-one'基数词三位以上的数词,在白位和十位之间,,般要用连词"and°o如:132onehundredandthirty-two.表示”万“的词英语中没有。如1万可用10千来表示。tenthousand.30万可用threehundredthousand来表示。基数词的用法:1.编号的事物用基数词:如:LessonFive,Room101
441.表示“年,月,日“时用基数词。2.表示“儿点钟,儿点过儿分”用基数词。Itistwototwo.现在是两点差两分。3.加减乘除用基数词。Oneplustwoisthree.一加二等于三。Eightminusfourisfour.八减四等于四。Twotimestwoisfour.二乘二等于四.Tendividedbytwoisfive.十除二等于五。5表示百分数用基数词.Thirtypercentofthemiswater.它们当中有30%的水。6.表示分数时,分子数字用基数词,但分母耍用序数词,如分子不是1,序数词耍用复数形式。One-fifthofthebooksaremine.三分之一的书是我的。Three-tenthsofwaterisdisappeared.十分之三的水不见了。2)序数词:表示数目顺序的词用序数词。1.序数词1—19除第一,第二,第三,第五,第八,第九,第十二变化不规则外,其余均由在基数词后加上-th.2.卜位整数的序数词的构成方法是,是将卜位整数基数词的词尾-y变成i再加-eth。3.几十几的序数词,只是把个位数变成序数词,十位数不变。4.第•百以上的多位序数词由基数词的形式变结尾部分为序数词形式来表示。onehundredandtwenty-first,onethousand,threehundredandtwentieth5.序数词的缩写形式有时,序数词可以用缩写形式来表示。主要缩写形式有.first-1stsecond-2ndthird―3rdfourth—4thsixth―6thtwentieth―20thtwenty-third―23rd其中1st,2nd,3rd为特殊形式,其它的都是阿拉伯数字后加上th。6.通常前面要加定冠词the;但是如果序数词前出现不定冠词a或an时,则表示“再”,“又”.We'vetrieditthreetimes.Mustwetryitafourthtime?
451.基数词也可以表示顺序。只需将基数词放在它所修饰的名词之后(名词需大写)即可,不需要添加定冠词。thefirstlesson-LessonOne,thefifthpage-Page5,thetwenty-firstroom-Room21练习2)1.I4vereadsportsnewsabouttheFlracetoday.A.twoB.piecesC.twopiecesD.twopiecesof()2.DuringWorldWarII*aJewish(犹太)ladywasprotectedbyalocalfamilyinShanghaiinher.A.fifties小升初英语基本语法与练习二代词知识要点代词是用来代替人、事物等名词的词.(1)人称代词1.人称代词有人称、数和格之分,在句子中作主语用主格,作宾语或表语用宾格。2.在比较句型中的连词后,可以用主格也可用宾格。3.句子中同时有儿个人称代词出现时,•般按第二人称、第三人称、第•人称的顺序。(2)物主代词1.形容词性物主代词y与名词性物主代词关系为:名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词。2.双重所有格:名词+of+名称性物主代词.Annisafriendofmymother's.3.名词性物主:代词用在比较句型中表示与前文中的比较对象相呼应。Myfatherisolderthanyours,(yours指的是yourfather)我我们你你们他她它他们
46主格Iweyouyouhesheitthey宾格meusyouyouhimheritthem形容词性物主代词myouryouryourhisheritstheir名词性物主代词mineoursyoursyourshishersitstheirs反身代词myselfourselvesyourselfyourselveshimselfherselfitselfthemselves(3)指示代词:指近处:this-*these指远处:that—those(4)反身代词,在英语中用来表示“我自己,、“你自己”、“他自己”、“我们自己”、你们自己”等意义的代词称为反身代词。反身代词常用的固定短语有bymyself,enjoyoneself,helponeselfto,等(5)疑问代词:疑问代词是用来构成特殊疑问句的,疑问代词一般位于句子开头。常用的有who,who叫whose,which,what等.练习:I用相应的人称代词替换卜列单词或词组1.Lucy6.Mike'sfatherandmother2.MrWhite7.youandSue3.theman8.thedesk4.MaryandI9.MrsGreen5.EdandJim10.manysheepIL用适当的人称代词填空。1.That'sTom'sbook.Pleasegiveto.2.They,renewstudentshere.Wouldyoupleaselookafter?3.Hissisterisanurseinthehospital.Doyouknow?4.Thisisabedroom,thereisabedin・
