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Unit1UFOsNotlongago,anaeroplanewasflyingoverNewzealand.Therewasatelevisioncameracrewonboard.Suddenly,outinthenightsky,abrightspherecameintoview.Everyoneonboardsawitandeveryonethought,“UFO"—unidentifiedflyingobject.Thecameracrewwentintoactionandstartedfilming.Thatweekpeopleallovertheworldsawthefilmofthismysteriouslightontheirtelevisionscreens.Whatwasit?Wasitaspaceshipfullofvisitorsfromanotherplanet?Thecaptainoftheaeroplaneandthefilmcrewbelieveditwas.Otherobservershadmanydifferentexplanations.Somesaiditwasvenus.Otherssaiditwasjustatrickoflight.不久以前,有ー架飞机在新西兰上空飞过。机上有个电视摄制组。突然,机外的夜空中有个发光的圆球映入眼帘。机内的人都目睹这一景象,大家都认为这就是不明飞行物。摄制组人员立即行动起来,进行拍摄。在那一周内,全世界的人都在电视屏幕上看到这ー神秘发光体的镜头。这究竟是什么东西呢?是来自其他星球的满载旅客的宇宙飞船吗?机长和摄制组人员认为是的。另ー些目击者则众说纷纭,有些人说这是金星,另ー些人认为这不过是光造成的幻觉而已。Anairtrafficcontrolleralsosawitonhisradarscreen.Hethoughtthataflockofbirdswascausingdotsonhisradarscreenwhenthe“UFO”appeared.ー个机场导航员在雷达屏幕上也看到了这个不明飞行物。当这个不明飞行物在他的雷达屏幕上出现时,他以为这是一群鸟在他的屏幕上形成的光点。Mostastronomersnowbelievethatwhatthesepeoplesawwasalmostcertainlytheplanetvenus.Atthattimeofyearitisverybrightandeasytosee.Andfromamovingaeroplaneitcanappeartobemovingfast.SofarthereisnoproofthatUFOsorspaceshipsfromotherplanetsdoexist.TheseyearsinvestigatorsofUFOshaveinvestigatedthousandsofsightings-oroccasionswhenpeoplesaidtheysawaUFO.Ninetypercentoftheseturnedouttohaveasimpleexplanation.大多数天文学家现在都认为这些人所看到的几乎肯定是金星。在每年的这个时候,金星正好十分明亮,容易看到。而且从飞行着的飞机上看去,金星可能象在快速运行。究竟有没有不明飞行物或来自其他行星的宇宙飞船,到目前为止尚无法证实。这些年来,不明も行物的研究者对成千上万起人们自称亲眼目睹的事例进行了调查。结果是对其中百分之九十都能作简单的解释。
1However,it'sagoodideatokeepanopenmind.ScientistsinsomecountriesaretryingtopersuadetheirgovernmentstohelpthemstudyUFOs.Andtheyareplanningtoco-operateinternationallyonreportingandinvestigatingsightingsofUFOs.Afterall,itisquitepossiblethatthereislifeoutthereintheuniverse.Andifsomethingisalive,itisquitepossiblethatitwillcometovisitus不过,对这个问题最好是不抱偏见。有些国家的科学家们正在努力劝说各自的政府为研究不明飞行物提供帮助。他们计划在报告和调查不明飞行物的行踪方面进行国际合作。总之,在外层空间很可能存在着生物。而如果真有某种生物存在的话,那就完全有可能来访问我们。(A)FlyingSaucersAmaterialhasfallenfromtheskiesinmanyplaces.Thismaterialiswhite,anditsometimesfallsinstripsabouttenmetreslong.Itdisappearscompletelyinaveryshorttime.Itissaidthatthismaterialoftenfallssoonafterflyingsaucersareseen.Forthisreasonmanypeoplebelievethatitcomesfromflyingsaucers.Butsomepeoplethinkthatitismaterialblownfromaclothfactory.在许多地方有一种物质从空中飘落下来。这种物质是白色的。它有时形成十米左右的长带飘然下降,很快就消失得无影无踪。据说这种物质往往是在飞碟出现之后不久降落的,因此许多人认为它是从飞碟上落下来的。但是有些人则认为那是从织布厂刮过来的物质。OnNovember9,1965acompleteblackoutoflightscoveredthenortheasternpartofAmerica.Millionsofpeoplewerewithoutlightsfromlateafternoonuntilthenextmorning.Itwasasifagreatblackblankethadbeenthrownoverallthecities,towns,andhomes.Somepeoplewerereportedtohaveseenflyingsaucersthatsameevening.Theybelievedthatflyingsaucerswererealflyingthingscontrolledbyintelligentbeings,andcamefromanotherplanet.1965年11月9日,美国东北部电灯完全熄灭。数百万人从接近傍晚的时候一直到第二天早晨都没有电灯,好象是一条巨大的黑色毯子覆盖在所有的城镇和住户的上空。据报道,有些人就在当天晚上看到了飞碟。他们认为飞碟是ー种来自另一行星的由智慧生物操纵的真实飞行器。
2Somescientiststhinkthatpeopleshouldbetaughtaboutthingsthattheyseeintheskies.Since95percentofthefindingsonunidentifiedflyingobjectshavebeenexplainedassignsofnature,thesesignsshouldbeexplainedtopeople.Theythinkthatteachingpeopletounderstandthesethingswillbeagreattaskforthescientists.有些科学家认为,必须使人们对他们在天空中所见到的东西有所了解。既然百分之九十五的有关不明飞行物的发现被解释为自然征兆,那么就该向人们解释这些征兆。他们认为,教人们理解这些现象将是科学家的ー项巨大任务。Otherscientistsfeelthatmoreresearchisnecessarybeforeanydefiniteconclusionsarereached.其他ー些科学家认为,需要进行更多的研究才能得出确切的结论。(A)LifeintheUniverseOneofthemostexcitingquestionstowhichscientistsareseekinganansweris,“aretherelivingthingsanywhereintheuniverse?Istheearththeonlyinthewholeenormousuniversewherehumanbeingsoranythinglikehumanbeingsexist?”(B)宇宙中的生命科学家们正在寻求解答的最为激动人心的问题之一是:“宇宙中是否有生物存在?在无边无际的宇宙中,地球是不是有人类和类似人类的生物存在的唯一天体?”Livingthings,likeeverythingelse,aremadeupofatoms,andtheseatomsaregroupedintomolecules.Themoleculesoflivingthingsaremadeupofhundredsorthousandsofatomsarrangedindifferent,complicatedpatterns.Iftheybecometoohot,thesecomplicatedmoleculesoflivingthingsbreakupintotheirseparateatomsandceasetobeliving.Thereforetherecannotbelifeonthesunoranyofthestars.生物和别的东西ー样,是由原子组成的,而这些原子又集合成分子。生物的分子则由几百或几千个原子按各不相同的复杂的方式排列而成。如果生物的这些复杂分子温度太高,它们就分裂成单个的原子而不再生存。因此在太阳或任何恒星上不可能有生命。Livingthingsneedenergytogrowormove.Onearthplantsandanimalsgettheirenergyfromthelightandheatofthesun.Thereforeplanets
3thatareveryfarfromthesunandextremelycoldarenotplaceswherelivingthingscouldexist.生物需要能量才能生长和运动。地球上的动植物从太阳的光和热中获得能量。因此远离太阳和极端寒冷的行星不是生物可以生存的地方。Allplantsandanimalscanliveonlyonplanetsthathaveasuitableatmosphere.ButneithermarsnorVenushasasuitableatmosphere.Itseemsthattherearenointelligentbeingsinoursolarsystemexceptontheearth.一切动植物只能在有适当大气层的行星上生存。但是不论是在火星上还是在金星上都没有这种适宜的大气层。因此在我们的太阳系中,看来除了在地球上以外,是不会有智慧生物的。Butifthereareplanetsroundthesun,whyshouldtherenotbeplanetsaroundotherstars?Maynotsomeofthesebeplaced,liketheearth,atjusttherightdistancefromtheirsuntohaveasuitableatmosphereandtobeneithertoohotnortoocoldforlife?Somewhereinspace,millionsandmillionsofmilesaway,theremaybeothercreatures,withbrainsaswell-developedasours,whoarealsoreachingoutinspacetodiscoverwhatelseexistsinthiswonderfuluniverse.但是既然太阳周围有行星,为什么在其他恒星周围不能有行星呢?难道不可能有一些行星和地球一样,距离它们的太阳不远不近,既有合适的大气层,又不冷不热,适宜于生物生存吗?在亿万英里以外的太空中,有可能存在着智力和我们一样发达的其他生物,他们也正在太空中四处探索,想要查明在这个奇妙的宇宙中是否还存在着什么其他生物。Unit2AnewlightintheworldIn1960anAmericanphysicistbuiltaninterestingnewapparatustoproduceaverystrongbeamoflight.Thisnewlightwasnamed'laser”.Theprincipleofthelaseristhattheatomsofacrystalliketherubycrystalcanbeexcitedbystronglightandcanthenstorethislight,amplifyitandemitanimmenselypowerfulbeam.Thislightisparticularlypowerfulbecauseittravelsincoherentwaves,thatis,waveswhichareallthesamelengthandwhichmoveinstep.Forthisreason,too,thislightconsistsofonlyonecolour,andnotofmanycolourslikesunlight.
