谢孟媛中级文法

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不定词〈第01卷〉名词用法(1)不定词的用法名词用法形容词用法副词用法不定词无非就是比较长的名词、形容词、副词而已,因为它有两个字。1.Iliketoeatpizza.翻译:我喜欢吃披萨。在国语中可以无条件的将两个动词摆在ー起。在英文句子中只能是一个主句配・个动词,多出来的动作就需要连接词。S：I,V：like,0：toeat这里的toeat当受词,所以该不定式具有名词的身份。表示我喜欢吃披萨这件事,所以是名词用法。动词ing形式也可以叫做动名词，本句也可以写成:Ilikeeatingpizza.2.Givemesomethingtoeat.翻译:(你)给我些吃的。toeat是修饰something,修饰名词的具有形容词的功能。中英文差异ー个美丽的女孩abeautifulgirl这个刚好是中英文顺序一致,但是这样的概率不到20%；ー个站在门口的女孩agirlstandingatthedoorー个字的形容词可以放在名词前面,多个字的形容词就要放在名词后面,所以不定词是两个字的形容词要放在名词的后面。3.Hewenttothatrestauranttoeatpizza.翻译:他去餐厅吃披萨。S：He,V：went,后面的thatrestaurant属于地方副词,形容词才能当补语,本句属于S+V句型，这里的toeat当副词修饰went这个动词。这里的toeat扮演副词的角色不能用eating來代换，eating是动名词只有名词的功能。副词的作用动词:verb»副词:adverb,显然副词是修饰动词的,同时像总统和副总统那样,副总统不是必须的,所以副词也不是必须的。

1ー、不定词的名词用法当主词1、在同一时间取悦每个人是不可能的。“在同一时间取悦每个人”指的是一件事情,人、事、地、物都是名词可以当主词。同时又可以发现在主词的短语中真正的主词是“取悦每个人”，“在同一时间”只是时间副词,“取悦”是please但是它是ー个动词,要变成名词才能做主词,用不定式topleaseTopleaseeveryoneatthesametimeisimpossible.2,保护环境是重要的。Toprotecttheenvironmentisimportant.本句和第一句分析的原理一样。重点分析重点ー:不定词当主词时,也可用假主词it代替。1.Topleaseeveryoneatthesometimeisimpossible.Itisimpossibletopleaseeveryoneatthesometime.老外为r突出重点它会将整个主词用个假主词it来代替,注意是整个主词。2.Toprotectenvironmentisimportant.Itisimportanttoprotecttheenvironment.先把最重要的说出来，老外习惯这样的用法。重点二:表明不定词意义上的主词时，在不定词前加for0意义上的主词就是真正要做这件事的人,for要解释成对什么人而言。1、对我而言在同一时间取悦每个人是不可能的。Itisimpossibleformetopleaseeveryoneatthesametime.注意:动词前面用主格，介系词后面用受格,所以我用受格的me。2、对我们而言保护环境是重要的。Itisimportantforallofustoprotecttheenvironment.重点三:It，s+形容词（表人格特质）+of人+toV~1、It'sdangerousforchildrentoplayonthestreet.翻译:小朋友在街上玩耍很危险。在街上玩耍很危险Toplayonthestreetisdangerous.(对小朋友而言)在街上玩耍很危险Forchildrentoplayonthestreetisdangerous.对小朋友而言同时强调“危险”It'sdangerousforchildrentoplayonthestreet.但是这里的“危险”并不是小朋友的人格特质,不是重点三的范畴。如果形容词是表示人格特质的话用介系词of,不表示该人物特性的就用for〇

22、你真好来为我送行。你真好,表示人的心地好,人格特质。Youarekindtoseemeoff.片语seeoff表示送行,see是看,off表示消失,看着…消失不就是送行吗?It'skindofyoutoseemeoff.3^Iwasstupidtodosuchathing.It'sstupidofmetodosuchathing.翻译:我笨到会去做这样的事情。〈第02卷〉名词用法(2)、形容词用法接上集重点四:不定词的否定形:nottoV1、不依赖别人是成功的最佳途径。Nottodependonothersisthebestwaytosuccess.other是形容词,加上个s变成othersオ是名词。tosuccess是bestway的形容词，成功的途径。我不依赖别人。Idon'tdependonothers.这里的depend是动词,所以它否定是do助动词+not,但是不定词前面不能加助动词do,否则do的后面要用原形就不能有to,没有to就形不成不定式，所以不定词前面直接加not就可以了。当补语位于be词之后,例如:Iamateacher,am后面是名词,不定词有名词的特性所以也可以在be后面。1、Adoctor'sdutyistotakecareofsickpeople.翻译:医生的责任是照顾病人。注意：is后面不能直接加take,所以要用不定式totake。2、Hisfaultistotalktoomuch.翻译:他的错误就是讲话太多了。当受词1、Wedecidedtoputoffthemeeting.注意:decide+toV后面只能跟不定词,而不能跟Ving动名词。翻译:我们决定将会议延期。这个句子可以改成:Wedecidedit,整个不定词部分用it来代替,可见不定词部分是一般动词后面的受词。Iamateacher.我是ー个老师。老师和我是同一个人,这里的动词是be动词,它的后面是主语的补语。Ilikeateacher.我喜欢上一个老师。老师和我不是同・个人,这里的动词是•般动词，它的后面是受詞。2、Mysonneedstoseeadentist.翻译：我的儿子需要去看牙医。注意这里need和like的用法不太ー样：我珞欢看电影。Iliketoseeamovie./Ilikeseeingamovie.这两句话表达的意思ー样。

3但是,need得根据主词来判断,主词是人用toV,主词是物用Ving,所以本句话的上词是Myson人用toV即tosee。重点分析疑问词+toVつ名词片语,疑问词+不定词可以当名词片语,名词片语不过是比较长的名词。注意这里强调的是疑问词加不定词可以当做名词使用,可以当主语也可以当补语。1、如何削减经费是一大问题。Howtoreducethecostsisabigproblem?1、Theproblemiswhereweshouldsetupthetent.Theproblemiswheretosetupthetent.翻译：现在问题是哪里可以搭建帐篷。说这句话的人都知道是“我们”要搭建帐篷,所以大家知道的东西可以在句子中省略,we没有了,should这个助动词自然也没有存在的必要了。2、Idon'tknowwhethertolaughor(whetherto)getangry.翻译：我不晓得该笑还是该生气。angry是种状态,在英文中是种形容词,所以要加上一个动词get。二、不定词的形容词用法不定词是to+VR两个字,它做形容词的时候需要拿到名次后面。N+to+V1、Amy是唯一记住我生日的人。Amywastheonlypersontoremembermybirthday.“的”表示所有格或者形容词。toremembermybirthday是形容词,修饰theonlyperson。2、在日本我没仃机会说英文。Ididn,thaveachancetospeakEnglishinJapan,tospeakEnglish是修饰chance机会的形容词。重点分析（代）名词+不定词+介系词的形式中,不定词前的（代）名词为介系词的受词。1、Ihavetotakecareofmyparents.翻译:我有双亲要照料。Ihaveparentstotakecareof.totakecareof修饰parents,需要照顾的双亲,of这个介系词的受词在前面,就是那个parents。如果of没有受词of要省略,例如:Takecare!小心哦。2、Icutitwithaknife.翻译:我想要刀子切它。这里的withaknife是副词,副词仃它句子表达得更清楚,没有它句子Icutit也OK,主要意思也表达出来

4了。S+V+OIwantaknifetocutitwith.with解释成“用"，with不能省略。这里的locutitwith是形容词,修饰aknife,是把能切它的丿J。S+V+O+C修饰名词的不定词可用关系代名词表示。关系代名词引导的字句叫做形容词字句,关代起着连接词和代名词的功能。注意这里的不定词是用来修饰名词的形容词。1、I'mlookingforsomeonetohelpme.1'mlookingforsomeonewhowillhelpme.翻译:我在找个能帮助我的人。2、Doyouhaveanythingtowritewith.注意这里的with的受词是前面的anythingoDoyouhaveanythingwhichI/youcanwritewitch.翻译:你有任何东西可以用来写吗?（你有笔吗?）三、不定词的副词用法开始54:40Iwenttorestauranttoeatpizza.翻译:我去餐厅吃披萨。我去餐厅的冃的是去吃披萨,表示目的是副词。表目的,表“为了…”1、HewenttoGermanytostudymusic.翻译:他去德国学音乐。他去•德国的目的是为了学音乐,tostudymusic是went的目的。如果不定式表示目的的话它有另外两个片语可以代换。HewenttoGermany|inorderto|IsoastoIstudymusic.表示目的的不定词才能用inorderto或者soasto来代换。副词就是在一句话中不讲它也是OK,这里他去徳国不讲学音乐也是()K的。只是为了表达得更清楚オ将后面的“studymusic”讲出来。副词用法的不定词是不能用Ving来替换的,动名词只能替换具仃动词功能的不定词。2、Thewindowswasopenafewinchestokeeptheaircirculating.翻译:这个窗户稍微打开,为了空气流通。这里的open是打开的,是形容词。同样这句话tokeep也可以用inorderto/soasto来代替不定词。〈第03卷〉副词用法(1)

5表原因，跟在表示感情的形容词之后1、看到这一幕我很震惊。英文中一个句子需要主词和动词先出来,主词是我,震惊是形容词,不是动词,需要be动词把它带来出。Iwasshockedtoseethescene.2、看到它我们不禁笑了。不禁/忍不住cannotbut+VR笑了,所以用过去式来表达。Wecouldnotbutlaughtoseeit.not负的,but也是负的,所以负负得正,表示肯定,我们还是笑了。表结果,有时会伴随only、never,有"失望"之意。1>Heawokeinthemiddleofthenighttoseehimsoftlygooutoftheroom.Of前后都有名词,此时of翻译成“的”,从后面往前面翻译,inthemiddleofthenight就是晚上的一半就是半夜了。没有表示失望的意思是不需要加上never或者only的。2、我们被分开再也无法见到彼此。Wewereseparatednevertoseeeachotheragain.副词again放在最后。3、警察赶到那栋房子,结果只发现它已经空无一人。Thepolicehurriedtothehouseonlytofind(that)itwasempty.第一个to是介词,第二个toオ是不定词。“它已经空无一人。”有主词和动词是个完整的句子,empty是个形容词,需要配be动词,所以作为子句要加连接词that,动词后面的连接词that是可以省略的。有空的时候多朗诵几次就会变成我的英文。警方police是个复数,ー个警察apoliceman,两个警察twopolicemen〇假设语气的if子句是可以用不定词来代换的,假设的重点在于它动词的用法,动词代表了时态,与现在事实相反用过去式,与过去事实相反用过去完成式。表条件,用来修饰假设语气的主要句子1、Tohearhimtalkonthephone,youwouldtakehimforhisbrother.Ifyouheardhimtalkonthephone,youwouldtakehimforhisbrother.翻译:如果你在电话里听过他的声音,你会以为那是他哥哥。有依赖性,这样永远看到的都是中文版。

61、Iwouldgiveyouanythingtogototheconcer.翻译:只要能够去参加音乐会,要什么我都给你。togototheconcert是条件。IwouldgiveyouanythingifIcouldgototheconcert.if子句用过去式助动词could,主要子句也是用过去式助动词would。重点,表"难、易’'形容词+toV00:27:30不定词有名词、形容词、副词的用法，所以词性不定就叫做不定词。动名词是动词加了ing只能当名词使用。很难读,hardtoread,很容易读,easytoread1、诗很难翻译。Poetryishardtotranslate.poetry指的是诗这ー类的全集。2、这规则很容易记。Thisruleiseasytoremember.is是主要的动词，remember得使用不定词。重点,''be动词+形容词+不定词”的惯用表现惯用表现就是常用到的搭配1、beaptto（易于…的）

7我们容易犯错。Weareapttomakemistake.easy是用来形容事情的,轻易、易于、ー不小心做出什么动作用apt。2、bereadyto（愿意…,易于…）Iamreadytohelpyou.翻译:我很乐意帮你的忙。Heistooreadytosuspectanything.翻译:他极为轻易怀疑ー切东西。too是副词,修饰形容词ready表示程度太…。ready是形容词,前面只能用be动词,不能用助动词do。3、bewillingto（乐意）Iamwilling（glad）tocomewithyou.will可以是助动词解释成“将要…”,也可以作动词,表示“意愿”。翻译:我很乐意（高兴）和你一起去。4、beeagerto（渴望）hungerfor+N（名词）也是渴望的意思Heiseagertoseeyou.翻译:他渴望见到你。5、belikelyto（可能）Itislikelytorainsoon.翻译:天空可能要下雨了。6、beanxiousto（急着想要）Heisanxioustogoabroad.翻译:他急着想要出国。abroad在动词一般动词go后面,所以是副司。动词时verb,副词是adverb,所以副词是修饰动词的。goabroadforadvancestudy,出国深造。goaboard,上船;blackboard,黑板。〈第04卷〉副词用法（2）、S+V+O+toV（1）重点:〜enoughtoV够…可以…=>"s〇〜that+S+（can）…enough这个副词要放在形容词/副词的后面,例如:tallenough；so要放在形容词/副词前面。so…that翻译成如此以至于,that这里是当连接词。1.她好心让位给我。Shewaskindenoughtooffermeherseat.kind是个形容词前面用be动词,enough要在形容词或副词后面,整个句子是SVOO句型。注意英文中没仃verykindtoV这样的句型,所以虽然kindenough和verykind意思相似却不能代换。

8只能用sO…that…的句型来代换。Shewassokindthatsheofferedmeherseat.这里that是个连接词,连接两个句子,即两个主词,两个动词,注意两个动词的时态一致。1.我有足够的收入可以养你。形容词靠副词来提高其层次,也就是程度;好,非常好,极度好。enough有两个词性,形容词和副词,关键看它前后文的位子。这里“收入”是名词,所以“足够的”修饰名词就是形容词。enough（=>形容词、副词）=sufficient（adj）/sufficientlyIhaveanenoughincometosupportyou.Ihaveasufficientincometosupportyou.income进来的都是“收入”，“支出”就是outgo。重点:too（形、副）…t〇…V（太〜而不能）=s〇〜that+S+can't1.这张床对我而言太小无法睡。Thebedistoosmallformetosleepin.记住,介系词后面接名词或受格,睡在床上时sleepinthebed,所以介系词不能省略。ThebedissosmallthatIcan,tsleepin.2.Iamonlytoogladtohelpyou.onlytoo=very仅限于后面接表快了的形容词,例如:happy/glad/pleased。=>Iamverygladtohelpyou.翻译:我很乐意帮助你。3.Heisnottooproudtoaskquestionsofothers.翻译:他不至于太骄傲而不能向别人请教。他很谦卑,不耻下问。4.Heistoowisenottoseethereason.=>Heissowisethathecannotbutseethereason.这里see不是看见，而是了解，你懂了吗?我懂了。Isee.翻译:他如此聪明,不可能不知道原因。后面的but就是用来推翻cannot的。重点:so〜astoV=>so〜that+S〜L他气得说不出话来。Hewassoangrythathewasunablespeak.able仃能力的，是形容词,前面用beV〇Hewassoangryastobeunablespeak.子句的动词是was,原形是be,to后面没法用can't动词就没法否定,所以改用unable〇

92.我没有笨到去相信他。Iamnotsofoolishtotrusthim.Iamnotsuchafooltotrusthim.So是个副词adv,副词是将强形容词的语气,或者是修饰一般动词。副词后面是不能接名词的,例如very你不能说verygirl吧,只能说beautiful/tall/cutegirl〇Such是个形容词adj,可以修饰名词,但是它的冠词要放在其后。ー个人笨是状态不是动作,是形容词。学好英语就是点线面的问题,点就是单字，连接点成线,如果オ连正确这就是文法的学习。so(adv)+形容词=such(adj)+a+N,sobeautiful=suchabeauty〇四、S+V+O+toV有四大类动词后面一定要不定词，不能用Ving〇表希望;期待一like,want,wish,expect等。1.Iwantyoutotellthetruth.翻译:我想要你说实话。主词:I,动词:want,说实话用tell要看want的脸色得用不定词totel!不能用telling〇Iwantyoutotellmethetruth.翻译:我要你跟我说实话。说实话的那个人是you,把受词讲得更清楚的叫“受词补语"〇C〇2.Ididn'texpecthertobeabsent(缺席).翻译:我不希望她缺席。缺席时形容词得用beV〇表许可一allow,permitallow比较ロ语化,permit比较正式。1.Pleaseallowmetointroducemywife,Rosaline.mywife=Rosaline这两个是同位语。翻译:请允许我介绍内人Rosaline〇男生要帮女生开门。Allowme.绝不会用Permitme.因为它太正式了。很客气的帮人家做事情的说法,不一定需要得到允许。Givesomeone(=>me)ahand.=Domeafavor.=Helpme〇翻译:帮我的忙。Givesomeoneahand.翻译:给他鼓掌。掌声鼓励。Ladyfirst!翻译:女士优先。

10〈第05卷〉S+V+0+toV（2）、S+V+O+原形不定词、S+V+it+C+to不定词1.Motherdidn,tpermithertogotothemoviealone.翻译:妈妈不许她ー个人去看电影。permit后面一定要用不定词。表思考,认识ーthink,believe,consider,find,recognize等这些词后面必须用不定词来做受词补语。1.Webelievehimtobehonest（诚实）.=>Webelieve（that）heishonest.honest是形容词,前面必须用beV,that是够格关代可以省略。翻译:我们相信他是诚实的。2.Ithoughttheidea（tobe）practical.=>Ithought（that）theideaispractical.翻译:我认为这个想法很实际（有实践性）。表依赖;建议;要求;命令（必须用不定词的词）tell,advise,order,ask,request,require,force,persuade,get（叫某人做。•・事），cause（使得），teach,beg等。这些词都是“叫某人去做…事情”的使役动词,后面都是必须用不定词的,不记得的话只能经常翻讲义。1.Thedoctoradvisedhimtostopsmoking.翻译:医生建议他戒烟。之所以用toV是因为在advise后面。2.Ipersuadedhimtogowithme.翻译:我说服他跟我ー起去。五、S+V+0+原形不定词感官动词之后（眼,耳,鼻,舌,皮肤）feel,see,watch,lookat,notice（注意,用眼），observe（观察,用眼），hear,listento,see是眼睛的基本功能,眼睛闭上张开看到的东西;长时间地观看用watch,仔细地看用lookat〇自然地听到,不自觉地是hear,仔细听是listentoo1.Ifeltmyheartbeatviolently.翻译:我感到我的心跳强烈。beat在感官动词fee!后面用原形做不定词做受词补语。2.Isawtheboyputachocolateinhispocket.

11翻译:我看到ー个男孩将一块巧克カ放进了他的口袋。重点:感官动词在被动语态中要用to不定词。1.Thepoliceofficerwatchedthechildrencrosstheroad.翻译:警察看着小朋友过马路。=>Thechildrenwerewatchedbythepoliceofficertocrosstheroad.=>Thechildrenwerewatchedtocrosstheroadbythepoliceofficer.翻译:小朋友被警察看着过马路。主动123»被动321〇管时态的是beV,管被动的是P.P.,by就解释成“被”。使役动词之后（叫人家去做工作的动词）-make（强迫），have（依赖,拜托），let（让），bid（命令）注意,感官动词和使役动词它俩是兄弟。1.那位妈妈叫这男孩关掉电视。ThemommadetheboyturnofftheTV.男孩是很不情愿的,用make,如果是妈妈不想起来叫你关电视是种依赖或拜托。不管是这位还是那位用the就可以了。使役动词后面用原形不定词，不用加to。2.老师让学生回家。Theteacherletthepupilsgohome.初中以上的学生オ叫student。在外面的回家是gohome,在家里说回家是comehome,抵达家是gethome〇重点:使役动词get〜+to不定词使役动词中的叛徒，害群之勺get后面得用toV不定词这种用法遗臭万年Igothimtorepairtheradio.翻译:我叫他修理这台收音机。Re-pair再次让其成双成对就是修理修补的意思。

12重点:使役动词help~to不定词/原形不定词使役动词屮的墙头草,两边倒。用原形/to不定词都可以。Canyouhelpme(to)putupthetent?翻译:你能帮我搭帐篷吗?重点:使役动词make在被动语态中用to不定词。make有强迫的意思,受词不太情愿,所以也可以说是受词被主词强迫去做某事的被动。1.Theteachermadethestudentstryagain.翻译：老师叫学生们再试一次。=>Thestudentsweremadebytheteachertotryagain.=>Thestudentsweremadetotryagainbytheteacher.翻译：学生们被老师叫再试一次。主动123,被动321,beV管时态,P.P.管被动。六、S+V(find,think,make,consider,,,,)+it+C+to不定词it是假受词,它经常代替一件事情,后面还原可以用不定词。it也做假主词,还原用不定词或that。当有动词和find,think,make意思差不多的时候也可以用这个句型,例如consider和think的意思就都是“认为”。1.Shefound[thatitisimpossibletounderstandhim].受格的连接词that后面要接主词和动词,it这里扮演的是假主词。=>Shefounditimpossibletounderstandhim.当it作为受词的时候连接词that就不需要了，impossible是it的补语,有没有发现句子更简洁。翻译：她发现了解他是不可能的。翻译时顺序应是:“她发现”到it直接跳到toV不定词处“了解他”在冋到it后面“是不可能的”。2.我认为说话时不对的。Ithinkitwrongtotellalie.直接把“说谎”当成一件事用it代替,动作(lie)没有对错,事情(tellalie)オ有对错,这里的“说谎”不再是动作。3.我认为弄丢手表是你太粗心。Ithinkittoocarelessofyoutolosethewatch.it指的是“弄丢手表”这件事情，不定词是它的还原。Itistoocarelessofyoutolosethewatch.注意:意义上的主词要用for或of来连接(参看前面的不定词章节)Itisimportantforyoutostudyhard.Itiskindofyoutohelpme.用for前面指的是事情，用of前面的形容词要表示人格特质。

13这里的粗心也是形容人的一种特质所以用of〇1.他习惯早睡早起。Hemakesitaruletokeepgoodhours.“习惯于”就是“把它当成一条规则”，“早睡早起”就是“保持好的时辰”。〈第06卷〉seem（happen…等）+to不定词、be+不定词（1）七、seem（appear（似乎），happen（碰巧），prove（结果就成了这样）~等）+toVseem（appear）toV似乎S+seem（appear）+toV/形容词=>Itseems（appears）+that+S+V不定词引导的部分可以用假主词it来代替。It代替主词的时候可以找后面的不定词或者that子句。1.我的狗似乎了解我说的话。主词:我的狗,动词:似乎了解MydogseemstounderstandwhatIsaid/say.话是我讲过的狗オ会明白,过去式,用现在式也可以,说明一种习惯性的现象,一个事实。=>ItseemsthatmydogunderstandswhatIsaid/say.翻译要从文法的概念,不能从中文的意思来翻译。2.小朋友们似乎很喜欢他们的礼物。Thechildrenappeared（tobe）pleasedwiththeirpresents.=>Itappearsthatthechildrenwerepleasedwiththeirpresents.bepleasedwithseem/appear之后可以跟不定词,也可以直接加形容词。人+happen（chance（n机会,v碰巧））toV~碰巧~注意:主词必须是人。事+happen（发生）to+人Whathappenedtoyou?Somethinghappenedtohim.翻译:他出事了。事情当主词happen翻译成“发生”。我碰巧在车站遇见我的一位朋友。Ihappened/chancedtomeetoneofmyfriends/afriendofmineatthestation.

14主词是人时happen和chance才能翻译成“碰巧”,在英文中时间、地点等副词都可以放在句尾。我的一位朋友,“我的”是所有格,“一位”是冠词,在英文中不能同时出现在名词前面,不能写成myafriend,要写成oneofmyfriends或afriendofmine,mine=所仃格+名词=myfriends〇prove(turnout)toV~结果是证明是~turnout被转出来,最后水落石出的就是事实。1.那谣言证明是真的。真的表状态没有动作出现是形容词,prove后面不能省略toV直接加形容词,只能用tobe形容词。Therumorproved(=>turnedout)tobetrue.(X)ltprovedthatth。rumorwastrue.注意prove没有这种用法，这句l舌是错的Itturnedoutthattherumorwastrue.come(get)toV~变得come/get+地点,オ翻译成去到某地。L你会变得喜欢这小镇。Youwillcome（get）tolikethistown.ハ、beV+to不定词2.表预定=>打算要做~L会议预定在星期三举行。ThemeetingistobeheldonWednesday.会议是被举行,所以用过去分词表被动。3.Beto表义务=>必须;不得不（初学者会用should）1.Rulesaretobeobserved.翻译:规则必须（被）遵守。中文里很多时候被动都被忽略。遵守规则。observe是用眼睛来观察,是个感官动词。记忆单词的不同意思需要的是脑袋和例句。句中aretobe是很轻音的,听老外说把特别重的字听清就知道他讲什么了。2.Youaretostartasearlyaspossible.翻译:你必须尽早启程。••,as（一,•,as（像）…〈第07卷〉be+不定词(2)、不定词的被动态,进行式,完成式不定词

151.beto表可能=>能够can否定句中常用被动语态1.天上看不到ーー朵云。动词:看不到,主词:云。天上看不到云是我在看,云是被看。Notacloudwastobeseeninthesky.Nocloud(s)wastobeseeninthesky.如果强调的是天空,这时候天空是主词，Theskyisbeautiful.但是本句天空只是・个地点所以它是•个地方副词,要放到句尾。2.街上毫无人影。Nobodywastobeseenonthestreet.Noonewastobeseenonthestreet.4.beto表命运=>有…的命运,强调这是种宿命注意:命运这两个字不一定出现在句子里面。他再也没有看到他的妻子和家人了。Hewasnevertoseehiswifeand(his)familyagain.again是频率副词,要放在句子后面。Heneversawhiswife.翻译:他没有看到他妻子。只是很平常的叙述,可能她妻子只是去打酱油了,然后他没有看到。如果用了beV+toV句型就表示一种宿命,命运的安排,可能是战争,也有可能是眼睛瞎了。5.beto表意图=>想要=>打算…(=>intend)通常采用if子句,而主要子句屮以must,need,necessary等字来表示“必要如果你想要成功，你就必须更加努力。Ifyouaretosucceed,youmustworkharder.如果用ifyouwantto这个表达得不够强烈。九、不定词的被动态,进行式,完成不定式不定词的被动态=>tobeP.P.1.1liketoteach.翻译:我喜欢教书。Iliketobetaught.翻译:我喜欢被教导。2.Thereisalottodoyet.翻译:还有很多事情要做。

16Thereisalottobedoneyet.翻译:还有很多事情要做。这两句话只是表达方式不同,都是ー样的意思。不定词的进行式=>tobeVing他们似乎正在等我们。Theyseemtobewaitingforus.Waitforme.翻译:等等我。完成不定式=>tohaveP.P.表示比述语动词(表示时态的那个动词)更早的时间〇1.Thechildseemstobesick.=>Itseemsthatthechildissick.翻译:这孩子似乎生着病。seem和appear都可以翻译成“似乎”,后面接不定词或形容词。2.Thechildseemstohavebeensick.=>Itseemsthatthechildwas(hasbeen)sick.这句的述语动词seems是现在式,那么tohaveP.P.表示比它更早的时间就是过去式was或完成式has+Vo翻译:这个小朋友之前有生过病。是这个小朋友现在看起来不是很健康,推断之前他可能生过病,大病ー场导致现在看起来脸黄黄的。现在完成式和过去有相关,从过去发生并持续到现在。3.Heseemedtohavespentthemoneyyesterday.=>Itseemedthathehadspentthemoneyyesterday.翻译:昨天他似乎早就把钱花光了。看来他花钱比昨天更早之前。过去的过去用过去完成式。述语动词是seemed过去式,所以toV后面的动作应该是比该时态还要早一点。在can't,couldn't之后表否定推测;在must之后表肯定推测。1.Theycouldn'thavebeenonstrike.Onstrike罢エ。Theycouldn'ttohavebeenonstrike助动词后面不能有to,所有这里的could是助动词后面不能有to〇翻译:他们不可能一直都在罢エ吧。2.Hermommusthavebeenseriouslyill（then）.翻译:她妈妈肯定病重了。看到musthavebeen不用看then也知道比我现在讲话时间要早就发生的事情。如果是现在发生的话,会用mustbeseriously来表示,must只能用原形所以得接ー个与过去仃关的词（have

17+P.P.）〇在should（助动词），oughtto（助动词片语）都表示“应该”之后,表示未能实现的事。为实现的事，仃责备的意思在里面。1.Youshouldhaveseenit.=>Youdidn'tseeit.翻译:你那个时候应该要看。事实上你并没有看。在助动词只能用动词原形,要强调过去的话就只能用have+P.P.了。2.Yououghttohavekeptyourwords.=>Youdidn'tkeepyourwords.翻译:你应该要遵守诺言的。这句话就是在责备你没有遵守诺言。intend,wish,wouldlike（都是表"想要"）等动词后=>未实现1.Iintendedtohavewrittentoyou.翻译:我昨天本来打算写信给你的。实际上我并没有写信给你。从tohaveP.P.表示比intended还要过去，所以是之前的之前。1.1expectedhimtohavehelpedmewiththework.翻译:我原本期望他能帮我做这个工作的。实际上他并没有帮我做这个工作。从不定词tohavehelped和述语动词（表示时间的动词）expected得知我期望是发生在过去。按理来说应该是我“期望”在前,“他做工作”在后。但这里表示一种未实现的情况，“他做工作”反而假设成在“对他期望”之前了。我和别人说“我期望他干活。”，我说之前当然是希望他已经在干活了。所以“我期望”在“他干活”之后用过去式,“他干活”在更前ー级的时间里用过去•完成式。〈第08卷〉特别注意的不定词用法、不定词的惯用表现十、特别要注意的不定词用法代不定词1.Youdon'thavetoeatitifyoudon'twantto(eatit).翻译:如果你不想吃这个东西,你可以不必吃。后面的eatit和if前面的重复的时候,不定词只保留to省略动词原形,记得to■・定要保留。2.A:Howaboutcomingtoourhouse?B:I'dliketo(go/cometoyourhouse)ifIwon'tbeanytrouble.翻译:A：来我们家吧。B：如果不打扰的话我很乐意。about是个介系词,介系词后面只能跟名词,动词变成Ving的时候就肯定是动名词,不会像不定词有三种词性。

18不定词to后面的动词省略,但是to一定要保留,用go还是come根据说话者的位置而定。分离不定词to副词VR,中间插入「ー个副词。1.Iwishtoutterlyforgetmypast.Iwishtoforgetmypast.Iwishtoforgetmypastutterly.翻译:我希望(完全地)忘记我的过去。强调后面的动词时可以用副词adverb,动词是verb,副词就是修饰动词的。2.Shemadeuphermindnevertoreturn.否定不定词:nottoVR如果表示否定的副词不能放在to和VR之冋,要放在前面。Shedecidednevertoreturn.翻译:她下定决心绝不回去。Shemadeuphermindnottoreturn.翻译:她下决心不回去。从上面可以看出,never的语气要比not强。独立不定词自己就有独立的意思，可以放在整个句子的中间、前面或后面,常会看到有逗号隔开,不会影响主要子句意思。tospeakstrictly严格来说Tospeakstrictly,heisagoodstudent.翻译:严格来说他是个好学生。tobefrank（withyou）坦白说形容词前面得用be动词。tobeginwith（一・开始）totellthetruth（老实说）Iwantyoutotellthetruth.翻译:我要说实话。Totellthetruth,Idon,tloveyou.翻译:老实说,我并不爱你。tobehonest（诚实说）tomakemattersworse（更糟的是）tobesure（的确）

19nottosay+形容词（即使不能说是…）即使不能说是很聪明,也可以说是很活泼。1.ー开始,我要跟你说说我的个性。Tobeginwith,I'11tellyouaboutmycharacter.独立不定词在句子里面就是独立的,有自己的意思。2.天气很冷,更糟的是,天空又开始下起雨来。Itwascold,tomakemattersworse,itbegantorain.老天爷呀,天气呀,这些无形的东西可以用it代替。3.他会说法语和德语，更不用说英语了。HecanspeakFrenchandGerman,tosaynothingofEnglish.更不用说的三种独立不定词说法:nottomentionヽtosaynothingof+名词、nottospeakof+名词由于tosaynothingof是独立不定词，所以在其前面要加个逗号。4.说这样的话,即使不能说是疯狂,也是愚蠢的。实际上是在告诉我们:说这样的话是愚蠢的。Itwouldbefoolishtosaysuchathing.Itwouldbefoolish,nottosaycrazy,tosaysuchathing.中间放了一个独立不定词nottosay（不能说是…）进去。十ー、不定词的惯用表现hadbetter+VR（原形不定词）=＞最好（这里不是形容词哦,是动词。）我们最好别说。Wehadbetterleaveitunsaid.别说肯定是指某件事,不让这件事被说出来。leave有让…保持某种状态,unsaid这里是P.P.表示被动且具有形容词的特性wouldrather+VR~than+VR=>宁愿…而不愿would(=>had)sooner+VR~than+VR我宁愿和你去也不愿独自待在这里。Iwouldrathergowithyouthanstayherealone.独自alone是副词,here也是副词,stay是动词,所以先写动词在写副词。donothingbut+VR=＞什么都不做只…他整天什么都不做只是吃。Hedidnothingbuteatalldaylong.这句话强调了他“吃”这件事。时间地点不是主词的话就可以放在句子末尾。例如:今天是周末。这个“今天”就是主词。今天天气不错。“今天”只是ー个时间副词,主词是“天气”，“今天”可放在句尾。

20choose/wantnothingbutoV=＞除了…其他什么都不想expecte/desire（期望）nothingbutoV这里用的动词是不定词。她除了平静地生活其他都不想。Shedesiresnothingbuttolivepeacefully.peace名词,peacefu!形容词,peacefully副词,副词才能修饰动词。

21cannotbut+VR=＞不得不】忍不住can后面跟原形动词,but只是ー个连接词。cannothelp+Vingcan后面只管住了第一动词help为原型,管不住之后的动词,所以help后面的用Ving。cannothelpbut+VRcan后面用原形东西,but是个连接词,连接两个动词可当一个来看待,所以都用原形动词。当我听到这个消息（时候），（我）忍不住哭了起来。当…时候用when这个连接词,连接两个主词,两个动词。WhenIheardthenews,Icouldn'tbutcry.WhenIheardthenews,Icouldn'thelpcrying.WhenIheardthenews,Icouldn'thelpbutcry.When连接的时候必须前后时态一致,这里不能用can改用could〇Nonewsisgoodnews.News是单数名词,至少没仃坏消息传来。haveonlytoV=＞只要做…就行haveto表示必须，加上了一个副词only,你必须只要做的就是你只要做的。Youhaveonlytofollowhiscounsel.翻译:你只要照着他的建议去做就可以了。=＞Allyouhavetodois（to）followhiscounsels.强调ー个focus,一个焦点用单数动词。这里的youhavetodo是用来补充all的。is后面用不定词或原形不定词,老外经常省略is后面的to。Allyouhavetoisdream.翻译:你所要做的就是做梦去吧。灵活运用ー个句型,比死背文章来得重要。usedtoV=＞以前习惯…;过去经常我父亲以前常吸烟,但现在不抽了。Myfatherusedtosmoke.Myfatherusedtosmoke,butnowhedoesn't.后面那句话不讲也是表达同样的意思。

22beusedtoVing=>习惯…Iamusedtostayinguplateatnight.翻译:我习惯熬夜熬得很晚。一.动名词的用法当主词1.Rememberingotherpeople1snamesisdifficultforme.=11isdifficultformetorememberothers,names.当补语1.Thebestexerciseinwinterisskiing2.OneAmericantraditioniseatingturkeyonThanksgivingday重点不定词当补语=表:目的,计划,意愿,未完成的事动名词当补语=表:经验，已知的事Uishobbyisfishinginthelake.VUishobbyistofishinthelake.当及物动词的受词1.Youhavetogiveuptraveling.2.Myfatherenjoysplayinggolfverymuch.3.Theoldmankeptstandingallthewhile.当介词的受词1.Hisgotscoldedforbeinglateforschool.2.Helefttheroomwithoutsayingaword.重点to作介词+Ving1.Iliketolistentomusic.2.I’mlookingforwardtoseeingyouagain.3.I,musedtogettingupearly.Iusedtogetuplate.4.HedevotedhiswholelifetocuringthesickinAfrica.5..他爱说谎Heisgiventolying.6.Heprefersskiingto(prep.)skating.Hepreferstoski(toV)ratherthanskate.to+VR/to+Ving1.Heisaccustomedto1ive/livingalone.2.Icame(went)near(差・点)torun/runningoveracat.我差一点碾到ー只猫3.Hetooktodrink/drinkingafterthedeathofhisson.—.用不定词/动名词当受词To+VR/to+Ving区别A>to+VR当受词afford（供給）、agree（同意）ヽarrange（安排）ヽbother（打擾）、chance

23（偶然）、consent（同意）、decide（決定）ヽdemand（要求）、fail（失敗）、hope（希望）、long（期望）'prepare（準備）、pretend（假裝）、profess（假裝說）、promise（承諾）、strive（努力）、tend（有.一傾向）、trouble（麻煩）等°1.Thepoliceconsentedtodetectthecrimewithoutdelay.警察同意立刻调查该项罪行.2.HeprofessedtoknowalotaboutChina.B>Vingadmit（承認）、avoid（避免）、consider（認為）ヽdelay（延誤）、deny（否認）、enjoy（喜愛）、escape（免除）、finish（完成）、giveup（放棄）ヽimagine（想像）、keep（持續）、mind（介意）、miss（錯過）、postpone（延期）'putoff（延期）ヽresist（忍住）、practice（練習）、suggest（建議）等°1.Haveyoufinishedwritingananswertohisletter?你写好了给他的回信了吗?Iwillanswerthedoor.我去开门.2.Fortunately,heescapedgettinghurt,免于受伤.A>toVR=toVing意思ー样start（開始）ヽbegin（開始）ヽcease（停止）、continue（繼續）ヽlike（喜歡）ヽdislike（不喜歡）fear（害怕）ヽhate（討厭）、intend（想要）、attempt（嘗試）、love（喜愛）、neglect（忽視）、omit（〈因疏忽而〉忘記）、prefer•（較喜歡）、propose（提議）等。1.Theyceasedsinging/tosing.StoptoVR和toVing不同2.Iintendmajoring/tomajorineconomicsincollege,mayor['m£己一n,市长B>toVR不同于toVing1.Theboytiredtomovietheheavysofa.>trytoVR设法去做（不定做没做）Theboytriedmovingtheheavysofa.>tryVing尝试（已经在做了）2.Remembertolockthedoor.>祈使句一般都是要去做的Irememberlockingthedoorlastnight3.I’11neverforgethearinghersong.