471.isatallandprettygirl.III.用适当的物主代词填空。1.Look,thisisnewbike.Ilikeitverymuch.2.Wehavetwonewfriends,namesareSamandTim.3.Youmustlookafterthings.4.Maryusuallygoesshoppingwithparents.5.Lookatschool,it,sbigandbeautiful.Weloveitverymuch.IV.根据所给汉语完成句子。1.Whichstoryisbetter,(你的)or(他的)?2.Look!Thatis(我的)bike.Whereis(你的)?3.(我们的)houseislargerthan.(他们的).4.1haveacat.(它的)nameisMimi.5.Theseare(她的)books,(他的)areoverthere.6.isaboy.nameisDavid,(he)7.isanicegirl,nameisJenny,(she)8.IsEnglishnameFrancisco?(you)9.Whatisphonenumber?(he)10.Howdospellname?(you)11.sisterisateacher,(she)V.用适当的指示代词(this,that,these,those)填空。1.pensaremine.Thoseareyours.2.-What'soverthere?-It*sacar.3.Look,rulerislongerthanthatone.4.-Hello!Who*sspeaking?-Hello!isMaryspeaking.5.WangLin,ismybrotherMike.
48VI.用适当的疑问词填空。1.-areyoudoing?-I'mreadingbooks.2.-T-shirtisthis?-It*sToin's.3.doyoulikebetter,thisoneorthatone?4.-isthemaninthecar?-He'smyuncle.5.-Todidyoutalklastnight?-Myclassmate,Jim.VIL单项选择。A.A.A.A.)1.Thesemy,yours)2.areareTheir,Their).3_He,They,her)4.MrGreenus,them)5.oranges.ThoseareB.his,herinthesameclass.B.We,Theirgoodteacher.oranges.C.ours,theirChineseteacherisMissGao.C.They,theiralllikeB.She,They,himC.She,We,herteachesEnglish.B.them,theyHe1ikesC.me,meareinthesameschool.verymuch.I,youandheB.you,heandC.He,Iandyou)6.1metKateonwayhomeyesterday.)7.KateandhersisterwentonhoiidaywithaclassmateofA.herB.hersC.theirD.theirs
49)8.-Whichofthesetwosweaterswillyoutake?-I,11take.Theylooknearlythesame,andIjustneedone.A.bothB.eitherC.noneD.all)9.Hehastwobasketballs.Oneisnew,isold.A.theotherB.otherC.theothersD.others)10.Ihaveboughtanewwatchbecausemyolddoesn*twork.A.itB.oneC.thatD.this()11.-CanyouspeakRussian?-Yes,butonly.A.littleB.alittleC.fewD.afew()12.-Whatwou1dyouliketohave,teaormi1k?-I*dliketohaveaglassofwater.A.EachB.NeitherC.EitherD.Both()13.MycarwasbrokenandIdidn*tknowtodo.A.whatB.whichC.whenD.how()14.Therearemanytreesoftheroad!Andofthetreesisgrowinglargerandlarger.A.onbothside,anumberB.oneachsides,anumberC.onbothsides,thenumberD.oneveryside,thenumber()15.-Didshegotoschoolwhenshewasyoung?-No.Shetaughtathome.A.herB.herselfC.hersD.she小升初英语基本语法与练习一名词知识要点一、名词的数