4UNIT2激光1960年有一位美国物理学家制成了一种有趣的新型仪器,来产生很强的光束,这种新的光源被命名为“激光”。激光的原理是:有些晶体(如红宝石)的原子可以受强光激发,然后把这种光储存起来,加以放大,并发射出功率极为强大的光束。这种光束的功率之所以特别强大是因为它是以相干波的形式传输的。所谓相干波是所有波的波长均相同,而且同步。也由于这ー原因,这种光只有一种颜色,而不象太阳光那样有许多颜色。Lightofthisstrengthcanbeveryusefulandhasalreadyfoundmanydifferentapplicationsinscience.Oneimportantuseoflasersistomeasuredistances.TheastronautsononeApollomissionsetupareflectoronthemoonto“catch“laserbeamsprojectedfromtheearthandtoreturnthemtoourplanet.Bymeasuringthetimethebeamtakestogotothemoonandcomeback,scientistscancalculatetheprecisedistance.这种高强度的光非常有用,并已在科学上有多种不同用途。激光的-个重要用途是测距。有一次执行阿波罗飞行任务的宇航员曾经在月球上安装了・个反射器,用来“扑捉”从地球上发射出去的激光束。科学家通过测量激光在地球与月球之间往返一次的时间,就能计算出地球与月球之间的精确距离。Anotheruseoflasersistomeasuretime.Thefactthatlaserbeamsaresocoherentmeansthattheirpulsescanbeusedtodivideasinglesecondintofantasticallysmallparts.Infact,pulsesoflaserlightthatlastonlyonepico-secondhavealreadybeenproduced.激光的另ー用途是测时。激光束相干性极好的意义在于激光的脉冲可以用来把一秒钟分割为无数极小的瞬间。事实上人们现在已能产生仅仅持续ー微微秒的激光脉冲。Laserbeamscanalsobeusedincommunications.Alaserbeamtravellingthroughanenclosedtubecancarryasmuchinformationas80millionTVchannels!Laser,likeradioandTVbeforeit,willprobablychangemanyaspectsofourlivesbeforetheendofthetwentiethcentury.激光束也可用于通讯。在ー个封闭管道中传输的激光束能传送多达八千万个电视频道的信息。激光,和在它以前的收音机、电视机ー样,在本世纪结束之前大概会使我们生活的许多方面发生变化。(A)ForGoodorEvilAquiteimportantapplicationoflasersisinholography(theproductionofthree-dimensionalphotographs),inventedbyaHungarian-born
5scientistin1948,beforelaser.Somepeoplehavesuggestedthathologramsshouldbemadeofallfamousworksofart.Thenthehologramscouldbeexhibited,lookingjustthesameastheoriginal,whichwouldbestoredinasafeplace.Ourworksofartwouldcertainlybesafer,butperhapswewouldnotfeelthesameifweknewwewerelookingatahologram!(A)是造福还是作恶激光的一个十分重要的用途是用在全息(拍摄立体照片)方面。全息摄影是在激光发明以前由一位匈牙利出生的科学家在1948年发明的。有人建议把所有著名的艺术品拍摄成全息照相。然后,可以把这些全息照相在展览会上展出,它们看上去与原作一模ー样。而原作可以珍藏在安全的地方。这样,我们的艺术品当然要安全多了,但是,如果我们知道我们所看到的只是全息照相,感受或许就会不一样了。However,thehologramisalreadybeingusedinDisneyland,inCalifornia,toamusepeople.TherearesomeroomsinDisneylandwhicharefullofsurprisingpeople-flying,eating,talking,someofthemtoobigandotherstoosmall-andtheyareallgreen!Althoughyoucanwalkthroughthem,youcannottouchthem.Theyarehologramsprojectedintotheroomsfromoutside.然而,全息照相已经在美国加利福尼亚州的狄斯耐游乐场中用来供人们娱乐了。在狄斯耐游乐场里有儿个房间,里面全是ー些令人惊奇的人物-有的在飞,有的在吃东西,有的在谈话,有些人大得出奇,有些人小得惊人一而他们都是绿色的。虽然你能够在他们中间走过去,但你却摸不到他们。他们都是从房间外面投射到房间里去的全息照相。Thelaserisreallyanimportantscientificdiscoveryinman'shistory.Itcanbeveryuseful,butitcouldalsobeakillingweapon.Alreadylasergunsarebeingdevelopedwhichcouldkillanenemy,orbringdownanairplaneoramissileatagreatdistance.Perhapsthisistheudeathray”,whichweoftenreadaboutinsciencefiction.Onceagain,manwillhavetodecidewhetherheusesaninventionforgoodorevil.激光在人类历史上实在是一项极为重要的科学发现。它可以有很多用处,但也可能成为ー•种杀人的武器。能在远处杀死敌人、击落飞机或导弹的激光炮已在研制之中,这也许就是我们在科学幻想小说里经常读到的那种“死光”。人类再一次不得不作出决定:把ー项发明用于造福还是用于作恶。(A)LightWavesthatWorkMiracles
6Theimportantthingaboutlaserlightisthatitiscoherent.Itsraysareallofthesamewavelengthorcolour,andareallinstep.Whenlightwavestravelinstep,theycanworkmiracles.Thereasonisthattheirenergyisconcentratedasthebeamtravels.(B)创造奇迹的光波激光的重要特性在于它是ー种相干光。这些光线的波长或颜色都相同,而且同步。当激光器发出的光波同步传播时,它们就能创造奇迹。原因是当光束向外传播时,这些光波的能量集中了。Threeofthemanywonderfulapplicationsofthelasershowhowthepropertiesofcoherentlightcanbeputtowork.Sinceitslightdoesnotspreadoutevenatgreatdistancesalasercanlightthesurfaceofthemoonwithonlyatwo-mile-widecircleoflight.Sinceitsenergyisconcentratedataverysmallpoint,itcansendalightintothehumaneyeballtoweldtheretinabackintoplace.Andsinceitsradiationissointense,itcanburnholesinasteelplate0.125mmthickatadistanceofseveralfeet.在激光的许多奇妙用途中,有三个用途都说明可以怎样利用相干光的这些特性:激光即使经过很远的距离也不会扩散,因此它照射在月球表面上的光照范围只是ー个直径为两英里的圆。激光的能量集中在非常小的一点上,因此它能把光射入人的眼球,熔接视网膜使其复位。激光辐射十分强烈,因此在几英尺以外就能把0.125毫米厚的钢板烧出洞来。Thesepropertiesmakelaserlightveryuseful.Forexample,inouterspace,wherethereisnoatmospheretoabsorbthelight,thelaser,likeradio,willbeusedforspacecommunication.Laserscancutmetalandothermaterials.Theyarebeingusedinmachiningmetals.Alasercanalsoweldmetals.Buthere,itsuseisforprecisework,asinmakingmicro-electroniccircuits.这些性质使得激光非常有用。例如,在外层空间没有大气吸收光线,激光和无线电ー样可用于太空通讯。激光能切割金属和其他材料,但是激光决不能取代车床。激光正用于金属的机械加工,也用于焊接金属,但是这类用途仅限于精密加工,如制造微电子电路等方面。Unit3ManorMachine?