24Iforgettohearhersong.1.Hestoppedhavingbreakfast.>break打破fast斋戒》前一天晚上斋戒未吃,今天第一餐Hestoppedtohaveacupofcoffee.2.Iregretnottakingcareofmyself.>regretVing后悔（做了某事）IregrettosaythatIcan'thelpyou.>regrettoVR抱歉遗憾（没有做某事）takegoodcareof三.动词意义上的主词1.PhilipdislikesAmy's/Amywearingmini-skirts.likev.喜欢,dislikeprep.像looklike,unlikeAmywearminiskirts>PhilipdislikesAmywearingmini-skirts.Wearingminiskirts>PhilipdislikesAmy'swearingmini-skirts.2.Ican'tbear/standhim/hisshoutingwhenheisangry.3.Iamconfidentofourteam's/ourteamwinningthetournament.4.Sheisproudofherson/herson'sbeingclever.pride是名词和动词:n.自豪常用的结构:takeprideinsth.为某事骄傲例句:Theytakegreatprideinherdaughterwhoisnowafamousscientist.他们为他那科学家的女儿而感到自豪v.使自夸常用结构:prideoneselfon例句:Wepridedourselvesonourgoodwork.我们为自己工作的表现而自豪。而proud是形容词常用结构:beproudofsth.例句：IamveryproudofbeingaChinese,作为一名中国人我很自豪四.否定形not（never）+Ving5.Iamashamedofnotknowingtheanswer.Shameonyou!=Forshame!6.John'snotknowingoftheirmarriagemadethingmorecomplicated.被动态being+p.p

251.Idon'tlikebeingmadefunof.2.Theregulationsavestheareafrombeingdamaged.完成形having+p.p3.Sheisn'tawareofhavingdonewrong只有VR才能加ing而若用过去式则不能加ing故用完成时代替过去式Sheisn'tawarethatshedidwrong.Sheisproudofbeingateacher.Sheisproudthatsheisateacher.4.Heregretsnothavingstudiedharderinschool.五.含动名词的惯用表现1.ThereisnoVing是无法做到的Thereisnotellingwhatwillhappennext.我们无法预知未来TellAfromB分辨A和BThereisnoaccountingfortastes.人的好恶是无法解释的=Itisimpossibletoaccountfortastes.=Wecannotaccountfortastes.2.Itisnouse/goodVing…是没有用的Itisnousecryingoverspilled/spiItmilk,覆水难收Itisnouse/goodtryingtopersuadehim.=Itisofnousetryingtopersuadehim.=Thereisnouseintryingtopersuadehim.=Itisnouseforyoutotrytopersuade.=Itisuselessforyoutotrytopersuade.3.feellikeVing想要1ike(prep.)feellikeN感觉/摸起来像什么Z想要Ifeellikeadrink=Ifeellikedrinking/havingadrink=1wantahaveadrink.=1wouldliketohaveadrink.4.CannothelpVingIcouldn'thelplaughingwhenIsawhishaircut.=1couldn'tbutlaughwhenIsawhishaircut.WhenIheardthenews,WhenIheardthenews,WhenIheardthenews,Icouldn'tbutcry.Icouldn,thelpcrying.Icouldn,thelpbutcry.5.BeworthVingWhateverisworthdoingisworthdoingwell.=Nomatterwhatisworthdoingisworthdoingwell只要有一点值得做的事情就值得好好做Thisbookisworthreading.=Itisworth(your)whilereading/toreadthebook.Itwouldbeworthhiswhilehelping/tohelptheforeigner.6.Onving一…就・・・Oncominghome,heswitchedontheTV.Assoonashecamehome,heswitchedontheTV.7.InVing当•,・时=when/while

26Islippedingettingoffthetrain.=1siippedwhen/whileIwasgettingoffthetrain.Getonthebus.Getoffthebus.Getinthecar.Getoutofthecar.弯腰进,门低的7.Itgoeswithoutsayingthat…不用说Itgoeswithoutsayingthatourplansdependontheweather.=Needlesstosay,ourplansdependontheweather.8.WhatdoyousayVing如何?Whatdoyousaytotakingawalkbythesea?Howabouttakingawalkbythesea?Whatabouttakingawalkbythesea?9.Need,want,deserve,stand等+Ving＞被动Thiswatchneedsrepairing.Thechildwantsscolding.这孩子需要被骂.Hedeserveshelping,他值得别人帮忙Youdeserveit.名至实归/罪有应得Thisclothdoesnotstand/bearwashing.这块布禁不起洗.★假设语气★〈第14卷〉假设法现在式、假设法过去式英文中按照表达的语气可以分成三种:直述句（直接叙述）:我的学生。你是老师。假设句祈使句假设语气く直述句〉Ifyouarefree,pleasehelpmewithmyhomework.〈假设句〉!fIwerefree,Icouldhelpyouwithyourhomework.很明显直述和假设在动词的时态上有明显的差别。现在式:大自然不变的道理（亘占不变）;不是一个时间点,而是一个时间段。学习重点过去完成一》过去式ー》现在式ー》未来式事实和假设时态差ー级（往前推ー级）,例如:与现在事实相反用过去式。如果明天下雨的话,我就待在家里。对未来的假设用的就是现在式。

27一、假设法现在式(表示现在或未来之不确定的假设)If+主词+现在式动词〜,主词+willshall+VR1.Ifitrainstomorrow,wewillcancelthepicnic.翻译:如果明天下雨的话,我们将取消野餐。句子的基本结构是ー个主词+ー个动词,如果多了一个生词或者动词就需要连接词。注意,前后两个子句都用现在式,用win不能用would〇直述句:Ithink(that)itwillraintomorrow.一般动词后面的that可以省略。重点，非If引导的假设语句A>主词+动词(suggest、demand>insist,agree)+that+假设法现在式我建议、要求、坚持、同意你应该…,但是这些都是和目前的状况相反的。我建议你乖一点,证明现在你不乖。2.Isuggestthateveryone(should)helpinsomeway.翻译:我建议每个人应该来帮忙。Should这个助动词オ有表示“应该”的意思,shall只表示“将要”。所以在这里我们用should,它在这里不是shall的过去式，而是表示“应该”。比较的对象一样，我们可以将附加子句的对象名省略掉。例如:我的鞋比你大。当然比较的是我两的鞋,而不是我的鞋比你的头大。Isuggestthateveryonehelpinsomeway.我建议后面大家都知道那是ー种责任义务，所以should可以省略掉,但是省略之后并代表它不存在,所有原来在should后面的动词原形省略掉should之后还是用原形所以不可用Isuggestthateveryonehelpsinsomeway.3.Iinsistthatsheconsultthedoctor.翻译:我坚持她去看医生。She后面省略ー个should所以后面的动词consult不能加s。B>Itis+形容词(necessary、important…等)+that+假设法现在式1.Itisimportantthatshe(should)behonest.It代表的是that后面的子句,it在文法里就是假主词。翻译:诚实是很重要的。(我说这句话就是在提醒你,我发现你现在不诚实。)Itisimportant.是事实不是假设不需要用过去式,后面的子句才是假设。It'simportantforhertobehonest.翻译:对她而言诚实很重要。

28这个是一般的直述句,如果要连接that子句的时候オ用假设句,与现在事实相反。二、假设法过去式（表示与现在事实相反的假设）wereIf+主词+,过去式动词>过去式助动词J主词+wouldycouldshould>might,+原形动词注意时态要前后平衡，因为两个子句都是在假设的范闱中,所以都是使用过去时。前面的子句都是用过去式,后面的字句用的都是过去式的助动词。1.IfIwereyoung,Icouldenjoythisparty.IfIwasyoung,Icouldenjoythisparty,美式用法，不提倡翻译:如果我还年轻的话,我就能够享受这个party。事实是:As（Because）Iamnotyoung,Ican'tenjoythisparty.翻译:因为我不再年轻,所以我不能享受这个party。时态差ー级事实得用现在时，假设句是ー种更委婉的否定或者拒绝。2.如果我有很多钱，我就买一艘游艇。IfIhadalotofmoney,Iwouldbuyayacht.没有if的エ要子句需要助动词来表达将会做什么事情。事实是:AsIdon'thavealotofmoney,Iwon'tbuyayacht.3.IfIwereabird,Icouldfly.翻译：如果是我ー只鸟,我就能飞。4.IfIweremorebeautiful,hewouldmarryme.翻译：如果我再漂亮一点，他就会娶我了。三、假设法过去完成式（表示与过去事实相反的假设）ゝ、[would>couldIf+主词+had+P.P.,主词+《b+haveP.P.[should>might前面if子句had是过去完成，主要子句would等都是过去式,have是完成式，加起来就是‘‘过去完成”。1.IfIhadknownthegossipthen,Iwouldhavetoldyou.then翻译成“那时”。翻译：如果那时候我知道流言的话,我就会告诉你。事实是:AsIdicin'tknowthegossip,Iwouldn'ttellyou.2.如果那时我们的老师讲课大声点，我们就不会打瞌睡。Wewouldnothavedozedoff(then)ifourteacherhadspokenlouder.

29有if连接词的从属子句可以放在主要子句的后面,then写不写都没关系,因为英语的时态由动词体现。事实是:Asourteacherdidn,tspeakloud,wedozedoff.As也是两个子句的连接词,也是可以放在两个子句中间的。loud在这里用原级就好了,因为没有比较,不需要比较级。く注意》在条件子句中,除了if之外,别的表示假设的词。suppose、supposing、suppose(that)>providing,providedproviding不是分词,它的意思就是"倘若"。as(=so)longas、incase、unless等等但unless通常不用于假设语气的子句中1.Suppose(=Supposing)youhadtenmillion,whatwouldyouwanttodofirst?翻译:如果你有一千万，你最先想做什么?你现在并没仃一千万，没有表示特别表示将来的话视同与现在事实相反。2.Iwillstayhereprovided(=providing)theclimateagreeswithmetomorrow.对明天做出推测,假设语气需要用现在式,climate是气候的意思。翻译:如果天气适合的话,我会在这里。(重要)假设法过去式及假设法过去完成式混用IfIhaddonemyhomeworkyesterday,Iwouldgoonadatewithhernow.If子句是与过去事实相反用过去完成,主要子句是与现在事实相反用过去式。注意:主要子句它有特殊的功能,必须要有助动词would、could、should,might中的ー个,表示假设要达到的作用,“就可以……”、"就能……二若两个子句的时间不同时,其时态各自为准。事实是:AsIdidn,tdomyhomeworkyesterday,Ican'tgoonadatewithhernow.过去时间用过去式,现在时间用现在式。四、假设法未来式用于假设ー种不可能的事发生,应该怎么办If+主词+shouldwereto+VR主词+would/will+VR在主要子句中出现了should表示“应该”,在if子句中出现了should表示“万一”,还有if子句中出现了wereto表示这个假设是不可能出现的未来情况。1、万一明天下雨的话,比赛将会(被)延期。明天还是有可能下雨的,所以得用should。Ifitshouldraintomorrow,thegamewould(will)beputoff.比赛不会自己把自己延期,它是被延期,要用被动式。

30我吃蛋糕,是主动:蛋糕被吃是被动。语言和语言之间只仃百分之20%以下的可以逐字翻译。2、如果太平洋干涸的话,我会改变心意。太平洋是不可能「涸的,所以这里用wereto表示不可能的将来状况。IfthePacificOceanweretodryup,Iwouldchangemymind.言下之意就是:我绝不改变心意。ー=1neverchangemymind.但是用这个假设语气讲起来更好听,更委婉ー些。每个人讲话的时候都有自己的方法和习惯,讲出来的话就会不太ー样。(重点)假设句中,也可将If省略,形成were/Had/Should+主词的顺序〉倒装1、如果我是ー只鸟，我就能飞向你。IfIwereabird,Icouldflytoyou.=WereIabird,Icouldflytoyou.这里的be动词在句苜不是问句哦,只是假设语句的ー种变形体。2、如果他知道真相,他会告诉你。Ifhehadknownthetruth,hewouldhavetoldyou.注意这里和过去事实相反需要用过去完成时。Hadheknownthetruth,hewouldhavetoldyou.省略if然后将had拿到句子的前面。3、万一下雨的话，我会待在家。Ifitshouldrain,Iwill(would)stayathome.Shoulditrains,Iwillstayathome.意思不变,但是第二句比第一句要简洁很多。stayathome=stayhome五、其他假设法的表现00:08:40A>〜asif/asthough+S+’假设法过去式〔假设法过去完成式(宛如;好像)例如:那个小孩跟我讲话的样子好像是个大人哦。小孩就是小孩,不是大人,所以这是ー种假设。1.Hetalksasif(=asthough)hekneweverything.翻译:他说得好像他知道一切。活字典,walkingdictionarytalks表示现在式,与现在事实相反用过去式,假设屮用过去式knew。2.Shelooksasif(=asthough)shehadseenaghost.翻译:她看起来好像她那时见到鬼了。

31我们现在讨论她的状况,好像她刚刚看到鬼,但是她刚刚并没仃看到鬼,这是我们对她过去的・种假设,所以与过去事实相反用过去完成式。1.Helaughedasif(=asthough)nothinghadhappened.翻译:他那时笑得仿佛之前什么都没发生。与过去事实相反用过去完成式。［假设法过去式Bゾwish+S.+1假设法过去完成式(但愿;希望)1.IwishIknewAnnie'scellularphonenumber.翻译:但愿我知道Annie的手机号码。“但愿”则表示我不知道，与现在事实相反用过去式。事实是:I'msorry(that)Idon'tknowAnnie'scellularphonenumber.Sorry这个词除了“对不起”之外还有“难过”、“遗憾”的意思。翻译:我好遗憾,我不知道Annie的手机号码。2.IwishIhadn'tboughtsuchanexpensivedressthen.有个then表示那个时候,与过去事实相反用过去完成式。翻译:我真希望我那时没有买那么贵的洋装。事实是:I'msorry(that)Iboughtsuchanexpensivedressthen.翻译:我真后悔那时买了这么贵的洋装。timeabouttimeC>It's，almosttimehighttime+(that)+S+假设法过去式1.It'spastmidnight.It'stime(that)thechildrenwenttobed.翻译：已经过了半夜了,该是小朋友上床睡觉的时候了。当大人这样说的时候小朋友当然还没仃去睡觉,与现在事实相反用过去式。注意，只要没有明确说明是未来的都可以当成是现在式来处理。=lt'stimeforthechildrentogotobed.翻译：对小朋友而言该是上床睡觉的时间了。如果是用(that)+S+动词就得用假设语气,如果是to+VR则是一般的陈述句。2.It'sabouttimeyouapologizedtoherforwhatyoudid.我在跟你说这句话时,你还没有道歉,与现在事实相反用过去式。翻译:是时候你该为你所做的事情向她道歉。=It'sabouttimeforyoutoapologizetoherforwhatyoudid.whatyoudid在这里相当于allthatyoudid或者thethingthatyoudid,在关系代名词章节中有说明。thething是先行词,thatオ是关系代名词。

32［假设法过去式D>Ifonly+主词+i假设法过去完成式（注意）ifonly和Iwish在表现上意思差不多。1.Ifonlymytoothwouldstophurting!Mytoothwillstophurting>Ifonlymytoothwouldstophurting!翻译:但愿我的牙齿不疼了!2.IfonlyIhadtakenheradvice.翻译:但愿那个时候我有接受她的忠告。/我接受她的忠告就好了。与过去事实相反用过去完成式。takesb,sadvice英文这个语言实在太经济ハ通过动词就能判断其时态。在中文中“那时”•定要写出来,英文就可以用动词来表示。E>Ifitwerenotfor〜=>假设法过去式Ifithadnotbeenfor〜=>假设法过去完成式（若没有、的话〜）1.Ifitwerenotformusic,hecouldn'tliveamoment.通过主要子句的could可以判断其时态用的是过去式。还有从属if子句中的for介系词后面要跟名词。省略的假设写法:=>Wereitnotformusic,hecouldn'tliveamoment.=>Withoutmusic,hecouldn'tliveamoment.=>Butformusic,hecouldn'tliveamoment.翻译:要不是有音乐他一刻也活不下去。IfithadnotbeenforthetrafficjamHaditnotbeenforthetrafficjam..2..>,wewouldhavebeenintimeforthegame.WithoutthetrafficjamButforthetrafficjam要是那时没有塞车,我们就能及时赶上比赛。主要子句中wouldhavebeen是“过去”+“完成”=“过去完成”，

33所以if从属子句的时态也应该是过去完成式。Thetrafficjam表示某个特定时刻的赛车,我们国人经常漏掉的冠词。用without和butfor都是不需要考虑时态的。六、代替if子句的用法a.用不定词代替1.Ifyouheardhimtalk,youwouldthinkheknewallaboutthesecret.Tohearhimtalk,youwouldthinkheknewallaboutthesecret.翻译:如果你听到他谈话,你会以为他知道所有的秘密。听到“他说”并没有指定“他说的话”,而是“他说”这个动作,同时耍突出的是他而不是他说的话,所以不用所有格histalk。b.用副词连接词/副词片语代替1.IfIdidn'tknowhewasinnocent,Iwouldn,ttrytosavehim.=>1knowheisinnocent;otherwiseIwouldn,ttrytosavehim.翻译:如果我不知道他是无辜的,我也不会想尽办法去救他。Otherwise否则,前面是事实,后面是与事实相反的假设。翻译:我知道他是无辜的,否则我也不会设法去救他。2.Ifwehadn'thiddenintheforest,theywouldhavefoundus.=>Wehidintheforest;otherwisetheywouldhavefoundus.翻译:如果我们没有躲在森林里的话,他们就会找到我们。hidehidhidden,动词三态。第二句，先说了事实,我们躲在树林里.,然后假设，否则他们就会找到我们。otherwise前用分号,错误例句:Shewroteuptheidea,thenshegotapatent.,正确例句:Shewroteuptheidea,andthenshegotapatent.3.Ifyouhadalittlepatience,youcouldgetoveryourdifficulty.=>Withalittlepatience,youcouldgetoveryourdifficulty.patient(a.)有耐性的(n.)病人patiencen.耐心翻译:如果你有耐性的话,你就可以克服万难。with可以是介系词也可以是副词,表示“有"，ifyou都省略了，had这个动词也被替换了。4.Ifithadbeentenyearsago,Icouldhaverunaroundthislakewithinhalfanhour.=>Tenyearsago,Icouldhaverunaroundthislakewithinhalfanhour.翻译:如果是十年前,我能沿着这个湖半小时跑完。If子句中的tenyearsago,这里有明显的对过去的假设,想象十年前年轻的那种状态,在十年前我就可以怎么怎么样,对过去的假设用过去完成式。第一句中的it代表的就是tenyearsago,hadbeen只是ー个形式的表现没有实际意义ー并省略c.分词构句

34分词分为两种:现在分词Ving：1,代表动作进行:2、主动过去分词P.P.：1、被动现在分词比代表现在式,过去分词也不代表过去式,代表时态的只能是动同〇1.Thesameman,ifhewerelivinginthiscentury,wouldbeahero.=>Thesameman,livinginthiscentury,wouldbeahero.翻译:同一人如果活在这个世纪,他将会是一个英雄。他现在没有活着,与现在事实相反用过去式。第二句,if省略掉,he和前面的thesameman重复也可以省略掉，主词省略了动词were也要去掉,因为动词是看主词脸色的,最后只剩下living这个现在分词来引导原来的if子句,living表示主动,不是动作正在进行。2.Ifyouwereseenfromadistance,youmightlookhandsome.=>Seenfromadistance,youmightlookhandsome.翻译:从远一点来看,你看起来会帅一点。第二句if省略，主词you和主要子句的you重复也省略,were也不需要了，Seen如果是been这样没有意义的动词就会被省略,但是这个过去分词还是有它的意思的所以保留。d,作主词的名词1.Ifhewereamanofsense,hewouldnotsaysuchathing.=>Amanofsensewouldn,tsaysuchathing.翻译:如果他是ー个有知识的人,他就不会说这样的话。换句话说他是ー个言不及义,乱讲・通,没有知识的人,只会大放厥词。Heisamanofsense.有知识Heisamanofability,有能力Heisamanofpower.有权利，权威第二句if省略,he和主要子句的he重复也省略，be动词were没有实际意义也省略。Amanofsense指的就是he所以主要子句的he也被省略掉。将所有代表同，个意思的赘字都去掉。2.Ifhewereasecretagent,hewouldnevertellyouhisrealname.>他不是ー个情报人员=>Asecretagentwouldnevertellyouhisrealname.翻译:如果他是一个情报人员，他是不会把他的真实姓名告诉你的。主词省略了动词也就没有了,主词是头,头已经掉了,作为心脏的动词也就不会再跳动了。否定否定字的表现Not1.Mybossdidnottellmetowearjeans.Mybosstoldmenottowearjeans.本动词否定》助动词+not+VR不定词否定》nottoVR2.DaveisanAustralian,notaAustrian.3.Imethimonthestreet,notattheoffice.4.Sheloveshimnotbecauseheishandsome,butbecauseheiswarmhearted.Nonota/an=nonotany二no1.Ihavenoonetocounton.Idon'thaveanyonetocounton.5.Nostudentsareallowedtoentertheroom.Nobodyisallowedtoentertheroom.No+单数n,复数n1不可数n

35No后面的动词形式看no后的主词Nobody=noone,one是单数故用is1.Heisnogenius.他绝非天才I'mnothief.我绝不是小偷Never[be之后,助动词之后VR之前],1.ItneversnowsintheSaharadesert.desert1fdez9t]n.沙漠a,荒无人烟的desert2[di*zQ：t]v.遗弃ー个词有两个发音音重的是动词dessertn.点心2.Youshouldneverwalkaloneatnight.It'srainingcatsanddogsoutside.Hardly,scarcelyfske9sli],rarelyre91i],seldom[be之后,助动词之后VR之前]1.Hissuccessishardlypossible.他的成功几乎是不可能的2.Theinjuredchildcouldscarcelywalk.3.Irarelylistentoclassicalmusic.4.EnglandhasseldomwontheWorldCup.few,little1.Few(people)aresatisfiedwithhisanswer.2.Heshowedlittleinterestinmath.interestun.部分否定1.Bothofmyfriendsdidnotgoabroadforadvancedstudy.Both…not…并非两者都〉其中一个去了Neither（None）ofmyfriendswentabroadforadvancedstudy.OverseasChinese海外华侨Goaboard上甲板Goabroad出国2.Hedidnotreadallofthesecomicbooks.Not…all…并非所有》一部分Hedidnotread_anyofthesecomicbooks.二Hereadnoneofthesecomicbooks.3.Shedoesnotalwaysagreewithme.4.Noteverybodycanbeapoet.5.Beautifulflowersdonotnecessarilysmel1sweet.notnecessarily未必注意Quite,altogether（完全地），completely,entirely,exactly+not〉部分否定双重否定1.Youcan'tmakeanomelet（蛋卷）withoutbreakingsomeeggs.2.Itisnotunusualforcouples（夫妻）toquarrel.夫妻吵架并不稀奇Itisusualforcouples（夫妻）toquarrel.（カ道不够）否定的惯用表现1.Heisbynomeansafool.绝非

36=heisnotafoolatall.means方法，手段（单复同形）Ididn'tmeantosayit.我不是故意的Ididn'tmeanit•我不是故意的Lookatthatmeanguy.卑鄙的家伙Byallmeans务必,尽一切办法1.Travelingtothemoonisnolongeradream.=Travelingtothemoonisnotadreamanylonger.2.Youcannotbetoocarefu1whenyoudriveatnight.再怎么小心也不为过3.Itwasnotlongbeforetheearthquakestopped.longbefore很久以前,多用于完成时态Thestoryhadhappenedlongbefore.故事发生在很久以前1hadbeentherelongbefore.我很久以前就去过那里。有时longbefore可分开理解,before作介词或连词,后接短语或句子。Itwasnotlongbeforetheearthquakestopped.Ihadwaitedtherelongbeforehearrived.他来之前,我在那已等了很久。beforelong是介词短语,在句中作时间状语,意为“不久之后,立刻”,常用于将来时态,如:Ihopewe'llmeetagainbeforelong.我希望不久我们再见面。Thebusisarrivingbeforelong.汽车马上就到了4.Ididn'tgraduatefromuniversityuntilIwastwenty-five.二ItwasnotuntilIwastwenty-fivethatIgraduatefromuniversity.5.Babiesdonothingbutcry.6.Icannothelpadmiringhiscourage.=1cannotbutadmirehiscourage.7.Thereisnotellingwhatmayhappen.=Itisimpossibletotellwhatmayhappen.8.Hecanrideamotorcycle,nottomentionabicycle.9.Thesoldiergotanorderandlostnotimeincarryingitout.MayItakeyouordernow?现在您要点菜吗?Carryout执行不用否定字的否定表现1.Whoknowswhatwillhappentomorrow?鬼晓得二Nooneknowswhatwillhappentomorrow.Whocares?2.Thisbookwastooboringformetoreadthrough.3.Hewouldbethelastperson_totellalie.他绝不会说谎4.Thestoryhetoldmewasanythingbutboring.他讲的故事是任何除了无聊》他讲的故事一点也不无聊5.Fivehundreddollarsforapairofshoesisfarfromcheap.很贵6.Thisdistrictisfreefromairpollution.7.Theviewfromthewindowwasbeautifulbeyonddescription.美得无法形容8.Thisbookisquiteaboveme.(myunderstanding)超出了我的理解能力"9.Heisabovecheatingonatest.不可能作弊10.Thealarmclockfailedtogooff.不会再响了

371.Heavyfogkeptusfromdrivingfast.阻止…防止…keepfromhinderfrom['hind己]stopfromprotectfrompreventfrom2.Youhadbetterrefrainfromalcohol,refrainLri:frein]避免3.Iknowbetterthantodosuchathing.我还没有笨到去做那种事.4.Wetriedtoopenthedoor,butinvain.但是办不到vain[vein]adj,徒劳的;虚荣的;空虚的

38+谢孟媛中级语法（五大句型）★五大句型★#不提及他物|一完全动词=>s+v一一不及物动词（vi）--|ー不完全动词=>S+V+Cs+v—I丨ー及物动词（vt）1ー完全动词=〉S+V+O#提及他物I=>S+V+O（人）+0（物）Iー不完全动词=>s+v+o+c主词:Subject动词:Verb受词:Object可以是一个单词,也可以是一个片语,甚至一个子句。形容词,副词可以用来修饰句子的这些级别元素。动作的承受者,须具有名词性。补语Complement补充维他命C,补充让意思表达清楚,不可或缺的。例如:Iloveyou,的love就是需要对象的及物动词。Icried.这个cried就不需要提及他物所以是不及物动词。Igowithher.这里g。的后面没有直接加上宾语的,还加了一个介系词with在中间的就不是及物动词动词可以是及物动词和可以是不及物动词,关键是看它在句子里怎么用,及物不及物都是由受词（宾语）来决定的。Iamateacher.注意这里的am动词前后还是同一个人，我是老师，老师就是我,所以这里的am不是及物动词，ateacher作为补充的语词是补语，Iloveyou,我爱你,我不是你,所以你是他物,love才能使及物动词。上面句子中的am是不完全动词，需要补充说明。祈使句也是有主词的,Standup!,完整地说是Youstandup!只是它省略了主词,因为请求、下到命令，当然对象是面前的人了。省略并不代表它没有主词，Thankyouverymuch.=Ithankyouverymuch.五大句型例句S+VHegottoLondonyesterday.toLondonyesterday,adv除非句子是表达该地方的特色,例如伦敦是座美丽的城市（做主语）,否则凡是表达地点的都是地方副词。yesterday是时间副词。副词和形容词在英语里面都叫修饰语,修饰之后就可以产生不同的感觉。翻译:他昨天达到伦敦。所以got在这里是“达到”的意思。S+V+C

39Hegotangry.angry是形容词,注意受词一定要具有名词的特性,例如动名词,不定词,名词子句,名词片语。形容词是不能当受词的,它只能当修饰语。翻译:他生气了。got这里可以翻译成“变得”。补语动词前后一定是对等的,他变得生气，生气的人是他。S+V+0Hegotanewspaper.翻译:他得到/买了一份报纸。他不是报纸,所以got后面是个受词。S+V+0（人）+0（物）Hegotmeanewspaper.翻译:他买给我ー份报纸。/他买了份报纸给我。got这里有“买给”的意思S+V+0+CHegothischildrenready.翻译:他使得他的小孩准备好了。/他已经把他的小孩做好准备。got这里有“使…弄得”的意思S+V1、Amylivesinthistown.2、Myolderbrotherusuallygoestobedatten.My所有格,older形容词,都是brother的修饰语,真正的主语还是brother。动词是goes,地点副词时tobed,时间副词atten。翻译:我的哥哥通常十点上床睡觉。3、InFlorida,itusuallyrainsforaboutanhoureverydayduringthehottestseason.地方副词InFlorida,表示在这个地方，S+V是itrains,usually、foraboutanhour、everyday、duringthehottestseason都是时间副词。翻译:在福罗里达州,在每一年最炎热的季节当中，每天会下雨大约一个小时。中文的语序和英文的差得太多了,英语先是小的单位,中文是先大单位,所以时间副词、地点副词刚好和中文是颠倒的,小的单位在前面,大的单位在后面。注意:ー个句子的基本成分是主词+动词,但是没有说过主词一定要在动词的前面。

40Therebe~及Herebe~的句型是由第一句型演变而来的。There、here为副词功能的修饰语,这里、那里都是表示地点。1、Abuscomeshere.翻译:公车来了。有些副词老外习惯把它们放在句首。Herecomesabus.注意这里的主词还是abus,这种句型叫做“强调句”。2、Therearemanybooksontheshelf.翻译:书架上有很多书。主词:manybooks,动词:are,副词:ontheshelf比较符合中文的顺序应该这样写:Ontheshelfaremanybooks.中文“有”的意思:1、我有一本书。表示拥有,书是我的;2、书桌上有一本书。但是书不是书桌所拥有的,这里的有表示存在。所以拥有オ是have,存在是需要be动词。注意:Herearethethings（省略了一个受格关代which）youwant.youwant是补充说明things的,由于things是名词,所以补充说明名词的是形容词，同时它既有主词又有动词,所以它还是ー个形容词子句。由于“这里有东西”，“你想要的东西”,同指那些物品没有提及他物,所以该子句是补语。翻译：这里有你想要的东西。其实想讲的就是：你要的东西在这里。thethingsyouwant可以用ー个you来代替,可以缩写成:Hereyouare.代名词you强调：在There/here+V+S的句子里,如果将动词后面的主词改成代名词的时候,此时代名词要拿到动词的前面,例如:Herecomesabus.改成用代名词it代替abus则应写成:Hereitcomes.翻译练习1、LifeinTaiwanhaschangedalotduringthelasttenyears.现在完成时和过去式〉现在完成时有持续,渐进的意味S+V+CS+V+C,动词后面的C所描述还是S这个キ语,同一个东西所以即使C是名词也不能做受词,受词必须是“提及他物”。动词需要C来补充，所以也可称之为不完全不及物动词。这类动词还有个惯有的名称ー连缀动词，动词的功能仅仅是连贯后面的补语而已，当然动词本身也有一部分的意思,此类动词可以分为卜一列四种：表状态（保持没变化的）belie、sit、stand、stay（待在、保存）rest、remain、keep等。