50在英语中,名词按其所表示的事物的性质可分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。单数名词表示一个可数事物。复数名词表示两个或两个以上的可数事物。可数名词可分为单数和复数两种形式:表示•个人或事物的名词用单数形式,在使用时,前面•般加不定冠词a或an,表示两个或两个以上的人或事物的名词用复数形式,一般是在词干后附加词尾s或es,如:bags,boxes.名词单数变复数具体规则如下:1).规则变化①一般在名词后加s.如boy-boys,pen-*pens等。②以s,x,sh,ch结尾的,在后面加es.如class—classes,但stomach的复数为stomachs.③”以辅音字母+y”结尾的,y变为i,然后再加es.如baby—babies.④以f或fe结尾的名词把f或fe改为v,再加es.如knife,half,leaf,wolf等。⑤以o结尾的名词,除tomato,potato等少数在后面加es外,一般是在后面直接加s.如kilofkilos,photo-photos,zoo-*zoos,radio-*radios,piano—pianos,video-*videos.2).不规则变化①man-*men,woman-*women,foot->feet,tooth->teeth,,child-children,mouse-*mice②单复数形式相同如:sheep-*sheep,deer-*deer,Japanese-*Japanese,ChinesefChinese等。③有些名词形式上是单数,实为复数意义,通常被称为复数名词,如:people,police等。(4)由-man和-woman构成的合成词如:policeman-policemen,Englishman-Englishmen,Englishwoman-Englishwomen但German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans.另外被man或woman修饰的名词变复数时,两个名词都要变。例:amandoctor-*twomendoctorsawomanteacher-*-somewomenteachers但:appletree-*appletrees⑤有些名词只有复数形式,如:clothes,trousers,glasses,chopsticks等。⑥数词+名词作定语时,常采用数词+单数名词形式,如atwo-weekholiday,an8-yearoldgirl.另一种常见的形式有fiveminutes*walk,twodays*leave等。3)不可数名词没有单复数形式,要表示不可数名词的数量,可用以下两种方法。①用much,alittle,alotof/lotsofsome,any等修饰不可数名词。如:
51Therichmanhasalotofmoney.②可用表单位的词修饰不可数名词,如:apieceofpaper,twopiecesofpaper,abottleoforange,aglassofmiIk,threebagsofrice。二、名词的格1)表示有生命的东西(人或动物)的名词所有格•般在名词后加's.如:myfather*sstudy以s或es结尾的复数名词的所有格只在名词后加’如:theteachers*readingroom教师阅览室;不以s结尾的更数名词的所有格要加's.如:thewomen'sshoes女式鞋子。如果•样东西为两人共有,则只在后•个名词的后面加's。如果不是共有的,则两个名词之后都要加's.如:JaneandHelen*sroom珍妮和海伦的房间(共有)Bill'sandTom*sradios比尔的收音机和汤姆的收音■•机(不共有)2)表示无生命的东西,一般用of+名词的结构。如:amapofChina练习,I.写出下列名词的复数形式。1.watch11.strawberry2.chiId12.thief3.photo13.girlstudent4.diary14.mandoctor5.day15.womannurse6.foot16.peartree7.book17.peach8.dress18.box9.tooth19.baby10.deer20.German11.翻译下列词组。
521.一些桃子__10.我的自行车—2.五袋大米U.教师节3.八只脚12.三八妇女节4.二十颗牙齿13.二张纸5.三瓶果汁14,四个男医生—6.四十个女警察__15.七颗梨树7.十一把小刀16.一副世界地图8.九个德国人17.Helen的朋友9.许多孩子18,双胞胎的妈妈—111.按要求改写下列句子。1.Thereisanorangetreeinthegarden.(改为复数句)2.Sheisagoodteacher.(改为复数句)3.fhavesomeinterestingstorybooks.(改为单数句)4.Therearesomewomenteachersoverthere.(改为单数句)5.-Whatisit?-It'sabox.(改为复数句)IV.单项选择。()1.MrSmithisfather.Theyaretwinsisters.