7Formtimetotimewehavetodorathertrickyjobsandfeelthatoneofourfingersisgettingintheway.Wesaythatweare”allthumbs”,meaningthatourfingersseemtobetooclumsyforthework.Itispossiblethatontheseoccasionsaspeciallydesignedartificiallimbwouldbemoreefficient.Scientistsinmanycountriesarestudyingwaysofincreasingthepowerofthehumanlimb,orratherofitsmuscles.Knownasa“man-amplifier”,amachineunderdevelopmentatanAmericanaeronauticallaboratoryconsistsofaframeworkorsuitwhichtheoperatorwears.Everymovementhemakesisrepeatedbythesteelframeworkheiswearing,butthepowerwhichmovesthepartsoftheframecomesfromhydraulicmotors.UNIT3人,还是机器?我们常常需要干些复杂的工作,这时往往会觉得某个手指碍事。我们常说自己“笨手笨脚”,意思是说我们的手指太笨拙,干不了某件工作。在这种情况下,采用ー种特别设计的人工肢体可能会有效ー些。许多国家的科学家正在研究增加四肢能力,更确切地说,是增加四肢肌肉能力的方法。美国一所航空实验室正在研制一台机器,叫做“人力放大器”。这台机器由一个供操作人员套的框架结构或称操作服构成。操作人员所套着的钢铁框架能重复他的一举ー动,不过驱动框架各部件的动カ是由液压发动机供给的。Iftheoperatorbendsdowntopicksomethingup,themachinerepeatshismovement,liftingasheavyaweightas450kilogramsineachhand.Anothermachineisbeingmadewithfeetandlegs,whichwillenableitsusertowalkacrossthecountrysideveryquicklyasthestrideofthiswalkingmachineismuchgreaterthananordinaryman's.Besidesmilitaryuses,suchdeviceswillobviouslybeusefultoastronautsworkingonthemoon.假如操作人员弯腰拾东西,那机器就重复这ー动作,每只手提起重达450公斤的重物。另外一台正在制造中的机器,有脚有腿,它能帮助使用者迅速穿越乡村田野,因为这类步行机的步子比一般人的大得多。除了军事用途外,这种机器显然对在月球上工作的宇航员很有用处。Justastheoperationsofadistantunmannedspacecraftcirclingthemooncanbecontrolledbyradiosignals,sosuchdevices,properly
8designed,canberadio-controlled.Anastronautexploringanunknownplanetcandopartofhisexplorationwithoutleavinghisspacecraft.Hecansendoutarobotwhichwillworkontheunknownplanet,collectingrocksandminerals,puttingupapermanentobservationstationortravellingfarandwide.正如远在太空绕月球飞行的无人驾驶宇宙飞船可用无线电信号操纵ー样,这种专门设计的装置,也可以用无线电操纵。探索陌生行星的宇航员不用离开飞船就能进行部分考察工作,他可以派出机器人在这颗陌生的行星上工作,收集岩石和矿物;建立永久性观察站,或到四面八方去走动。(A)TheyAreAllRobotsYouseerobotsatworkaroundyourhomeeverydayalthoughyoumaynothavethoughtofthemassuch.But,accordingtoonedefinition,washingmachineselectricheaters,etc.Areallrobots.Robotscanalsobedesignedtodothedangerousworkinresearchlaboratoriesorinouterspace.(A)它们都是机器人你每天看到机器人在你家里到处工作,虽然你也许没想到它们是机器人。但是,按照某种意义来说,洗衣机、电炉等都是机器人。也可以设计出ー些机器人,在科研实验室和外层空间里从事危险工作。Allthesatelliteslaunchedintoouterspacehavehadrobotsonboard.Theserobotshavesentbacktotheirmastersonearth,bywayofradio,suchimportantinformationonspaceastemperature,radiation,andsoon.Fromtheirhighpositioninspacetheyhaveeventakenphotographsoftheearthandotherplanets.WhenthefirstspaceshiplandsonmarsandVenus,itwillprobablyhaveonboardrobotsratherthanhumanbeings.Robotscanmapthesurfacesoftheseheavenlybodies,makenecessarygeologicalstudies,exploreunknownplaces,andevenbuildlandingareasforfuturespaceships.发射到外层空间去的所有卫星上都有机器人。这些机器人通过无线电将宇宙中的温度、辐射等重要资料发回给它们地球上的主人。它们甚至可以从空中居高临下地拍摄地球和其它行星的照片。当第一艘飞船在火星和金星上着陆时,飞船上将很可能只有机器人而没有真人。机器人能绘制这些天体表面的地图,进行必要的地质研究,探索陌生
9地区,甚至还可以未来的飞船建造着陆场地。Ofalltherobotsthatwehavewithustoday,thosewithelectronicbrains,calledcomputers,areplayingthemostwonderfulpartinrevolutionizingourwayoflife.Computerswerefirstdevelopedtohelpinthesolutionofcertainscientificproblems,andnowtheyhaveturnedouttobesogenerallyusefulthattheyarebeingusedinmanydifferenttypesofwork.Theyhavefreedhumansfromheavyworkandoffermuchmorefreetimetotheirhumanmasters.在我们今天所拥有的机器人中,那些装有电脑(即计算机)的机器人在彻底改革我们的生活方式方面正起着极为奇妙的作用。计算机最初是为了帮助人们解决某些科学问题而研制出来的,现在却变得用途极为广泛,以致正在被用来做许多不同类型的工作。这些机器人使人们摆脱了繁重的劳动,给它们的主人提供了更多的空闲时间。(B)ReadingMachineSpeaksInStyleABritishinstitutefortheblindistotestanewmachinethatturnsthewrittentextofabookintospeech.Themachinecontainsavoicesynthesizerthat“speaks”likeaperson.(B)有腔有调的阅读机英国一个为盲人服务的研究所计划试验ー种能把书中的文字转换为言语的新机器。这种机器带有ー架能象人ー样“说话”的语音合成器。Thereadingmachinecontainsfourparts-thebookscanner,acomputer,akeyboardcontrolandaloudspeaker.Thepagetobereadisplacedfacedownonaglassplateontopofthescannerandacamerascansitfromunderneath.Thescanningsystemturnslettersonthepagetodigitalsignalsthatarefedtothecomputer.Thenthesignalscanbeturnedintospeechbymeansoftheelectronicvicesynthesizer.这种阅读机包括四个部分ー书本扫描器、计算机、键盘控制器和扬声器。把要读的ー页书面朝下放在扫描器顶部的玻璃上,摄影机便从下面对其进行扫描。扫描系统把这一页的字母转换成数字符号输入计算机,然后信号通过电子语音合成器转换为言语。Thesystemstressesparticularsoundsaccordingtotheirrelationshiptoothersounds.Forexample,itwouldsoundthe"e"in"read”differentlyfromthesameletterin"red”.Thecomputercontainssome2,500pronunciation“rules“thatdeterminehowtosoundwordsandphrasesin
10speech.Thecomputercanalsodeterminewheretoemphasizesomewordsmorethanotherstomake"normal”speech.这种系统按照一些特定的音和其他音之间的关系,来对这些音加以重读。例如,这个系统能把read和red中的同一字母e有区别地读出来。这种计算机包含有大约2,500条说话时词和词组发音的规则。计算机还能决定在哪些地方某些单词应该比其它词读得重一些,以形成“正常的”言语。Besides,thesynthesizercanspeakforeignlanguageswithadifferentprograminthecomputer,andcanincreaseitsoutputtoabout300wordsaminute,abouttwicethespeedofnormalspeech,tolettrainedpeoplehearabookatagreatspeed.此外,假如计算机采用另ー种程序,合成器就能说外语;它还能够把输出增加到大约每分钟300个单词,即大约为正常讲话速度的两倍,从而使经过训练的人能以很快的速度听完一本书。Theblindpersonusingthemachinecontrolsthespeedatwhichit“talks”withthekeyboard.Healsodetermineswhichpartofthepagethescannerreads.Ifawordisnotclearlypronounced,theusercanaskthemachinetorepeatit,or,ifawordisdifficult,hecanevenaskittospellthewordoutletter.使用这种机器的盲人可以用键盘控制它“讲话”的速度。他还能决定扫描器阅读ー页书的哪一部分。如果有一个单词的音发得不清楚,使用者可以要求机器重复ー一遍。或者,如果ー个单词很难,他甚至可以要求机器把这个单词ー个字母一个字母地拼读出来。Unit4LifewithoutElectricityThereisascience-fictionstoryinwhichbeingsfromanotherplanetconquertheeartheasilybecausetheyhaveamachinetoturnoffalltheelectricity.Well,whatwouldbetheeffectofsuchamachine?Acenturyago,nobodybutafewscientistswouldhaveobservedanydifference;mostpeoplewouldsimplyhavecontinuedtheirlives.Inourday,however,eventhefarthestcornersoftheworldarebeingconqueredbyelectricity,atleastbythetransistorradio.如果生活中没有电有・・篇科学幻想小说,说到从另ー个行星上来的生物轻而易举地征服了地球,因为他们有一利机器能切断所有的电源。那么,这样一台机器会造成什么后果呢?若是