411、Helaystillonthebed.1、Myunclestayedabachelorallhislife.bachelor表示没有结婚的男生。bachelor['bseijal己]补语可以是形容词也可以是名词,但是受词宾语就一定是名词。表状态变化come、become>go、get、grow变得make使得turn转变fall、run等。1、Atlastmydreamhascometrue.2、Aswegrowolder,ourmemoriesbecomeweaker.3、Themilkhasgonesour.对比cometrue和gosour对于我们来说好的・面当然希望其越來越近用come来的意思,不好的一面当然想远离用go去、离开的意思。Somethinggoeswrong.某样东西出意外了,没有按照我们原先的计划,不好了,用g。wrong〇sweet-and-sourfish（糖醋鱼）4、Ifellasleepinclassyesterday,掉入梦乡表“似乎”seem>appear等。I.S+seem/appear+形容词II.S+seem/appear+toV（tobe形容词/名词）III.Itseems/appearsthat+S+V1、Thechildseemed（tobe）tired.Itseemedthatthechildwastired.2、SheseemstobeanAmerican.3、Sheappearedtoknownothingaboutit.Itseemed/appearedthatsheknewnothingaboutit.表“〜起来”这里不表示“ー起来”而是“听起来”、“看起来”feel、look、smell、taste、sound等。人类的五官应该是眼、耳、鼻、古、皮肤。1、Icefeelshardandcold.2、Thisflowersmellsverysweet.3、Thismedicinetastesbitter.这里的medicine表示所仃的药,是个种类不能在后面加s的,只有像pill[pil]药丸、capsule胶囊这样的具体的,才能加s表示多颗或者多粒,再如money表示所有钱币的总称是不可数名词。真正吃药用takemedicine,take是服用的意思,不能用eat,eat有品尝的意思要有乐趣的。注意:这ー类连缀动词都有如下的规则I.feel(look,smell)+形容词II.feel(look,smell)+1ike+名词

421.Howdoesthelittletigerlook?Itlookscute.看起来怎么样Whatdoesthelittletigerlooklike?Itlookslikeacat.看起来像什么在英文中询问状态要用how,例如:今天天气如何。Howistheweather?Whatistheweatherlike?feel的用法feellike+名词つ摸起来像…Itfeelslikefur.feellike+名词/Vingラ想要…Idon,tfeelliketakingawalknow.人befeeling+形容词つ渐渐觉得…(主语是人)Aftertakingmedicine,I'mfeelingmuchbetter.AfterItookmedicine,I'mfeelingmuchbetter.表示想要有三种用法:Iwanttoseeamovie.-want+不定词Iwouldliketoseeamovie.Ifeellikeseeingamovie.-like后面要用动名词，因为like解释成想要是介系词。另外口语：我就是不想去。/我就是不想要。Idon'tfeellikeit.feel表示“感觉起来…”，“摸起来…”是不能用进行式的。befeeling+形容词,这里却用了现在进行式,这里有个前提条件,就是主词一定要是人,人的感受オ会“渐渐觉得…”，S+V+O翻译练习2.Theylookverylivelyinthepictures（which）Itook.-lyadj.lovely（adj.可爱的，有趣的）friendly（adj.友好的,友谊的）likely（adj.很可能的,合适的，可靠的,有希望的）silly（adj.愚蠢的，无聊的，失去知觉的,无助的）-lyn.daily（日报）3.Theproblemofairpollutioninciteshasbecomemoreandmoreserious.s+v+o第三句型S+V+O,S和〇必须是不同的两个事物。相同的是S和C1、Ididn'tunderstandthemeaningofhiswords.2、Themanrobbedhimofallhismoney.“Hewasrobbedofallhismoney.翻译:这个人抢了他所有的钱。注意:

43rob+人+of+物steal+物+from+人ofallhismoney在里是做〇的修饰语。1、Mymotherwilltakecareofthepuppy.puppy「pApi］小狗狗。Mymotherwilltakegoodcareofthepuppy.Takecare后面有对象的时候of要出来,takecareofyourself,如果没有对象的话takecare就已经是个完整的句子,“保重”的意思。重点讲解同族受词动词（dream、sleep、live、die>fight>smile等）+同族受词同族受词:这些词都有动词和名词两种形式。1.Idreamedastrangedreamlastnight.2.Isleptasoundsleepinthesoftbed.sound当形容词解释成“舒适的……,安逸的……二sound当名词是“声音”大自然界的,但是人的声音（或嗓子）是voice,例如:“我有一副好嗓子。”Ihaveagoodvoice.sound当动词表示“听起来…”,例如“听起来不错。”Yourideasoundsgreat./Itsoundsgreat./Soundsgreat.3.Shelivedanunhappylife.过生活:livealife翻译:她过着一个不幸的/不快乐的生活。4.Hediedamiserabledeath.die是动词,death是名词。翻译:他死得很凄惨。5.Theyfoughtagoodfight.翻译:他们打了一场胜仗。Nofighting!不准打架!二态:fightfoughtfought打仗也是fight6.Shesmiledasweetsmile.微笑smile»大笑1augh照相时心情不好的时候可以说cheese（起司/奶酪）,想表现得很痛苦都难。中文茄子翻译练习vender/vendor小贩streetvender街边小摊pickup捡起来;接某人pickup小货车pickyournose挖鼻孔1.Everyafternoonavendordrivesapickuptoourcommunitytosellthevegetables,everyone每个人,大家月ー〇ne不可加修饰语everyone每个人/物且one可加修饰语everyoneofus我们每个人

441.Heknowseveryoneofusinourneighborhood,andeveryoneofusknowshim,too.S+V+O+O句型3S+授予动词+0（人）+0（物）一人乃万物之灵,所以人在前物在后。+0（物）+介词+0（人）一物造反了跑到前面需要用介词将貝:和人隔丿I来,,授予动词就是给我给了某人什么物品,我把物品给了某人。例如:我给她ー朵花。花是在我的手上直接拿着的是直接受词,她是给这个动作的间接受词,所以物是直接受词,人是间接受词。重点:授予动词之后的介系词可分为下列几项:（1）介系词to：allow、give>hand、recommend（推荐,reka'mend］）、write等1.Hehandedtheclerkthemoney.Hehandedthemoneytotheclerk.翻译：他把这笔钱递给了店员。注意：物在前,人在后就必须在他两中间加个介系词。抢劫rob不是授予动词哦。robsbofsth2.Theteacherrecommendedusthebook.少Theteacherrecommendedthebooktous.翻译：老师推荐了这本书给我们。中文翻译会加上一个“给”字,所以是授予动词。（2）介系词for：bring、choose、make、spare（挪出,腾出）等1、Shemadeherdaughteranewdress.♦Shemadeanewdressforherdaughter.翻译：她为她女儿做了一件新的洋装。S：She,V：made,0（人）:herdaughter,0（物）：dress2、Canyousparemeafewminutes?Canyouspareafewminutesforme?翻译:你能给挪出几分钟给我吗?（3）其他比较特殊的介系词,以上两种出现得比较多,特殊比较少。1、Heaskedmeastrangequestion.，Heaskedastrangequestionofme.2、Hethrewmeastone.»Hethrewastoneatme.3、Heplayedmeatrick.，Heplayedatrickonme.

45翻译:他对我恶作剧。重点讲解ー直接受词（物）若改为代名词,只能用句型く直接受词（物）+介系词+间接受词（人）》1>Wouldyoupleasepassmethesalad?“Wouldyoupleasepassittome?“Wouldyoupleasepassm。it?翻译:请你把沙拉传给我,好吗?和西方人吃饭要讲究tablemanners,餐桌礼仪,千万不要站起来伸手去拿你想要的东西,要轻轻和旁边的人说请你把XX传给我好吗?如果旁边的人拿不到,他会继续请他旁边的人帮他传过来。把手伸到别人的盘子里是很不礼貌的一个行为。lazySusan（餐桌上盛食物便于取食的.据说是由一位名叫Susan的女侍发明,故名）圆转盘2ヽI'11buyyouthebike."I'11buyitforyou.翻译:我会把自行车买给你。重点讲解二く疑问词（what、how、which-）+toV>在英文里称为名词片语,名词子句也可以当直接受词。1、Hetoldmehowtostopsmoking.S：He,V：told,0（人）:me,0（物）:howtostopsmoking（名词片语）如果疑问词后面接个动词的时候,•定要用动词的不定式toVo翻译:他告诉我该如何戒烟。2、ShetoldusthathewouldleaveforAmericasoon.S：She,V：told,0（人）：us,0（物）：hewouldleaveforAmericasoon（that连接的名词子句）leave可以表示离线、停留、遗留leavefor前往翻译:她告诉我们她不久之后就要前往美国。翻译练习44:351.Hisparentslefthimabigfortune（——大笔贝オ富）.Hisparentsleftabigfortuneforhim.Hisparentsleftitforhim.LeaveTaiwanLeaveforAmericanLeaveTaiwanforAmerican.Leavesleaf叶子的复数2.Shesentbothherfriendsandherhusband?sfriendsalotofChristmascards.ShesentalotofChristmascardsbothtoherfriendsandherhusbandJsfriends.

46S+V+O+C第五句型:s+v+o+c.补语c是补充说明受词〇的,这样的补语称为受词补语。第二句型:S+V+C没有受词〇,所以补语是补充说明主语S的，叫做主词补语。1、Theyfoundthatstrangeraspy.翻译:他们发现那个陌生人是个间谍。Theyfoundthatstranger.“他们发现那个陌生人。”已经是ー个完整的句子。但是这句话主要重点是指出他们发现那个人陌生人的身份是个间谍,陌生人的身份就是对那个陌生人的补充描述,所以C：aspy是个受词补语。2、Wemustalwayskeeptheclassroomclean.S：We,V：mustkeep（动词要包括助动词,因为助动词是帮助动词,所以他两是ー伙的），0：theclassroom,C：clean,频率副词:always是个修饰语翻译:我们要一直保持教室的干净。实际上C补语大部分是名词或形容词比较多。3、AllworkandnoplaymakesJackadullboy.work解释成名词“工作”的时候是不可数的,allwork就是所有工作都给你,表示一直工作。play这里也是当名词“玩乐”。make这里是“使得…”。翻译：一直工作且没有娱乐使得Jack变成一个迟钝的孩子（呆瓜）。这句话是英文中的谚语,Jack不可改相当于中文的“指鹿为马”,不能更换成别的动物。中文讲到的“偷窥狂”,英文中叫peepingTom。【英国传说】窥视者汤姆（成衣匠,行为卑鄙,因偷看奇黛娃裸体骑马而瞎了眼）4、I'mgoingtopaintmyhousewhitetomorrow.翻译：我明天打算把我的房子漆成白色。paint名词是油漆,动词是涂上。paint+物+颜色,中间不需要任何介系词,表示把什么漆成什么色。重点讲解使役动词,感官动词用不定词（原形不定词［和原形长得一样］、toV）,分词（现在分词Ving、过去分词P.P.）当受词补语。补语大部分是用名词或形容词比较多,但是这里有两个特殊的情况。（1）使役动词就是ー种命令,ー种发号施令,强迫性的或者さ托。*make/have+0+原形不定词（受词主动）+P.P.（受词被动）原形不定词写法和动词原形ー样,由于前面已经make/have做主要的动词,它只能换个名称。make是比较强制性的,have是比较缓和的。

47*let+0+原形不定词（受词主动）+beP.P.（受词被动）*get+0+to不定词（受词主动）+P.P.（受词被动）例句:28:551、Ican'tmakehimunderstandit.翻译:我无法使他了解这件事情。他的智商有限,这么深奥的事情他怎么会懂呢?S：I,V：can'tmake,0：him,C：understandit是他了解这件事情,所以了解是他的补语,同时因为是主动,所以就用动词原形。2、Ican'tmakemyselfunderstoodinEnglish.翻译:我无法使我自己用英文被别人了解。/我无法用英文来表达我自己。意思就是“我讲的英文别人都听不懂,因为我都是逐字翻译的,老外有听没有懂。”in加上某种语言是“用……语言来表述”的意思,inChinese就是“用中文”。S：I,V：can'tmake,0：myself,C：understoodinEnglish用过去分词表示被动，被别人了解。补充:这句话里I和myself都是指我自己,这样会认为同指一个物体没有提及他物应该属于第二句型S+V+C,但是再来看另一个简单的句子“我打自己”Ibeatmyself.注意这里的myself并不是I的补充说明,向是beat这个动作的承受者，所有myself还是属于受词即宾语。3、Hewouldn'tlethisdaughtergooutalone.翻译:他不让他的女儿独自ー个人外出。S：He,V：wouldn'tlet,0：hisdaughter,C：goout,alone是修饰语他的女儿外出是主动的形式,所有用原形不定词作补语。主词是我,动词是吃,我可以做吃的动作,所以是主动;主词是蛋糕,动词是吃,蛋糕只能被吃,所以是被动。让我•个人独自独处，Leavemealone〇别碰我的东西,Leavemythingsalone。4^Helettheworkbedonesoon.S：He,V：let,0：thework,C：bedone,soon是修饰语work工作不会自己完成，它只能被完成。翻译:他让这个工作很快的完成。let后面的P.P.必须加上一个原形的be才能表示被动。5^Youdon'thavetodoitbyyourself,I'11gethimtohelpyou(to)finishit.翻译:你不需要亲自做这件事;我会叫他帮你完成。DIY：doityourself先分析冃リ半句,Youdon'thavetodoitbyyourself.换个更简单的例子:Youdoitbyyourself./Youdoitwitheveryone.你自己做这件事。/你和大家一起做这件事。“自己做”和“和大家一起做”都是用于描述如何“做”的,不是用来描述事情it的,所以属于第三句型S+V+O,

48具体可以参考第一句型的联系“那个女孩惊恐地逃离两头蛇”27讲10:25。后半句分析:有三个动词,get、help、finish,由于这三个动词不是对等的,后一个依赖前一个动词,不需要连接词。S：I,V：willget(will是助动词,后面跟V原形)，0：him,C：tohelpyou(to)finishit.him和tohelp是主动的关系，所以用to+动原。没有连接词的状态卜一主要动词就只有一个,后面动词要看前一个动词的脸色，will管着get,get后面的〇要表示主动得有to+help(动原)，help管着后面的finish,・帮助某人做什么事情：help+0+(to)V,to是可以省略的,哪怕，个句子有100个动词,第100个动词要以第99个动词为准。6、Ihadmyhaircut.翻译：我使得我的头发被剪。/我剪头发了。had这里作“使得…”的意思。cut这里是分词,表示被动，因为一般我们都是去理发店给人家帮我们剪头发。如果是自己动手剪头发的话可以说成:Icutmyhair.7、Ihadmymoneystolen.表示受词受害翻译：我的钱被偷了。have+0+P.P.有两个含义,一个代表受词是纯粹的被动,另ー个是表示受词受害。受害,一般都不会是自己害自己,当然是被被人害了,也是一种被动。(2)感官动词feel、see、watchV主动lookat、notice、observe+0+Ving主动hear、!istento巴P.被动感官动词就是指感觉和器官。人体五官:眼、耳、鼻、舌、皮肤see代表的是眼睛的基本功能,把眼睛闭起来再张开看见的东西就叫做see,无意中看到的。不能说:Iamseeingaboy,来表示“我在看ー个男孩。”seeing表示正在看,表示一个时间点,•不是・个过程,同时see表示看的功能。难道说下一秒我就失明了,看不见了吗?watch是比较长时间地看,用于观看ー个过程,例如watchTV〇lookat是指有目的地、仔细地看,你看这张照片，把人家的注意力吸引过来的。notice虽然中文解释成“注意”，但是它是和眼睛有关的。observe本意叫做“观察”,观察也是靠眼睛的。hear是耳朵的基本功能,我听到有人喊我的名字,表示并不是主动刻意去听的。listento是刻意地去听,我打开收音机收听广播。1>Iheardmymotherhummingatune.翻译:我听到我的妈妈在哼ー个调子。2、Iheardsomethingcrashagainstthewall.against这个介系词本意是对抗的意思，有东西碎了正好打在窗户上叫做againstthewindow〇翻译:我听见有某个东西摔碎在墻壁上。

49Aircrash坠机对比1、2两句话用Ving和原型的差别在于:Ving除了代表主动之外,还表示动作在进行,第1句中我听到的时候妈妈正在哼那个调子。如果你看到或听到的时候那个动作正在进行那么就可以用Ving,如果只是纯粹在叙述一件事件可以用动词原形来表示。2、Isawtheboypunishedbyhisfather.S：I,V：saw,0：theboy,C：punishedbyhisfather〇男孩是被他的父亲处罚,所以是用被动的P.P.punished〇翻译:我看见这个男孩被他的爸爸处罚了。翻译练习demonstrationdemonstrate小威frequentadj.oftenadv.经常inTaipeiadj.1.FrequentdemonstrationshavemadethetrafficinTaipeiworse.Heaven大堂2.Thechildrenconsidertheirhouse/homeaheaven.management管理阶层employee员エemployer雇主punctualadj.准时3.Themanagementwantsalltheemployeestobepunctual.比较(33-37)一.比较变化1.规则变化原级+er,est原级字尾有e+r,st短母音加子音》重复字尾+er,est母音a,e,i,〇,u子音+y＞去y+ier,iestmore,most+多音节2.farther,furtherRomeisfartherfromLondonthanParisis.Farther/further表距离Didyougetfurtherinformation?Further1'f。:。ヨ］表程度3.latelaterlatest时间latterlast顺丿予Hegotuplaterthanusual.Thelatterpartofthestorywasinteresting.ThisisthelatestnewsfromAmerica,latestnews最新消息Thisishislastwork.4.oldolderoldest表年龄eldereldest表长幼HeisolderthanI.Myelder(长辈)/older(老)brotherisinTaipei.二.原级比较1.Sportsareasimportantasstudies.Heisasniceapersonashisfather.2.Hedoesnotworkas/sohardashisbrother(does).ThisJapanese-videogameisnotas/soexpensiveastheTaiwanese-one.3.Shehasasmanydressesashersister(does).Idon'tknowasmanypeopleasshe(does).4.•••timesas・いas…Thebridgeistwiceaslongasthatone.=Thatbridgeishalfaslongasthisone.ImportedbookscostthreetimesasmuchasTaiwanesebooks,costv.价值Taiwanesebookscostonetriedasmuchasimportedbooks.

50く注意》可以用length(long),width(wide),height(high),weight(heavy),depth(deep),size(large,big)Thisboxisonequarteraslargeasthatone.=Thisboxisonequarterthesizeofthatone.1.As^-aspossible/onecanCallthepoliceassoonaspossible/youcan.assoonaspossible(a.s.a.p)soon时间快quick/quickly速度快Itoldhimtocomehomeasearlyaspossible/hecould.As-as惯用片语asbusyasabee非常忙碌ascoolasacucumber极端冷静ascunningasafox十分狡猾cunningfkAnifj]adj,狡猾的;可爱的;巧妙的asdeadasadoornai1了无声息/完全(或肯定、确实无疑地)死了的,确已僵死了的doornailfdo：nei]n.门钉,大头钉子nailn,指甲;钉子asflatasapancakeflat「fl机]adj,平坦的pancake['眦nkeik]n.煎饼assweetashoney非常甜美aslikeastwopeaspea[pi:]n.[植]豌豆特殊句型2.Notsomuch…as…与其说…不如说…Itwasnotsomuchacrimeasamistake.=Itwasratheramistakethanacrime.=Itwasamistakeratherthanacrime.3.Notsomuchas・・・/withoutsomuchas…连・•・也没有Themandidn'tsomuchasapologizetome.didn'tapologize用原形Heleftmewithoutsomuchassayingthanks,withoutsaying用VIng4.As…asever依然ShelooksashappyaseverHeisasgreatanartistaseverlived.everDidyouevergofishing?你曾经钓过鱼吗?Doyouevergofishing(inyoufreetime)?你平常钓鱼吗?5.As…asany+单数名词和任何人ー样Heisashardworkingasany(person)inthevillage,person可省6.Asmany/muchas+数词多达…Asmanyasfiftythousandbirdsspendthewinterhere.Ipaidasmuchas200dollarsforthissweater.7.“多达”的其他表现Radiobroadcastingstartedasearlyas1920.Hegoestomoviesasoftenasthreetimesamonth.

511.Asmany/much…同数的,同量的Ifoundsixmistakesinasmany1ines.Thetourgroupvisitedfivecitiesinasmanydays.2.Asgoodas…几乎等于…非褒义Thishouseisagreatbuy.It'sasgoodasnew.Thishouseisagreatbuy»买对了Hiscarisasgoodasapieceofjunk,像垃圾ー样垃圾贬义三.比较级比较1.ThanDogsareclevererthancats.表全体狗:adog/dogsShecanspeakEnglishbetterthan1/me/1can.副词比较级2.•••the比较级ofthetwo两者中较Thisguitaristhebetterofthetwo.3.强调比较级much/many,even,far,byfar,farandaway,alot/lots,、得多still,更加地agooddeal,agreatdeal,相当地somewhatrather,稍微abit,alittlebit,alittle一点点large容量大big体积大大份薯条用!arge1.Hishouseismuchlargerthanmine.“大”是抽象用much强调2.Youwillfindmanymoreamusementsinbigcitiesthansmalltowns.“游乐场”是可数用many强调4.劣等比较“less原级than〜”比〜较不Goingbybusislessexpensivethangoingbytaxi.=Goingbybusisnotasexpensiveasgoingbytaxi.=Goingbytaxiismoreexpensivethangoingbybus.Instantnoodlesarelessnutritiousthanrice.instantfood速熟食品fastfood速买食品5,省略than三年级学IhavetostudyEnglishharderthisyearbecauseI'mathirdyearstudent.生Whydon'tyouuseasharperknife?重要表现6.More"than…与其…不如、Shewasmoresadthanangry.她是难过Itismoreflatterythanpraise.与其说是称赞不如说是讨好形容词不管是单音节或多音节,都用more+adj.形式flatteryrfl«teril

526.比较级and比较级越来越…It'sgettingdarkeranddarker.Entranceexamsarebecomingmoreandmoredifficult.7.The比较级…,the比较级…越…就越…Theorderwegrow,theweakerourmemorybecomes.ThelongerIwaited,thelesspatientIbecome.Themorewegettogether,thehappierwewillbe.Themoretimeyouhave,themoreworkyoucando.8.(all)the比较级for+名词/because〜因为〜因此便….Werespecthim(all)themoreforhishonesty.Werespecthim(al1)themorebecauseheishonest.因为诚实我们更尊敬他Sheworksalltheharderbecausesheisamother.因为身为人母,他更努力工作.注意负面时Heworkednonetheharderbecausehebecameafather.虽说成为父亲但并不代表会更努力工作.Nonethe比较级for+名词/becauseへ因为“因此便….9.Muchless…更不用说Idon'tlikemathematics,muchlessphysics.Mathematicsishard.ー个科目,单数名词Theoldmancannotevenwork,muchlessrun.10.Superiorto、,seniorto本身含有比较含有的单词,不可用than,改用toSuperior,inferior优秀的,拙劣的[sju:'piria][in'fisrie]Myinferiors我的晚辈Senior,junior年长的,年幼的Major,minor(程度)较大的,较小的['mains]Prior,posterior前面的,后面的丨praia][po,stiario]Posいvar战后HeisfiveyearsolderthanI=Heisfiveyearsseniortome.=Heisseniortomebyfiveyears.Ipreferplayingsportstowatchingthem.Prefer动词哦11.Moreorless,soonerorlaterOurguesswasmoreorlesscorrect.moreorlessadv,多多少少Soonerorlateryouwillfindyourmissingchild.

536.Knowbetterthan〜(toVR)不会傻到Hadbetter"(VR)最好、Iknowbetterthantogosai1ingwithoutalifejacket.Youhadbetternotgo.7.Nomorethan等no和notlhavenomoney.Idon'thaveanymoney.No二notany1.Nomorethan=only只有而已Ihavenomorethan100dollars.我有100元,再没有其他了》只有2.Notmorethan=atmost顶多Ihavenotmorethan100dollars.我没有更多!00元)顶多3.Nolessthan=asmuchas有ク多Ihavenolessthan100dollars.我有100元,再没有更少的了〉我有100耶!4.Notlessthan=atleast至少Ihavenotlessthan100dollars.我没有少于100元.〉至少8.Nomore~than、等1.Nomore~than"和~一样不Iamnomoremadthanyouare.我和你ー样少疯〉不疯2.Notmore、thanへ不像~那样~Iamnotmoremadthanyouare.我不比你多疯〉没你疯3.Noless"than"与~同样地、Iamnolessmadthanyouare.我和你ー样多疯〉很疯4.Notless"than"与~有过之而无不及Iamnotlessmadthanyouare我不比你少疯〉半斤&ハ两四.最高级A.最高级+in~/of"/that+S+V1.Februaryistheshortestofallthemonths.2.Hedrives(the)mostcarefullyofusall.副词最高级the常省3.ThisisthefinestviewthatI'veeverseen.4.Picassoisoneofthemostfamouspaintersofthe20thcentury.毕加索5.Thisisthetriedmostpopularsonginthehitchartthisweek.最受欢迎中的第三B.强调最高级Very,much,byfar,farandaway1.Sheismuch/byfar/farandawaythebestsingerinthecountry.Sheistheverybestsingerinthecountry.

54C.The的省略1.同一人事物不加theThislakeisthedeepestinJapan.Thislakeisdeepesthere•此湖这里最深TheairinthisareaisthecleanestinJapan.Theairinthisareaiscleanestwhenthefactoriesareclosed.2.叙述用法不加theIamhappy,叙述用法Iamahappygirl.补述用法补了happyIfeelhappiestwhenI'mwithmyfriend.也可理解为同一人不加theD.三级互换Bobismorehandsomethananyotherboyinmyclass.=NootherboyinmyclassismorehandsomethanBob.=NootherboyinmyclassisashandsomeasBob.因为我们班包括Bob所以加other重要表现E.Even+最高级甚至连…1.Eventherichestmanintheworldcan'tbuyherheart.2.Eventhemosttalentedstudentinourclasswasn'tabletoanswerit.F.Atbest/atthebest,atmost/atthemost顶多Itwilltakeat(the)most/bestthreehourstoreachoutdestination.注意atone'sbeatTheplumblossomstherearenowattheirbest.bloomfblu:m].n:花inbloom盛开(指花).v:1.看上去很健康例:Janeispositivelybloomingwithhealththesedays.简这些日子以来身体确实健康起来2.开花。例:Therosesareblooming.玫瑰花正在盛开。blossom〕'blossm].n:(果树的)花inblossom:开满花的(指树)v:1.(树)开花2.发展,成长例：Sallyisblossomingintoabeautifulgirl.萨丽正在长成一个美丽的女孩G.At(the)least最少Itwilltakeat(the)leastthreehourstoreachoutdestinationAt(the)worst最差Ourteamwillat(the)worstgetthethirdprize.II.Makethemostof尽全力,对有利情况

55Makethebestof尽全力,对不利情况Ihopeyouwillmakethemostofyourabilities.Hemadethebestofhissmallincome,善用薪水ー、疑问代名词格主格+V所有格+NV+受格谁WhoWhoseWho(m)哪ー个，哪一位Which—Which什么What—What格就是一种表现,在不同的位置上就有不同的表现,例如:你是主人或是客人表现出来的都是不同的。所有格后面一定是ー个名词,受格是接受动作的对象,它应该放在动词的后面。(1)当主词/主词补语句型:疑问代名词+V〜?1.一Whoisthecaptainofthisship?一JackBrownis(thecaptainofthisship)./It'sJackBrown.Who可以作主词也可以做主词补语,所以回答的时候第一句是回答当主词的,第二句是回答当补语的,it代替的是thecaptainoftheship,be动词后面是补语。2.Whatmakesyoulaughso?翻译：什么让你笑得如此大声。“状况不明视为单数”,所以动词makes用三单形式。3.一Whoissingingintheroom?-MaryandHelenare.Is＞状况不明are＞已经知道仃确切的人数了4.一WhichofthoseshipsistheMayFlower?-Thelargeroneis.完整的说法：ThelargeroneofthoseshipsistheMayFlower.没有生命的东西所有格用of来表现,回答用的是比较级,表示thoseship那些船只仃两艘而已。如果有三艘或者以上回答会用最高级Thelargestoneis.5.Whosekeysarethese?They*reLinda's(keys).Whosearethesekeysonthedesk?They'reLinda's.用Whosearethesekeysonthedesk?不用Whosekeysonthedeskarethese?听的人会产生歧义,到底是问desk在哪里还是钥匙在哪里?会很不清楚。Whose有两个词性［所有格+N所有代名词=所有格+NWhoseく所有代名词(可单独存在)

56判断其是那种词性只要看后面跟名词就是所仃格否则就是所有代名词。(2)当受词句型:疑问代名词+.,问句句型,be动词或aux助动词在句首。[aux+S+V?1.一Whatdoessheusuallyhaveforbreakfast?ーーSheusuallyhastoastandcoffee.吃什么东西当那一餐介系词都用for〇Ihavenoodlesfordinner.2.--Whichofthesesingersdoyoulike?ーーIlikeA-mei,becauseshehavesagoodvoice.3.--Whowantstogofirst?Ido.--1do.＞做主词--Who(m)areyouplanningtoinvite?--(Iamplanningtoinvite)JoeandRoland.＞做受词在美语当中经常将whom写成who所以你不知道应该是用Ido来冋答还是JoeandRoland〇4.Whatdidyousay?翻译:你说什么?表示你已经说过了,我希望你能再重复说一遍。Whatdoyousay?翻译:你觉得如何?比方说下午去看电影,你觉得如何?5.Whatdoyouthinkofmynewhat?Of前后都有名词可翻译成“…的…”，keyofthedoor,门的钥匙。of前面是动词,of纯粹只是・个介系词。翻译:你觉得我的新帽子如何?重点:what的惯用表现What在句子中出现的时候仃的时候并イ、翻译成“什么”。1.Whataboutgoingforawalk?Howaboutgoingforawalk?about是介系词后面接名词,所以其后面的动词要改成Ving动名词。whatabout=howabout散步:takeawalk□洗澡:takeabath

571.Whatdidyoudothatfor?Whydidyoudothat?Forwhatdidyoudothat?中文说“为什么”,英文也有这样的习惯“forwhat”2.Whatdoesitlooklike?Howdoesitlook?翻译:这个东西看起来像什么?有一般动词的句子里不能用be动词,疑问词后面用aux助动词+原形动词。3.Sheboughtbutter,sugarandwhatnot.翻译:她买了奶油,糖,还有其他种种。（和之前提到相关的东西）人家只是表示ートー关心而已,问问你买了什么,不必这么认真嘛。4.Whatdoyousaytoplayingagameofbasketballwithus?Whatdoyousaytoagameofbasketballwithus?这里的to是介系词Whatdoyousayto+Ving表"对…事你觉得如何”。5.Whatifitrains?Whatif“万ー”。6.Whatwillbecomeofthewhalesifwedon'tprotectthem?Whatwillbecomeof+0受词，表示该受词会发生什么样的结果。翻译:如果我们不保护鲸鱼的话,它们的结果会如何?这里的of也是纯粹连接对象的,不翻译成“的”。7.Iknowwhat.翻译:我知道这件事情的始末，我有个好主意。这句话等价于,Ihaveanidea.What在这里表示•件小的始末。8.WhatdidItellyou?其实这句话有责备的意思,当你做错的时候,我就说“你看,我早就说过,你不听,现在出错了吧。”翻译:没错吧,我就是告诉你这些。/就如同我告诉你的,没错吧。二、疑问副词where,when,why,how疑问副词后面不能直接接动词,它不是疑问代名词不能做主词或受词。一(beV+Sワ句型:疑问副词+[flMX+S+V?Where问地点,地方副词。哪里?When问时间,时间副词。什么时候?Why问原因,原因副词。为什么?

58How问方法,问程度。如何?1.Whereareyoufrom?一I'mfromEngland.from是个介系词,来自哪里表示空间存在可以用be动词,所以这里用的是am〇2.Whendidyouheartherumor?一Thedaybeforeyesterday.3.Whydidn'tyoulockthedoor?-Sorry,Icompletelyforgot.4.Howdidyougetheresoquickly?-Bytaxi.by后面的交通工具没有数量的表现。By+交通工具=on/in+a+交通工具,当用on/in的时候就需要仃单复数的表现,用不（指）定冠词a或者在交通工具后面加s用介系词in表需要“弯腰进去的交通工具”，例如:计程车,car小汽车,其他的交通工具例如单车都是用on〇搭计程车:inataxi/intaxis=bytaxi搭公车:bybus/onabus搭直升机byhelicopter/onahelicopterhelikopta]5.Howdoyoufeel?一!feelfine.重点:询问程度How+adj/adv+〜?howfast动作的快慢howsoon时间的长短howhigh物体的高度howtall身高howmany可数名词的复数howmuch不可数名词Howmuchmoney?这里的money是钱币的总称,东西的总称是不可数的。Howmanydollars?dollar是美金,只要不是物种的总称就是可数的。1.ーーHowfarisitfromyourhousetothestation?ーーIt'saboutfiveminutes'walk.It代表的是从哪里到哪里的一段距离,it才是这句话的主词。I'mbeautiful.美丽的人就是我,be动词前后I和beautiful相等,所以howfarisit在本动词is前后it就是howfar代表距离,它オ是真正的主词。注意这里的fiveminutes’是所有格哦,walk这里是名词，一分钟的话是oneminute'swalk2.Howlongareyougoingtostayhere?Howlongisthisbridge?-It'sabout100meterslong.第一句指的是时间的长度,第二句指的是空间的长度。

591.HowfastdidTommyrun?多块Howsoonwillyourparentscomeback?多久重点:how的惯用表现1.Howaboutgoingtoamovietonight?Whataboutgoingtoamovietonight?2.Howareyou(doing),Sue?跟老朋友,认识的朋友常用此句,经常听不得are的发音类似Howyoudoing?3.Howdoyoudo,Ms.Smith?Ms.二Miss.orMrs.小姐或太太初次见面的时候用,也可以用Nicetomeetyou.4.Howcomeyou'renotstudying?=>Howdoesitcomethatyou'renotstudying?翻译:为什么你没在学习?Howdoesitcome?翻译:它是怎么演变而来的?实际上就是在问“为什么?”,和whyー样。第・句是整形过的句型,以后看到howcome在其后就是接S+VHow-does-4^come-that-you'renotstudying?重点:强调疑问的程度1.Whosaidso?翻译:是谁这么说的?Whoever/Whoeversaidso?翻译;究竟是谁说的?这里的ever是究竟的意思。2.Howdidyoudoit?翻译:你到底是怎么样办到的呢?However/Howeverdidyoudoit?3.Wherehashegone?Whereonearthhashegone?翻译:他到底去了哪里?4.Whatareyoudoing?Whatintheworldareyoudoing?翻译:你到底在做什么呀?