53A.Mary'sandJohn*sB.Mary'sandJohnC.MaryandJohn*s()2.Sheneeds.A.aglasswaterB.twoglassesofwaterC.twoglassesofwaters()3.Therearefiveinourschool.A.womanteacherBwomanteachersC.womenteachers()4.Therearemanyinthefridge.A.foodB.breadC.vegetables()5.Fmthirsty.IthinkI'llbuysome.A.waterB.eggsC.cakes)6.Johnboughtforhimselfyesterday.A.twopairsofshoesB.twopairofshoeC.twopairofshoesD.twopairsshoe)7.-Whatwouldyou1iketohaveforlunch,sir?T'dlikeA.chickenB.achickenC.chickensD.thechicken)8.Therearefiveinourfactory.A.womandriverB,womendriverC.womandriversD.womendrivers)9.Thepostofficeisabitfarfromhere.It'sabout.A.thirtyminutes*swalkB.thirtyminute*swalkC.thirtyminutes*walkD.thirtyminuteswalk)10.turnyellowinautumn.A.LeafB.LeavesC.LeaveD.Leafs)11.Willyoupleaseshowmethewaytotheshop?A.shoeB.shoes*C.shoesD.shoe*s()12.hardworkitis!A.WhataB.HowC.WhatD.Howa
54()13.Hisfamilyahappyone.A.beB.areC.isD.was()14.Imettwointhestreetyesterdaymorning.A.GermanB.AustralianC.AmericanD.Japanesegarden()15.Mygrandparents1ikeverymuch,sotheygrowsomeintheireveryyear.A.vegetable,vegetableB.vegetable,vegetablesB.C.vegetables,vegetablesD.vegetables,vegetableV.用所给单词的正确形式填空。1.Howmany(sheep)arethereonthehi11?2.Thereissome(food)inthebasket.3.Thebabyhasonlytwo(tooth)now.4.Thereisalotof(water)inthebottle.5.Therearefive(people)inhisfamily.6.Let*stake(photo),OK?7.Ihavelotsof(tomato)here.8.The(leaf)onthetreeturnyellow.9.Their(dictionary)looknew.11.Therearemany(fox)inthepicture.12.Differentpeoplemayhavedifferent(idea).13.Wouldyoulikesome(tomato)?14.Jimhassome(knife).15.Thegirlunderthetreeisafriendof(Lucy).
55小升初英语语法总结一祈使句,感叹句,疑问句一.祈使句Becareful!Pleaseopenyourbooks.Letmehaveatry.Don,topenthedoor.口诀:祈使句无主语,主语you常省去,动词原形当谓语,句首加don't变否定。—.感叹句:用what和how引导,what修饰的是名词,how修饰的是副词或形容词。结构:What+a/an+形+可数名词单数+(主语+谓语)!What+形+可数名词复数/不可数名词+(主语+谓语)!How+形/副+(主语+谓语)!afinedayitis!(What)usefulworkwehavedone!(What)carefulmymotheris!(How)deliciousbreaditis!(What)做题技巧,从右往左看,先划掉感叹号前的主语和谓语,剩下的是名诃就用what,剩下的是形容词或者副词就用how。当然名词还需辨别可数不可数来确定是否有冠词a/an。=.疑问句疑问句有一般疑问句,特殊疑问句,选择疑问句,反意疑问句.1.一般疑问句:需耍用yes或no来回答。结构:助动词+主语+谓语Haveyoulockedthedoor?Yes,Ihave.Canyouplaythepiano?Yes,Ican.2.特殊疑问句:对句子中某一特殊部分提问的疑问句。结构:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句特殊疑问词:"非常6+1”,即6个W开头的疑问词(what/who/which/where/when/why)和1个H(How)开头的疑问词。★how与what的其他用法
56(l)Howmuchmoneydoyouwant?Howmanypicturesdidyoubuy?Howfastdoeshedrive?Howoftendoyougoabroad?Howmanytimesdoyougoswimminginsummer?Howsoonwillyoucomeback?Howlonghaveyoubeenhere?12)Whatnumberareyou?Whatcolorisyourcoat?Whattimeisit?Whatdayisittoday?3.选择疑问句:提供两种或两种以上的情况,供对方选择的。选择疑问句不能用Yes和No网答,其答案只能是问句中提到的两个选择之一,如果考试中出现选择疑问句的选择题,选项中的Yes和No都要排除.Doyouliketeaorcoffee?Ilikecoffee.DoyouspeakEnglishorFrench?IspeakEnglishWhorunsfaster,TomorJohn?Tom.4.反意疑问句:附在陈述句之后,对陈述句所说的事实或观点提出疑问。结构:助动词/情态动词+主语,前肯后否,前否后肯。小升初英语考试中,•般以填空或者选择的形式,让孩子把反义疑问句后半句补充完整,从而来考察孩子对反义疑问句的掌握。Helikesplayingfootball,doesn,the?HecanspeakEnglish,can*the?★其他类型反意疑问句的用法(1)Therebe变成bethereThereare3dogs,aren,tthere?Therewil1beameetingtomorrow,won9tthere?(2)祈使句后的反意疑问句:肯定祈使句的反意疑问句通常用willyou或won'tyou,否定祈使句的反意疑问句只用willyouoPassmeabook,wi11you?Haveanothercupoftea,won'tyou?