11一个世纪以前,除了少数科学家之外,大概不会有人注意到有什么两样,大多数人会照样生活下去。可是,在当代,即使是地球上最偏僻的角落也离不开电,至少离不开晶体管收音机。Mostofthetroubleofalifewithoutelectricity,however,wouldcometothehighlyindustrializednations,many,ifnotall,ofourindustrieswouldceaseproduction;allwheelswouldstopbecausethemotorsthatpowerthemachineswouldfail.Theworld*stransportsystemswouldfallapartwithoutasupplyofelectricity.Electrictrainsandtramsobviouslydependonelectriccurrent,butmotorvehiclescouldnotbeoperated,either;theycouldneitherbestarted(exceptwithahand-crank)norwouldtherebeanyignition.Forthesamereason,aeroplanescouldnotfly.然而,如果没有电,高度工业化的国家所遇到的困难最多。许多(纵使不是全部)エ业都要停止生产,所有机轮部分将停止转动,因为供给机器能量的电动机将停止工作。全世界的运输系统也将因没有电カ供应而陷于瘫痪。电气火车和电车固然要依靠电流,但汽车没有电也不能开动:它们既不能发动(除非用摇手柄),也不能点火。由于同样的理由,飞机也不能飞行。Probablytheworsteffectwouldbefeltontheworld*scommunicationsystems.Thetelephone,radio,televisionandradarwouldbecomeinventionsofstrictlytheoreticalinterest.Theworld,sleaderswouldholdmeetingsandinformthepeople;buthowwouldpeopleeverlearntheresultsofthesediscussions,witheventheprintingpressesoutofservice?Inthemeantime,scientistswouldtrytofindawaytoturntheelectricityonagainorperhapstodiscoverasubstancethatwouldreplaceit.受影响最严重的也许是全世界的通讯系统。电话、收音机、电视、雷达都只能变成纸上谈兵的发明。世界各国的首脑可能会召开会议,成立各种委员会,来讨论这种形势,并向人民发布消息。但是如果连印刷机也停止工作了,人民将如何获悉这些讨论的结果呢?在此期间,科学家们将致カ于寻求ー种把电流重新接通的方法,或是设法发现ー种物质来代替电。(A)TheComingofElectricityElectricityplaysaverygreatpartinthelivesofmostofus.Theelectricagehasbeenwithusformanyyears,andperhapsitwillnevercompletelydisappear.Butthiselectricity,whichwealluse,isamystery.
12(A)电的产生电在我们多数人的生活中起着非常大的作用。我们生活在电气时代已经多年,这个时代也许永远不会结束。但是,这个人人使用的电却还是ー种不可思议的东西。Weknowwhatelectricitycando:lightourhouses,driveourtrains,carryourmessagesthroughspace,workcomputers,countthepeoplewhoareenteringanexhibitionorthecarsthatarepassingalongaroad,showustheinsideofourbodies,andsoon.Butnooneknowswhatelectricityreallyis.我们知道电能够做的事情:照亮房屋、开动火车、通过空间传送信息、操纵计算机、计算进入展览会的人数或路上驶过的车辆,显示人体的内部结构等等。但是谁也不知道电究竟是什么东西。Mostoftheelectricitywhichweuseisproducedbymachines.Electriccurrentcanbeprovidedbybatteries,whichusechemicalaction;butsuchacurrentisveryweakhadcostsalotofmoney.Mostelectricpowertodayisprovidedbypowerstations.Theoriginalsourceofpowermaybecoal,oiloratomicenergy.Eachofthesecanbemadetoheatwaterandturnitintosteam.Thesteamcandriveturbineswhichwillturnalternatorstomakeelectricpower.我们所用的电大部分是发电机发的。电也可以利用化学作用的电池提供。但这样的电流很弱,而且成本很高。今天,大部分的电カ是由发电站提供的。电カ的来源可以是煤、石油或原子能。这几种能源都可以用来给水加热,并把水变成蒸汽。蒸汽驱动涡轮机,再由涡轮机转动交流发电机发电。Anothersourceofpowerismovingwater,butthisisnotusedinquitethesamewaybecausethewaterisnotheated.Arivermaybedammedandwhenthatisdonealargepressureofwaterisbuiltupbehindthedam.Thewaterisallowedtopassthroughpipestowaterturbines,whichturnthealternators.Inafewplacesbytheseatheriseandfallofthetideisusedforthesamepurpose.Itwouldbepossible,also,touseastrongwindtoturnwindmillswhichcouldturnalternators;andperhapsthisforce,mostofwhichiswastedatthepresenttime,willbebroughtintoman'sserviceinthefuturemorefullythanitisnow.电カ的另一种来源是流水,但使用这种来源的方法和上面的方法并不完全相同,因为流水是不加热的。河流上可以筑拦河坝,坝建成后,坝后就会形成一股强大的水压。然后让高压水通过管道冲动水力涡轮机,再由涡轮机带动交流发电机。在有些靠海的地方,人们利用潮水的涨落来发电。此外,
13还可以利用强大的风カ转动风カ发动机,从而带动交流发电机发电。目前,大部分风カ都浪费掉了,但在将来,风カ或许将会比现在较为充分地用来为人类服务。(A)CommunicationFromADistanceTelecommunicationsmeans,simply,communicationfromadistance.Itmaybebycableorradio,orbytheuseofelectricalorelectronicsignals.Inthiswaymillionsofpeopleallovertheworldarekeptintouchwitheachother.(B)远距离通讯简单说来,电讯就是远距离通讯,它可以通过有线电或无线电进行,或者利用电或电子信号进行。世界上千千万万人就是用这样的方式保持相互联系的。Thefirstworldtelegraphcablesystemwasstartedoveracenturyago,whichwaslaterdevelopedintotheworldradioandtelephonecablenetworkssowell-knowntoday.Asearlyas1857,peopletriedtolayanunderseacableacrosstheAtlanticocean,buttheymetwithalotofdifficulties.Half-wayacrosstheAtlanticthecablebroke,andtheshipthatwaslayingithadtoreturn.Itwasnotuntil1866thatthefirstcablewassuccessfullylaidbyoneofthestrongestshipsthathadeverbeenbuilt.ThecablelinehadbroughtthetwocontinentssonearthatpeoplecouldbegintotalktoeachotheracrosstheAtlanticinafractionofasecond.世界上第一个有线电报系统是在ー百多年前启用的,它后来发展成为今天尽人皆知的世界无线电和有线电话电缆网。早在1857年,人们就曾尝试铺设一条横穿大西洋的海底电缆,但遇到了许多困难。电缆在横越大西洋一半的地方断了,那艘铺设电缆的船只得返航。直到1866年,第一条海底电缆オ铺设成功。铺设电缆的那艘船是当时最坚固的船只之一。这条电缆缩短了两大洲的距离,从而使人们开始能够在一刹那的时间内隔着大西洋和对方通话。Themoderninternationaltelecommunicationssystemlinkstheworldthroughsatellites.Thislatestandmostwonderfulwayofsendinganelectronicsignalfromonesideoftheworldtoanotheristo“bounce”itfromanearthstationtoasatelliteinspaceandbackagaintoanotherearthstation.Eachsignalgoesup22,300miles,andcomesdownagainthesamedistance.Everywordspokenonthetelephone,everymessagesent,makesthisjourneyandcoversthe44,600milesinasplitsecond.现代的国际通讯系统通过卫星把世界联系起来,这种把电子信号从世界的一端传送到另一端的最先进也最巧妙的方法,是使信号从地面站“弹”到空中的卫星上,再从卫星上回到另一个地面站。每个信号向上发射到ニ万二千三百英里的高空,再向下经过同样的距离。在电话上说的第句话,传递的每个