60粗鲁的Whatareyoufuckingdoing?Whatthefuckareyoudoing?Whatthehellareyoudoing?文明的粗鲁用语三、疑问形容词ーwhat,which注意:形容词是修饰名词的。1.Whatnationalityisthatman?Nationality“国籍”是名词,只有形容词后面才能接名词,所以这里的whal是形容词。这样理解Thatmaniswhatnationality.Whatnationalityareyou?Whereareyoufrom?2.Whichcolordoyouprefer,redorblue?Whattimeisit?重点:疑问词的位置不同者1.Itoldhimthetruth.ーーYousaidwhat.翻译:我已经跟他说实话了。(对方惊讶道!)你说什么?表达ー种不可置信的情绪。2.ーーI'msorry,Mom.Ibrokeyour••,expensivedish。ーーYoubrokemywhat?翻译:妈妈不好意思,我打破你的……贵重的碟子。你打破了什么?(表示妈妈很怒。)四、间接问句疑问词撰句首的就是直接问句,间接问句提问的人并不是那么想知道答案(1)主要句子+if/whether+主词+动词〜if/whether这里解释成"是否"。1.请告诉我这博物馆星期一是否开放。Pleasetellmeif(=>whether)themuseumisopenonMonday,if和whether在这里做连接词,所以其后是接主词+动词。这里open是形容词,是呈现开放的状态,所以前面配be动词。2.我不知道她是否结婚了。Idon'tknowwhethersheismarriedornot.

61Idon'tknowwhetherornotsheismarried.Ihavenoideawhetherornotsheismarried,whether…ornot=whetherornot都表示是否。marry嫁、娶,结婚是bemarried的。Areyoumarried?你嫁了吗/你娶了吗/你结婚了吗?1.Hecan'tdecidewhetherhewillvisitherornot.在间接问句中当前后1词致时可连同主词he后的助动词will•并省略,Hecan'tdecidewhethertovisitherornot.但是注意,如果连接词前后主词不一样的话是不能这样省略的。(2)疑问词+主词+动词〜1.一Whoisthemanwearingatuxedo?-Idon'tknow.=>1don'tknowwhothemanwearingatuxedois.Whyisthemanwearingatuxedo?Canyoutellme?=>Canyoutellmewhythemaniswearingatuxedo?翻译:你能告诉我为什么这个人要穿着燕尾服吗?利用母语把外语的差异点抓住认识他,把差异点熟悉习惯它,慢慢这个外语就会变成你的语言。2.Whatdoeshedo?他是做什么的?(问职业)Letmeknow.=>Letmeknowwhathedoes.去掉助动词改为一般动词要注意时态。3.Whenheleftthehouseisnotknown.翻译:他什么时候离开家的没有人知道。Whenheleftthehouse有名词的特性。4.Theproblemishowwefinishthisjob.Theproblemishowtofinishthisjob.虽然how连接的前后主词并不一样,但是讲话和听话的双方都知道事情可以省略用to代替。疑问词+toVツ名词片语Howtodoit?Whattodo?Whentoleave?Whotoask?5.DoyouwanttoknowwhatIbought?6.Ihavenoideawhobrokethewindow.

62Who是疑问代名词,它本身就可以当主词,它既是疑问词又是主词,1.一DoyouknowwhatIhaveinmyhands?一Yes,Ido.Youhavesomeflowers.翻译:你知道我手里有什么东西吗?该句子主要要表达的是“你知道吗?二翻译:我知道,你的手里有花。-WhatdoyouthinkIhaveinmyhands?ーー!thinkyouhavesomecherries.像think,expect,consider,hope,believe这样表主观能动的动词就可以将疑问词放到句首还是形成间接问句.句子前面还是一般疑问句型,疑问词开头的问句不能用yes/no来回答的,直接冋答提问的东西。翻译:你认为我手里有什么吗?翻译:我认为你手里有些樱桃。五、附加疑问句附加在ー个（肯定、否定、祈使）句子后面并产生的疑问。你是学生。你是学生,是不是呢?Youdon'tlikehim,doyou?（语调上扬就是标准的问句）Youdon'tlikehim,doyou?（语调卜,降的是表示一种确认）1.Iamyourboss,amInot/aren'tI?翻译:我是你的上司,不是吗?前面是肯定后面就是否定,am和not不能缩写我们用aren't来代替，仃点特殊。2.TherearetenmoredaysuntilChristmas,aren'tthere?翻译:还有十几天到圣诞节,There后面是复数的名词主词days,所以be动词用are,there开始附加问句就用there比较省事。3.Marydoesn'tlikeonions,doesshe?翻译;Mary不喜欢洋葱，不是吗?怪兽和洋葱ー样是有层次的。有好怪兽,有坏的附加问句后面一样要用代名词,一定要用she不能在出现Mary。4.Theaccidentvictimcouldhardlywalk,couldhe?翻译:那事故中的受害者几乎不能走路了,不是吗?注意这里有个hardly表示否定，它是个否定字,所以附加问句用肯定。附加问句的基本原则1、前面肯定后面否定,前面否定后面用肯定,但是注意有否定词例如hardly的出现。2、如果是否定的附加问句be动词或主动性要和not缩写,如果是am不能写成amnotI,要分开写成amInot或者用aren'tI来代替。3、如果主词是名词后面一・定要用代名词。

63句型可以分为三大句:直述句,祈使句，假设句。祈使句就是表达希望,请求,命令,一般主词都是you同时都是被省略掉的。以下都是祈使句的附加问句:1.Don*ttouchit,willyou?附加问句中将省略的主词you给还原回来了。2.Takeaseat,willyou?Takeaseat,won*tyou?更为客气3.Speaklouder,willyou?Speaklouder,can'tyou?非常客气六、修辞疑问句有修饰的语词在里面,其实并没仃疑问的含义。1.Whoknows?=>Nobodyknows.翻译:谁知道呢。就是没有人知道。及时行乐吧。2.Whatistheuse?=>Itisnouse.use前面加了个定冠词the,冠词只能加在名词前面，所以这里的use是名i司。翻译：这个是用的方法是什么?实际的例子:“你这么用功做什么?这样仃用吗?”,实际上是在说“这样是没用的”。修辞疑问句3.Whatdifferencedoesitmake?=>Itmakesnodifference.翻译：这件事情有什么不同吗?这样做或者那样做有什么不同吗?意思就是怎么做都没有不同。有不同:makeadifference,没有不同：makenodifference,different是名词,它的动词要用make〇用修饰的手法告诉你用这几种方法做效果没有什么不同。4.Isn'tfantastic?=>Itisveryfantastic.这个否定疑问句是程度加强的意思。翻译：这真是太神奇了。5.ShallIeverforgether?=>Ishallneverforgether.翻译：我该忘记她吗?真正的意思是我绝对不会忘记她。加强语气。像3、4、5这样加重语气的疑问句就叫做修辞疑问句。七、应答疑问句老师外面ド雨了吗?有吗?真的耶。ー这里就是用疑问的方式进行应答。1.I'mnotinterestedinvideogames.-Aren'tyou?不是吧翻译:我对电子游戏不感兴趣。ー是吗?（不是吧,我看你一天打了几个小时）

641.Hehitahomerunyesterday.—Oh,didhe?是吗?（我知道了）homerun［棒］全垒打翻译:他昨天打了一个全垒打。ー欧,是吗?实际上表示一种惊讶和肯定,而不是ー种疑问。run实际上是经营的意思,homerun就是在家经营英文。ハ、叙述句型的疑问句用叙述的句型但是将句尾的语调往上扬,表示疑问。1.Yougavehimyourtelephonenumber?—Yes,Idid.翻译:你把电话号码给他了?是的,我给了。2.Thisswordso:d]isathousandyearsold?翻译:这把剑已有一千年的历史了吗?名词41-47一.名词1.SchoolbeginsinSeptember.不可数抽象指上学Therearethreeschoolsinthistown.可数Gotoschool,不可数抽象指上学Gototheschool.可数普通名词1.鲸鱼是哺乳动物的译法Whalesaremammals.=Awhaleisamammal.=Thewhaleisamammal.2.Imetaboy.Theboyhadaballinhishands.集合名词A.单数，复数都可以Family家庭,家人,audience,class班级,同学,club俱乐部,会员,company公司，职员,crew机组,机组人员,crowed,government,public,staff,team1.Hisfamilyisabigone.家庭Hisfamilyarealltall,家人2.Ourteamhaswonthechampionship,我队Theteamwereallexcited.队贝B.复数形Police,cattle,people,poultry「paultri]n.家禽Cattle牛群cow母牛bull公牛ox阉公牛Oneperson,twopersons/people1.Thepolicehavecaughthim.2.Manypeoplewereangryatthecase.C.单数形…类只有单数baggage行李类,clothing服装类,furniture家具类

65machinery机械类,merchandise商品类,poetry诗类,scenery风景类D,注意Fruit1.水果种类》不加冠词的单数形fruit2.水果种类〉ー种afruit两种以上fruitsAkindoffruit,twokindsoffruits3.成果,结果＞fruits1.Doyoueatmuchfruit?2.Thepotatoisnotafruitbutavegetable.~・种水果3.Hissuccesswasthefruitsofhardwork.Fish1.表数量一条鱼afish两条鱼fish2.种类一・种afish两种以上fishes3.鱼肉Fish1.Icaughtthreefishyesterday.2.Therearealotoffisheslivinginthesea,很多种鱼People1.人们people2.国民,民族apeople,twopeoples,…1.Tenpeoplewereinjuredintheaccident.意外死亡beki1led2.TheChinesearesaidtobeanindustrious[in'dAstrias]people,industryn.エ业;勤勉industrialadj.エ业的industriousadj,勤勉的Hair1.全部头发/毛发/汗毛hair2.一根根ahair/hairs1.Shehasthickhair.2.Hepulledouttwowhitehairs•两根白发抽象名词Kindness,beauty,honestyA.一般用不加冠词的单数形1.I1ikemusic.2.Thisisimportantinformation.B,表程度可加much,any,some,alittle,little等1.Ihavelittlehopeofsucceeding.2.Ihavealotofhomeworktodo.Homework作业类,总称C,限定可加the1.Necessityisthemotherofinvention.那个抽象的妈妈》限定的妈妈（类）需要为发明之母2.Youshouldknowthedifficultyoflearninghowtodriveacar.学开车的困难》限定的困难（类）D.数抽象名词时用apieceof—・则/anitemofー项1.Hegavemeawonderfulpieceadvice.

66注意wonderful的位置twopiecesofadvice1.Shesentusanitemofnews.E,表示个别行为,事件时,可加a/an,也可用复数形1.Thecomputerisamarvelous['ma:vilas]invention.2.Iwilltellyoumyviewsofthematter.F.Of+抽象名词》adj.With+抽象名词》adv.1.Heisamanofabi1ity.Heisanableman.adj.能;有能力的;能干的2.Theinformationisofnovaluetome.value[*vaelju:]n.价值Theinformationisvaluelesstome.valueless[*vaeljulis]adj.无价值的3.Marypassedtheexamwithease.Marypassedtheexameasily.其他用法ofimportance>importantadj.withcare>carefullyadv.onpurpose>intentionallyadv.intentn.意图intentionaladj.故意的intentionallyadv.故意地,有意地byaccident>accidentallyadv.物质名词没有固定形状或范围的物质如light,water,moneyA.一般情况不加冠词的单数形Thisstatueismadeofstone,石头材料Thecrowedthrewstonesatthepolice.石块pebble小卵石stone适中石rock大岩石boulder巨石B.限定量时可用some,alotof,much1.Idon'tneedmuchmoneytobuythancamera.2.Wehavelittlerainhere.这里几乎不卜・雨C.特定的物品,可加冠词,代名词或所有格1.ThisbeefisfromAustralia,特定的牛肉2.Let'sgotothe1iquorstore.特定的某家酒吧D.将物质名词量化数字+~+of+物质名词1）形状Apieceofchalkー支粉笔AsheetofpaperAsliceofbread一片面包Aloafofbread一条面包Twoloavesofbread

672）容器AbottleofcolaAglassofwater玻璃杯Acupoftea有把儿的杯子3）单位Apoundofbutterー磅奶油Aliterofmilk一公升升二公升AspoonfulofsugarAschoolofwhales一群鲸（鱼类）Aherdofcattle一群牛（大动物）Aflockofbirds一群鸟（小动物）Birdsofafeatherflocktogether一・丘之貉/物以类聚featherPfede!羽毛专有名词特定人或事物的名称A.一般情形开头字母大写,不加冠词无复数形1.Dr.JonesphotographedmanywildanimalsinAfrica.2.HenrywalkeddownBridgeStreettosavetime.B.加the就一个,用来限定/表"尊重”1）河川,海洋,海峡theAmazon,thePacificOcean2）船,列车theTitanic,theMRT台湾的捷运3）公共建筑theWhiteHouse,theBritishMuseum4）报纸,杂志theTimes,theAsahi朝日新闻C.加不定冠词/复数形的专有名词1.AMr.Brownhascometoseeyou.一・个叫brown的人2.HeistheEdisonofTaiwan,台湾的爱迪生3.MywifewasaSmith.Smith家族的人4.HehastwoPicassos,他有两幅毕加索的画.二.名词的复数形1.规则变化字尾變化方法例子SXchsh子音+o加esbuses,classesboxes,foxeschurches,benchesdishes,bushesheroes,tomatoes

68子音+yf、fe去y加ies去fヽfe加vescity-citiesbaby—babiesleaf-leaveswife—wives女英雄heroineI*herQuin]例外Stomachs,pianos,photos,roofs,safes保险箱,beliefs信条1.不规则变化常见child-chiIdrenMan-men,woman-women,foot-feet脚,英尺,tooth-teeth,mouse-mice,单复同形Japanese,Chinese,carp[ka:p]n.鲤鱼,sheep,deer,species物种reindeer圣诞老人的驯鹿外来语的复数形幽默humor现代modern沙发sofadatum-data,medium-media,crisis-crises,ana1ysis-analyses文字,数字,简称的复数形UFOs/UFO's,the80s/80,s八零年代,CDs/CD,s复合名词Passer-by>passers-byCollegestudent>collegestudentsWomanastronaut>womenastronauts再，占1.单数,复数意思不同paper纸-papers文件work工作-worksエ厂job,workparttimejob有薪水的工作work,Youhavelotsofworktodo.part部分,purls零件Amanofparts有才能的人water,waters水域,洪水WatersofAmazonash灰,ashes骨灰,房屋被烧后的残垣force力,forces军队Armedforces陆海空三军armedadj,武装的arms武器custom风俗习惯1customs关税thecustoms海天manner方法,munnors规矩礼仪letter信,letters文学Adeer-Johnletter分手信air空气,airs装腔作势Tomlikestoputonairs2.必用复数形glasses眼睛,contactlenses隐形眼镜,trousers裤子,scissors剪刀,shoes鞋,socks袜子,gloves手套3.学科名称字尾为ics,但为单数形mathematics,politics,physics,economics

691.表金额,距离,时间,用单数动词Onehundreddollarsisenoughtobuythatjacket,Twentymilesisalongdistancetorun.Tenyearsiscalled“adecade”.score二十三.名词的所有格1.Jim'smom2.Agirls'highschoolAprilFools'Day3.不规则变化过的名词用N'sChildren'stoysMen'scoats4.复合名词》最后一字加’sMyfather-in-lawtshobbies公公/岳父Herboyfriendtsbirthday男性朋友boyfriend男友5.共同所有及个别所有Jack'sandPeter'sfathersaredoctors.Jack的爸爸和Peter的爸爸JackandPeter'sroomJack和Peter共用的房间6.表时间.距离,重量,金额等名词可用N's/Ns'tenminutes'break十分钟的休息tomorrow'sweather明天的天气threemiles'distance三英里的距离apound'sweight-磅重adollar'sworth一美元的价值7.表国名,地名〉N's/Ns'theworld'spopulationTaiwan'sclimatetheUnitedStatesffuture/America,sfuture8.上述例子,若为无生命都可用BofA表达TheroofofthechurchThefrontofthebuiIding那栋建筑的正面注意L这个问题的答案theanswer(s)tothequestion.那个比赛的门票theticket(s)tothatgame(获得)非常成功的关键thekeytogreatsuccess2.在门口那个男人的忠告Theadviceofthemanatthegate.若用N's形式，atthegate没地方放了9.重点:表场所,建筑的名词在所有格通常省略Mymotherwenttothebaker*s(shop),面包店baker's(shop)=bakery面包店I'mgoingtothedentist's(office)tomorrow.Adecayedtooth蛀牙四.冠词不定冠词a/an+可数单数名词定冠词the+单数名词,复数名词,不可数名词1.a和an的区别2.the的发音3.a/an的用法a)表示不特定的单数可数名词Waiter,thereisaflyinmysoup.b)话题中第一次提到的单数名词Isawabird.Thebirdisflyinginthesky.c)表示一个

70Romewasnotbuiltinaday.~・天It,sal1Greektome,我完全不懂,ー窍不通It'sapieceofcake,小菜ー碟,易如反掌c)表示某ー个acertainHecamebackonaChristmas.d)表示~・些someThatpaintinglooksmorebeautifulfromadistance,f)表不相同oneandthesameBirdsofafeatherflocktogether.物以类聚finefeathersmakefinebirds人靠衣装,佛靠金装g)表示每ー个perWehavesixEnglishclassesaweek.h)伴随a的管用表现agreatmany非常多的alittleafewasarule一般来说ataloss不知所措inahurry匆忙allofasudden突然haveacoldinasense某种意义cometoanend结束forawhile-t会丿しonceinawhile偶尔toadegree非常地withaviewto为J1.AsaruleitruinslittleinKaohsiunginwinter.2.Hewasatalossforwords.3.Itistrueinasense.4.Igotothemoviesonceinawhile.五.定冠词的用法a)表示特定事物Youtookphotoofme.Showthephototome.ThewineIdrankatthepartywasverygood,b)从状况可知所指为何之名词前Didyouremembertolockthedoor?c)表唯一・之物thesun,themoon,theuniverse,thenorth北力,thesouth,theright右边,theBible圣经,thetropics,thePresident总统d)用于最高级或theonly,thefirst,thelast,thesameHeistheonlypersonIcantrust.e)bythe单位以什么为单位InEngland,theybuybutterbythepound.Wewerehiredbythehour.Wewerehired被雇佣Wewerefired炒鲸鱼f)the+形容词指ー类人,采复数形therich,thepoor,theold,theyoung,thelearned['ls：nid]有学问的人注意发音g)the+形容词表抽象的意义Everybodylovesthetrue,thegoodandthebeautiful,真善美h)介系词+the+身体的某部位1.Heshookherroughlybytheshoulder.2.Hekissesthegirlontheforehead.Forefather祖先，forefinger食指thefivefingers(thumb,index/forefinger,middlefinger,ring[third]fingerandlittlefinger)3.Themanwasshotthroughtheheart.六.冠词之特别用法a)half,many,quite,rather,such,what等+a/an+名词1.Itlastedforhalfanhour.2.Manyalittlemakesamickle.积少成多;聚沙成塔3.Itwassounusualastorythatfewpeoplebelievedit.Itwassuchanunusualstorythatfewpeoplebelieveit.b）all,both,double,twice,half等+the+名词1.Al1thecomputersinmyofficewerebroken.2.Ihadtopaydoublethefine.双倍的罚金IwasfinedNT$500.NT$新台币Igotatrafficticket.罚单wwwtreble/tripleW二倍c）aAandB/aAandaB1.Isawawhileandblackdog,黑白相间2.Isawawhiteandablackdog,黑白双煞d）注意2个物品成一组或合而为ー者,只在第一个名词前加冠词

71thebreadandbutter涂了奶油的面包acupandsaucer附茶盘的茶杯awatchandchain附表链的怀表七,加冠词,不加冠词意义不同加冠词表限定不加冠词表抽象gotoschool去上学gototheschool去学校gotochurch做礼拜gotothechurchgotobed上床睡觉gotothebed到床边attable用餐I'mattable.我在吃饭atthetable在餐桌前inclass课堂上nevertalkinclassintheclass在班上gotosea当水手gotothesea去海边介系词48-53一.介系词的受词1）名词/代名词的受格1.IwentshoppingwithMaryyesterday.2.ImetMarybychance,andIwentshoppingwithher.2）形容词作受词Thingswentrapidlyfrombadtoworse.事情迅速恶化3）副词作受词1.Howfarisitfromheretothebusstop?2.Ihaven'tseenhersincethen.4）动名词1.Mybrotherusedmycomputerwithoutaskingformypermission.2.I,mlookingforwardtoseeingyou.5）不定词,原形不定词用于but,except,as,then等后,仅在ー些特殊句型屮使用1.Theydidnothingbutplaycardsallday,原形不定词2.Iwouldratherstayathomethangoout.6）子句1.Thefutureofthisplanetdependsonwhetherwecanprotecttheenvironment.2.Mendifferfromanimalsinthattheycanusefire.differfrom…区别于…—.介系词的位置1）受词为疑问词时1.Who/Whomareyougoingwith?Withwhomareyougoing?2.Whatareyoutalkingabout?2）受词为关系子句时1.Thisistheriverwhich/thatIusedtoswimin.ThisistheriverinwhichIusedtoswim.2.TheyoungladywhomMomistalkingtoisourmusicteacher.TheyoungladytowhomMomistalkingisourmusicteacher.

723）介系词及受词中有不定词1.Hehasmanyfriendstorelyon.2.Shehadsomethingparticulartowriteabout.写下什么writeaboutsth.4）被动语态时1.Al1ofuslookforwardtohissuccess.>Hissuccessislookedforwardtobyallofus.2.Wehavetotakecareofthebaby.>Thebabyhastobetakencareof.三.群体介系词片语形的介词1.Wehadtostayindoorsal1daybecauseofthestorm.=Wehadtostayindoorsalldaybecausetherewasastorm.2.Thankstoyouradvice,Iwasabletowinthegame.3.Hesenthisbrotherinsteadofgoinghimself.他派了他弟弟去,而不是自己去4.Hesavedthechildattheriskofhislife.冒着生命危险救了那个孩子5.Weexpressourthoughtsbymeansofwords.6.Ididmybestwithaviewtopleasingmyfather.=Ididmybestinordertopleasemyfather.7.Butforhisgoodeducationhewouldnothavegotthejob.8.Withall/foritsshortcomingsthisnovelisregardedasthebest.Inspiteofitsshortcomingsthisnovelisregardedasthebest.9.Weshallsolvethisproblembymeansoflawandeducation.10.Inadditiontomanyshopsandrestaurants,theseaporthasamuseum.11.Onaccountofdifferenceintaste,yourdesignsdonotsuitthismarket.12.Toloveforthesakeofbeingloveishuman.爱一个人由于被爱是壹个人的行为。13.Toloveforthesakeofbeinglovedishuman,buttoloveforthesakeoflovingisangelic.[把n'd3clik]以爱还爱的是人性,但为爱而爱的是神性。总结accordingto~owingto由于dueto、由于becauseofasfor至于asto~关于thanksto~butfor若没有、的话insteadofattheriskofincaseofinfrontof'inspiteof、尽管withfor/all'尽管bymeansof~凭借,通过inadditionto~除了'onaccountof'由于.因为withaviewto~为了forthepurposeof~为了的目的forthesakeof、由于~的缘故四.双重介系词两个介系词连用1.Hewaschosenfromamongthevolunteers.2.Shetookaboxfromunderthecounter,from表示从….Under表小counter的下面五.常用的介系词(1)表时间a)in〉年,月,季节,早上,下午，晚上in1998,inAugust,inspring,intheafternoon,intheeveningon＞特定的时间:星期某,那一天早上onSunday,onthemorningofOctober10,onmybirthdayat＞在忌、分,中午,午夜atnine〇'clock,atdawn[do:n],atsunset,atnight,atmidnightatwork,atschool,attheageof5b)until/till＞直到~,动作继续的期限until一个I,till两个1by＞直到动作完成的期限before)在"之前1.I'mgoingtoworktillseventonight.一1直做到2.I'11finishtheworkbynoon.中午以前

731.Ibegantoworkbeforeeightthismorning.ノI点以刖c)from〉从(过去,现在,未来某时刻)起since〉从(过去某时刻)以来完成式after〉在~之后1.Theworkshouldtakeusfromfourtofivehours.估计花四五个钟头2.Hesaidthefloodsweretheworstsince1968.这是自1968年以来最严重的水灾3.Hecamehomeafterafewhours.d）in在、内〉某段时间那么长within在、内》某段时间中的一刻1.Ihaveneverseensnowinmylife.2.Hewillbebackwithin/inaweek.e）for持续)时间的长度,动作是断断续续的during在什么期间)特定的时间,动作规律性的断续through整个期间〉从头到尾,动作是贯通的1.IhavelearnedEnglishforfiveyears.2.Iworkedattheshopduringtheholidays.3.Ihadtoworkthroughthenight.彻夜(2)表地点a)in〉在较宽敞之处,建筑物的内部on〉特定的面at〉在较狭小之处,某ー特定地点intrainstation火车站内部attrainstation火车站的某ー个你知我知的地点1.Theyaretakingastrollinthepark•公园内部2.Theplayersarepracticingonthefield.3.Hewaitedforthegirlatthedoor.门口那个特定的地方4.atthedesk在书桌前学习inthedesk抽屉里onthedesk书在书桌上b)for〉方向的目标to〉到某点toward〉朝着某方向1.TheyareleavingforNewYorktomorrow.2.Thedogwenttotheboy.狗走到男孩那里3.Thedogwenttowardtheboy.狗朝着男孩的方向去了c)along〉沿着~across〉横越(马路)through〉贯穿(公园)1.Wewalkedalongtheriver.2.Weswamacrosstheriver.游过河3.Wewalkedthroughthepark.Neverwalkthroughtheredlight.d)by〉在~旁前后左右任一beside〉在~旁左右其中之一near〉在~附近1.Shesatbythewindow.2.Isatbesideher.我坐在她旁边Isatbyher.我靠着她坐

741.Helivesnearmyhouse.注意beside/besides2.Attheparty,therewereseveralgirlsbesideKelly.3.Attheparty,therewereseveralgirlsbesidesKelly.4.Attheparty,therewereseveralgirlsexceptKelly.exceptionn,例外noexception没有例外a)between〉两者之中among）三者以上1.PetersatbetweenJaneandme.2.Hedisappearedamongthepeopleinthecrowed.bothOeitherーーWouldyoulikecoffeeortea?ーーEitherisok.allOany-Wouldyoulikecoffee,teaororange?-Anywilldo.d）around/round围绕着about在~四周,〜的附近ロ语屮,常用around代替about1.Theearthmovesaround/roundthesun.2.Heglancedaboutandsawhiminconversationwithsomeone.3.Thechildrensatabout/aroundtheoldman.alltheyearround一整年round0e）in＞在〜之中（滞留状态）into》在〜之中（运动状态）outof》从〜之中（运动状态）onto〉在、之上（运动状态）1.Hewalkedintheroom,在房间中踱步Hewalkedintotheroom,进入房间2.Hewalkedoutoftheroom.走出房间3.ThecatjumpedontotheTVset.跳到TV上.ThecatjumpedontheTVset.在TV上蹦跳h）on〉接触off〉分离1.Heswitchedonthelight,开关闭合2.Heswitchedoffthelight,开关分离putonOtakeoff穿上,脱掉（和衣服接触,和衣服分离）i）before〉在前infrontof〉在~前方behind〉在~后人,动物,建筑等after〉在~后行动的物体,顺序1."B”comesbefore"C"inthealphabet,字母B在C前2.Wemetinfrontoftheschool.Thereisablackboardinthefrontoftheclassroom.冃リ面部分3.Ihatedrivingbehindabus.4.Let*shaveagameoftennisafterschool.放学后注意onOoffoverOunderaboveObelowon表示ー样东西只接触另ー样东西的部分表面above表示不接触而高于某表面,亦可用overover表示接触到某表面的全部onoaboveovertonIJ

75〇小Jonbelowunder选自初级文法最后一卷upOdownintoOoutofinfrontof/above<>inbackof/behind1.Thereisaflyontheceiling.2.Aplaneisflyingabovethemountain.3.Thesunisshiningover/aboveourheads.4.Acatissleepingunderthetable.5.Thereisawaterfallabove（below）thebridge.桥的上游（下游）有ー瀑布,估计是斜上方,不可用over6.Hemustbewel1over50yearsold.超过へ（数量）7.Wetalkedoveracupofcoffee.8.Youscoreisaboveaverage.~程度之上⑶表原因,理由1.Iwasdisappointedathisfailure.at表示引起某种情绪或动作的原因besurprisedatbeamazedatbeshockedatbedelightedat高兴2.Thetownisfamousforitshotsprings.Thetownisfamousasahot-springresort.hotsprings.（很多处）温泉ahot-springresort.ー处温泉胜地3.Hediedofcancer,of直接原因Insomecountriesmanypeoplediefrompoverty,from间接原因4.5.6.1.注意1.2.Hewastremblingwithcold.Hebecameillthroughoverwork.Theysurrenderedoutoffearofbeingkilled.出于Owingto/becauseoftherain,thegamewasputoff.Hewasverytiredfromhistrip.因~而疲倦Heistiredofhismonotonous[ma，notanas]life.厌倦mono-（4）1.2.3.注意1.单一的字根monorail单轨铁路表目的,结果Thepoliticiansarecampaigningforthecomingelection.Nobodytrustshimafterthewayhelived.表结果Flourismadeintobread.表结果Breadismadefromflour.Thissaladismadeoflettuce,tomatoes,andcucumber.Imademybicycleoutoffouroldones.

762.3.

77可看作madeoffouroldones加上out表产出4.Hewasfrozentodeath•他冻死了,注意:没死,是很冷的意思be+adj.+todeath(5)1.2.表手段,道具,行为等Hegoestoschoolbybus.Iwatchedthebaseballgameontelevision,ontheTV电视上放着全家福3.Pleasewriteitdownwithapencil.with+物品(可数)withapencilin+物品(不可数)inink4.5.6.7.(6)1.2.3.4.(7)1.2.3.4.(8)1.2.3.ThebookiswrittenineasyEnglish.Hegothisjobthroughafriend.AmericawasdiscoveredbyColumbus.Sheleftwithoutsayinggoodbye.表关联,关系Ihavenodoubtabouthishonesty.Hegavealectureonagriculture.Thisisthestoryof/aboutSnowWhiteandtheSevenDwarfs.Thereissomethingwrongwithmybicycle.表程度,单位,比例HeistallerthanIbythreeinches.Theyselleggsbythedozen.Theboyistallforhisage.Thecarwasrunningatful1speed,全速表样子,状态Helookedatmeinsurprise.Theylivedlikebrothers.Helookedathisbankbalancewithsatisfaction.with+抽象名词=satisfactorilybalance收支状况4.5.Toourdelight,hepassedtheexamination.Shestoodtherewithherhairwavinginthebreeze.附带Shestoodtherewithherarmfoldedinthebreeze关于waving为什么用主动式,个人理解wave和主语she没有主动或被动的关系,用主动而fold和she有被动的关系,所以用folded(9)1.表去除,区别,分离Heisindependentofhisparents.Of指抽象的脱离Abuttonisoffyourcoat.Off之具体的脱离注,button,老师拼错了,包括讲义2.Somepeoplecannotdistinguish/tellonecolorfromanother,(tellAfromB分辨)(tellrightfromwrong分辨是非)3.Whatyousayseemstobebesidethepoint/mark,离题be+adv.+n.Vノ、・(1)和形容词,动词结合的介系词be+adj.+prep.beafraidofbefondofbefullofbeproudofbesureofbefamousforbelateforbereadyforbesorry

78forbegoodatbeabsentfrombedifferentfrombesimilartobeinterestedinanxiousadj,焦虑的;担忧的;渴望的;急切的1.Iamanxiousaboutmyson'ssafety,坦心、2.Iamanxiousforfame.渴望(2)v.+prep.1.Icalledonmyuncleyesterday,拜访二visitIcalledathishouseyesterday.参观二visitcallsb.二callupsb.2.HegottoNewYork.Igotonthebus.Igotoutofthecar.Getoffthetrainatthenextstation.Getoutofhere少来了,别开玩笑了3.Ihearfromhereverymonth.U攵至リ信(getaletterfrom)Ihaveneverheardof/aboutsuchathing,表关于时of和about等4.Iamwaitingforhisanswer.等待Shedidnotliketowaitonherhusband.伺候5.Wehavetolookintothecause.调查Whatareyoulookingfor?for为了什么看I'mlookingformymissingdog,butIcannotfinditanywhere,find表结果Keepthechange不用找零了Shelookedafterthechildren.(3)v.+adv.+prep.1.Herantocatchupwithhisfriend.2.Iamlookingforwardtothesummervacation•翘首企盼3.Don'tspeakillofothersbehindtheirbacks.4.Hecannotgetalongwithhisboss.5.Let'smakeupforlosttime.弥ネトMakeup化妆,编造(4)V.+n.+prep.1.Carstooktheplaceofhorses.2.Pleasetakegoodcareofyourself.3.Hepaidnoattentiontomyadvice.4.Trytomakegooduseofyourtime.(5)V.+0+prep.1.Sheaskedhermotherformoney.2.Ithankedmyuncleforthepresent.3.Shespendstoomuchmoneyon/buyingclothes.4.Canyoutellasheepfromagoat?Tellthetwinsapart.5.Itookhimforhisbrother.Theyregardhimasafool.6.Heinformedthemof/abouthimmother'sdeath.本章码字工断章取义了,只码了我不懂的地方,我高ー・刚结束,如需完整请参阅完整版关系词ー、关系代名词的种类和格

79先行有、、理、ヤ主格所有格受格人whowhosewhom事、物、動物whichwhoseofwhichwhich人'事物、動物that一that含先行詞what一what如何杳找形容词F句:1.关代前面画括号;2.从句尾向前找到第一个动词前面画括号;3.看看括号外面是不是ー个完整的句子。Thestudent[whosemotherdiedyesterday]isabsenttoday.二、关系代名词的用法先行词主格+v所有格+N受格+S+V+（介）人WhoWhoseWhom先行词主格+v所有格+N受格+S+V+（介）事物、动物WhichWhoseOfwhichWhich1.Helookedforacar.Itsenginewasingoodcondition.=>Helookedforacarwhoseenginewasingoodcondition.2.Helookedforacar.Theengineofthecarwasingoodcondition.=>Helookedforacartheengineofwhichwasingoodcondition.=>Helookedforacarofwhichtheenginewasingoodcondition.注意:老外都是喜欢所有的关代不管是否有生命他们都是用whose〇先行词主格+V所有格+N受格+S+V+(介)人、事物、动物ThatWhoseThat使用以上关系词的时候可以不用考虑先行词是什么性质,不管是人、事物、动物都可以通用。重点:下列情况只能以that作为关系代名词

80A.先行词前面有最高级、序数。1.今天是我们经历过最寒冷的一天。Todayisthecoldestday(that)wehave(ever)experienced.最高级要加个定冠词the表示最高只有一个,金字塔的顶端。形容词子句中的“一天”是受格,关代受格是可以省略的。2.头一件[你需要做的]事就是研读数学。Thefirstthing[(that)youhavetodo]is(to)studymathematics.老外在讲话的时候习惯将be动词后面的to省略掉,称为“原形不定词"，那是be动词后面直接加动词B.先行词同时有人和事物Thedirverandthecar[thathadfallenintothesea]werequicklyrecovered.人、事物、动物都可用thatC.先行词中有疑问词who、whichう避免重复关系代码词的who>which是没有中文解释的。1.Who[thathascommonsense]couldbelievesuchathing?有常识的(人)谁会相信这件事。2.WhichisthepicturethatMarypainted?D.先行词为theonly,thevery(正是…)，thesame等1.HeistheonlymanthatIlove.2.ThisistheverynovelthatI'velookfor.E.先行词为数量不定的代名词all,no,every,any,"thing,~one1.Allthathesaidwasnottrue.2.Mybrotherfixedalmostanythingthatneededrepairing.*need+doing:表示被动（见动名词）F.口诀最高级,序数,人+物,免重复all,no,every,any,the重点:关系代名词和介系词受格关代+S+V+（介）（介）+受格关代+S+V不及物动词是会带有介系词的,而且这个介系词是很活泼的,位置可以改变的。1.Isthattheman?Youlentthemoneytohim.