57Don'twatchtoomuchTV,willyou?★★Let9sgoshopping,shallwe?Letusgonow,willyou?(3)陈述部分用no,noone,nothing,nobody,never,few,little,seldom,hardly,rarely,等否定含义的词时,疑问部分用肯定含义。Birdsrarelybuildnestsinourgarden,dothey?Hehardlysayssuchwords,doeshe?(4)陈述句的主语是不定代词evewthing,something,anything,nothing时,其后的反意疑问句主语用itoEverythingisright,isn'tit?Nothingisinthebox,isit?⑸陈述句的主语是不定代词everybody,everyone,somebody,someone,anybody,anyone,nobody,noone,none时,其后的反意疑问句主语用they。Everybodyhasgotthenewbooks,haven,tthey?Everyoneknowshisjob,don'tthey?Anyonecandothat,can'tthey?Nooneisinterestedinmath,arethey?★不定代词做主语的反义疑问句,指物的•般用it反问,指人的用they反问。(6)陈述部分的谓语是usedto时,疑问部分用didn't+主语或usedn*t+主语。Sheustedtoclimbthemountain,usedn*tshe?/didn,tshe?(7)陈述部分有hadbetter+do,疑问句部分用hadn'tyou?Youfdbetterreaditbyyourself,hadn,tyou?(8)含有宾语从句的主从复合句的反意疑问句中,简短问句•般反映书句中主、谓之间的关系。Shesaidthattheywerehappy,didn'tshe?Youthinkthatyouarefunny,donttyou??但如果主句是Ithink,Ibelieve等时,则简短问句反映的是that从句中主语与谓语之间的关系。
58Ithink(that)heisserious,isn'the?Idon*tthink(that)heisserious,ishe?(9)否定前缀不能视为否定词,其反意疑问句仍用否定形式。Thisisimportant,isn'tit?Heisunhappy,isn'the?小升初英语语法总结一一状语从句什么是状语从句?状语就是在一句话中,表达该句的时间,地点,方式,原因,条件等的成分。那么状语从句就是用一个从句,表示状语。小升初考试需要掌握的状从:一般可分为九大类,分别表示时间、条件、结果、目的、让步、地点、原因、比较和方式。难点:a.掌握连词b.注意时态,特别是时间,条件状语从句中的主将从现,主从时态一致原则(1)时间状语从句连词:when»while,assoonas,not…until,before,after,since,etc.注意:主将从现,主从时态•致eg.:Iwi11visitmygoodfriendwhenIhavetime.Someoneknockedatthedoorwhen/whileIwassleeping.Hedidn'tgotobeduntilhefinishedhishomework.(2)地点状语从句连词:where,wherever,anywhere,everywhere,nowhereYoucangoanywhereyou1ike.(3)条件状语从句
59连词:if,unless除非,as/solongas只要,once一旦eg.:Ifitdoesn,traintomorrow»wewillgotherebybike.You111failintheexamunlessyouworkharder.(4)结果状语从句:连词:sotaht,so+adj./adv.+that,such+n.+thateg.:Shewassoangrythatshecouldn,tspeak.Sheworkedhardsothateverythinggotreadyby6o,clock.(5)目的状语从句连词:sothat,inorderthateg.:Pleasespeakmoreslowlysothatwecanmakefullnotes.(6)让步状语从句连词:although,though,as,eventhough/if,whether…ornot,nomatter+疑问词/疑问词-ever(7)原因状语从句连词:because,since/nowthat,as语气的强弱:because最强,since次之,as最弱(8)比较状语从句连词:as…as,notas/so…as,,,,than(9)方式状语从句连词:as,asif/though好像小升初英语语法总结——主谓一致1.主语是he,she,it,either,neither,each,anything,something,everything,nothing,someone,everyone,anyone,nobody,noone,等代词时,谓语动词用单数。