14信息,都在一刹那间走过四万四千六百英里的旅程ThefirstearthstationonascensionislandintheAtlantichelpedtoputthefirstastronautsonthemoonandisstillanimportantlinkintheAmericanspaceprogramme.Nowearthstationsarebeingbuiltindifferentpartsoftheworld.Telecommunicationsmeanssomuchinmodernlifethatwithoutitourmodernworldwouldbeimpossible.位于大西洋的阿森松岛上的第一卫星地面站曾帮助把第一一批宇航员送上了月球,它至今仍是美国空间计划中重要的通讯线路。现在世界各地都在建造卫星地面站。电讯在现代生活中至关重要。没有它,就不可能有我们的现代世界。Unit5EnergyfromwithintheearthSomescientistsestimatethatatthepresentrateofuse,theworld,sknownoildepositscouldrunoutinfrom10to15years.Eventakingintoaccountpossiblenewdiscoveriesofoildeposits,theremaybelittleornooilleftbytheendofthiscentury.Thisestimationistoopessimistic.UNIT5地球内部的能量据某些科学家估计,按目前使用石油的速度,全世界已探明的石油储藏量可能在10T5年内消耗殆尽。即使把可能发现的新油田考虑进去,到本世纪末石油也可能全部用尽或所剩无儿。这个估计过于悲观了。Inthelongrun,thereshouldbenosuchthingasanenergyshortage,becausetheentireuniverseconsistsofenergy.Whereverthereismatter,thereisenergy,andallchangesofmatterinvolvechangesofenergy.Weneednotdependtoomuchoncoaloroilforpowerifwecantapnewenergysources.从长远观点来看,不应该出现能源短缺这样的问题。因为整个宇宙都是由能量组成的。哪儿有物质,哪儿就有能量。物质一切变化都包含着能量的变化。如果我们能开发出新的能源,我们就不必过分依赖煤和石油来取得动カ了。
15Tomakeuseoftheheatinthecentreoftheearth,forexample,isoneofman'sendeavourstocopewiththeenergyproblem.Asyouknow,thecentreoftheearthissohotthatalltherockthereisliquid.Therockthatformsthelandandtheflooroftheseaisacoolcrust.Thiscrustisabouttwenty-fivemilesthick,andunderneathisathicklayerofhotrock,whichextendsabouthalfwaytothecentreoftheearth.Theliquidcentreoftheearthisthoughttohavetemperaturesaround3,700℃.例如,利用地心的热量,就是人类解决能源问题的ー种努力。你们知道,地心的温度极高,以致那儿的岩石均呈液态。构成陆地和海底的岩石是ー层冷的外壳。这层外壳约有25英里厚,以下是厚厚的ー层炽热的岩石,深达离地心一半的地方。据认为液态地心的温度是3,700C左右。Ifwedrillholesinthecrustdowntothehotrockbelow,itwouldbepossibletosendwaterdowntheholes.Therockwouldheatthewaterandturnitintohotsteam.Thesteamwouldthenbeforcedbackuptothesurfacebythepressure,andcouldbeusedtodriveturbinestomakeelectricity.ThiswouldonlybeanartificialextensionofsomethingthathappensnaturallyinthegeysersthatarefoundinIcelandandotherregionsofworld.如果我们在地壳上钻孔,钻到下面炽热的岩层,那么就可以从孔内把水往下注。岩石会使水变热,化为蒸汽。蒸汽受到压カ被压回地面,于是就可以用它来驱动涡轮机发电。这只不过是把世界其他地区的热喷泉里发生的自然现象加以人工发展而已。Itisconceivablethatenergyfromwithintheearthwillbeextensivelyusedinthefuture.Therearemanyotherenergysourcesinstore.Theproblemsareconnectedwithharnessingtheenergyatareasonablecostsothatpeopleintheworldcanbenefitfromit.可以相信,地心的能量将来会得到广泛的利用。还有许多种其他能源尚未开发。问题在于要使利用能源的成本不致太高,以便人类能从中得益。(A)HarnessTheSunAyoungwomaninMexicoliftsthelidofapottoseeifthefoodsheiscookingisdone.Sheisespeciallyinterestedinherdinnerbecause
16sheistryinganewkindofcooker—onethatgetsitsheatdirectlyfromthesun..Asimpledeviceisgatheringthesun'sraysandconcentratingthemsothattheyarehotenoughtoboilwaterandcookfood.Thewomanishappybecausenowshecanusethenewcookerinsteadofherelectricstovewhilethesunisshiningandwillpaylessforherelectricity.(A)利用太阳能墨西哥的一位年轻妇女揭开锅盖看看她煮的食物是否熟了。她对这顿饭特别感兴趣,因为她正在试用ー种新型的锅灶一ー种直接从太阳取得热量的锅灶。这是ー个简单的装置,它正在把太阳光线聚集起来,使它们的热量高到足以烧水煮饭。这位妇女很高兴,因为现在她可以在有太阳的时候使用这种新灶来代替电炉,从而节省电费。Somescientistsbelievesolarenergyisoneofthemainsourceswhichcanmeettheworld'senormousneedforpower.Theproblemhasbeenhowtoharnessthetremendouspowerwhichtheearthreceivesfromthesuneveryday.有些科学家相信,太阳能是能够满足全世界巨大的能量需要的儿种主要能源之ー。问题始终在于如何利用地球每天从太阳接受到的这种巨大能量。Greatprogresshasbeenmade.Notonlyisthesunnowusedincooking,butitalsosuppliespowerforsuchthingsasbeaconlightsforshipsandairplanes.Itoperatestelephonelines,moviecameras,electricclocksandradios.Itisalsobeingusedtooperatecommunicationsatellites.Insomecountries,peopleusesolarpowerforheatinginwinterandcoolinginsummer.这方面已经有了很大的进展。如今太阳能不仅用于烧菜做饭,而且还用来为船舶和飞机导航用的灯标等提供电源。太阳能还用于控制电话线路、电影摄影机、电钟和收音机等。它还用于操纵通讯卫星。在某些国家里,人们把太阳能用于冬季取暖和夏季制冷。“theenergyfromthesun'srays,“saysanexpert,"offersthegreatestpotentialsourceofpowerforimprovingstandardsoflivingeverknowntoman.”有一位专家这样说:“太阳光的能量为提高人们的生活水平提供了迄今为止人类所知的最为巨大的潜在能源。(A)LivingInTheAtomicAgeAtomicenergyisagreatdiscoveryofthepresentcentury,andmanypeoplehaveplayedapartinitsdevelopment.AlbertEinsteintoldtheworld