81=>Isthattheman（whom/that）youlentthemoneyto?=>Isthatthemantowhomyoulentthemoney?注意,将介系词放在受格关代之后就不能用that/（tothat）,同时也不能省略れ1.那班[我正在等的]火车现在已晚了半小时。Thetrain[whichIamwaitingfor]isnowhalfanhourlate.ThetrainforwhichIamwaitingisnowhalfanhourlate.老外比较prefer第二种写法哦。若为动词/形容词+介系词组成的片语时,介系词只能放后面。workwithsb,非片语dealwith片语（有独立意思,处理.）1.Thisistheman[whomIworkedwith].ThisisthemanwithwhomIworked.不构成片语,可以拿到关代前面。2.Thisisthehabitwhichyoumusttodowith.戒掉习惯:dowiththehabit,dowith是个片语,戒掉的意思。翻译:这是个你必须戒掉的习惯。重点:关系代名词的省略A,受格关代可以省略1.Thelady(whom/,しhat)wemetatthestreetisourteacher.Theladywemetatthestreetisourteacher.B.当补语的生格关代可以省略S+V+OShewasacheerfulgirl»过去Sheisnotthecheerfulgirl,现在Sheisnotthecheerfulgirl[(that)shewas].that是当补语的主格关代beV,连系动词后是补语一般动词后是受词C.There/Here+be的句型中,关代可以省略1.Thereissomeone[(岫イ)，wantstoseeyou].D.关代后有There/Here+be时,关代可以省略1.这是这家店里唯一的ー个蝴蝶领结。拆分:1、这是唯，的蝴蝶领结。2、这家店里唯一的蝴蝶领结。Thisistheonlybowtie[thatisinthisstore].

82Thereis[thebowtie]inthisstore>Thisistheonlybowtie[(that)thereisinthisstore].>Thisistheonlybowtiethereisinthisstore.>Thisistheonlybowtie/thereis/inthisstore,停顿拆分Thisistheonlybowtie.主要子句Thereisabowtieinthisstore.次要ナnJThereisabowtieinthestore=Inthestoreisabowtie.母语:mothertongue如果你不确定关系代名词能不能省略就不要省略。关代和先行词合并在ー起先行词主格+V所有格+N受格+S+V+（介）含先行词WhatWhat{thething(s)whichallthatanythingthat1.[我所要的]是心灵的平静。WhatIwantispeaceofmind.Thething[whichIwant]ispeaceofmind.简洁的话语更加有力。2.她告诉侦探们[他们想要知道的]所以事情。Shetoldthedetectivesal1[（that）theywantedtoknow].Shetoldthedetectives[whattheywantedtoknow].Idon'tknowwhattheyweretalkingabout.a,我不知道那件他们正在谈论的事情。（what是关代）b.我不知道他们在谈论什么。（what是疑问词）尽管词性不一样,但是句子的意思还是基不多的。Idon'tknowwhatheis.间接问句就是将疑问词拿到句子的中间。翻译:我不知道他是做什么的。Whatishe?翻译:他是做什么的?问职业的。

83重点:含有what的惯用表现Whatiscalled/Whatwe(=>you,they)call=>所谓的/所说的两个句型都是可以互换的。L他是所谓的活字典。Heiswhatiscalledwalkingdictionary.Heiswhatwecal1walkingdictionary.1.她是所谓的音乐天才。Sheiswhatwecal1amusicalgenius.Sheiswhatiscalledamusicalgenius.Sheiswhatyoucallamusicalgenius,他就是你所说的音乐天才AistowhatBistoつA对于…的关系正如B对于…的关系1.空气之于人犹如水之于鱼。Airistouswhatwateristofish.强调的是空气对于人很重要。Fish是指种类的时候才能用复数,fishes2.文化之于心犹如食物之于身体。Cultureistomindwhatfoodistobody.注:这里的名词均用単数,无冠词,指ー种抽象的概念WhatAis(was/usedtobe)つ今日的A/昔日的A通过be动词不同的时态就可以表示今日的时态或者昔日的时态。1.她不再是十年前的她。Sheisnotwhatshewastenyearsago.对比Sheisnotthecheerfulgirl[(that)shewas],前者并过了2.什么使得中国变成今天这种样子?Whathasmadechinawhatsheis?问的人不知道什么原因,有多少个原因,状况不明视为单数。用hasChina>sheThemoon>she

84Thesun>heWhatismore(更好的是〜;而且〜)表示更加积极正面的表现Heisabrightboy,(and)whatismore,heiskindhearted.Bright灵光的,聪明伶俐。翻译:他不仅聪明而且心地善良。一句话不仅只有一种表达方式,以下说法用and连接更加简洁:Heisabrightandkindheartedboy.Whatisworse=>tomakemattersworse使得事情更加糟糕,负面的表现。Theylosttheirway,andwhatwasworse,nightwascomingon.翻译:他们迷路了,而且更糟糕的是夜晚即将要来临。这里用be+Ving现在进行式有时候也可以表示未來式。Whatwith〜and(whatwith)〜ー则〜原因;〜ー则〜原因表示不好的原因,因为两个不好的原因产生负面的结果,经常会将what省略掉,只用withWhatwithoverworkand(whatwith)poormeals,shefellill.翻译:ー则因为超时工作，ー则因为营养不良，以致她生病了。fall作为名词是秋天,作为动词是“陷入某种状态”。Fai1-fel1-fallen注意不是feel-felt-felt语感就是对语言的感觉,复习的时候大声地念出来。三、限定用法和非限定(补述)用法Wehavetwodaughters[who/thatbecamenurses].但是我们行儿个女儿你是不知道的,仅仅对这两个巧了护士的做了限定。Wehavetwodaughters,andtheybecamenurses.Wehavetwodaughters,who/thatbecamenurses.我们就仃两个女儿,如果你还愿意听,她们后来成为护士非限定用法=＞补充叙述前句话或者去一句的某个部分。注意两个句子有逗号隔开,补述逗号后面的who不能用that代换，限定的时候可以换成that读法区别第一句daughters声调扬,表还未讲完第二句daughters声调降,表已讲完

85重点:非限定用法作为非限定性补述它可以修饰前一整个句子或者前一句子的某个部分,具体修饰哪个部分根据情况而疋。1.IcalledBrian,whohadhadcalledmewhileIwasout.=1calledBrian,becausehehadhadcalledmewhileIwasout.第一句的who可以替换成becausehe,连接词是because,代名词是he加在ー起等于关代who〇翻译:我为什么用打电话给Brian呢,因为他打给我的时候我不在。2.Iboughtahat,whichwastoobigforme.Which作为非限定性补述它可以修饰前一整个句子或者前一句子的某个部分,先行词不一定在关代前面,由于which是指没有生命的东西,所以它不能修饰1只可能修饰hat〇Iboughtahat,butitwastoobigforme.Which等于butit连接词+代名词的形式。3.Heboughtsomeapples,twoofwhichhegaveher.翻译:他买的苹果当中有两个他送给了她。Heboughtsomeapples,andhegavehertwoofthem.Heboughtsomeapples,hegavehertwoofwhich.Which代替的是逗号前的apples,Ofwhich替换成了and,them,也是关代还原成连接词+代名词。为了让关代靠近它修饰的名词,同时又希望介系词保持在其前面,所以受格的twoofwhich摆到句首去了。4.Thispoem,whicheverybodyknows,isbyShelley.翻译:每个人都知道的这首诗是Shelley写的。ThispoemisbyShelley.翻译:这首诗是Shelley写的。5.Mymotherexpectsmetobecomeadoctor,whichisnoteasy.Mymotherexpectsmetobecomeadoctor,howeveritisnoteasy.翻译:我妈妈希望我成为一名医生,这可不太容易。Which代替的名词是tobecomeadoctor,不定词有名词的特性,不定词已经不再是动词了。6.Hetoreupmyphoto,whichupsetme.which指整句tearup撕碎tearn.眼泪[tiタ」v.撕[t£o]tear-tore-torn/tare-tearing四、关系副词关系副词=>连接词+副词先行词场所时间理由无先行词关系副词WhereWhenWhyHowA.重点:where

861.Thisistheplace.IIthere(=attheplace)1firstmetmywife.ヽThisistheplacewhereIfirstmetmywife.(這就是我和我太太第一次相遇的地方0)>Thisistheplace[whereIfirstmetmywife].2.Here'samapofthetown.クthere(=inthetown)AuntSallylives.Here*samapofthetownwhereAuntSallylives.(這裡有一張Sally姑媽所住的小鎮的地圖0)

87>Here,samapofthetownwhereAuntSally1ives.翻译:这里仃张Sally阿姨所在的城镇地图。先行词为caseヽpointヽsituation等,也可用where（情形,状况）。这些表示情形和状况的词,我们常说“在这一点上,我和你的意见是ー只的。”在…上,这个也有类似地方的意思。Therearethecaseswherethisruledoesnotapply.Where引导的字句是用来修饰cases的,表示“在这样子的状况下”。翻译:在这种情况下这些规则是没用的。B.重点:when1.Sundayistheday.IIthen(=onSunday)]havenoschool.ヽSundayisthedaywhenIhavenoschool.(星期天是我不用くL學的日子。)2.Thatwasthetime.II(then)Dinosaurslived.ゝThatwasthetimewhendinosaurslived.(那是恐龍生存的時期。)=>SundayisthedaywhenIhavenoschool.=>Thatwasthetime[whenDinosaurslived].Ihavenoschoo!不上学3.Theday[whenwecanliveinouterspace]willcome.Thedaywillcomewhenwecanliveinouterspace.当ー个形容词子句太长时,我们可以先写出主要子句,老外习惯将主要的意思先讲出来,同时因为when只代替时间,所以第二句的写法也不会有歧义,when代替一定是theday翻译:我们可以在外太空生活的那一天会来临。C,重点:whyL［他缺席的］原因不明。主轴:原因不明。

88Thereason[whyhewasabsent]wasn,tclear.2.我真的很喜欢甜食。那就是[我牙齿不好的]原因。Ireallylikeeatsweets.Thatisthereason[whymyteetharebad].Ihaveasweettooth.我喜欢甜食。ー颗甜牙齿,就是因为吃糖嘛。Ihaveagreenthumb.经常种花种草手指就变成绿色了。Myfingersareallthumbs.我的手指都不灵活了。笨手笨脚,大拇指最不灵活了。这些映射的俚语、俗语和日常生活很贴近。D,重点:howhow通常没有很明显的、明确的先行同。1.Thisishowtheriothappened.翻译:这个就是暴动的原委。Howdoyoulikeit?翻译:你有多喜欢它。how-一般表示程度。Howdoyoufixit?翻译:你是用什么方法来解决它的?这里的how指方法。2.Thisisthewaythathesolvedtheproblem.=>Thisishowhesolvedtheproblem.how没有先行词Way可以解释成:方向,方法,样子,道路注意how没有明确的先行词,这里有theway作为先行词,只能用that,当将theway省略掉之后就可以使用how这个关系代名词了,注意：关系副词的先行词通常都可以省略。因为,when前面的一定是时间,where前面一一定是ー个地点,这些可以肯定的,大家都知道的东西就可以省略掉,不然就太多余了。1.星期二是[垃圾车来的]日子。Tuesdayis(theday)whenthegarbagetruckcomes.因为是限定星期ニ那一天，所以用定冠词the在名词的前面。Tuesdayiswhenthegarbagetruckcomes.When前面一定是指时间,所以就可以省略掉theday〇2.晩春是[这里雨季开始的]时期。Latespringis(thetime)[whentherainyseasonbeginshere].拓展:Q.rainyseason与rainingseason有何イ、同?A.rainyseason是正确的,rainingseason是错误的。英法语法中的分词（participle）跟动名词（gerund）都是在原形动词后加"ing"。

89只有在它们后面加一个名词时,方能确定何者为分闻何者为动名词。例如:sleepingbaby（睡觉中的婴儿）中的sleeping是分词。=ababythatissleeping.分词的主要功能是形容词。sleepingcar（卧车）中的sleeping是动名词。=acarforsleeping.动名词的主要功能是名词。但在sleepingcar中作形容词用。rainingseason是错误的,它不等于aseasonforraining,因为人力不能将一个季节指定为雨季。但是fastingmonth（斋戒月）=amonthforfasting是对的,因为人カ可以将一个月份指定为斋戒月。其他如sleepingbag=bagforsleeping,drinkingwater=waterfordrinking,walkingstick=stickforwalking,spendingmoney=moneyforspending,runningshoes=shoesforrunning,huntingaccident=accidentinhunting,都是动名词作形容词用。1.这是[我出发的]理由。=Thisis(thereason)[whyIleftearly],=ThisiswhyIleftearly.=ThisisthereasonIwasgettingupearly.这句话有reason和why的时候可以ー・次省略ー个,因为reason=why〇E.重点:that有时候可做关系副词,来代替where,when,why等。通常代替when的情形的比例比较高,此时that可以省略。1.我几乎不记得［跟她头一次见面的］日子。Irememberthedatelittle.翻译：我几乎不记得那日子。little在这里是副词,几乎不的意思,little是一个否定词,为了让后面的关代紧跟连接词可以将否定词放在句首,当ー个否定词拿到句首之后后面要用倒装句,问句句型就是一种倒装句。如果是be动词,be动词拿到主词前,一般动词位置不动变成原形，句子前面用助动词Do等。LittledoIremembertheday（that）Ifirstmether.使用这样的倒装就是为了能让关系代名词紧跟先行词,同时theday为先行词可以用that关代,并可以省略。2.我不喜欢［他说话的］样子。Idon'tliketheway（that）hetalks.theway后面必须用关代that,并且可以省略。F.重点:关系副词where及when可用于非限定用法（补述）炖个补给你吃吧。吃了补就会更加强壮,但是不吃会不会危及生命?当然不会了,所以补充叙述也是不定要仃的东西。1.ShemovedtoNewYork,wheresheopenedaboutique.这里仃个逗号,说明只是用来补充说明用的,不是最主要的东西。翻译:她去纽约,在那里开了一家精品店。

901.Iwastakingashower,whenthelightswentout.翻译:我那个时候正在洗澡，就在我洗澡的时候灯就熄灭了。When修饰Iwastakingashowershowern,淋浴;阵雨.takeabath盆浴takeashower淋浴五、复合关系词复公关系词都是表示不论、任何的意思,I」语中可以只用这ー个词表示“不关心,没关系二美糸词+ever按照你家的环境定做的组合式的家具就是复合,例如你家的墙壁是斜的,家具得依照墻的形状。Whoever=anyonewho/who(m)ever=anyonewho(m)无论是谁Whichever=anyonethat/whatever=anythingthat无论明Bー个东西anyone指的是人,anyone中one代替ー个单数名词,--件事情或ー个物品。没有限定地问你要什么?Whatdoyouwant?如果桌上摆了五样东西,妈妈问你。Whichdoyouwant?表示限定在这五样东西里你想要哪ー样。所以,what是没有限定的问事物,which是有限定的。关系副词+everWhenever=atanytimewhenWherever=atanyplacewhereL他设法帮助需要帮助的任何人。Hetriedtohelpanyonewho/thatwasinneedofhelp.beinneedof表示“在…状况需要的状态当中”,如果表示一般的常态,他都是这样的习惯可以用一般现在式。Hetriedtohelpwhoeverwasinneedofhelp.beinneedof需要2.自行取用任何［你想要的］东西。Helpyouselftoanyonethatyouwant.Helpyouselftowhicheveryouwant.3.今天我请客。你可以点［任何你喜欢的］菜。I'11treat(you)today.Youcanorderanything［thatyoulike］.I'11treat(you)today.Youcanorderwhateveryoulike.这里表示没有限定的任何东西,不限定对象种类和数目用关代whatever,如果是有限定的选择则用whichever〇

91MayItakeyourordernow?翻译:可以点菜了吗?(服务员问)Iwould1iketoordernow.翻译:我要点菜了。重点:复合关系词可表示“让步”=>无论…不管、无论就是语法中“让步”的意思。Whoever=nomatterwhoWhichever=nomatterwhichWhatever=nomatterwhatWhenever=nomatterwhenWherever=nomatterwhereHowever=nomatterhow1.无论是谁打电话来,我都不想接。Whoeveriscalling,Idon'twanttoanswerthephone.Nomatterwhoiscalling,Idon'twanttoanswerthephone.这里的iscalling有两层意思,ー是正在进行式,比如接到・个电话,妈妈问你“你的电话,要不要接?”,这个电话正在打来;二是般未来式,等会不管是谁打电话来我都不想接,用现在进行式表示未来。Whoever没有anyonewho的含义,这个是nomatterwho的意思,不管是谁,不是任何ー个人。这句话的意思不是:“任何ー个人打电话过来，我都不想接。”这两句还是有一定的差别的。2.无论发生什么事,我将永远爱你。Whateverhappens,1'11alwaysloveyou.Nomatterwhathappens,I'11alwaysloveyou.3.无论我在哪里,我都会想起你。可以将主要子句放在前面。I'11bethinkingofyouwhereverIam.未来进行式Willbedoing4.无论你们走得多快,天黑前还是无法到达.Herunsveryfast.主词:He,动词:run,副词1：fast,副词2：very,副词2是修饰副词1的。表程度也是副词的特性,注意修饰副词后面要紧跟被修饰的副词very后紧跟fast0Howeverfastyoumaywalk,youwillnotbeabletoarrivebeforedark.关系副词修饰后面的副词,所以这里的fast我们让其紧跟关系副词however0Nomatterhowfastyoumaywalk,youwillnotbeabletoarrivebeforedark.这个时态是未来需要用will,而will之后表示不能就不可再用助动词can，t了,因为两个助动词不能相连,所以换ー种写法用beableto也是ー样的效果,主要是避免两个助动词相连。

92ハ、关系形容词(具有形容词作用的关系词)关系形容词=连接词+形容词+(N),形容词是修饰名词的。A.allthe+N+that=what+N1.IgavethechiIdallthelittlemoney.Ihadallthelittlemoneythen.>1gavethechildal1thelittlemoney(that)Ihadthen.>1gavethechildwhatlittlemoneyIhadthen.(数量)不定形容词,allthelittlemoney中money是名词,前面修饰名词就是形容词。littlemoney前面的形容词allthe和代名词that又可以组合成关系形容词what〇allthe+N+that=what+N〇这里的what不再是“什么”的意思,而是“所有的”。说明what•个关系形容词,修饰了名词,连接了后面的句子。2.Nancywaitedwithallthepatience.Shecouldcommandallthepatience.Nancywaitedwithallthepatiencethatshecouldcommand.Nancywaitedwithwhatpatienceshecouldcommand.B.介系词+which+名词3.有十天之久,在这段时间他一直待在家,没人来走访。Fortendays,in/duringwhichtimehekeptindoor,nobodyvisitedhim.表示在某个期间用in或during都是可以的,which修饰名词time表其有形容词的特性。4.我们可能会错过火车,如此一来我们的约会就会迟到。Wemaymissthetrain,inwhichcasewe'11belatefortheappointment.“如此一来”表示在这样子的状况ト,用inwhichcase，which代替是状况的具体描述。重点:as,but,than也可扮演关代的角色。as像什么ー样,but有对比的意思,than有比较的概念。as表示前后情况ー样1.Oilandwaterdonotmix,andweallknowthat.Oilandwaterdonotmix,asweallknow.关系代名词二连接词+代名词,同时在这个句子里有“如同…一般”的意思,表两个情况相同可以用as〇2.Iwearearnings.Shewearsthesameearnings.ShewearsthesameearningsthatIwear/do.

93ShewearsthesameearningsasIdo.更强调一1样1.Hecamelateforclasstoday,andthatisoftenthecasewithhimHecamelateforclasstoday,asisoftenthecasewithhim.Asisoftenthecase,hecamelateforclasstoday.翻译:一如往常,他今天上课又迟到了。asisoftenthecase(with〜)就如〜所不2.Readsuchbooksasyourteacherhasrecommended.翻译:读你们老师推荐的书。such〜as〜就如同、recommend,一般当动词,表示推荐。[,reka'mend]commend,一般情况ド,当表扬讲。command控制but用于否定句,形成双重否定所有的规则都是有例外的/凡事都有例外Thereisnorulethatdoesn'thaveanyexceptions.Thereisnorulebuthassomeexceptions.Everyrulehassomeexceptions.than用于比较句1.Youdidwork[thatIhadexpected],你做了我期望的工作YoudidmoreworkthanIhadexpected.你所做的比我期望得多2.Youhaveclothingthatisnecessary•你的衣服都是必需的Youhavemoreclothingthanisnecessary.你的衣服比需要的多形容词（61-65）（1）限定用法a,形容词（ー个字）+名词1.Theoldmanlivedinasmallvillage.2.Hiselderbrotherisafamousmusician.b.名词+形容词,thing,“body,'one等,两个字或以上的形容词片语和子句）1.Iwanttodrinksomethingcold.2.Isthereanythinginterestingintoday'spaper?3.Idon'tlikeridingontrainsfullofpeople,rideontrain搭乘火车4.Hetriedtoclimbafencetwometershigh.5.Heisaboy（whois）fiveyearsold.Heisafiveyearoldboy.（2）叙述用法a.主词补语1.Seawatertastessalty.2.Therainbowisverybeautiful,b.受词补语1.You'11findthebookdifficult.2.Ileftthewindowsopen.使开着（adj.）Iletthewindowsbeopened.使被打开（v.）重点a.只能用限定用法的形容词（定语形容词）only

94mere只mainwoodenupper上面的inner里面的live/livingdailylone孤单的,古语1.Thisisawoodenhouse.2.Heisamerechild.他不过是孩子b.只能用叙述用法（表语形容词）alivealoneafraidasleepawakewellcontentgladaware1.I,mafraidofdog.2.Thebabyisstillasleep.3.Areyouawareofyourmistakes?重点限定用法和叙述用法意思不同的形容词1.Imetacertainlady.某ー・个Itisquitecertain.确定2.Heismypresentassistant.目冃リHeispresenttoday,出席absent缺席3.ThelateMr.Smithwasanableman.已故Hewaslateforthemeeting,迟至リ4.Shegavemeafondlook.温柔的Iamveryfondoficecream.喜欢(3)形容词的顺序「冠詞+數量形容詞+性狀形容詞+形容詞化的名詞I代名詞J+名詞、ノ’主觀的判斷大小、形狀、狀態、新舊、顏色、材料好,大,新,颜,质,国,材(某补课班老师教的口诀)形容词化的名词,如American,由名词变来的形容词1.CometoseemytencutesmallyoungwhiteDutchrabbits.2.Hemadethesetwolittlenewwoodentables.(4)特别注意的形容词用法

95a,不能以人为主词的形容词dangerous,difficult,hard,easy,useful,useless,tough,convenient,important,necessary,regrettable遗憾的,natural,possible貌似这些形容词都是人做某事才能体现只能用Itbe形容词for人toV1.Itisnecessaryforyoutoseeadoctor.2.Isitpossibleforyoutoattendthemeeting?b.以人为主词的形容词都是与情绪仃关的形容词angry,ashamed,delighted,disappointed,excited,glad,happy,proud,sorry,thankful1.Wewereexcitedaboutthebaseballgame.Thegamewasexcitingforus.2.Iamsorryforhearingthenews.c.The+形容词1.Thericharenotalwayshappy.2.Wesearchforthetrue,thegood,andthebeautiful.d.形容词的副词用法1.Itisburninghot.天气热的厉害2.Itisfreezingcold.3.Theyweredeadasleep,睡得很熟(5)数量形容词a.many/much1.doyouhavemanybooksinyourstudy?2.They'vespentmuchmoneyonadverting.否定句中的notmany/much可译成［不太多］1.Thisgardendoesn'thavemanytrees.3.Mysonhasn'tmademuchmoney.Many/much的名词性用法Manyofthestudentswereabsent.ロ语中,可用alotof,lotsof,plentyof+可数/不可数代替many/much1.Therewerealotof/lotsof/plentyofpeopleintheshop.2.Sheatealotof/lotsof/plentyoficecream.Alargenumberof=largenumbersofnumber中文有［数数］的意思,故后接可数名词Alargeamountof=largeamountofamount指［量］,故后接不可数名词b.afew/fewafew=somefew=notmany(几乎没有)表否定,不可和not同时出现1.Thereareafewvegetablesintherefrigerator.2.Fewpeoplewereinjuredintheaccident,几乎没有3.Fewcanunderstandthispoem.名词性用法c.alittle/littlealittle=somelittle=notmuch几乎没有1.Ihavealittlemoneywithme.2.Weneed1ittlebuttertomakethiscake.3.Thelittleofhisworkthatremainsshouldbedonewithinatoday.注意

96ロ语中,可用notmany/hardlyany代替few可用notmuch/hardlyany代替little1.Therewerenotmany/hardlyanypeopleinthepark.2.Thereisnotmuch/hardlyanydangerofanearthquake.b.some/anysome的用法1.肯定句SomestudentstakelessonsinSpanish.用百冃リ用in2.表示邀请的疑问句Won'tyouhavesomemoretea?Any的用法3.用于疑问句和否定句--Doyouhaveanyquestion?-Yes,Ihavesomequestions.-No,Idon'thaveanyquestions.Therearen'tanylettersforyou.4.用于表示［任何〜（皆可）］之意的肯定句Youmaycomeanytime.5.用于条件句（if子句）Askhimifyouhaveanydoubt.c.nono=notany;notano后可接单数,复数,不可数1.Ihavenobrothers.Idon'thaveanybrothers.2.Thereisno/notanywaterintheglass.重点:表示数量的惯用表现a.agreat/largenumberofagood/greatmany可数,许多1.Thereareagreat/largenumberofbooksinthislibrary.2.Agood/greatmanybookshavebeenpublished.b.agood/greatdealofagreatquantityof不可数,许多1.Shespentagooddealoftimeinshopping.c.notafewnotalittle不少1.Notafewstudentscometoschoolbybicycle.2.Nota1ittlemoneywaswasted.注意:口语中可用quiteafew,quitealittle3.Quiteafewpeoplehavelosttheirownhouses.4.Wehadquitealittlesnowlastwinner,去年下了相当多的雪d.onlyafewonlyalittle很少,一点

971.Thereareonlyafewhousesinmyneighborhood.2.Shetakesonlyalittlecoffeeforbreakfast.（6）数同a.基數・序敦；,基數序數1onefirst12twelvetwelfth2twosecond13thirteenthirteenth3threethird14fourteenfourteenth4fourfourth15fifteenfifteenth5fivefifth16sixteensixteenth6sixsixthnseventeenseventeenth7sevenseventh18eighteeneighteenth8eighteighth19nineteennineteenth9nineninth20twentytwentietii10tententh21twenty-onetwenty-first11eleveneleventh22rwenty-twotwenty-second30thirtythirtieth70seventyseventieth40fortyfortieth80eightyeightieth50fiftyfiftieth90ninetyninetieth60sixtysixtieth100one-hundredone-hundredthb•数的读法1.438fourhundred(and)thirty-eight5,621fivethousandsixhundred(and)twenty-one24,712twenty-fourthousand,sevenhundred(and)twelve23,647,019twenty-threemillionsixhundred(and)forty-seventhousand(and)nineteen百位和十位间可加and无百位时十位前也可加2.日期5月21日May2产May(the)twenty-first/Maytwenty-one8月12日August12(，h)August(the)twelfth/Augusttwelve3.年号公元1936年(theyear)nineteenthirty-six1804Eighteen(and)fourEighteenhundred(and)four

981600Sixteenhundred853Eightfifty-threeEighthundredandfifty-three公元前200年200B.CTwohundredB.C2004Twothousandandfour4.时刻Doyouhavethetime?几点了?Doyouhavetime?你仃时间吗?7:00七点整seven〇'clocksharpseveno'clocktotheminuteseveno'clocktothedot8:15eightfifteenaquarterpast/aftereight9:30ninethirtyhalfpast/afternine10:40tenfortytwentytoeleven5.电话号码0读作zero/088doubleeight6.小数小数点读作point小数点后和中文一样逐字读4.63fourpointsixthree0.03pointnaught英/zero美threezeropointzerothree7.分数1/2a/onehalf;a/onesecond1/4a/onequarter;a/one-fourth3/4threequarters;three-fourthsthreeandtwo-thirds8.算式5+2=7Fiveplustwoequalsseven.Fiveandtwois/areseven5-2二3Fiveminustwoequalsthree.Twofrom/outoffiveis/arethree.5X2=10Fivemultipliedbytwoequalsten.Fivetimestwois/areten104-2=5Tendividedbytwoequalsfive.Twointotengoesfivetimes.32=9Threesquaredisnine.Thesquareofthreeisnine.23=8Twocubediseight.Thecubeoftwoiseight.theXthpowertotwo6=2Thesquarerootoffouristwo.V8=2Thecuberootofeightistwo.9.其他The3:30express

99Thethreethirtyp.mexpressLocal［美国英语］慢车Express快递快车No.3NumberthreeBookIVBookfour!在V左表减IV>4在右表加VI>6P.31Pagethirty-oneElizabeth11ElizabeththesecondHamletILiii.4Hamlet,acl场two,scene幕three,line行four

100EighteendegreescentigradeEighteendegreesCelsius正式92TNinety-twodegreesFahrenheitF=（CX9/5）+32;C=（F-32）X5/9;5/9=0.5555555-4/9=0.4444444—c.含数词的惯用表现__1.Thechildrenwentawaybytwosandthrees,adv,ニニ两两2.Hewasborninthenineteen-thirties/1930s.20世纪二十年代3.Weareplanningtoemployawomaninhertwenties,一十来岁4.Iamatonewithyouonthatpoint,和你一致5.Heisprincipal,teacher,clerk,al1inone.集于~・身6.Dozensofpeoplewereinjuredintheaccident.好丿L十个7.Tensofthousandsofpeoplewerekilledintheearthquake,数以刀计tenthousand>tensofthousandsof重点:复合形容词有下列五类1.形容词ー连缀动词的现在分词agood-lookingman形容词ー及物动词的过去分词awhite-paintedwall2.名词ー现在分词（主动）apeacelovingpeople名词-过去分词（被动）ahand-madecake3.畐リ词ー现在分词（主动）areipidly-movingtornado副词ー过去分词（被动）awell-behavedboybehavevt.［后接修饰词语］使（自己）表现得,使（自己）举止…:例句:hebehaveshimselfwell.4.名词-名词edababy-facedgirl形容词一名词edaopenmindedleader5.数词一名词edatwo-headedmonsterathree-leggedtableasecond-handcar.three-minutefirst-class一流的three-year-oldten-meter-long副词（65-68）（1）副词的种类a.情状副词(コy)Hewashappy.Helaughedhappily.

101形成i.adj.+lycarefully,actuallyii.adj.(y)+ilyhappy-happily,heavy-heavilyiii.adj.(e)+lytrue-truly,who1e-wholly注意extreme-extremely,grave-gravelyiv.adj.字尾为子音+le>lygentle-gently,sensible-sensibly对比whole-whollyv.不规则变化good-wel1vi.形容词和副词同形back,deep,direct,early,enough,far,fast,hard,high,ill,just,kindly,late,left,little,long,low,much,more,most,near,pretty,right,short,still,straight,well,wrongIamnogay,Iamstraight.异性恋comebacksoonthebackdoorYoucandialLondondirect,thedirectraysofthesunani11-maderoad豆腐渣工程Youlookill.Furnrighthere.右therightanswerShewentstraighthome,astraightline.重点有些形容词+ly>副词,其意思改变如:warmly,hotly,coolly,coldly1.Shewelcomeduswarm1y/inafriendlyway.热情地2.Theydeniedtheaccusationhotly/indignantly.愤怒地3.Hebehavedcoolly/calmlyinthisdangeroussituation.冷静4.Ilookedathimcoldly/inanunfriendlyway.冷漠重点特别注意的副词1.Healwaysworkshard.Ihardlyknowhim.2.Hecameneartome.Myhomeworkisnearlyfinished.3.Hecamehomeverylatelastnight.Hehasbeentryingtoloseweightlately.4.Thispictureinterestedmemost.ShemostlygoesshoppingonSunday,大概位置1.Shedancedbeautifully.Shebeautifullydanced.2.Hetookmyadvicehappily.Hehappilytookmyadvice.Took是及物动词3.Shecarefullypickedupallthebitsofbrokenglass.Shopickedupallth。bitsofbrokonglassCHrofully.受レ司太长4.Helookedatmesuspiciously.