60Someoneisaskingforyou.有人在找你。Everyoneishere.大家都来了。Eachoftheboyshasanapple.2.表示总称意义的名词people,cattle,police做主语时,谓语动词用复数。Cattlearefarmer*sfriends.Thepolicemanisstandingatthestreetcorner.Thepolicearesearchingforhim.3.主语是:时间,距离,价格等名词,即使是复数形式,谓语动词只用单数。Threeyearspassesquickly.Twometersisnotlongenough.4.主语是:clothes,glasses,trousers,shoes,socks,gloves等名词时,谓语动词用复数。Thetrousersarenotexpensive.Yoursocksareoverthere.5.t语是:family,class,team,group等名词时,如果是作为整体,谓语动词用单数;如果作为其中一个个的成员,谓语动词用复数。Ourclassismadeupoftenstudents.Ourclassareworkingveryhard.6.主语是thenumberof+名词复数时,表示的数口,谓语动词用单数。但是主语是anumberof+名词复数时,表示许多,谓语动词用复数。Thenumberofstudentsinourschoolislarge.AnumberofstudentsinourschoolarefromAmerica.7.and连接的两个成对的名词:forkandknife,breadandbutter,coffeeandwaler等,表示单一的概念,故谓语动词用单数。Whereisyoueforkandknife?Breadandbutterisadailyfoodinthewest.8.and连接的两个名词若是指同一个人,谓语动词用单数。Theteacherandwriterismyuncle.Theteacherandthewriterarecomingtousnow.9.and连接的两个名词前分别有every,each,manya修饰时,谓语动词用单数。Everyboyandeverygirlenjoysthemselvesintheschool.
61Manyateacherandmanyastudenthasspokenatthemeeting.2.主语是:manya+名词单数;a+名词单数+ortwo,谓语动词用单数。ManyastudentisinterestedinEnglish.很多学生对英语感兴趣。Aworkerortwoisgoingtobesenttoworkabroad.一两个工人将被派往国外去工作。3.主语是:oneortwo+名词复数,谓语动词用复数。Oneortwospellingmistakeshavebeenfoundinyourcomposition.4.Oneandahalf+名词复数做主语,谓语动词用单数。Oneandahalfbananasisleftonthetable.5.either…or…,neither***nor…,notonly••,butalso…等连接名词作主语时,谓语动词遵循就近原则。Neitheryounorheisright.6.主语是:介词with,togetherwith,except,besides,aswellas,but等连接的两个名词时,谓语动词的形式应与介词前面的名词的数保持一致。Theteacherwithhisstudentsisdiscussingaquestion.老师和学生们在讨论问题。Nothingbutcarsissoldintheshop.小升初必会英语语法:虚拟语气如果你看到下列的句子,你会认为它们是正确的还是错的呢?1.1wishIwereabird.2.Werequestthatyoubeheretomorrow.也许你会说:"哈哈,第一句的Iwere错了,应该是Iwas;而第二句中的yoube是什么东东呀?不是youare,也不是youwillbe,什么yoube?!”其实上面的句子都是一种称为Subjunctive类型的句子。SubjunctiveMood有的书译为"假设语气”,虽不很贴切;但在相当大的程度上,告诉我们这种句子的特点。SubjunctiveMood中文译作“虚拟语气Z似乎不及“假设语气”那么容易明白。它是一种动词形式,表示说话人的某种假设、愿望、怀疑、猜测、建议等含义。基本上,虚拟语气可分为虚拟现在(SubjunetivePresent)和虚拟过去(SubjunctivePasi)两种;但它们和时态(Tenses)上所指的现在时态(PresentTense)和过去时态(PastTense)是有所不同的。