17aboutitsbasicideainhisfamoustheoryofrelativityin1905.Asheandotherscientistsbegantodiscovermoreaboutthenatureoftheatom,theylearnedthatgreatamountsofenergycouldbereleasedbysplittinganatom.However,itwasalsonecessarythatthisenergybecontrolled.Ifitwerenot,itwouldbeverydangerous.(B)生活在原子时代原子能是本世纪的一大发现。许多人为原子能的发展贡献了力量。阿尔伯特・爱因斯坦在他1905年发表的著名的相对论中向全世界阐述了原子能的基本概念。当他和其他ー些科学家着手进一步揭示原子能的性质时,他们发现,分裂原子可以释放出巨大的能量。然而,这种能量还必须加以控制,否则,将是非常危险的。Thus,anewfieldofstudy,callednuclearphysics,hasdevelopedandthereseemstobenoendtoitsapplications.Nowatomicenergyisusedtomoveshipsandsubmarines,anditmayalsoproveusefulforspaceships.Infact,thisnewsourceofpowerhassomanyuses,eitherasfuelorasradiation,thatitisalmostimpossibletoimagineallthegreatchangesitwillbringintoourlives.于是,ー个称为核物理学的新的研究领域发展起来了,而且看来它的用途是无止境的。原子能现在已用来驱动船舶和潜艇,并有可能将用于宇宙飞船。事实上,这种新能源不论用作燃料还是用作辐射能,用途都十分广泛,简直无法想象它将给人类生活带来的巨大变化。Accordingtosomescientists,theworldneedn'tbeafraidofapossibleshortageofcoal,oil,naturalgasorothersourcesoffuelforthefuture.Theysaythatifthesewereusedup,therewouldbeenoughofthisnewtypeofenergytolastusforever某些科学家认为,世界不必担心将来可能出现煤、石油、天然气和其他多种燃料来源的短缺问题。他们说,如果这些燃料都用完了,还会有丰富的原子能,足够我们永远使用。Unit6Man'smostfeeicientassistantsOneofthegreatestadvancesinmoderntechnologyhasbeentheinventionofcomputers.Theyarealreadywidelyusedinindustryandinuniversities,andthetimehascomewhenordinarypeoplecanusethemaswell.Computersarecapableofdoingextremelycomplicatedworkinallbranchesoflearning.Theycansolvethemostcomplexmathematicalproblemsorputthousandsofunrelatedfactsinorder.Becausetheyworkaccuratelyand
18athighspeeds,theysaveresearchworkersyearsofhardwork.Thiswholeprocessbywhichmachinescanbeusedtoworkforushasbeencalledautomation.UNIT6人类效率最高的助手现代技术最大成就之一就是计算机的发明。计算机已在工业上和大学内得到了广泛的应用,普通人也能使用计算机的日子已经到来了。计算机能在所有的学术领域进行极其复杂的工作,它们能解非常复杂的数学问题,或者把成千上万件毫不相关的资料整理得井井有条。由于计算机能精确而高速地工作,这就节省了研究人员成年累月的艰苦劳动,用计算机为人们工作的这一整个过程,就叫做自动化。Sometimeagoanexpertonautomationpointedoutthatitwasamistaketobelievethatthesemachinescould“think”.Thereisnopossibilitythathumanbeingswillbe"controlledbymachines".Ascomputersneeddetailedinstructionsfromhumanbeingsinordertobeabletooperate,theycannever"ruletheworld"bymakingdecisionsoftheirown.器操纵”不久以前,一位自动化专家指出,认为这ー类机器具有“思维”能力,这种想法是错误的。人类决不会“受机。计算机需要人为它提供详尽的指令才能操作,因而它绝对不可能自作主张地来“统治世界”。Computerscouldbepluggedintoanationalnetworkandbeusedlikeradios.Forinstance,peoplegoingonholidaycouldbeinformedaboutweatherconditions;cardriverscouldbegivenalternativerouteswhentherearetrafficjams.Itwillenablepeoplewhodonotshareacommonlanguagetotalktoeachotherwithoutmuchdifficultyortoreadforeignpublications.Inhospitalswherecomputersareused,diagnosisbecomesquickerandmoreaccurate.Computerscanevenwriteoutprescriptions.Computersarethemostefficientassistantsmanhaseverhadandthereseemstobenolimittothewayinwhichtheycanbeusedtoimproveourlives.计算机可以接入全国性网络,象收音机ー样使用。比如,假日外出旅游的人们可以向它了解天气情况;汽车驾驶员在交通堵塞时可以从它知道其它行车路线。还将有可能造出小型的翻译机器,这就使得操不同语言的人们可以不很困难地互相交谈,或阅读各种外文出版物。在使用计算机的医院里,病情诊断乂快又正确,计算机甚至还会开处方。
19计算机是人类效率最高的助手,用它们来改善人们生活的前景看来是无限广阔的。(A)Takealetter,MisscomputerThesecretarywithhernotebookandpencilisawell-knownfigureofthepresentcentury,butwillshestillbearoundinthetwenty-firstcentury?Whenshetakesdownlettersfromdictation,shewritesinshorthand.Shethenhastotranscribewhatshehaswritten,andoftenenoughshecan'treadherownshorthand.(A)请记录ー封信件,计算机小姐!随身带着记录本和铅笔的秘书是本世纪ー个尽人皆知的形象,但是到了二十一世纪是否还会有这样的秘书在我们身边呢?当女秘书记录口授信件时,她采用速记法。然后她还必须把她所速记下来的符号译成文字,而且经常出现她看不懂自己的速记稿的情况。Insteadofwritinghershorthandbyhand,shecoulduseakeyboardmachine.Butaftertakingdowndictationinshorthandonhermachine,shewillstillhavetotranscribeit.Nowitispossibletohavethedictationtranscribedautomaticallywiththehelpofacomputer.Theoperatortakesdownthedictationonamachinelinkedtothecomputerwhichinterpretsandtranscribesit.Thetranscriptionneedsacertainamountofediting,asevenifthecomputercantellthedifferencebetweenwordsofsimilarsoundssuchaswriteandright,itisstillnotyetabletodotheworkaswellasanintelligentsecretary.Butwearesurethatthedaywillcomewhenthetranscriptionismoreorlessperfect.她可以不用手而使用ー种带键盘的机器进行速记。但是在用机器速记口授内容之后,她还是要把速记稿译成文字。目前已有可能利用计算机把口授内容自动译成文字。操作者在一台与计算机相连接的机器上记录口授内容,计算机随即把速记稿译成文字。这种译文还需要进行一定的校订工作,因为即使计算机能区别write和right之类的同音词,它做的工作还是不及有思维能力的秘书做得好。但我们可以肯定,总有一天这种翻译会接近完善的Scientistsalsoplantomakeacomputerwhichcan“hear"humanspeech.Theyarealreadymakingexperimentsofthiskind.Usingacomputertotranscribeshorthandwillbeofgreathelpwheneverimmediatetranscriptsarenecessary.Insomecountries,theyarealreadyworkingonacomputersystemdesignedtoreadprintedmatterandpickoutkeywordsinordertogiveatleastashortsummaryofthe
20subjectmatter.科学家们还计划制造ー种能“听懂”人类言语的计算机。他们已经在进行这种试验了。当需要立刻得到速记译文时,使用计算机来翻译速记记录是有很大帮助的,在某些国家里,有人已经在研究设计ー种计算机系统来阅读印刷品,并在阅读时摘出主要内容,以便对该主题至少作出ー个简短的概括。(A)“TechnologicalOverkillMAnysubjectwhichhasagreateffectontheeverydaylivesofpeoplesoonleadstojokesandstories.Automationisoneofthesesubjects.Onestoryaboutautomationgoesasfollows:PassengersforthenewYorkflightwereallinthecabin,theairplanedoorswereclosed,andthemotorsstarted.Thepassengersheardarecordedannouncementovertheloudspenters.(B)“技术滥用”任何ー门对人们日常生活有很大影响的学科都会被编成一些笑话和故事。自动化就是一例。有一个关于自动化的故事是这么说的:飞往纽约的旅客都已进入机舱,机门关上,发动机启动,旅客们从扩音器中听到ー项录音通话:""welcometothefirstcompletelyautomaticpassengerflight.WewillbelandinginnewYorkinfourhours.Theentireflightwillbeautomatic.Thereisnopilotonboard,buttheplaneisfullyundertheautomaticcontrolofanon-boardcomputer.Itiscommunicationlinkedtoagroundcomputer,whichwillwatchyourflightatalltimes.欢迎各位乘坐第一架全自动的客机。我们将在四小时之后在纽约降落。整个飞行都是自动化的。机上没有飞行员,但飞机完全处于ー架机载计算机的控制之下。机载计算机地面计算机保持通讯联系,后者将始终监视你们的飞行。Thereisabsolutelynoreasontobeafraid.Everypartoftheaircraft-controlsystemhasbeenfullytested.Theaircraftengined,autopilot,andnavigationsystemareabsolutelyreliable.So,sitbackandenjoyyourflightsincenothingvangowrong,cangowrong,cangowrong,cangowrong,cangowrong...”