102Helookedsuspiciouslyatme.HesuspiciouslylookedatmeLook是不及物动词1.Helookedsuspiciouslyateveryonewhogotofftheplane.Hesuspiciouslylookedateveryonewhogotofftheplane.HeiGoked，aeveryonewhogot〇屯heplane2.Heansweredthequestionsfoolishly.答案很愚蠢Hefoolishlyansweredthequestions,他很愚蠢3.Youknowwellthatthegirlcan'tdrive.你清楚地知道Youknowthatthegirlcan'tdrivewell.她开得不好4.Thedoorneedsacoatofpaintbadly,非吊’需要Thedoorbadlyneedsacoatofpaint,非常需要acoatofpaint一后油漆need/wantbadly非常需要b.频率副词i.always,usually,often,sometimes,everii.never,seldom,hardlyever/scarcelyever,rarelyiii.once,twice,continually,frequently,occasionally,repeatedly,periodically位置beV和aux.后一般动词前1.Myparentsarealwaysintimeformeals,定时用餐2.Isometimesstay/situpal1night.SometimesIstay/situpal1night.Istay/situpallnightsometimes.sometimes可放句中,句首,句尾3.Iwillneverforgetwhatyousaid.NeverwillIforgetwhatyousaid.有否定意义的词置于句首倒装4.Ialwaysdoarriveontime.do表强调时,always放do前,因为doarrive是ー组5.一Canyouparkyourcarinfrontofthestore?-Yes,Iusuallycan.简答句时adv,置于beV和aux.前6.IknowIshouldgoonadiet,butIneverdo.简述句时adv.置于beV和aux.前c.程度副词（加强adj.adv.的程度）absolutely,almost,barely,completely,enough,entirely,extremely,fairly,far,hardly,just,much,only,quite,rather,really,scarcely,so,too,very位置beV和aux,后一般动词前1.Thebuildingwascompletelydestroyedbyfire,destroyed,p.p有形容词特性2.It'squiteextraordinary;Ican'tunderstanditatall.3.Icanhardlybelieveit.hardly,only,just这些adv.强调动词的程度

1031.Justsignhere,强调［签名］Sighjusthere.强调［这里］2.Hehadonlythecar.Heonlylentthecar.Helentthecartomeonly.只借我Ibelieveonlyhalfofwhathesaid.d.地方副词away,everywhere,here,nowhere,somewhere,there,downstairs,upstairs,home,aborad1.Mysisterisupstairs.2.Helivesaboard.位置一般置于句尾简单副词here,there,away,down,in,of,out,over,round,up等常见于句首倒装1.Herecomesthetrain.Hereitcomes.注意代名词的位置2.Roundandroundflewtheplane.Roundandrounditflew.3.Inthedoorwaystoodamanwithagun.4.Therewasamanwithagunstandinginthedoorway.>Standinginthedoorwaywasamanwithagun.e.时间副词today,tomorrow,yesterday,now,lately,recently,soon,then,afterwards,beforehand,eventually,immediately,atonce,sincethen1.Theylivedhappilyafterwards.2.SheislivinginHongKongnow.SheisnowlivinginHongKong.3.Ididn,tfeellikeeatingoutyesterday;todayI'dloveto.强调时间,置于句首f.修饰句子的副词frankly,actually,apparently,evidently,obviously,probably,undoubtedly,possibly,surely,certainly,definitely,luckily,fortunately,unfortunately,naturally1.Unfortunately,hewasdissatisfiedwiththeresult,常见Hewasunfortunatelydissatisfiedwiththeresult.Hewasdissatisfiedwiththeresult,unfortunately.常见2.Evidently,thechildhasbeencrying.Hiseyesareswollen.注意1.Honestly,Mr.Smithdidn'tgetthemoney.老实说2.Mr.Smithdidn'tgetthemoneyhonestly.Smith不诚实(2)副词的顺序a,时间副词或地方副词:小单位+大单位1.Hestayedatahotelbythesea.2.Imethimatthree〇'clockyesterday.b.时间地点同时出现,地点+时间1.Wehavemuchfunatherpartylastnight.2.Hereturnedhomesafelyyesterday.

104(3)特别注意的副词a.very/much1.very修饰形容词原级,副词原级现在分词1.Sheisveryangrywithme.2.HestudiesEnglishverywell.3.Itwasaveryexcitinggame.1i.Much修饰形容词比较级,最高级副词比较级,最高级一般动词过去分词1.HeismuchtailerthanI.2.Heismuchthetallestboyinourclass.汪息,在the冃リHeistheverytallestboyinourclass.3.Ienjoyedthemovie(very)much.4.Hiscouragewasmuchadmiredbyeveryone.注意形容词化的过去分词用very修饰如tried,pleased,surprised,satisfied,excited,delightedIwasverysurprisedatthenews.AandBareverydifferent.AandBaremuchthesame.b.already/yetalready田疋句yet否定句,疑问句1.Thetrainhasalreadystarted.Thetrainhasstartedalready.2.Haveyoureadtoday'spaperyet?No,notyet.注意Already若用于疑问句,则用惊讶之意Haveyouhadlunchalready?你已经吃过午饭啦c.Ago/before时间+ago过去式时间+before过去完成时1.Thebusleftfiveminutesago.2.Hetoldmethatthebushadleftfiveminutesbefore.注意Before若单独存在,可用现在完成时,过去式,过去完成时Ago不可单独存在Isaw/haveseenhimbefore.d.too/eithertoo肯定句,疑问句

105either否定句1.IknowTom,andmybrotherknowshim,too.2.I,mnottired,andJaneisn'ttired,either.3.Also,一一般动词前,beV之后IknowTom,andmybrotheralsoknowshim.b.so/neither1.so+S+V正是如此YousayHelenisagoodswimmer,andsosheis.is重读2.so+V+S也如此Nancycanplaytheviolin,andsocanI.I重读3.neither+V+S一一Maryisnotkind.--NeitherisHelen./Helenisn'teither.--Idon'twanttogo.--NeitherdoI./Idon't,either.分词(69-74)f’动作进行现在分词Vingく主动分词"过去分词p.p.<’洲^I、被动分词是动词和形容词的混合一,修饰名词的现在分词现在分词+名词1.Adrowningmanwi11catchatastraw,此时表进彳亍2.Isawalotoffallingstarslastnight,此时表主动名词+现在分词1.Iknowthegirltalkingtotheteacher.Iknowthegirlwhoistalkingtotheteacher.2.Thewomanwavingfromthewindowismymom.Thewomanwhoiswavingfromthewindowismymom.重点现在分词伴随着受词,补语,或副词也可作形容词使用aheartbreakingstoryahardworkingmanaman-eatingtigerahealthy-lookingmananEnglish-speakingpeople名族,可数alife-savingmachine重点形容词化的现在分词（已经是形容词了）

106anexcitinggameaninterestingperformanceanamusingjokeacharmingladyapromisingboy有前途的男孩重点有些现在分词放在形容词前,可当副词使用,用以加强形容词的程度freezingcoldaburningroddress火红的洋装boilinghot酷热scorchinghot酷热drippingwet湿淋淋的二.修饰名词的过去分词过去分词+名词1.Abrokenbottlelayonthefloor.2.Thetiredworkertookarest.名词+过去分词1.ShirtsmadeofsiIkareratherexpensive.ShirtswhicharemadeofsiIkareratherexpensive.2.Wekeepadognamed/calledSnoopy.Wekeepadogwhichwas/isnamed/calledSnoopy.重点形容词化的过去分词1.Hewas/lookedsurprisedatthenews.Thenewswassurprisingtohim.2.Iamverysatisfiedwiththeresult.3.Howpleasedshewi11betoseeyou!4.Howlearnedheis.博学重点和形容词相同,the+现在分词/过去分词,可当名词,表ー类人thedying(thosewhoaredying)垂死的人thekilledandthewounded(thosewhowerekilledandwounded)タ匕伤者注意此三者视为单数theaccused被告thedeceased死者theunexpected不可预期的事重点现在分词或过去分词当形容词代表的意思不同A.不及物动词的现在分词》表进行不及物动词的现在分词)表完成1.fallingleaves(leaveswhicharefal1ing)fallenleaves(leaveswhichhavefallen)2.boilingwater(waterwhichisboiling)boiledwater(waterwhichhaveboiled)B.及物动词的现在分词》表主动》令人、的及物动词的现在分词〉表被动)感到、的1.arefreshingbreeze清爽的微风feelrefreshed感到清爽

1071.afrighteningscene令人恐惧的画面afrightenedchild感到恐惧的小孩2.adisappointingmatteradisappointlook感到失望的表情三.S+V+C(分词)现在分词可作go,come,keep,lie躺,sit,stand,walk等动词之后主词补语，用以表示伴随着的动作1.Thechildrencamerunningtomeettheirparents.3.Westoodlookingatthemonkeys.过去分间可放在appear,seem,look,become,feel,get变得,sit,lie,remain等后,用以表示动作所产生的结果1.Thehouseappeared/looked/seemeddeserted.2.Shesatsurroundedbyhergrandchildren.四.S+V+O+C（分词）现在分词可作感官动词lookat,see等和keep,leave（让、保持、）,sei设定,start,catch,find等动词后的受词补语1.Helefttheenginerunning.HelethisdaughterwatchTV.Let是语气轻的使役动词,有允许之意2.Weheardtherainbeatingagainstthewindow.用beat表纯粹陈述一件事情用beating表那时候正在3.Thesmokestartedhercoughing.Startsb.Ving使某人开始〜过去分词可作为感官动词及let,like,make,want,would1ike,wish等动词后的受词补语1.Icouldn'tmakemyselfunderstoodinEnglish.我无法用英文表达我的意思Icouldn'tmakemyselfunderstandEnglish.2.Iwouldlikethisworkfinishedbynoon.重点have+0+现在分词1.表允许》用于否定句Ican'thavethechiIdrenpltiyinginmyroom.我允许小朋友玩,表达•种状态1hadthechildrenplayinmyroom.我叫小朋友玩2.表［使”;让使ShehadthechiIdrenlaughingagain.她让小朋友又笑了起来,表达一•种状态Shehadthechildrenlaugh.她让小朋友笑have+0+过去分词1.表［使得〜］〉使役Ihadmyhaircutyesterday.2.表［被〜］）有被害之意Ihadmymoneystolen.

108五.分词构句A.分词构句的形成原则上,主要子句与分词构句主词一致1.WhenIopenedthedoor,Iheardastrangesound.Openingthedoor,Iheardastrangesound.主次相同,省略;连接词视情况省略2.AsIwasill,Icouldn'tgotoschool.Beingill,Icouldn'tgotoschool.B.分词构句的含义a.表时间意指when,while等1.Seeingtheaccident,shebegantocry.Whenshesawtheaccident,shebegantocry.2.Keepinghimwaitingoutside,shedidhershopping.doshopping在买,goshopping逛逛而已Whileshekepthimwaitingoutside,shedidhershopping.b.表原因,理由忠指because,since,as等1.Becauseheisakindman,heislovedbyeveryone.Beingakindman,heislovedbyeveryone.2.BecauseIdidn'tknowwhattosay,Iremainedsilent.Notknowingwhattosay,Iremainedsilent.c.表附带状况1.Iranalltheway,andIarrivedjustintime.Iranalltheway,arrivingjustintime.2.IwashedthedishesasIlistentomyfavoritemusic.Iwashedthedishes,1isteningtomyfavoritemusic.d,表条件if1.Ifyouturnleftafterthebank,youwillseeourhouseonyouright.Ifturningleftafterthebank,youwillseeourhouseonyouright.If不可省2.Ifyouarriveearlier,youwillhavetowaitforawhile.Ifarrivingearlier,youwillhavetowaitforawhile.e.表让步though,although1.ThoughIadmit(that)you*reright,Istillcan'tagreewithyou.Admittingyou'reright,Istillcan'tagreewithyou.子音+母音+子音＞双写加ing2.Althoughhelivesnearmyhouse,heseldomcomestoseeme.Livingnearmyhouse,heseldomcomestoseeme.分词构句的位置句首Hearingthenews,hegotangry.句中Romeo,believingthatJulietwasdead,decidedtokillhimself.句尾Theteacherwentoutoftheclassroom,mumblingsomething.六.分词构句的被动态,完成形,否定形A.被动态》(being)+p.p.being后是p.p.则可省略,若为名词,形容词,则不可

1091.Ashewasexhaustedbyhishardwork,hewenttobedearlierthanusual.(Being)Exhaustedbyhardwork,hewenttobedearlierthanusual.Heworkshard.Hishardwork2.AsitiswritteninsimpleEnglish,thebookiseasytoread.(Being)WritteninsimpleEnglish,thebookiseasytoread.B,完成形〉having+p.p.1.SinceIhaveseenhimbefore,Iknowhimwell.Havingseenhimbefore,Iknowhimwell.2.Afterhehadgraduatedfromcollege,hebecameajournalist.Havinggraduatedfromcollege,hebecameajournalist.had+p.p.>having+p.pC.完成形的被动(havingbeen)p.pSinceshehasbeenbroughtupinParis,shespeaksFrenchvery.(Havingbeen)BroughtupinParis,shespeaksFrenchvery.分词构句是附属,并不注重时态,但要明确主被动D.否定形nol/never+Vingornot/never+having+p.p1.Astheteacherdidn'thearthebell,theteacherkeptonteaching.Nothearingthebell,theteacherkeptonteaching.2.Becausehehadnotdonehishomework,hefeltuneasy.Nothavingdonehishomework,hefeltuneasy.七.独立分词构句主词不同1.Whenthesunhadset,westartedforhome,启程回家Thesunhavingset,westartedforhome.2.Becausei_twasSunday,thestoreswereallclosed/allthestoreswereclosed.ItbeingSunday,thestoreswereallclosed.3.Becausetherewasnobridge,wehadtoswimacrosstheriver.Therebeingnobridge,wehadtoswimacrosstheriver.must没有过去式,其过去式用hadto表现4.We'11goonapicniciftheweatherpermits.We'11goonapicnic,theweatherpermitting.picnic-picnickingwe'11goonapicnic=we'11picnic八.with+名词/代名词+分词用以表示附带状况1.Istoodtherewithmyheartbeatingviolently.主动2.Thetablewasratherdisorderlywithseveralmagazineslyingopenonit.有几份杂志摊开在上面说谎!ie-lied-lied-lying躺,存在(vi.)lie-lay-lain-lying不及物动词没有被动,故用lying,open是形容词母鸡下蛋,放置(vt.)lay-laid-laid-laying3.Hecameinwithhisbootscoveredinmud.靴子上尽是泥巴4.Hestoodinfrontofuswithhisarmsfolded,双手交叉九,分词构句的惯用表现generallyspeakingstrictlyspeaking=tobestrictfranklyspeaking=tobefrankjudgingfrom

110speaking/talkingof"谈至(Taccordingto=accordingasS+Vconsidering"考虑到、1.Franklyspeaking/tobefrank,Ifindthejobboring.2.Judgingfromthewaysheisdressed,shemustbegoingto(goto)theparty.她的穿着thewaysheisdressedIwillgotoamovie.Iamgoingtogotoamovie,begoingtoIamgoingtoamovie,bedoing3.Talkingoftheradio,what/whichprogramdoyoulike?4.Accordingto(prep.)thepaper,therewasabigfireinthathotel.Accordingasthepapersaid,therewasabigfireinthathotel.被动语态（75-80）及物动词オ有被动语态被动语态beV+p.p.beV管时态p.P.管被动ー、S+V+O的被动语态注意1By+受词可省的情形有三1.动作者为一般人或泛指一类人时在这个地区随处可看见野生猴子Wildmonkeysareseenaroundthisarea.动作者不清楚时这个座位行人坐了Thisseatistaken.从前后文的关系可清楚动作者是谁时报纸约在早上五点送达Thenewspapersaredeliveredaround5:00a.m.注意2当一个动词加上一个介词有特定意义,可做被动语态Theballoonshadbeenblownawaybythewindbeforetheycome.S+V+O+O的被动语态1.Theysentallthecustomersacardaboutthesale.>A11thecustomersweresent(bythem)acardaboutthesale.Theysentacardaboutthesaletoallthecustomers.>AcardaboutthesalewassentQザ・もhcR》(to)allthecustomers.2.Theembassygavemeanewpassport.>1wasgivenanewpassportbytheembassy.>Anewpassportwasgiven(to)mebytheembassy.3.Myfatherboughtmeamotorcycle.>1wa目boughtamotorcyclebymyfather.>Amotorcyclewasboughtformebymyfather.注忌1:动回buy,get,make,read,sing,write,build,cook,pass,choose等,其被动语态,多不用间接受词（人）当主语注意2:用to时,可以省略

111S+V+O+C的被动语态1.HisgrandfathernamedthebabyDoris.

112ThebabywasnamedDorisbyhisgrandfather.1.Johnpersuadedmetogotothedentist.Iwaspersuadedtogothedentistbyjohn.重点1.Theymadethestudentswaitinline.Thestudentsweremadetowaitinline.2.Heheardhisdogbark/barkingatacat.Hisdogwasheardtobark/barkingatacat(byhim).3.Isawamanjump/jumpingintotheriver.Amanwasseentojump/jumpingintotheriverbyme.四、疑问句的被动语态1)YES/N0问句(beV或助动词为首的问句)1.Doesyourwifecookyourmeals?你太太帮你做三餐吗?Areyourmealscookedbyyourwife?2.Didyourfatherbakethispizza?Wasthispizzabakedbyyourfather?3.Willyoufinishtheworktomorrow?Willtheworkbefinished(byyou)tomorrow?2)WH问句1.WhoproducedthisCD?Who(m)wasthisCDproducedby?BywhomwasthisCDproduced?文章体2.Whodothepolicesuspect?Whoissuspectedbythepolice?3.WhatdoyoucallthisinEnglish?Whatisthiscalled(byyou)inEnglish?4.Whatkindofprogramdoyoufavor?Whatkindofprogramisfavoredbyyou?五、祈使句的被动语态1)(Don't/Never)+原形动词》Let〜1.Openthedooroftheroom.>Letthedooroftheroombeopened.注意let后使用be(原形)2.Don'tforgetthislesson.>Don,tletthislessonbeforgotten.>Letthislessonnotbeforgotten.2)Let+受词+原形动词1.Letmydaughterspackthethings.>Letthethingbepackedbymydaughters.重点:使役动词a.make/have+O^，V.PP・Imadehimtodoit.Imadeitdone.LC仲V.b-get+O*p.p.

113Igothimtodoit.Igotitdone.c.Iet+o4h_\'_(bep.p.Ilethimdoit.Iletitbedone.六、say,believe,expect,know,think,consider等的被动语态1.Theysaythatyawnsarecatching.打哈欠会传染>11issaid(bythem)thatyawnsarecatching.据说、>>Yawnsaresaidtobecatching.Itissaid+that+S+V=SissaidtoV2.Weexpectthattheplanewilllandontime.>1tisexpectedthattheplanewilllandontime.>>Theplaneisexpectedtolandontime.3.Theythinkthatheisthebestfootballplayeroftheyear.>1tisthoughtthatheisthebestfootballplayeroftheyear.>>Heisthoughttobethebestfootballplayeroftheyear.七、特别注意的被动语态1)被动语态行为者前不加by情绪动词如interestEnglishinterestsme.Englishisinterestingtome.IaminterestedinEnglish.beshockedat(by)besurprised/amazedat(by)beamusedat(by)bedisappointedat(by)+事对(事)感到失望bedisappointedin(with,about)+人对〜(人)感到失望besatisfiedwithbeexcitedaboutbeembarrassedaboutbeinterestedinbeknownto+人becoveredwith+物becrowdedwith+物with+道具,手段,物品as+身份by+动作者,行为者1.Shewasshockedattheman'sbadmanners.2.Ilerparentsweresatisfiedwithherschoolreport.

1141.Mr.Wangwasknowntomanyyoungstudents.注意2.Thelanguageisknownbyeveryoneknown+by+行为者everyone都实际学习了,是行为者beknownto为...所知beknownby通过...（了解到）3.Sheisknownasanexcellentpianist.身为、而闻名4.Theboxwascoveredwithablackclothbythemagician.5.Manypeoplewerekilledintheplanecrash.6.Heisabsorbedinbuyingandsellingrealestate.热衷于realestate不动产,房地产personalestate动产estateagent英/realtor美房屋中介2）具有被动语态功能的过去分词,有时可修饰名词1.Thesearehome-madecakes.2.Excitedspectatorrushedintotheplayground.3）不定词,动名词也可用于被动tobe>tobep.p.Ving>beingp.p.1.我不喜欢成为别人的话题Idon'tliketobetalkedabout.2.Nobodylikesbeingmadefunof.4）被动语态,有时表示动作,有时表示状态1.Thestreetlightsareswitchedonatsunset.动作Thestreet1ightsareswitchednow.状态2.Mylittlebrotherisdressedbymymother.Mylittlebrotherisdressedinredpantstoday.bedressed/dressonself注意1仃时为了强调动作,经常用become,get,grow代替be动词1.Shegotdressedveryquickly.穿衣服很快注意2有时为了强调状态,会用lie,stand,remain,stay等代替be动词2.Thecityliesburiedunderthesand.3.Thedoorremainedcloseduntilmorning.5）主动语态表示被动bake烘焙sell销售keep保持cook烹调rent出租lock上锁eat吃起来wear耐用catch勾住feel摸起来wash清洗cut切掉read读起来tear弄破peel剥皮1.Chickendoesn'tbakewell.2.Yourpaperreadslikeanovel•你的报告3.Longusehaswornhisglovesatthetips.长久的使用使他F套的指尖部分磨损了4.Redwinestainsdon'twashouteasily.5.Thedoordoesn'tlock.6.Thistoughsteakdoesn,tcuteasily.6）经验性的被动语态have/get+O+p.p.＞被害

1151.Ihadmyhouseburneddowninthefire.我家在那场火灾中付之一炬2.Igotmypockedpicked.我的钱被扒了3.Igotmywristbroken.我弄折了我的手腕注意以ト表示纯粹被动,无被害4.Igotmytoothpulledout,我牙被拔了/我拔牙了5.Ihadmyhaircut,我理发了7）惯用的被动语态a.bebornIwasbornin1975.注意生产（baby）;忍受bear-bore-borne出生bear-bore-born1.Mymomhasbornefourchildren.2.Youwerebornebyme.你是我生的3.HewasbornonJanuary1.他出生在一月ー1日b.bemarried结婚marry嫁;娶Theyhavebeenmarriedforsevenyears.c.beinjured/bewounded/behurt受伤hurt-hurt-hurtinjure（无限定）使~受伤wound（以刀,枪）使‘、负伤hurt（精神上,肉体）伤害1.Shewasbadly/slightlyinjuredintheaccident.2.Hewaswoundedintheleftleg.3.Aren'tyouhurt?d.be/getacquaintedwith熟悉Theyareacquaintedwitheachother.e.beengagedin从事忙于〜beengagedtosb.订婚1.Myfatherisengagedinbusiness.2.JohnisengagedtoMary.f.beused/accustomedto（prep.）习惯1.Theyareaccustomedtoforeignmanners.2.Iamusedtostayinguplateatnight.注意beusedtoN/Ving习惯~usedtoV以前习惯,过去常常3.Myfatherusedtosmoke,（butnowhedoesn't.）4.Heusedtobeanaughtyboy.（现在不是了）g.beseated坐下Pleasebeseated.Pleaseseatyourself.Pleasesitdown.Pleaseseatyourself.助动词(81-85)助动词的特征1.其后须接原形动词2.现在式中,主词为第三人称单数,字尾不加IsHecant；-peakEnglish.3.形成否定句,助动词后加notHecannotspeakEnglish.4.形成疑问句时,直接将助动词置于主词前

116HecanspeakEnglish.>CanhespeakEnglish?1.两个助动词不能连用You”willswiff?5O0R.Youwillbeabletoswimsoon.二.助动词的用法1)can(could)［能力，许可,可能］a.表［能力］=beableto1.HecanspeakJapanese,buthecannot/can,twriteit.2.Shetriedtotietherope,butshecouldn,t(过去式).3.Iwillbeabletofinishthepaper,andgoouttoseetheexhibitiontomorrow.4.Ihaven*tbeenabletorecallhisname.b.表［可能］1.Itcannotbetrue.2.Thiskindofthingcanhappeneverynowandthen.3.Aquarrelcansometimescausetrouble.4.ThelightintheskycouldbeaUFO.过去式c.表［许可］1.Youcancomeinifyouhaveaticket.2.I'mafraidyoucan'tparkyourcarhere.3.一CanIleaveearlybecauseI'mnotwelltoday?--Certainly.d.表［请求］1.Canyoudomeafavor?Couldyoudomeafavor?更为客气注意一般来说,对自己的行为会用Canr?而对对方的行为则用Couldyou〜?2.Couldyourepeatyourcellphonenumber,please?2)may(might)a.表［许可］1.Youmaynotchewguminclass.2.ーーMayIinterruptyou?一一Sure.b.表［可能］1.YoumayberightbutIamagainstyouropinion.2.Hishealthmayormaynotturnforthebetter.3.Shemightnotknowthatyouarehere.might所表示的可能性较may低c.表［祈愿］1.MayIneverseeasightlikethatagain!愿我不会再看见那样的景象2.Mayyousucceed.祝你成功3)must

117a.表［义务,命令］1.YoumustreturnthisbookbynextTuesday.2.Youmustnottalkwithyourmouthfull.注意mustnot不可以,禁止3.MustIreallyattendthemeeting?-Yes,youmust.-No,youneednot.一一No,youdon'thaveto.注意must=havetomust只能用于现在式其过去式只能用hadto,未来式用willhaveto,完成式用havehadto代替1.IhadtogotoseethedoctorbecauseIcaughtacold.IcaughtTom'scold.被Tom传染了感冒2.You'llhavetoreplacethelightbulb.3.Wehavehadtostayherebecauseit'srainingheavily/catsanddogsoutside.我们必须一直待在这里,因为外面正在下大雨重点ロ语中,常用havegotto代替haveto其中have是准助动词1.You'vegottobemorepatient,Mary.由于have是准助动词,所以可以缩写b,表［推测］1.Youmustbekidding.2.Thatisanenormousanimal;itmustweighaton.重点表推测时的must,否定用cannot,mustnot是不可以,禁止1.She'sveryyoung.Shecannotbeovertwenty.C,表［必然］2.Al1manmustdie.人ー定会死4)willa.表［现在的推测］1.Momwillbedownstairsnow.妈妈现在应该在楼下吧2.Thatwillbehishouse.那应该是他家吧b.表［主词强烈的意志;固执］1.Thewindowswi11notopen.窗户怎么也打不开(人的感受,也许其他人感到可以打开)2.Hewillinsistonhisright.他要坚持他的权利C.表［习惯;倾向］1.Accidentswillhappen.事故总会发生2.Adrowningmanwillcatchatastraw.溺水者总会攀草求援d.表［请求;劝诱］

1181.Willyoubringmealadder?麻烦你拿个梯子给我好吗2.Wi11youhaveonemorecoffee?你要不要再来杯咖啡呢?5)wouldwould为will的过去式,但其有特殊的用法a.表［客气的请求］1.WouldyoumindifIsitnextWouldyoumindme/mysittingtoyou?nexttoyou?2.Wouldyoucallmebacklater?Wouldyoupleasecallmebacklater?Wouldyoucallmebacklater,please?b.表［过去的习惯/常常做的事情］常伴随sometimes,often等频率副词1.Beforetheyhadtelevision,peoplewouldlistentotheradio.Beforetheyhadtelevision,people1istenedtotheradio.语气没上去在有电视之前,人们常常听收音机2.Susanwouldoftenchatwithusatthiscoffeeshop.Susan以前经常和我们、,（现在不了）c,表［过去的意志］1.Youwouldn'teatcarrotswhenyouwereaboy.2.Therustyscrewwouldn'tcomeloose.这生锈的螺丝怎么也弄不开6）usedtoa.表［过去习惯］1.Johnusedtoworkpart-time（adv.）atarestaurantafterschool.2.Iusedtogoforaswimonmylunchbreak,butnowIdon't.3.IusedtogotothemovieseverySunday.IwoundoftengotothemovieswhenIwasyoung.usedto表示过去相当长的习惯would表示过去动作的重复,其习惯意味较淡注意usedto的否定形usednotto（因其为助动词）/didn'tuseto疑问为Used+S+t〇〜?或Did+S+useto?1.Heusednottodrink.Hedidn'tusetodrink.eatsoup喝汤2.Usedhetogotoschoolwithyou?Didheusetogotoschoolwithyou?

1193.Weusedtotalkaboutourfuture,fdidn'tweリ^usedn'twe,b.表［过去持续的状况］1.Thereusedtobeanoldtemplehere.这里曾经有一座古庙2.Heisn'twhatheusedtobethreeyearsage.他不再是三年前的他了重点物beusedtoV>(物)被用来"人beusedtoVing>(人)习惯ヘ人usedtoV>过去习惯于1.Theknifeisusedtocutbread.2.Iamusedtokeepinggoodhours.早睡早起7)shoulda,表［义务］1.Youshouldexercisemoreandeatless.playsports有运动项目,takeexercise扭扭腰什么的2.Thegovernmentshouldspendmoremoneyoneducation.b.表［推测］应该会ヘ吧1.Ourguestsshouldbeherewithinanhour.bemyguest别客气,请用;请便2.Isentyoue-mail/ane-mai1yesterday,soyoushouldknowabouttheinvition.c.表［强烈的惊奇］1.Whoshouldmakesuchafoolishmistake?谁会犯如此愚蠢的错误呢?2.HowshouldIknowit?我怎么会知道呢?重点oughtto(应该)语气强于should,在口语中常用1.Mybicycleoughtto/should/wassupposedtobeherebecauseIleftitjustbesidethetelegraphpole.我的脚踏车应该在这里,因为我就把它停在电线杆旁2.Yououghln't(to)doso.3.Oughtwe(to)tellhimaboutit?在疑问和否定,美语常省to8)need(普通动词/助动词)助动词只在否定句,疑问句,肯定句直接用need(动词)1.Youdon'tneedtospeaksoloud.Ihearyouverywell,普通动词Youneednotspeaksoloud.Ihearyouverywell.助切词2.--DoIneedtorecordtheprogramonthetape?普通动词ーーNo,youdon'tneedto.一一NeedIrecordtheprogramonthetape?助动词-No,youneedn't.一Yes,youmust,need作助动词不能用在肯定句9)dare(dare-dared)dare+VR助动词dare+(to)+VR一般动词1.Shedarenot/daren'ttellthetruth.助动词

120ShedoesnotdareShedoesnotdaretotellthetruth,一般动词tellthetruth,一般动词1.Idarednotlaughathimatthattime.助动词Ididn'tdaretolaughathimatthattime.~・般动词Ididn'tdarelaughathimatthattime.一般动词2.Howdareyouaskmeforhelp?3.Idaresayheisright.三.含助动词的惯用表现1)助动词+have+过去分词a)代替过去式表达一种［过去］1.Youmayhaveheardthisjokebefore.mayheard不存在,使用mayhaveheard代替,表达一种［过去］2.Thekeysmighthavefallenoutofyourpocket,表达一，种［过去］3.Imusthavebeenasleep.Ididn'thearyourfootsteps.表达一种［过去］可能性must>may>might4.Hecannothavesurvivedintheaccident.b)表达责备:本应该,却没有;本不应该，却5.Youshould/oughttohaveappliedforthejobsooner.6.Sheneednothavecomesoearly.2)含有can的惯用表现1.cannothelp+VingIcannothelpcryingwheneverIhearthatsong.2.cannothelpbutVIcannothelpbutthinkso.3.cannot…to〇…无论再~也不为过Youcannotbetoocarefulwhenyouchooseahusband.3)含may(might)的惯用表现1.maywell+V大可】恐怕是~Hemaywellsayso,他大可这么说Shemaywel1belost.Shehasapoorsenseofdirection.她恐怕迷路了2.may(might)aswell+V…不妨〜You'11neversolvethatproblem.Youmightaswel1giveup.3.may(might)aswellV(b)asV(a),,,与其(a)不如(b)Youmightaswellthrowyourmoneyintotheseaaslendittohim.与其借给他不如丢到海里4)should用于that子句a.表［感情因素］表达这很正常或他竟然”此句型中常用的有:surprising,strange,lucky,sad,regrettable,natural,apity等1.Itisnaturalthatsheshouldwanttohavechildren.她想要有小孩是很自然的事2.It'sapitythatheshouldbesickinbad.It'sapitythatheissickinbad他竟然卧病在床,实在可惜

121去掉should也可,不过加上更能表达情感b,表［当然;必要］此句型中常用的有:important,necessary,essentialイ、ロj或缺,desirable期望,right等1.Itisnecessarythatyou(should)takethismedicinerightaway.2.Itisimportantthatheshouldrememberthisformula.Itisimportantthatherememberthisformula汪忌,イ、可remembersc.表［提案,要求］此句型中常用的有:advise,decide,demand(要求)，insist(坚持要求)，order,propose提议,request要求,suggest1.Isuggestthatthemeetingshouldbepostponed.Isuggestthatthemeetingbepostponed,注意原形2.Motherinsiststhatmybrothershouldgetupatfiveeverymorning.Motherinsiststhatmybrothergetupatfiveeverymorning.d.含would的惯用表现1.wouldratherVthanV宁愿~不愿Iwouldrathergotodaythanyesterday.Ihadrathergotodaythanyesterday.2.wouldliketoVIwould1iketohaveadatewithhim.Iwanttohaveadatewithhim.IfeelIikehavingadatewithhim.特殊构句86-91ー、倒装倒装句可分下列三种:(1)动词+主词(2)助动词(do,does,did)+主词+原形动词(一般疑问句的句型)(3)助动词(will,can,should)+主词+原形动词1）否定字放句首用倒装木宀»［如动词+主词否定キ・+V［助动词+主词+原形动词be动词才能拿到主词前面,一般动词要在主词前面加助动词。1.Heisneverlateforschool.>Neverishelateforschool.Henevergoestoschoollate.>Neverdoeshegotoschoollate.2.Herarelytellsajoke.