62一、虚拟现在(SubjunctivePresent):虚拟现在的句子,在任何时候都要用动词的原形(rootform),就算是第三人称(he,she,it)也是如此。如:1.1现在时态(SimplePresent):(右边为虚拟语气)IworkIworkyouworkyouworkheworkshework(注意到了吗,是work,不是works)sheworksshework(不是sheworks喔)itworksitwork(同样不是itworks喔)weworkweworktheyworktheywork1.2现在进行时态(PresentContinuous):(右边为虚拟语气)IamworkingIbeworking(注意用的是be,怪怪的!)youareworkingyoubeworkingheisworkinghebeworkingsheisworkingshebeworkingitisworkingitbeworkingweareworkingwebeworkingtheyareworingtheybeworking1.3现在完成时态(PresentPerfect):(右边为虚拟语气)IhaveworkedIhaveworkedyouhaveworkedyouhaveworkedhehasworkedhehaveworked(用的还是have喔)shehasworkedshehaveworkedithasworkedithaveworkedwehaveworkedwehaveworkedtheyhaveworkedtheyhaveworked2.4现在完成进行时态(PresentPerfectContinuous):(右边为虚拟语气)IhavebeenworkingIhavebeenworkingyouhavebeenworkingyouhavebeenworking
63hehasbeenworkinghehavebeenworking(是hehave,不是hehas)shehasbeenworkingshehavebeenworkingithasbeenworkingithavebeenworkingwehavebeenworkingwehavebeenworkingtheyhavebeenworkingtheyhavebeenworking谈谈虚拟语气(SubjunctiveMood)(二)二、虚拟过去(SubjunctivePast)虚拟过去的动词无论在什么情况之下都要用过去复数形式。如:动词be,在虚拟过去中要用were.2.1过去时态(SimplePast):(右边为虚拟语气)IworkedIworkeyouworkedyouworkedheworkedheworkedsheworkedsheworkeditworkeditworkedweworkedweworkedtheyworkedtheyworked2.2过去进行时态(PastContinuous):(右边为虚拟语气)IwasworkingIwereworking(注意是Iwere)youwereworkingyouwereworkinghewasworkinghewereworking(是hewere喔)shewasworkingshewereworkingitwasworkingitwereworkingwewereworkingwewereworkingtheywereworkingtheywereworking2.3过去完成时态(PastPerfect):(右边为虚拟语气)hehadworkedhehadworkedshehadworkedshehadworkedIhadworkedIhadworkedyouhadworkedyouhadworked
64ithadworkedithadworkedwehadworkedwehadworkedtheyhadworkedtheyhadworked(耶,全部都用had!)1.4过去完成进行时态(PastPerfectContinuous):(右边为虚拟语气)IhadbeenworkingIhadbeenworkingyouhadbeenworkingyouhadbeenworkinghehadbeenworkinghehadbeenworkingshehadbeenworkingshehadbeenworkingithadbeenworkingithadbeenworkingwehadbeenworkingwehadbeenworkingtheyhadbeenworkingtheyhadbeenworking小升初英语必会,过去时过去分词巧记动词过去式的不规则变化要特殊记忆,可是其中也有规律可循哦,请看:1.过去式和动词原形同形.如:hit-*hithurt-*hurtlet_*letcost—costread_*readcut-*cutput-*put2.原形以-o,/-aw结尾的动词,其过去式形式大多以-ew结尾。如:know-*knewgrow->grewdraw-*drewthrow-*threw3.把动词原形中的元音字母i改为a来变成过去式形式.如:sit->satswim-*swamgive-*gavedrink-*drankring-*rangbegin-*began4.把动词原形中的元音字母i改为。来变成其过去式形式。如:ride-*rodedrive-*drovewrite-*wrotewin-*wonshine-*shone5.一些动词的过去式以-ought结尾。如:think-thoughtbuy-*boughtbring-*broughtfight-fought