21绝对不需要害怕。飞控制系统的每一个零件都进行过充分的试验。飞机发动机、自动驾驶仪和导航系统绝对可靠,所以,请大家宽心安坐,享受飞行的乐趣,因为什么也不会出毛病,会出毛病,会出毛病,会出毛病”Whilethestoryisajoke,itdoestellpeopleaboutadangerinmoderntechonology.Wecallthisover-useoftechnologyatechonologicaloverkill”.尽管这个故事是ー则笑话,但确实告诉人们现代技术的一种危险性。我们把这种对技术的过度使用权用叫做“技术滥用”。Technologyshouldbeusedtogivemanahappier,fuller,andricherlife.Technologyshouldfreemanfromtaskswhicharedifficult.Theprobleminourstoryisclear.Wecannotforeseeeverypossiblehappeningandbuildthemachinetotakecareofit.Wemusthavemeninthesystem-intelligentmen.Onlymanisabletoadapttounexpectedevents.技术应该用来使人们生活得更幸福、更美满、更丰富。技术该使人们摆脱困难的工作。我们这个故事片中的问题是很清楚的。我们不可能预见到每一件可能发生的事件,预先造一台机器去处理它。在这个系统中必须要有人ーー有智慧的人。只有人才能适应意外事件。Unit7ThedawnoftheairageSteamengineswerethefirsttobetriedinaeroplanes,buttheyweretooheavytobeofanyuse.Onesuchflyingmachine,madein1884,consistedofalargenumberofwingsoneabovetheotherandwasdrivenbyasteamengine.Itissaidtohaverisenforamomentofftheground.Anotherrose,butfellandwasdamaged.Norealsuccesswasobtaineduntiltheinventionofthepetrolengine,whichislightandpowerfulenoughtobefittedtoanaeroplane.UNIT7航空时代的曙光蒸汽发动机是飞机上首先试用的发动机,但这种发动机太笨重,不切实用。1884年造的ー架这样的飞机由许多重重叠叠的机翼构成,并由蒸汽发动机驱动。据说,这架飞机曾经短时间地飞离地面。另ー架飞机曾飞上天空,但坠毁了。直到发明了汽油发动机,飞机オ取得真正的成功,因汽油发动机重量又轻、功率又大,
22适宜装在飞机上。Atthebeginningofthiscentury,twopoorlyeducatedyoungmennamedWilburandIrvinewrigthtmadealotofexperiments.Theytoolimmensetroubletostudytheartofflyingingliderssoastobecompetentinflyingtheiraeroplane.Thefirstflyingmachineofthewrights',madeofpiecesofwoodandcloth,lookedtoofragiletofly.Butinitorvillemadethefirstshortflightandcamedownsafely.Theexperimentwasrepeatedthreetimesonthesameday.Thelongestoftheseflightscoveredadistanceof852feetandlasted59seconds.Themachinewhichwasusedhadanenginedevelopingonlysixteenhorse-powerbuttheaeroplanereachedaspeedof35milesanhour.ThetwobrothercontinuedtheirexperimentsonflyinginFranceandastonishedallwhosawthem.By1908,eventhemostdoubtfulofscientistswasconvincedthatapracticalflyingmachinewasareality.本世纪初,两个没有受过高深教育的年轻人威尔伯・莱特和奥维尔•莱特兄弟做了许多实验。他们刻苦地钻研滑翔机飞行技术,以便将来能驾驶飞机。莱特兄弟的第ー架飞行器是用木片和布片制成的,看上去很不坚固,难以飞行。但是奥维尔就是乘坐这架飞机进行了第一次短距离飞行,并且安全地着陆了。那一天,试验性飞行重复了三次,其中最长的・次飞过了852英尺,延续59秒。这架飞行器装有一台仅16匹马カ的发动机,但飞机的时速达到35英里。莱特两兄弟到法国继续进行飞行试验,使所有的观众都看得目瞪ロ呆。到了1908年,即使最持怀疑态度的科学家也相信,ー种实用的飞行器已经成为现实了。Thewrightbrotherslaidthefoundationofmodernflying.Theybecameworld-famous,buttheyneverlosttheirmodestywhenhonourswereshowereduponthem.Theypaidlittleattentiontothemedalstheyreceivedfromscientificsocieties.Againandagain,theyrefusedtomakepublicspeeches.OnceWilbursaid,“Iknowofonlyonebird,theparrot,thattalks,andtheparrotcannotflyveryhigh.”莱特兄弟奠定了现代飞行的基础。他们名扬四海,但是尽管各种荣誉接踵而至,他们始终保持谦虚的美德。他们对科学团体颁发给他们的奖章几乎毫不在意。他们多次拒绝作公开演说。有一次威尔伯说:“我知道有一种善于说话的鸟叫鹦鹉,但是,这种鸟却飞不高”。(A)FlyingMenhavealwayswantedtoflylikebirds.Birdscanflyeasilybecausetheyarelight;butmen'sbodiesareheavier.Menfirstwentupintotheairinballoons.Thesearebigbags,andtheyarefilledwithgas.Hydrogenisausefulgasforballoons.Itis
23lighterthanair.Heliumisalsolighterthanair,butitcostsalotofmoney.Soballoonswere(andare)usuallyfilledwithhydrogen.(A)飞行人一直想要象鸟ー样飞行。鸟身体轻盈,容易飞翔,而人的身体比较重。最初人乘坐气球升入空中。这些气球的形状象大口袋,里面充满气体。气球通常是充氢气的,因为氢比空气轻。氮也比空气轻,但氮的价格昂贵。因此,气球过去和现在一般都是充氢气的。Balloonshavetoflywiththewindastheyhavenoenginestodrivethemagainstit.Later,menmadeairships.Thesewereballoonswithengines,buttheywerenotround.Theywerelong,andtheengineswereattheback.Theywerealsofilledwithhydrogenandsomeofthemcaughtfirebecausethehydrogenescapedandtheenginesheatedit.Thentheairshipwascompletelyburntinafewseconds.气球一般只能顺风飘行,因为气球没有发动机提供动力作逆风飞行。后来,人发明了飞艇。飞艇是ー种装上发动机的气球,但是飞艇不是圆形的,而是长形的,发动机装在尾部。飞艇也是充氢气的,有些飞艇着火了,因为氢气逸出,发动机使氢气发热,于是飞艇在儿秒钟里烧成灰烬。Aircraftwithwingsnowtakepeopleacrosstheworld.Powerfulenginesdrivethesemachinesacrossthesky.Someoftheenginesareliketheenginesofcars,buttheyaremorepowerful.Thereisanotherkindofenginewhichwecallthejetengine.AnEnglishengineerinventedthejetengine.Inmay1941hisnewenginewasfixedinanaircraft,andtheaircraftflewquitewell.AtthesametimetheGermanswerealsobuildingajetengine;butneithercountrytoldtheother,ofcourse.现在,装着翅膀的飞机载着乘客在全球飞行。强大的发动机驱动这些飞机飞过天空。有些发动机和汽车上的发动机很相象,只是前者的功率更大一些。还有一种发动机,我们称之为喷气发动机。这种喷气发动机是一位英国工程师发明的。1941年5月,这位工程师的新发动机安装到ー架飞机上,试飞成功。与此同时,德国人也在建造喷气发动机。当然,这两个国家相互保密。Jetenginesareverypowerful.Usuallytwo,threeorfourareenoughforanaeroplane;butsomebigaircrafthavesix.Anyoneinamovingjet