122>Rarelydoeshetellajoke.1.Ihaveneverseensuchbeautifulscenery,完成式的have视为助动词>NeverhaveIseensuchbeautifulscenery.景象不可数不能在其前面加不定冠词a或定冠词the2.Ihadhardlysatinthechairwhensomeoneknockedatthedoor.Ihadscarcelysatinthechairbeforesomeoneknockedatthedoor.>HardlyhadIsatinthechairwhensomeoneknockedatthedoor,hardly〜whenへ=scarcelyへbefore〜,表示“ー〜就〜”我刚坐下就有人敲门3.Hehadnosoonerreachedhishousethanitbegantorain.>Nosoonerhadhereachedhishousethanitbegantorain.他ー到家天就开始下雨Nosooner〜than〜表"一就へ”,但不是then哦。4.In/UndernocircumstanceswillIallowyoutogothere.在不存在的那种情况卜.我会允许》无论如何我也不允许5.Henotonlydrawsillustrationsbul(he)(also)writesnovels.>Notonlydoeshedrawillustrationsbut(he)(also)writesnovels.Notonly_I_butalsoyouarecomingtovisitMr.Chen.Henotonlydrawsillustrationsbut(he)(also)writesnovels.注意位置,及两个he可省一个,also的位置6.Ididnotknow[(that)hewashomesickuntilItalkedtohim].>Notunti1Italkedtohimdid1know(that)hewashomesick.倒装的是主:要子句而非until子句。Notuntil+副词子句+倒装句重点否定字后伴随着受词,则形成:否定字+受词+倒装句1.Ihadnohopeatthattime.>NohopedidIhaveatthattime.2.Myfatherdidnotsayaword.>Notaworddidmyfathersay.3.ThatredcarIlikeverymuch,butthisblueoneIdislike.强调句Ilikethatredcarverymuch,butIdislikethisblueone.动词本身是否定的,没有倒装重点only在意义上近乎否定字,故可以放在句首,其后接倒装句1.Onlyincaseofemergencycanweusethisexit.2.Onlywhenitrainsdoyoufeelcool.重点Onlyif+副词子句(条件句),倒装句(只要)Ifonly+假设句…(要是…就好了)1.Onlyifyoupasstheexaminationandbecomeacollegestudent,wi11Iacceptyouasa

123friend.1.IfonlyIhadmoney,Icouldbuysomenewclothes.2.Ifonlyhehadarrivedintime!2）表示方向或场所的副词放句首（方向,场所）副词+［动词依匕一般V）+主词（名词）［主词（代名词）+动词（beV,一般V）1.Theteachercomeshere.>IIerecomestheteacher.>Herehecomes.2.Ashowerofstonescameoverthewall.>0verthewallcameashowerofstone.3）程度副词放句首程度副词+<生动词+主词助动词+主词+原形动词Irememberwellthepromise（which）youmadelastyear.>Wei1doIrememberthepromiseyoumadelastyear.重点s〇…that…，such・・・that…也可以改成倒装句程度副词+beV+主词1.EmilyissobeautifulthatIamheadoverheelsinlovewithher.>SobeautifulisEmilythatIamheadoverheelsinlovewithher.headoverheels倒栽葱,头到脚跟的地方表示彻底的,深深地,完全的2.Itwassuchaboringlecturethathalfthestudentsfellasleep.>Suchaboringlecturewasitthathalfthestudentsfellasleep.>Soboringalecturewasitthathalfthestudentsfellasleep.4）补语放在句首补语+be动词+主词（名词）1.Thecounty[thathasnowar]ishappy.>„appyisthecountrythathasnowar.2.Thesoundofthebel1grewfaint.>Faintgrewthesoundofthebell.注意此句型中,若上词为代名词,则不用倒装句1.Heishappy.>Happyheis.2.Youareright.>Rightyouare.5）so（也），neither（也不），nor（也不）开始的句子动词+主词so,neither,nor+<[助动词+主词+VR1.AmyspentthewholeeveningwatchingTV,andhersisterdid,too.

124>AmyspentthewholeeveningwatchingTV,andsodidhersister.1.Youdon,tfeellikeeatinganymore,andIdon't,either.Youdon'tfeellikeeatinganymore,andme,either.>Youdon'tfeellikeeatinganymore,andneither/nordoI.注意ーーItisgettingdarkinthisroom一Soisthatroom.倒装-Itisgettingdarkinthisroom-Soitis.表赞同（未倒装）二、强调1）ItbeV强调部分that剩余部分へ强调部分（不可用动词、形容词）that（不可省略）（可用who,which,where,when等代替）Myfathercaughtacarpinthisriverlastweek.>Itwasmyfatherthat/whocaughtacarpinthisriverlastweek.>Itwasacarpthat/whichmyfathercaughtinthisriverlastweek.>Itwasinthisriverthat/wheremyfathercaughtacarplastweek.>Itwaslastweekthat/whenmyfathercaughtacarpinthisriver.2）助动词,形容词,副词的强调a,强调动词=>do,does,didIdoloveyou.1.Dofeelfreetocallmeatanytime,不要客气2.Sherarelyspeaksatourmeeting,butwhenshedoesspeak,sheisalwaystothepoint,tothepoint切题besidethepoint离题。b,强调名词=>反身代名词或very（正是…）1.ThisistheveryspotwhereIfoundthepurse.2.Heishappinessitself.他就是幸福本身》很幸福Heisal1happiness.Heisveryhappy.c.强调形容词或副词i.原级:very,so,awfully,highly,terribly,dreadfullyii.比较级:much,even,alot,far,stilliii.最咼级:much,farandaway,byfar,possible1.Thedogisterriblysmart.2.ThequestionwasmucheasierthanIhadthought.比我想象的简单得多3.That'smuchthebestplan.That'stheverybestplan.4.Theyaresellingcomputersatthelowestpossiblepricesatthatstore.注意Thejacketisverycheap.Thepriceofthejacketisverylow.3）疑问词的强调1.Whoonearthiscallingatthishour?谁他妈的这个时候打过来?2.Whatintheworlddidyoumeanbythat?你他妈的什么意思?注意ロ语中也有用thehell,thedevil,thedeuce等用来强调,都是不好的意思Whothehel1iscallingatthishour?

1254)否定句的强调1.Wewillnevermakesuchamistakeagain.>Neveragainwillwemakesuchamistake.否定字倒装+程度副司倒装2.Thedressdoesnotsuitheratall.注意1：atall也可以强调疑问句或条件句3.Didyoufallow/takethedoctor,sadviceatall?4.IfyoulearnEnglishatal1,learnitwel1.既然你要学英文,就把它学好吧’全然ー用于否定句atall,完黄-用于疑问句、既然ー用于条件句注意2否定的强调,可将否定字放句首,或用atall,farfrom,intheleast,bynomeans(绝非…),anythingbut(绝不是…)等Heisnotaliaratall.>Heisnoliar.>Heisfarfromaliar.>Heisnotintheleastaliar,以最低标准看,他也不是ー个骗子>Heisbynomeansaliar.>Heisanythingbuta1iar.5)字词重复的强调1.Iwaitedforhoursandhours.2.Hereadtheromanticletteraloudagainandagain/overandover(again).6)其他1.SheisthemostbeautifulgirlthatI'veeverseen.2.Whatsurprisedmewasherscream.3.Thefirstthingtorememberisnottocriticizeanyone.4.Allyouhavetodoisstudyhard.Allyouhadtodowasstudyhard.注意:1.is2.study(VR)注意我要做的事情就是上网Al1IhavetodoisgetontheInternet/surftheInternet.WhatIhavetodoisgetontheInternet,allthat=what=thethingwhichTheonlything(that)IhavetodoissurftheInternet.Thefirstthing(that)IhavetodoissurftheInternet.三、省略省略1.和前面的重复2.大家心知肚明的东西1)词类的省略1.Iboughtabunchofflowersonmywayhomefrommyuncle's-(howe/hoffie).2.Let'sgotoMcDonald's(faslfoodFestLurant.).3.Thegirlswerebrave,buttheboyswerenot(brave)、4.Cathyateahamburger,andI(alゆ)Frenchfries.5.Youmaygohomenowifyouwantto(寻ゆhome).6.Whatshesaidmadehimhappy,but(whatshosaidmade)medisappointed.7.Ilikeherbetterthan44_1ike)him.

126Ilikeherbetterthathemke-he+4.1.Tosome1ifeispleasure,toothers(Life,+suffering.2.Heisrich,buthisuncleistwiceasrich(a.he).3.Ihadnodifficulty(in)findinghishouse.4.(4t)Soundsgreat.Smellsgood.5.-¢4-)-Don'tknowwhattosay.6.(He/She)Doesn'tlookverywell.2)从属子句的主词及主要子句的主词相同时,则省略1.WhenGheyinschooltheyweregoodfriends.2.When(youare)-inRome,doastheRomansdo.3.Though(heis)poor,heisanhonestman.4.If(meatis，putintherefrigerator,meatwillkeepforaweek.注意if之后所省略的主词及动词,可能和主要子句不同5.Pleasepointoutthemistakesif(thereare)any,(册i&take£).6.I'd1iketoseeyouoffif<号，もi-s・ルpossible.3)感叹句中的主词及动词省略1.Itiscarelessofyoutoloseyourwallet.>Howcareless人ili»)ofyoutoloseyourwallet.2.Itisapitythatyoucan'tcomewithus.>WhatapityGt，is/科thatyoucan't/couldn'tcomewithus.注意感叹句中的形容词或副词仃时可省略1.How(hard)itrains/rained!雨下得好大呀2.Whata(wonderful/terrible)day!多棒的一天/多糟糕的一天4)关系词的省略1.Isthisthekey(which)youarelookingfor?2.Ivisitedthevillage(which)myparentswerebornin.Ivisitedthevillage(where)myparentswereborn.3.Whatarethelanguages(whichare)spokeninCanada?5)连接词that的省略a.连接词连接两个that子句时,第一个子句的that可省,第二个that不可省1.Hesaid(キhaもンhisbrotherwasout,butthathissisterwashome.第二个子句离主要子句太远为了避免误会that作为受词的依据不能省略否则听的人会以为“他说他哥哥不在家,但实际上他姐姐在家,哥哥也肯定在。”2.Miketoldhiswife(that)hehadboughtthelotteryandthattheycouldgotoEuropeinthenearfuture.b.that引导的名词子句在say,hope,wish,know,explain,believe等动词之后常省略1.Mygirlfrienddoesn'tknow.(キhaDI'mgoingtogiveherabigsurprise.2.Ibelieveheisagreatscholar.c.that子句若接在表“建议,要求,命令”等意义的动词之后,that不可省,但句中的should可省,但其后动词仍用原形1.IsuggestedthatJack(should)finishtheworkassoonaspossible.2.Heinsistedthatthemeeting(should)beadjourned/postponed/putofftilltomorrow.

1276)广告,告示,新闻标题等的省略1.HOUSEFORSALE房屋出售Thehouseisforsale.2.RoadClosed道路封闭Theroadisclosed.3.KidnapperArrestedinChicago绑匪在芝加哥被捕ThekidnapperwasarrestedinChicago.四、插入在句中和句尾,用以补充说明或加强印象1)字的插入1.Hisson,fortunately,wasrescuedfromtheburninghouse.Fortunately,hissonwasrescuedfromtheburninghouse.2.Sheis,undoubtedly,anablesecretary.Undoubtedly,sheisanablesecretary.3.Shewasverytired,nevertheless,shewenttoworkasusual.连接畐リ词,然而字的插入以不影响句子结构,语句通畅为前提,比如不能破坏wasrescued(bep.p.)2)片语插入1.Itis,afteral1,duetohismisunderstanding.Afterall,itisduetohismisunderstanding.2.Clothesinthisboutique,inmyopinion,areoverpriced.3.Hesrude,bad-temperedandconceited—inshort,he'saveryunpleasantman.4.Sheseldom,ifever,goestothemoviesbyherself.就是有也很少5.Itwascold,andwhatwasworse/tomakemattersworse,itbegantorain.3)子句的插入1.Ithoughthewouldgetbetter,butasitis,heisgettingworse.但是事头上2.Heis,asitwere/sotospeak,awalkingdictionary.所谓的明明是it作词却用were动词,类似于假设,实际上他并不是字典,与现在事实相反用过去式。3.Fishinginthisriver,asfarasIknow,isprohibited,就我所知4.Somethingoughttobedone,Iagree.It'sworththinkingabout.5.Toomuchexercise,Ithink,isbadforyourhealth.Ithink(that)toomuchexerciseisbadforyourhealth.6.Picasso,asyouknow,isoneofthegreatestartistsintheworld.五、同位语（不只有名词才有同位语）为了补充名词,代名词等的意思,可将其他名词或代名词相等语置于其后,而后者即为同位语1.HerbestfriendLisaisanurse.2.Carter,afriendofmine,graduatedfromOxfordUniversity.比较长的片语放在句子中间时习惯在其前后都加上逗号,如果是ー个字例如名字就可以省略逗号r3.ShewasbornandraisedinthecityofNewYork.4.Thequestionwhetherhewouldagreewithuswasdiscussed.5.Itis旦fiddle,oraviolin.这是一把fiddle,也就是一把小提琴。6.Hecamehometwohourslaterthanusual,thatis(tosay)aboutnine〇'clock.他今天比平常晚了两个小时回家,也就是说,在九点左右7.Allofusknewthefactthatshewastryingtoconcealthescandal.Allofusknewthefact[thatshewastryingtoconceal],定语从句非同位语从句代名词92-99代名词的种类1.人称代名词I,you2.指示代名词this,that3.不定(数量)代名词some,anyone4.疑问代名词who,what5.关系代名词who,which

128人称代名词主格+动词1),所有格+名词、动词/介系词+受格2)人称代名词的顺序单数231复数1231.YouandIhadbetterstartatonce.2.IandBobwerearrestedforspeeding.遇到不好的事端,可先说I3)we,you,they的特殊用法1.Weshouldtrytolearnfromourmistakes.包含说话者本身2.Youcan'tgetadriver'slicensetillyou'reeighteen,听者3.Theysaythatshewillmarry.不包含说话者和听者,据说注意WeliveonriceinTaiwan.台湾人说我们以米食为生YouliveonriceinTaiwan.你们台湾人以米食为生TheyliveonriceinTaiwan.他们台湾人以米食为生PeopleliveonriceinTaiwan.通用4)it的用法a.表时间,天气,距离,天色情况等1.Mybrotherhasbeenmarriedforthreeyears.>Ithasbeenthreeyearssincemybrothergotmarried.时间>Itisthreeyearssincemybrothergotmarried,表ー种事实is2.Theweathergetshotandhumidinsummer>Itgetshotandhumidinsummer.天气3.Itisabouttwokilometerstothetownfromhere/fromheretothetown.距离4.11getsdarkearlyatthistimeoftheyear.老天爷5.Howisitgoingatschool?事情进行的如何在学校6.Howd®youLikehere?here为畐リ词Howdoyoulikeithere?I1ikeit(here)verymuch.Howdoyoulikeit?Whatdoyoulike?b,形式主词it1.Itisimportanttokeepapromise.2.11isnoteasytogetoutofabadhabit.3.Itisnousecryingoverspiltmilk.4.Itisimportantthatyouobeytherules.5.11makesnodifferencehowyoudoit.你怎么做都没有差别C.形式受词1.Airtankmakeitpossiblefordiverstobreatheunderwater.2.Ifound(that)itwassurprisingthatshedidn'tknowwhoMichaelJordanwas.IfounditsurprisingthatshediantknowwhoMichaelJordanwas.

129find,think,consider,believe,make+it+0.C.(受词补语)+that子句d.Itbe~that〜的强调句(参照特殊构句部分)e.其他重要表现1.Itcostthirtydollarstofixthecomputer,cost只能花钱2.Ittakestwohourstogettotheairport,take只能花时间3.Itakeitforgrantedthattheygotdivorced.视ヘ为理所当然5)所有代名词所有代名词二所有格+名词my>minehis>hisher>hersits>its(1)一般用法1.Mycostisbrown,andhisisblack.2.Yourbikeissodifferentfrommine.(2)双重所有格由于a,this,that,some,her,his等不可同时出现故用a,this,that,some等+名词+of+所有代名词hera>abookofhers(abookofherbooks)1.Ihappenedtomeetafriendofmine/oneofmyfriendsatthestation.2.Ireallylikethatcharmingsmileofhers.更强调是某人的Ireallylikehercharmingsmile.(3)惯用表现1.Yourssincerely(truly,faithfully).敬上2.Withbestwishestoyouandyours.竭诚祝福你和你的家人6)反身代名词反身用法:当动词或介系词的受词强调用法:放名词或代名词后用以加强语气1.Youshouldaccustomyourselftoyournewsurroundings.2.IhaveneverbeentoParismyself,butIhearit'snice.ImyselfhaveneverbeentoParis,butIhearit'snice3.Lisa'smomlookedatherinthemirror.Lisa妈看LisaLisa'smomlookedatherselfinthemirror.Lisa妈看自己(2)惯用表现1.Helpyourselfto(prep.)thefood,自行取用食物2.Takecareofyourself.Takecare.3.Pleasemakeyourselfathome.请不要拘束Takeiteasy.放松4.Icouldn'tmakemyselfunderstoodinEnglish.5.Didyoutieyoursshoelacesbyyourself/alone?6.Lookupthewordinthedictionaryforyourself?lookupthewordinthedictionary/consultthedictionaryfortheword注意talktooneselfdressoneselfbehaveoneselfenjoyoneselfhurtoneself

130introduceoneselfseatoneself坐下besideoneself忘形cometooneself恢复知觉垦丁,台湾地名1.Pleaseallowmetointroducemyself.2.Shewasbesideherselfwithjoy•他高兴得忘了形beside为介系词,不可置于名词后3.Hesooncametohimself.二、指示代名词1)this(these),that(those)a,一般用法1.Thisismyson,andthatismydaughter.2.ThisisnotthedessertIordered.3.Lotsofpeoplegoabroadthesedays,最近b,电话用语1.一Whoisthis/it,please?—ThisisDavid(speaking).Youhaveawrongnumber,你打错了c.this,this表前述句子1.Iobeornottobe-thatisthequestion.生或死?那是问题所在2.Wehavetherighttoexpressouropinionsfreely.Thatiscalledfreedomofspeech.言论自由d.this指后续的句子1.I'11justsaythis—youshouldfollowyourfather'sadvice.2.Hetoldmetocallher-thisIdidatonce.e.this(these)表［后者］,that(those)表［前者］1.Workandplayarebothnecessarytohealth;thisgivesusrestandthatgivesusenergy.先提到的远(that)前者,后提到的近(this)》后者2.Tobaccoandalcoholarebothinjurious;butthis/thelatterislessinjuriousthanthat/theformer.f.that(those)可避免名词重复,无this1.Ourclimate(inourcountry)ismilderthanthat(theclimate)ofIndia.代替名词one=a/an+Nit=the+NN+修饰语=that2.Smokers'lungsaremorelikelytogetcancerthanthoseofnonsmokers.g.this/that的惯用法1.Shewenttothisdoctorandthat.她四处求医2.Wetalkaboutthisandthat.各种各样的东西Wetalkaboutthis,thatandtheother.3.Atthis,shestoodup,听到这个,她就站了起来4.Withthis,helefttheroom.这样说着就;说完这个就5.Heyawned,andthatveryoften.6.It'sanidea;andagoodoneatthat,而且7.Hetoldmeabouthistripandwhatheboughtandallthat.诸如此类8.Hekissedherandwiththat/andthenheleft.于是;然后就h.this,that可当副词,用以加强语气

1311.ThisfishIcaughtwasthisbig.2.Ididn'tyouwerethattired.2)soa.当动作的受词1.HetoldmetowaitinlineandIdidso.2.—Doyouthinkitwillbesunnytomorrow?-Ihopeso./Ihopenot.b.当补语1.Isthatso?是那样吗?2.Doyoustillfeelsick?Ifso(sick),youmustseethedoctor.Youmakemesick.你使我恶心c.当程度副词1.Don'ttalksofast.2.Ioftendonatemoneytocharity,andsodoesmywife.Thegreatestgiftwehaveisourhealth,andsoitis.d.惯用表现1.Theysellapples,oranges,bananas,andsoon.2.—It'srisky.一Maybe.Butevenso,Ihavetodoit,即使如此3.Hestayedhereayearorso,大约3)sucha.such+(a)+(形容词)+名词1.Idon'tknowsuchaman•这样的人2.Ihaveneverheardsuchnonsenseinallmylife.这样荒谬的话b.all(any,few等)+such+名词1.Haveyoutastedanysuchfoodbefore?任何这样的食物2.Ilike1ions,tigersandsomesuchwildanimals,ー些这类的野兽c.惯用表现3.IvisitedseveralEuropeancountries,suchas/1ikeFrance,ItalyandSwitzerland.Forexample/instance+子，用4.Ihaveneverreadbookssuchashementioned.注意Idon'tlikesuchfishasaneel.我不喜欢鳗鱼之类的鱼5.Heisagentlemanandmustbetreatedassuch.以对待绅士的方式待他6.Myincome,suchasitis,supportsmyfamily.尽管不怎么好suchastheyare复数时7.Thenewsgavehersuchashock(that)shenearlyfainted.such仃形容词的特性,so有副词的特性4)samea.一般用法(当代名词,形容词)1.Isaiditwasagoodbuyandshesaidthesame/so.2.Idon'tliketohavethesamefoodeveryday.b.thesameas+名词/子句thesamethat+子句1.Iwantthesameshoesasyours.2.HeisthesamemanthatIsawyesterday.HeisthesamemanasIsawyesterday,thesame只能用thatc.惯用表现1.Hisopinionabouthisplanismuchthesameasyours.几乎ー・模ー・样

132Hisopinionabouthisplanisverydifferentfromyours.1.Heisrude,butIlikehimal1thesame.仍然2.It'sal1thesametome.对…说来都一样;无所谓Itmakesnodifferencetome.对…说来都一样;无所谓3.—HappyNewYear.—(The)sametoyou.4.Youmaygotodayortomorrow;itcomestothesamething.反正结果都一样三、不定代名词(表示不特定的人或物,或不定数量的代名词)1)onea.one=a/an+单数名词无限定(同类物品)the+名词=it有限定(同一件物品)1.I,dliketoborrowahammerifyouhaveone.2.Didyoubringthetextbook?No,Ididn'tbringit.b.加修饰语1.Ilostmyumbrellayesterday;Imustbuyanewone.2.Thesebootshavewornout.Ineedtobuysomenewones.复数3.Ilikethatpicture-Imeanthethirdonefromtheleft.4.TheguitarissimilartotheoneIhave.注意one不可代替不可数名词Helikeswhitewinebetterthanred(wine).c,惯用表现1.Sheisnurseandmother(al1)inonetotheorphans.2.Theyleftby/inonesandtwos,三三两两3.Theycame,oneandall,towelcomehim.全都;人人4.Theteacherinterviewedthestudentsonebyone.5.I,forone,donotagree.就我个人来说2)both/alla.both两者,all三者上1.Bothofmyparentsarehappyabouttheresult.Bothofmyparentsarenothappyabouttheresult,部分否定,并非两者都Neither(None)ofmyparentsarenothappyabouttheresult.全部管定2.Al1(the)villagersknewoftheaccident,形容词Al1ofthevi1lagersknewoftheaccident.代名闾Thevillagersallknewoftheaccident.同位格knowsth.亲眼所见knowabout/ofsth.道听途说b.All+单数名词>表全体1.Itrainedal1afternoon.2.Al1thetown/thewholetownwasdestroyed.3.Theyjoggedal1theway.c.Al1+抽象名词/身体部位的复数1.Theladywasal1smiles.这位女士满脸笑容2.Shewasallears.她专注地听3.Hisfingersareallthumbs.满手都是大拇指(笨手笨脚)d.AU的惯用表现1.Thereare700boysandgirlsinall.总、共,合计.2.Heatethemeat,boneandall.连•・・~・齐都他把肉连同骨头都吃光光3.Wehaveallbut/almostfinishedthework.几乎,差一点注意全然ー用于否定句atall究竟ー用于疑问句

133、既然ー用于条件句aboveal!尤其是firstofall首先forallIknow就我所知allatonce(allofasudden)突然forall尽管1.Thedressdoesnotsuitheratal1.2.Didyoufallow/takethedoctor'sadviceatall?3.IfyoulearnEnglishatall,learnitwell.4.Forall/inspiteofherefforts,shefailed.3)some/anya.表示［ー些］冃定句some否定句,疑问句,条件句any1.Ineedsomecoins.Haveyougotany?2.Pleaselendmesomemoneyifyouhaveany.b.some表［某个］any表［任何一个~都コ1.Howabouthavingdinneratsomegoodrestaurant?restaurant单数2.Anyofthemagazineswilldo.c.Some用于疑问句表示邀请或请求的疑问句或当说话希望得到肯定的答案时1.Wouldyoulikesomecoffee?2.Ifyoueatsomecabbage,I11takeyoutothepark.d.some与any的副词用法some大约any一点点［也］…1.Somefortypeoplewerepresentattheparty.大约四十人2.Ican'trunanyfaster.Ican'twaitanylonger.3.It'snotanybigforyou.e.惯用表现1.IhopetovisitLondonsomeday.someday未来式oneday过去式;未来式2.Let'sdiscussitsomeotherday.改天3.We'11callonhiminanycase,无论如何callon+人callat+地4.Hewasdeterminedtofinishtheworkatanylost,不惜一切代价5.Correctmistakes,ifany.若有的话6.Thereislittlewater,ifany.即使有即使有水,也很少4)other/anthera,一般用法1.Idon'tlikethisone;pleaseshowmetheother,只有两个Idon'tlikethisone;pleaseshowmeanother,不止两个2.Wouldyoulikeanotherpieceofpie?b.用于列举1.Ihavetwosisters:oneismarriedandtheotherisnot.2.Ihavethreesisters:oneissociable,buttheothersaretooshy.注意数量为三时one-another-andtheother数量为四时one—another-another-andtheother数量为某时one-thesecond-thethird-...-andthelastIhavethreeyoungfriends:oneiseightyearsold,anotheristen,andtheotheristwelve.

1341.Someoftheclubmemberscameontime,buttheotherswerealllate.2.Somepeoplearegoodatdancing,andothersaren't.3.Shehungherraincoatononehookandherumbrellaonanother.

135比較:注意未列举完some〜,andsomeヘ可数;不可数some,andothers可数列举完some',andtherestヘ可数;不可数some,andtheothers'可数c.惯用表现1.Ihaveablackcatandawhiteone:theone/theformerlikestoplay,andtheother/thelattersleepsmostoftheday.前者,后者2.Toknowisonething,andtoteachisquiteanother.知道是一回事,而教又是另一件事Tosayisonething,andtodoisquiteanother.3.Theyshoutedateachother.4.Weintroducedoneanotheratthewelcomingparty.5.Therestaurantserveddishesoneafteranother.陆续dishes菜肴;餐具6.Thetwogirlsrowedtheboatoneaftertheother,两个轮流7.On(the)onehandwelookforexcitement,butontheother(hand),welookforpeaceinmind.我们一方面寻求刺激,另一方面寻求心灵平静5)each/every(两者上的各个或个人eachく(代名词,形容词,副词’三者上的每个every形容词each,every强调个体,+单数名词+单数动词1.Oneachsideofthestreettherewerepolicemen.只有二用each2.Thesehatscost10dollarseach.副词,不可用every3.Therearetwobooksinhisbagandeachbookiscarefullywrappedincolorfulpaper.4.Everystudenthashisfavoritesubject,不知性别用his5.Everydogand(every)cathashislikesanddislikes.b.cvery+抽象名词(一切的')1.Ihaveeveryreasontobelieveit,充分理由2.Sheshowedmeeverykindness.她尽其所能地对我非常亲切

136(+基数词+复数名词ー广、b.every<每隔(+序数词+单数名词1.TheOlympicsareheldeveryfouryears,每四年TheOlympicsareheldeveryfourthyear.每•个第四年每四年,每隔三年200020012002200320042.Icomehereeveryotherweek,不用second用otherIcomehereeverytwoweeks.每两周,每隔ー周6)either/neithera「itherー两者中任何ー个都、］皆用单数形(neither-两者中任何ー个都不丿neither是ー个否定字not+either>neither不可和not同时出现1.Eitherofthetwoanswerswilldo.代名词性Anyofthethreeanswerswilldo.2.Icanwritewitheitherhand.形容词性不可用both我两手都能写字3.Idon'tlikeeitheroftheman.两个都不喜欢.Ilikeneitheroftheman.两个都不喜欢.4.Wepassedtwogasstations,butneitherofthemwasopen.两豕都没开5.Neitherofthetitlesissuitablefortheessay.两个都不适合b.either/neither也不1.Billdidn'tcometotheparty,andJackdidn't,either.Billdidn'tcometotheparty,andneitherdidJack.Billcametotheparty,andJackdid,too.Billcametotheparty,andsodidJack.2.Ifyoudonotgo,neitherwi11I.Ifyoudonotgo,Iwon't,either.7)no/nonea.no+单数名词/复数名词1.Hehasnomoney.Hedoesn'thaveanymoney.notany=no2.Thepolicemanarrivedinnotime,上刻重点not表示［不〜］;no表示［绝非コno=nota3.Heisnotamusician,他不是音乐家4.Iamnothief,我绝不是小偷Iambynomeansathief.b.none(无ー)+单数名词/复数名词1.Noneofusagree/agreeswithyou.2.Noneofuswere/wasagainsttheproposal,against介词3.Noneoftheinformationisuseful.不可用are,information不可数4.(It's)noneofyourbusiness.这不关你事8)somebodyへ/something〜

137a.somebody+形容词1.Willsomebodyelsebepresent?other+名词else:疑问词+else(whatelse,whoelse,••,)somebody,everything,…+elseb,所有格、body，s1.EverybodyJsbusinessisnobody，sbusiness.众人之事就是无人之事,三个和尚没水喝c.特殊表现2.Hethinksheissomebody.他自以为是个了不起的人物3.Ifyouwanttobeanybody,youmusthard.如果想要成为大人物,你必须努力工作d.惯用表现1.Heisalawyerorsomething.律师之类诸如此类的什么Areyoucrazyorsomething?2.Hewouldnotgowithmeforanything.无论如何(用于否定句中)3.Peterisn'tcalledaplayboyfornothing.Hehadonegirlfriendafteranother.不是没有道理》有道理Peter被称为花花公子是有道理的4.Hedidnothingbutlaugh.他一味地笑5.Ihadnothingtodowiththeaccident,与…无关Ihadmuch/1ittletodowiththeaccident.与有很大/一,点点关系6.Heisnothingbutafool.只是个傻瓜罢了时态101-107完成式have/has/had+p.p.have是准助动词ー、现在式1)使用时机a.表示现在的动作或状态1.Everythingisinorder.Everythingisoutoforder.2.Joeownsahousebythesea,拥有的状态b.表示习惯性的动作1.Ialwaysdrinkcoffeeforbreakfast2.MyfamilygotochurchonSundays.c.表示不变的真理及事实1.Theearthgoesaroundthesun.2.Waterconsistsofhydrogenandoxygen.3.Threetimesfouris/aretwelve.d.表示眼前的状态或动作1.Herecomesabus.2.Iseesomesparrowsontheroof.e.可以确定的未来,计划,等同于不变的真理1.TomorrowisMather'sDay.2.Ourflightleavesat11:45.f.主要子句为未来时,表示时间,条件的副词子句用现在时1.Thebirdswillflysouthwhenwintercomes.2.Whatwillconsumersdoifpricesrise?

138二、过去式1）a.发音ed在无声子音后发[t],在有声子音或母音后发[d],若其尾音本身就为[I]或[d],则发[id]help>helped[t]open>opened[d]start>started[id]b.子音+短母音+子音》双写注意含两个母音字母的动词!ook>looked[t]含两个子音字母的动词jump>jumped[t]子音仃两个的动词mix>mixed[t]x>[ks]c,字尾为c>+k+edpicnic>picnicked[t]panic>panicked[t]2）使用时机a,表示过去的动作或状态（现在的情况不明）1.Therewasatrafficjamontheexpressway.2.Suntannedmenandwomenstrolledalongthebeach.takeastrollb,表示过去的习惯（现在不再了）1.IusuallyrodemybicycletoschoolwhenIwasaschoolboy.2.Weusedtoswimintheriver.c.表示经验,多伴随着ever、never等1.Ineverheardfromhimbefore.hearfrom+人收到某人的消息（信件,Emai1等）2.Didyoueverseeapanda?三、未来式1）will表示纯粹的耒来2）begoingto表示未来要做的动作,经过事先的计划或安排Mydogisveryill.I'mafraidheisgoingtodie.有蛛丝%迹表明的3）其他表现1.beaboutto表时间很近,即将发生的未来Pleasetakeyourseats;theperformanceisabouttobegin.PleasebeseatedPleaseseatyourself2.beVingMyfatheristakingustothemoviesonSaturday.3.onthepointofVing即将（正要…的时候;在…之际）Hewasonthepointofgoingout.4.be+toVThepresidentistomakeaspeechonTVtonight.5.可以确定的未来,计划,等同于不变的真理TomorrowisMather'sDay.Ourflightleavesat11:45.进行式beV管时态,Ving管进行

139Sheiswritingaletter.Shewaswritingaletter.Shewillbewritingaletter.四、现在&进行式1）a.字尾有e（不发音）,去e加inge发音die>dyinglie>lyingdye>dyeingb,双写12j原形字尾為短母音加子音,則重覆字尾加ing01.get—►getting（得到）2.spurfspurring（疾駛）3上ar—►barring（禁止）（g）最後重音節為短母音加子音時則重複字尾加ing01.admit一admitting（承認）2.beginfbeginning（開始）3.occur—►occurring（發生）d,字尾为c>+k+ingpicnic>picniekingpanic>panicking2）使用时机a.现在正在进行的动作或状态John,youarebeingnaughty.表状态John你又在捣蛋了b.表示现在所发生的反复动作（有责怪意味）多伴随always,al1thetime,constantly,repeatedly1.Tomisalwaysinterruptingmewhen1'mtaking.当我说话时,老是被Tom打断2.You'reconstantlymakingpoorexcuses.［尔老是找些笨拙的借口c.表示未来注意表示心理,思考,感情,感官,构成的动词,不用在进行时1.I‘田lovingyou.2.Whatyousooing?See是眼睛的基本功能,难道现在能看,卜’一秒就失明了Whatareyoulookingat?