651.一些动词的过去式以-aught结尾。如:teach-*taughtcatch—caught2.有些以-eep结尾的动词要把-eep改为-ept来变成其过去式形式.如:keep-*keptsweep-*sweptsleep-*slept3.有些以-end结尾的动词要把d改为t来变成其过去式形式。如:lend—lentspend-*spentsend-*sent4.在有些动词的词尾直接加t来变成其过去式形式.如:learn-*learntmean—meantburn-burnt小升初英语语法总结一一被动语态被动语态bedone时态主动语态被动语态例句主动语态被动语态一般现在时do/doesAm/is/aredoneCatseatfish.Fishareeatenbycats.-■般过去时didWas/weredoneHemadethekite.Thekitewasmadebyhim.现在进行时am/isaredoingAm/is/arebeingdoneSheiswateringflowers.Flowersarebeingwateredbyher.过去进行时Was/weredoingWas/werebeiingdoneShewaswritingaletteratthistimeyesterday.Aletterwasbeingwrittenbyheratthistimeyesterday.现在完成时have/hasdoneHave/hasbeendoneIhavefinishedthework.Theworkhasbeenfinishedbyme.过去完成时haddoneHadbeendoneIhadfinishedthework.Theworkhadbeenfinishedbyme.•般将来时Will/shall/bcgoingtodoWill/shall/bcgoingtobedoneTheywillplanttreestomorrow.Freeswillbeplantedbythemtomorrow.含有情态动词can/may/mustdocan/may/mustbedoneIcanfindhim.Hecanbefoundbyme.小升初毕业英语四会句型汇总1一般疑问句一、一般疑问句:1>Didyoureadbooks?你读书了吗?Yes,Idid.是的,我读过了。No,Ididn't.不,我没有读过。
662、Isshequiet?她文静吗?No,sheisn't.She'sveryactive.不,她不。她很活跃。Isshestrict?她严格吗?Yes,sheis,butshe*sverykind.是的,她是,但是她很和蔼。3、Isthisateacher*sdesk?这是一张讲台桌吗?Isitcold?冷吗?IsherbirthdayinJune?她的生日在六月吗?IsthisyourT-shirt?这是你的T恤衫吗?Yes,itis.是的。No,itisn't./No,it,snot.不,不是的。4、Canyoumakethebed?你会铺床吗?Canyouuseacomputer?你会使用电脑吗?Yes,Ican.是的,我会。No,Ican*t.不,我不会。5、Aretheyducks?它们是鸭子吗?Aretheyeatingthehoney?它们吃蜂蜜吗?Yes,theyare.是的,它们是。No,theyaren,t.不,它们不是。6、Isthereaforestinthepark?公园里有•个森林吗?Isthereariver?那里有条河吗?Yes,thereis.是的,那里有。No,therearen*t.不,那里没有。7、Arethereanypandasinthemountains?ill里有一些熊猫吗?Arethereanyfishintherivers?河里有一些鱼吗?Yes,thereare.是的,那里有。No,therearen*t.不,那里没有。8、Areyoueatinglunch?你(们)正在吃午餐吗?Yes,Iam./Yes,weare.是的,我正在吃。/是的,我们正在吃。No,Iamnot./No,wearen*t.不,我没有在吃。/不,我们没有在吃。9、Isheplayingchess?他正在下棋吗?Yes,heis.是的,他是。No,heisn,t.不,他没有。10、Isshecountinginsects?她正在数昆虫吗?Yes,sheis.是的,她是。No,sheisn't.不,她没有。11、Doesshe/heteachEnglish?她(他)教英语吗?Yes,she/hedoes.是的,她(他)是。No,she/hedoesn,t.不,她(他)不是。
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