140glare怒目而视glance瞥一眼gaze「geiz］目不转睛地看（感兴趣的东西）peep偷窥PeepingTom偷窥狂1.エ-a/ーhavin@-a-new—wa&eh—now?Ihaveanewwatchnow.五、过去&进行式1）表示过去某ー时间点正在进行的动作1.Iwaswashingdisheswhenmywifecamehome.2.Theyweresufferingfrominfluenza.他们那个时候正承受着流感的苦难2）表示过去习惯性,反复动作的行为1.Atateenager,hewasalwayscausingtroubleforothers.（有责怪忌味）2.Inthosedays,weweregettingupatseven〇'clock.（强调总是）在那些日子里,我们总是七点钟起床的。3）以过去某ー时间点为准,可确定的未来或计划1.Ithoughtyouwerecominghomeatsix.我以为你会在六点回到家2.Hewascomingtoseemeyesterday,buthedidn't.他昨天原本打算来看我的,但是他没有来注意这里不能用wasn，t,wasn't表示没有打算,这里是他打算了,只是没有做而已,didn，t省略了hedidn'tcometoseeme4）表示过去反复、持续的动作,常伴随constantly,continually等1.Shewasconstantlyseekingthetopicforanovel.她那个时候持续不断的找寻小说的主题六、未来&进行式1）表示未来某ー时间点正在进行的动作1.I'11bedrivingatthistimetomorrow.明天这个时间我正在开车2.I'11bewaitingforyouat3o'clocktomorrowafternoon.2）表示最近的将来预定要做的动作,但现在较少使用I'11bevisitingLondonthedayaftertomorrow.后天我将造访伦敦七、现在&完成式（过去的动作和现在有关系）1）注意:特别注意的动词三态1.fall-fell-fallen掉落fall秋天fell-felled-felled弄倒feel-felt-felt感觉fallasleep睡着feelsleepy昏昏欲睡2.find-found-found发现found-founded-founded建乂fine-fined-fined罚款

141Igota(traffic)ticket,我拿到ー张罚单3.lie-lied-lied说谎lie-lay-lain躺;存在(vi.)lay-laid-laid放置（vt.）;下蛋（累的）4.see一saw一seenseesaw跷跷板aseesawgame拉锯战saw-sawed-sawed/sawn锯sew-■sewed-sewed/sewn缝5.fly--flew-flown飞flee-fled-fled逃flea跳蚤flow-flowed-flowed流6.hang-hung-hung悬挂hang-hanged-hanged吊死7.shine-shone-shone闪亮shine-shined-shined擦鞋8.bind-bound--bound绑bound-bounded-bounded限制9.wind-wound--wound缠绕wound-wounded-wounded受伤10.risevi.Thesunisrising,太阳升起raisevt.Raiseyourhands,举起手来2）使用时机a.表示从过去持续到现在的动作⑴持續Istilllearnitnow.IbegantolearnEnglishthreeyearsago.IhavelearnedEnglishforthreeyears.(我學英文三年了。)表示持续的副词for+时间段,since+时间点,howlong,其他(allday,thesedays,lately,recently,always,thisweek等)1.IhaveknownPaulsincewewerechiIdren.打小我就认识Paul2.Ihaven?tseenyouforalongtime/years/ages.好久不见Ithasbeen/isalongtimesinceIlastsawyou.Longtimenosee.(中国式英语)3.Howlonghasheplayedthepiano?Fortwohours.b.表示动作或事件的完成

142現在完成式表不完成的副词already,just,yet,其他（today,recently,now,,••）1.ThetrainforKaohsiunghasalreadyarrived.2.I’vejustfinishedlunch.3.Hasitstrucksevenyet?时钟已经敲了七下了吗》已经七点了吗?just（刚オ）用于完成式及过去式’过去式［刚オ］justnow1、未来式［马上］1.Tomcameinjustnow;he'sprobablyupstairs.刚オ2.Heisjustnowansweringthecall.正在,此亥リ3.I'11doitjustnow.马上c,表示经验過去式現在完成式▲▲1表小经验的副词ever,never,often等频率副词once,twice,times,before（以冃リ）1.IhavevisitedNewYorktwice.2.HaveyouevertakentheMRT?DidyouevertaketheMRT?过去式也可表示经验重点have/hasbeento+地点》曾经去过/刚オ去了have/hasgoneto+地点》已经去了,主词只能用第三人称,聊天提到某某人1.Ihavebeentotheairporttoseemyuncleoff/seeoffmyuncle.2.MyfatherhasgonetoHongKongonbusiness.重点表示经验可用过去式,也可用现在完成式,但意思可能会用差别1.Didyoueverseesuchabeautifulsunset?Haveyoueverseensuchabeautifulsunset?意思不同现在完成式过去的动作和现在仃关系过去式仅仅指过去,和现在没关系

1431.MybrotherwenttoKentingyesterday.去过,回没回来不知道MybrotherhasgonetoKenting.去了,还没回来2.Ihavelostmypen,soIhavetobuyone.Ilostmypen,butIfounditlater.d.用于表示未来的副词子句中动作持续一段时间（完成式）之后,进行下ー动作（未来）1.Waittill1'vefinishedmycoffee.等吧,等到我喝完咖啡,（我们将要〜）2.AssoonasIhavesaved200,000dollars,1'11buyanewcar.只要我存到20万,我会买ー辆新车ハ、过去&完成式had+p.p.1）表示到过去某ー时间点为止动作或状态的持续及完成1.Thegamehadbegunwhenwearrivedatthestadium.当我们到达体育馆时,比赛已经开始了2.Theyhadknowneachotherfortenyearswhentheyfinallygotmarried.当他们结婚时,他们已经认识十年了2）表示过去一段时间中的经验1.IhadneverspokentoaforeignerbeforeIgotintouniversity.在我进大学之前,我从未和外国人说过话2.Shetoldmethestoryoftheoperabecauseshehadseenitbefore,thestoryoftheopera歌剧的情节3）表示比过去时间点更早之前的动作1.Ilostthewatchwhichmyunclehadboughtforme.2.Ididn'tknowthatthebandhadbrokenup.注意若纯粹叙述两件过去的事情,不强调先后顺序,都可用过去式1.MyuncleboughtawatchformeandIlostit.2.ThebandbrokeupbutIdidn'tknowthat.九、未来&完成式will+have+p.p.1）到未来某个时间前,可以预测的结果.1.Theconcertwi11havefinishedbythetimewegetthere.在我们到达那里之前,音乐会就会结束了吧2.Thelakewi11havefrozenbytomorrowmorning.明天早上前,湖应该会结冰了吧2）到未来某个时间前.,可以预测的经验或持续状态1.IwillhavefailedthedrivingtestthreetimesifIfailtomorrow.2.YouwillhavestudiedEnglishforsixyearsbythetimeyoufinishhighschool.注意在口语中,多半不用未来完成式,而多用未来式十、现在&完成&进行式have/has+been+Ving1）过去某•时间点到现在为止,仍然继续进行下去的动作,或强调重复的行为1.Ihavebeendoingthispuzzlefor20minutes.我玩这个拼图已经有20分钟了。（我还没有完成它,还会继续下去）

1441.Howlonghaveyoubeenwaitinghere?

145注意1.IhavejustreadthroughTolstoy's"WarandPeaceM,刚读完2.IhavebeenreadingTolstoy's"WarandPeace”.在瑛2）过去&完成&进行式从过去发生到过去某ー个时间点为止,仍旧在继续进行的动作1.Theyhadbeensearchingforsixmonthswhentheyfoundthetreasure.他们在发现宝藏之前已经找了六个月,并且他们还会继续找更多的宝藏。（动作还在继续）2.WehadbeengoingtoParisforadvancedstudy,butweneverwent.我们打算去巴黎留学深造,但是从来没有去。（这个打算和准备还会进行ド去）3）未来&完成&进行式wi11+have+been+Ving表示到未来某ー时间点为止,仍旧在继续进行的动作。1.YouwillhavebeenstudyingEnglishforfiveyearsbynextMarch.到明年三月你就学满五年的英语了。（但是为了工作等需要你还是会继续学下去。）2.ShewillhavebeenteachingJapanesefortenyearsbynextApri1.她到明年四月就教满十年的日语了。（她是个老师,还会继续教"去。）时态一致（108）及叙述法（109-113）时态一致（108）1）主要子句的动词是现在式（包括一般现在,现在完成式,一般将来式）,从属子句的动词随句意可以是任何事态1.Mysisterknows（that）Ilovethegirl.2.Mysisterknows（that）Ilovedthegirl.3.Mysisterknows（that）Iwillfallinlovewiththegirl.姐姐现在可以回忆过去,叙述现在，展望未来ShesaysShehassaidShewillsay(that)sheisfreenow.shewasfreeyesterday.shehasbeenfreelately.shewillbefreetomorrow,shehadbeenbusybefore.2）主要子句的动词是过去式（包含过去完成式,过去进行式或过去时间上所提的未来），从属子句的动词必须是与过去时态有关且符合句意1.Mysisterknew（that）Ilovedthegirl.

1461.Mysisterknew(that)Ihadlovedthegirl.过去的过去〉过去完成2.Mysisterknew(that)Iwoundfallinlovewiththegirl.那时候的姐姐知道我那是爱那个女孩,知道我那时候的以前爱过那个女孩,知道那时候以后我会爱那个女孩吟;豈*璇.ジ灌二;主要子段ナマ:•；••,卜，：••~「:…句」—hedidit.hewasdoingit.hehaddoneit.Hesaid(that)hehadbeendoingit.hewoulddoit.hewouldhavedoneit.hewouldhavebeendoingit.3)主要子句的动词是过去完成式,从属子句的动词必须是ワ过去完成时态有关且符合句意,,,■♦・ミ・.•-,-"-け・・ン:二ペ主要子句..•7,,,,ぐ.•..・イ一Hehadsaid(that)hehadn'tdoneit.hehadbeenherefortwohours.4)时态一致的例外a,不变的真理》现在式1.Thechildlearned(that)theearthgoesroundthesun.2.Theteachertoldus(that)practicemakesperfect.b.到现在都没改变的习惯或事实》现在式1.Sheoftentoldme(that)shekeepsearlyhours.她经常告诉我她有早睡早起的习惯2.Shetoldme(that)schoolbeginsateight.她告诉我学校8点上课c.历史的事实》过去式1.Theteachersaid(that)ColumbusdiscoveredAmericain1492.2.Hesaid(that)WorldWarH011dcdin1945.d.假设语气》不受时态一致的限制1.Hesays(that)ifhewereabirdhecouldfly.

147Hesaid(that)ifhewereabirdhecouldfly.1.HespeaksEnglishasifhewereanativespeaker.HespokeEnglishasifhewereanativespeaker.叙述法(109-113)1)直接叙述法及间接叙述法的不同a.时态的变化1.Maysaid,“Ilikelisteningtopopmusic.”>Maysaid(that)shelikedlisteningtopopmusic.2.Thestudentanswered,“Anhourconsistsofsixtyminutes.”>Thestudentanswered(that)anhourconsistsofsixtyminutes.不变的事实3.Helenanswered,"Therainhasstopped.”>Helenanswered(that)therainhadstopped,b,人称代名词的变化1.Shealwayssays,"Idon'tlikemyhairstyle."Shealwayssays(that)shedoesn'tlikeherhairstyle.2.Isaidtoher,"19msorryyoudon'tunderstandme.”Itoldher(that)Iwassorryshedidn'tunderstandme.3.Shesaid,“Ireadthisbook.”Shesaid(that)shehadreadthatbook,c.时间,地点等的变化now>thentoday>thatdayyesterday>thedaybefore,thepreviousdaylastnight>thenightbefore,thepreviousnightlastyear>theyearbefore,thepreviousyeartomorrow>thenextday,thefollowingdaynextweek>thenextweek,thefollowingweekへagoノbeforehere>there注意直接叙述句》间接叙述句1.主词+say(said)to人)主词+tell(told)人(that)直述句2.补充连接词(that)(可省)3.代名词须改变,如my〉her4.改为间接叙述句,注意时态5.副词,如now>thenMr.Wangsaidtome,"Youwillbeabletogetafreeconcertticketatthecharitybazaartomorrow.">Mr.Wangtoldme(that)Iwoundbeabletogetafreeconcertticketatthecharitybazaarthef〇11owingday.2)直述句的间接叙述句say(said)>say(said)(that)say(said)to人〉tell(told)人(that)1.Shesaid,"I'mgoingtoquitmyjob."Shesaid(that)shewasgoingtoquitherjob.2.Shesaidtome,"Icangotothemovieswithyoutomorrow."Shetoldme(that)shecouldgotothemovieswithmethenextday/thefollowing.

1483)疑问句的间接叙述句a.主词+say(toA),"WH问句?”>主词+ask(A)+疑问词+主词+动词注:(that)存在但99%省1.Tomsaidtoher,“HowcanIgettoyourhousefromhere?”Tomaskedherhowhecouldgettoherhousefromthere.2.Mybosssaid,"Whocalledmeupthismorning?”Mybossaskedwhohadcalledhimupthatmorning.b.主词+say(toA),"YES/NO问句?”〉主词ask(A)if/whether+主词+动词3.Isaidtohim,"Areyougoingabroad?vIaskedhimif/whetherhewasgoingabroad.4.Hesaidtome,"Haveyoueverseenapanda?”Heaskedmeif/whetherIhadeverseenapanda.5.Shesaidtotheclerk,"Isthissweaterknitbyhandorbymachine?”Sheaskedtheclerkwhetherthatsweaterwasknitbyhandorbymachine,knit-knitted/knit-knitted/knit-knitting4)祈使句的间接叙述句令求告议止命.要劝提禁abcde:tell,order,command等:ask,beg,request等:advise等:suggest,propose等:forbid,prohibit等a.主词saytoA,"命令句”〉主词tel1AtoV…主词saytoA,"Don't/NeverV…”>主词tel1Anot/nevertoヽ…1.Mothersaidtome,"Comebackhomebyfive.Mothertellme2.Myfathersaidtocomebackhomebytome,"Don'tgivefive.upyourhope.”Myfathertoldmenottogiveupmyhope.3.Hissecretarysaidtome,"Pleasecallbackafterlunch.Hissecretaryasked/toldmetocallbackafterlunch,ask比tel!语气强b.order,command,request,suggest等后接that子句that子句若接在表"建议,要求,命令”等意义的动词之后,that不可省,但句中的should可省,但其后动词仍用原形4.Hesaidtome,"Youshouldgiveupsmoking.”Headvisedmetogiveupsmoking.5.Shesaid,"Let'sgoforawalk.”Shesuggestedthatwe(should)goforawalk.c,表示禁止的否定祈使句,用forbid,prohibit等1.Theteachersaidtous,"Don'tleaveyourseats.">Theteacherforbadeustoleaveourseats.(forbidsb.todo)>Theteacherforbadeourleavingseats.(forbid+-1件事)>Theteacherprohibitedusfromleavingourseats.(prohibitsb.fromdoing)forbid-forbade/forbad-forbidden一forbidding5）感叹句的间接叙述句a,感叹句中可加very,really等副词b.动词可改为cry（大叫），exclaim（大叫），shout（吼叫），sigh（叹息）c,伴随动词的副词有:gladly(高兴地)，regretfully(遗憾地)，bitterly(苦地),withjoy(欢喜地)，withdelight(兴奋地)，withrelief(松口气地)with+名词=副词1.Ms.Leesaid,“Whatagoodideayouhave!,f

149Ms.Leesaid(that)Ihadaverygoodidea.Ms.Leeshouted(that)Ihadagoodidea.Ms.LeesaidwithjoyIhadaverygoodidea.1.Shesaid,"Howconvenienton-lineshoppingis!”Sheexclaimedwithdelighthowconvenienton-lineshoppingwas.Shesaid(that)on-lineshoppingwasveryconvenient.重点表达祈愿时,’雷同感叹句,都是在加强情绪的表达,常用pray,express(wish)等动词Hesaid,“MayGodhelpus!"HeprayedthatGodmighthelpthem.HeexpressedhiswishthatGodmighthelpthem.6)合句的间接叙述句由and,but,or等对等连接词所连接的两个子句,叫合句Hesaid(that)shewassickandthatshewouldgotoadoctor.第一个that可省,第二个that不可省1.Hesaid,"Sheisout,butshewillbebacksoon."Hesaid(that)shewasoutbutthatshewouldbebacksoon.第一个that可省，第二个that不可省2.Thegirlsaidtome,"Thesedancersarrivedhereyesterday,andtheywillperformonstagethisevening."Thegirltoldme(that)thosedancershadarrivedtherethedaybeforeandthattheywouldperformonstagethatevening."注意对等连接词为for或as,保留for或as,不可添加thatMomsaid,"Daddoesn'tknowit,ashehasnotheardofit."Momsaid(that)Daddidn'tknowit,ashehadnotheardofit.重点祈使句,and/or…的间接叙述句,仍保留and/or,不用that另外,也可用if或unless改写1.Hesaidtome,"Getupatonce,oryouwillbelate."Hetoldmetogetupatonce,orIwoundbelate.Hetoldme(that)IwouldbelateunlessIgotupatonce.Hetoldme(that)IfIgotupatonce,Iwoundnotbelate.2.Shesaidtome,"Washmycar,andI'丄1giveyoutendollars."Shetoldmetowashhercar,andshewouldgivemetendollars.Shetoldme(that)ifIwashedhercar,shewoundgivemetendollars.Shetoldme(that)shewouldn'tgivemetendollarsunlessIwashedhercar.7)复句的间接叙述句只遵循最基本的间接叙述句规则即可1.Shesaidtome,"IgavehimabigboxofchocolatesbecauseIlikehim.”Shetoldme(that)shehadgivenhimabigboxofchocolatesbecauseshelikedhim.2.Joesaidtome,"Doyouthinkthatshewillhelpme?"Joeaskedmewhether/ifIthought(that)shewouldhelphim.8)有两个句子时的间接叙述句1.HesaidtoGrace,“Youarelatehereagain.Whathaveyoubeendoing?”HetoldGrace(that)shewaslatethereagainandasked(her)whatshehadbeendoing.2.Hesaidtome,"Youfacelooksfamiliar.Haveyoueverbeenontelevision?nHetoldme(that)myfacelookedfamiliarandasked(me)whether/ifIhadeverbeenontelevision.3."Hewenttothebarber*sanhourago,“saidhiswifetome,"andIthinkhewillbebackverysoon.Willyoupleasestepinandwait?”

150Hiswifetoldme(that)hehadgonetothebarber*sanhourbeforeandthoughthewouldbebackverysoon,andasked(请求)metostepinandwait.Willyouplease•••?一种很客气的请求(祈使句)连接词114-120A.依形态分为(1)简单连接词:and,or,but,if,when等(2)相关连接词:both…and…，either…or…，notonly-butalsO…等(3)片语连接词:assoonas,aswellas,evenif等,片语连接词就是多个字的连接词(4)有其他同类转换而成:immediately(=assoonas),supposing(=if)等B.依功能分为(1)对等连接词:将字与字,片语与片语,子句与子句等以对等的关系连接在ー起。如and,but,or(2)从属连接词:引导名词子句或副词子句的连接词。如if,when,becauseー、对等连接词［对等连接词］需要加逗号(1)and(和,并且,那么)1.Soldiersmovedquicklyandquietly.2.Thebookisofuseandofinterest,of+N=形容词3.Everybodysatdownandthemeetingbegan.4.Hurryup,andyou*11beintimeforthetrain.5.Therearemagazinesandmagazinesinthatbookstore.除了杂志坯是杂志6.Go(and)buysomeeggs.Gobuysomeeggs.Gotobuysomeeggs.(少用)注意在动词come,go,see,try,write之后的and可以代替to不定词中的to7.Breadandbutterismyfavorite(food)atbreakfast.涂了奶油的面包Thebreadandthebutter面包和奶油重点相关连接词both〜and〜1.HecanspeakEnglish.HecanspeakFrench.>Hecanspeak(both)EnglishandFrench.2.BothheandIareseniorhighschoolstudents.⑵but(但是)and是表示相同的东西,but表示相反的东西1.Hewaspoorbuthappy.2.Doitinhastebutwithcaution.of+N=形容词with+N=副词3.Excuseme,butcouldyoutellmethewaytothestation?but虽然是打扰了你,但是我还是要打扰你,表示相反的情况重点相关连接词not〜but〜（不是、而是、）及notonlyヽbutalso〜（不仅〜而且"）1.Heownsnotonebuttwocomputers.2.Sheisnotonlywisebut（also）kindhearted.

151Sheisbothwiseandkindhearted.Sheiskindheartedaswellaswise.也;和…ー样;不但…而且Sheiswiseandkindheartedalike.注意下列句子中动词的单复数1.BothyouandIareinthewrong.强调［两者都］2.NotonlyyoubutalsoIaminthewrong,不但、而且〜,强调［而且］3.YouaswellasIareinthewrong.强调前者（3）or（或者;也就是;否则）1.Doyouwanttogoonfootorbybus?2.ThisisapictureofaniglooorEskimosnowhouse.也就是（同位格）这里有一张igloo也就是爱斯基摩人所住的冰屋的图片3.Youhadbettertakeataxi,oryou'11missyourappointment.否则重点相卖连接词either〜or〜（不是“就是〜）4.EitheryouleavethehouseorI'11callthepolice.5.EitheryouorJaneisintheright.也许可以这样解释Eitheryou（areintheright）orJaneisintheright.=BothyouandJanearen'tintheright.并非两者都〉只有一个（4）neither/nor（也不）注意neither/nor（否定字）,不可和not连用neither/nor置于句首》倒装1.IhavenotvisitedtheNorthPole.Idon'tplantovisittheNorthPole.>1havenotvisitedtheNorthPole,neither/nordoIplanto.2.Tomisnotgoodatmath.-Nor/NeitheramI.重点相关连接词neither'nor〜（既不、也不、）1.Theboyneitheradmitsnordeniesthathestolethebicycle.既不承认也不否认2.NeithermybrothernorIhavebeeninvited.也许可以这样解释Neithermybrother（hasbeeninvited）norIhavebeeninvited.⑸so（所以）so只能连接两个ド句,不能连接单字,不能连接片语1.Thebusbrokedown,soIwaslate（forschool/forwork）.2.Ipracticedmyspeechhard,soIwonaprizeinthecontest.so后面主词不能省略,哪怕重复也要写出来（6）for（因为）Iamsleepytoday,forIcouldn,tsleepwelllastnight.IamsleepytodaybecauseIcouldn'tsleepwel1lastnight.注意for（因为）只能连接两个子句,为较书面文単式的用法口语中多用because,但用法有差别差别

152for是对等连接词,只能连接两个子句，它所连接的子句地位都是平等的,because是从属连接词，它连接的子句是有主从之分的，它和对等连接词共同部分就是可以连接子句,从属连接词摆在句子当中的时候不需要将逗点加上去,对等连接词需要加逗号。重点有些字是副词,但是因为和对等连接词ー样可以连接两个片语或子句,故此称为连接副词。连接副词在句子里面都是起到转折作用的表［选择］else（否则），otherwise（否则）表［相反］表［说明］however,nevertheless（虽然如此,然而）onthecontrary（相反的），ontheotherhand（反之/另ー1方面）namely（BP,也就是），i.e.（=thatis/thatistosay）（即，也就是,换句话说）forexample,forinstance,e.g.（=forexample）表［结果］therefore,accordingly,hence,thus,asaresult,consequently,inconsequence（因此,所以）表［相连］also,besides,moreover,furthermore,inaddition（止匕夕ト,而且）表［相似］also,likewise,similarly（同样地;类似于）表［时间］then（然后）meanwhile,atthesametime（冋时）表［结论］inbrief（简而言之）inconclusion（总之,综上所述）表［加强语气］indeed（的确），anyhow（无论如何），infact与连接词同时出现andalso（而且），andtherefore（因此），andso（所以），butstill（但是），andthen（然后），orelse（否则），andyet（然而）1.丄mtakinganumbrellawithme;otherwise,Iamgoingtogetwet.丄mtakinganumbrellawithme,orIamgoingtogetwet.注意标点的差别2.Itmayrain;nevertheless,wewillstartonourtrip.3.Itrainedthatday;consequently,thebaseballgamewascalledoff.4.Shewillcomeinhalfanhour;meanwhile,wewillhavecoffee.5.Hisheadachegrewworse,butstillhedidn'tcomplain.加上副词still让语气更强烈或完整6.连接词和连接副词的区别连接词:Garyisaniceperson,buthehasnofriends.连接副词:Garyisaniceperson;howeverhehasnofriends.Garyisaniceperson;however,hehasnofriends.Garyisaniceperson;hehas,however,nofriends.Garyisaniceperson;hehasnofriends,however.二、从属连接词（副词子句,名词子句）关系代名词（形容词子句）参考关系词章节（1）引导名词子句a.that引导的名词子句1.当主词1.Thathewi11succeediscertain.

153Itiscertainthathewi11succeed.1.ThatBillpassedtheentranceexaminationistrue.ItistruethatBillpassedtheentranceexamination.2.Thaltheworld,sclimateisgettinghotterisbeyondanydoubt.Itisbeyondanydoubtthattheworld,sclimateisgettinghotter,beyondanydoubt无疑地;没有任何疑义地beyonddescription难以形容ii.当补语that子句放在be动词/连缀动词后当补语1.ThetroubleisthatIcannotspeakFrench.Thetroubleis,IcannotspeakFrench.在口语中会省略作为补语的that,省略时,在原处加逗号。2.Thefactisthathecouldn"tcareaboutmeintheleast,他根本不可能关心我Thefactis,hecouldn'tcareaboutmeintheleast.3.TheproblemisthatIhavenomoneywithme.Theproblemis,Ihavenomoneywithme,身上没带钱solvetheproblemanswerthequestioniii.当受词及物动词或（不及物动词的）介系词后面当受词（-）做及物动词的受词重点（1）:可省thatthat引导的名词子句若接在say,explain,hope,wish,know,believe等动词后常省略that1.Ibelieve（that）hewilldohisbest.2.Theradiosaid（that）todayisthehottestdaythissummer.纸条上写着“我爱你”。ThenotessaidIloveyou.3.Hesaid（that）hewouldsurelycomebutthathemightbetenortwentyminuteslate.第二个that离主词太远所以不可省略重点（2）:不可接that子句做受词这类动词有1ike,hate,want,try,attempt（尝试），care,offer（提议），refuse,decline（拒绝）Heofferedtodrivemetothestation.提议是说话人自己要去做什么（offer）

154建议是某人要去做什么（suggest）重点（3）:不能直接接that子句这类动词有tell,inform,remind（提醒），assure（保证），instruct（指小），persuade,convince（使侑服）等这类动词的句型是S+V+O（人）+0（事物/tha（子句）Here硏indedーもhaレIhgdpF❷田isedし。hel秒-hiflh-HeremindedmethatIhadpromisedtohelphim.重点（3）:that不可省略这类动词有建议suggestadviseA.主词十命令order要手desire,request,require、insistノ'+that+S+(should)+VRB.ItbeV+形容词(necessary,essential,urgent)+that+S+(should)+VRthat不可省,但句中的should可省,但其后动词仍用原形1.Mymotherinsistedthatmysister(should)arrivehomebeforemidnight.2.Itisnecessarythatyou(should)makeupyourmind.重点（4）:that子句若在（S+V+O+OC）中当受词时须用虚受词it代替。主词+find,make,considerthink,believethatナ句+it+OC+

1551.Idon'tdenybutthattheystillinsistontheiropinions.我不否认他们仍然坚持己见2.Iremembernothingaboutherexceptthatsheworeglasses.3.I'mluckyinthatIhavethreebrothers.（三）当形容词的受词（仅限于一部分形容词）1.HeisanxiousthatIwillfinishtheworkimmediately.2.Wewereamazedthatwesawyouintown.Wewereamazedatseeingyouintown.b.whether/if（是否）whether,if都能引导名词子句,但if子句通常只当肯定句动词的受词使用,whether可当受词,主词,补语,同位语1.Sheaskeduswhether/ifwewantedtostayhere（ornot）.这里ask问我们,也问那件事,所以那件事是受词,故可用if2.Whetherthereportistrueisquestionable.当主语イ、可用ifItisquestionablewhetherthereportistrue.3.Theproblemwaswhetherweshouldcallanambulanceatonce.当补语不可用if4.Itdependsonwhethertheywillappear.做on的受词不可用if5.Thequestionwhetherwehavetimetodiscussstillremains.当同位格不D1用if6.Idon'tcarewhetheryourcarwillbreakdownornot.否定句不可用if7.Ican'tdecidewhethertogoornot.whether+toV不可用ifIcan'tdecidewhetherIwillgoornot.8.Everyonewantstoknow:whethertheywillgetaraise（ornot）.Everyonewantstoknowwhetherornottheywillgetaraise.Everyonewantstoknowiftheywillgetaraise.各种从属连接词（副词子句）的意义名词子句ーthat+S+V,whether+S+V,疑问词+S+V畐リ词子句ーwhen+S+V,where4-S+V...（1）表“时间”的从属连接词:when,as,while,after…L表示[ー〜就〜]assoonas,nosoonerthan〜,hardlywhen,scarcely"before,instantly,directly,immediately,themoment/minute,theinstantAssoonassheheardthebell,sheturnedoverthetestsheet.#nosoonerへthan〜,hardlyへwhen,scarcely'before强调动作的先后Shehadnosoonerheardthebellthansheturnedoverthetestsheet.Nosoonerhadsheheardthebellthansheturnedoverthetestsheet.Shehadhardlyheardthebellwhensheturnedoverthetestsheet.Hardlyhadsheheardthebellwhensheturnedoverthetestsheet.Shehadscarcelyheardthebellbeforesheturnedoverthetestsheet.#immediately,themoment等不需要强调动作的先后性Immediately/Directlysheheardthebell,sheturnedoverthetestsheet.Themoment/instantsheheardthebell,sheturnedoverthetestsheet.

1562.Ididnotlearnthetruthuntil/tillmanydayshadpassed.Itwasnotuntil/tillmanydayshadpassedthatIlearnedthetruth.3.Onceyoudecidetodoit,pleaseconcentrateonit.一旦你决定做,请全神贯注4.Every/EachtimeIseeJane,Iamremindedofhermother.每次我看见Jane,我就想起她母亲(2)表“地点”的从属连接词1.Youmaygowherever(=>anywherethat)youlike.2.Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.有志者事竟成(3)表“原因;理由”的从属连接词1.BecauseMaryrefusedhisoffer,Tominnomoodtospendtheweekend.2.Sinceyoucannotcome,perhapswehadbetterasksomeoneelseforhelp.3.AsIwasexhausted,Iwenttobedearly.4.IntheUnitedStates,thefrontseatnexttothedriverisconsideredthebestinaprivatecar,partlybecausethedriverislikelytobethehosthimself,andpartlybecausethefrontwindowsoffersthebestview.在美国,副驾驶通常被认为是最好的座位。其ー,司机可能就是车主(乘客可以找车主聊天)；其二,从前面的车窗能够最好地浏览风景。5.Idon'tlikeher(/)becausesheisconservative.I1ikeher,butitisnotbecausesheisconservative.我不是因为她保守而喜欢她6.Idon'tlike(\)herbecausesheisconservative.Idon'tlikeher.Sheisconservative.我不喜欢她,因为她太保守了。7.Now(that)youmentionit,Idoremember.由于8.Seeing(that)youdonotknowthefactyourself,wecandonothingtohelpyou.既然(4)表“目的”的从属连接词1.Heworkedhard(so)thathewouldpasstheexamination.2.Igotupearly(so)thatIcouldcatchthefirsttrain.IgotupearlytocatchIgotupearlyinorderIgotupearlyinorderIgotupearlysoasto3.他小心地走,以免跌倒thefirsttrain.tocatchthefirsttrain.thatIcouldcatchthefirsttrain,catchthefirsttrain.Hewalkedcautiouslylesthestumbled.Hewalkedcautiouslyforfear(that)hestumbled.Hewalkedcautiouslyincasehestumbled.(常用)Lest,forfear(that)是较文章体的用法,口语常用incase重点soへtha「及such、thatへ表示“结果”，“如此以至于…”1.Heissodi1igentaboythatalltheteacherspraisehim.Heissuchadiligenceboythatalltheteacherspraisehim.2.IwassuchafoolthatIcompliedwithhisrequest.Iwassuchafoolastocomplywithhisrequest.IwassofoolishthatIcompliedwithhisrequest.(5)表示“让步”的从属连接词“让步”就是虽然条件不可接受,或者对你不利,会让你不舒服,但是你还是接受了。

157还有就是“不管…,无论…”,不论怎么做结果都一样,只强调结果,不论过程了。注意时态主要子句副词子句现在式现在式过去式过去式未來式现在式1.Though/AlthoughIwasverytired,I(still)wentonwalking.2.Evenif/Eventhoughyoudon'tlikecheesecake,tryapieceofthis.3.Whetherhewinsorlosesatthenextelection,丄!1supporthimtotheveryend.支持到底注意时态,上将从现4.Nomatterwherehegoes,healwaystakesanumbrellawithhim.Whereverhegoes,healwaystakesanumbrellawithhim.5.Nomatterhowhardyoutry/work,youwon'tsucceed.6.Youngasheis,heisanableman.(较文百)Though/Althoughheisyoung,heisanableman.7.Teacherassheis,shedoesnotlikesmallchildrenverymuch,teacher不加冠词.Thoughsheisateacher,shedoesnotlikesmallchildrenverymuch.(6)表“比较”的从属连接词1.IamusuallyasbusyasIamnow.2.Ididnotstudysohardinmyyouthasyoudonow.3.Youmustreadasmanybooksasyoucan.Youmustreadasmanybooksaspossible.4.I,mthreetimesasrichasyou,andtentimesashandsomeasyou.5.Theweatherwasworsethanwehadexpected.(7)表“样态(样子)”的从属连接词1.DoinRomeastheRomansdo.2.Asyousow,soshallyoureap.种瓜得瓜,种豆得豆3.Asthelionisthekingofbeasts,sotheeagleisthekingofbirds.(8)表“范围”的从属连接词1.AsfarasIknow,hehasnothingtodowiththematter.他和此事毫无关系2.Asfarastheeyescouldreach/see,thecitywasaseaoffire.3.AsfarasI'mconcerned,youcanstayoutallnight.4.Aslongastherewerebooksandstationery,heneverfeltlonely.(只要)5.Hewentontalkingaslongasthreehours.(、长)