24planecanfeelthepoweroftheengines.Jetplanescantravelfasterthansound,(soundtravelsatabout1,100feetasecond.Thatisabout760milesanhour.)asaflyingjetplaneleavesitsnoisebehindit,wedonothearituntilithasgone喷气发动机功率大,ー架飞机通常只需安装两台、三台或四台就足够了;但是,有些大型飞机装有六台发动机。任何ー个坐在正在飞行的喷气飞机里的人都会感到喷气发动机的威力。喷气机的航速比声速快。(声速约为每秒1,100英尺,也就是说,时速为700英里。)由于飞行着的喷气机飞得比它的噪声的传播速度快,所以只有在飞机掠过之后我们オ听得到它的声音。(A)TheInventionoiFelephone“Iknowitcanbedone,andI'mgoingtofindtheway."ThesewordswerespokenbyAlexandergrahambellacenturyagowhenhetoldscientiststhathewastryingtosendhumanspeechoveranelectricwire.BorninScotlandin1847,bellbecameinterestedveryearlyinthemethodsofhumancommunication.Attheageof23,hemovedtoCanadaandthentoAmerica.(B)电话的发明ー个世纪以前,亚历山大・格雷厄姆・贝尔在向科学家们宣告他正试图通过电线传送人类言语时说:“我知道这件事可以办到,而且我就会找到办法的。”贝尔于1847年生于苏格兰,他很小的时候就对人类的通讯方法感到兴趣。23岁时,他移居加拿大;后来又移居美国。Onedayin1875,bellvisitedJosephhenry,oneofthegreatphysicistsoftheday,wishingtogethisadvice.“youhavetheideaforagreatinvention,bell,“henrysaid."workatit.”"but,sir,therearemechanicaldifficultiestobeovercomethatwouldrequireaknowledgeofelectricitythatIdon'thave.”"getit!”Wasthegreatscientist'sadvice.1875年的一天,贝尔去拜访当时的一位大物理学家约瑟夫・享利,想征求他的意见。
25“你想到的是ー个伟大的发明,贝尔。”享利说道:“干吧!”“但是,先生,有许多机械方面的困难需要克服,这就需要电的知识,而我正缺乏这种知识。”“学吧!”这就是这位大科学家的忠告。Withthesetwoimportantwords,bellstartedhisworkwithThomaswatts,anelectrician.Theyworkednightandday.Theystrungwiresfromoneendofthehousetotheotherandlinkedinstrumentstoeachendofthewire.Eachwouldspeakintohisinstrument,buttheonlyvoiceeithermanheardcamethroughthewallsorupthehalls—neverthroughtheinstrument.Bellandwattsworkedon,andsummerwasfollowedbyautumnandwinter.Thenonmarch10,1876一success!贝尔牢记这两个重要的字眼,开始和电气技师托马斯•沃森一起工作。他们夜以继日地干。他们把电线从房子的一头拉到另ー头,在电线的两端都装上仪器。他们各自对着自己的仪器说话,但是各人听到的声音都只是通过墙避或经过过道传过来的,从来不是通过仪器传过来的。贝尔和沃森继续研究。夏去秋来,秋去冬来,到了1876年3月10日一成功了!Thefirsttelephoneconversationwasacryforhelp.Bellandwattswereattheirusualplacesseveralroomsapart,readytobeginanotherexperiment.Bellaccidentallyspilledsomeofsulfuricacidonhisleg.Inpain,hecried,"Mr.watts,comehere,Iwantyou!”inhisroomwattsheardhim.Butthistimewattsheardhisvoicewhichcameoverthewire,notthroughthewalls.第一次电话通话是一声呼救。当时贝尔和沃森都呆在相隔好儿个房间的各自的岗位上,准备开始另一次试验。贝尔不小心把ー些硫酸溅到腿上。出于疼痛,他叫道:“沃森先生,快来呀!我需要你!”沃森在他的房间里听到了贝尔的呼喊。但是沃森听到贝尔的声音不是通过墙避,而是通过电线传过来的。Unit8ThewonderofradarIn1943Germany,ssubmarines—theU-boats一werewinningthebattleoftheAtlantic.LargenumbersofU-boatsweresendinghundredsofalliedshipstothebottomoftheocean.TheAtlanticbecametoodangerousfortheAmericanstosendenoughmenandwarmaterialsacross.Suddenly
26Germany)sU-boatlossesdoubledinonemonth.Thenextmonththeyalmostdoubledagain.Inthreemonthsnearly100U-boatssunk,mostlybyaircraft.Whathadhappened?UNIT8雷达的奇迹1943年,德国的潜水艇(他们称之为“U艇”)在大西洋战役中屡屡取胜,为数众多的U艇使数以百计的同盟国船只葬身海底。大西洋变成了一个十分危险的地区,使美国人无法横渡,把足够的作战人员和物资送到欧洲。突然,在ー个月之中德国U艇的损失倍增,第二个月损失几乎又加了一倍,在三个月中近100艘U艇沉入海底,其中大多数是被飞机炸沉的。这是怎么回事呢?Oncebefore,theU-boatshadbeenintroublebecauseofaircraft.Buttheysoonlearnedtoavoiddangerfromtheairbystayingbelowthesurfaceduringthedaytime.Theyhadtocomeupatnighttochargetheirbatteries,butthatwasfairlysafeatfirst.AssoonasitbecamepossiblefortheBritisharmytofitradarintheircoastalcommandaircraft,therewasachange.Radarallowedtheplanestosearchlargeareasofthesea,tofindasubmarineevenatnightandinfog,andtoattackbeforetheU-boatcouldgounderthewater.TheGermansbegantoloseU-boatstotheseattacks.以前,u艇也曾一度因飞机的轰炸而处于困境。但是不久德国人就学会了让U艇白天呆在水下以躲避空袭。晚上,它们不得不升上水面给蓄电池充电,但那样做也只是在开始时还算安全。当英国军队在他们的海岸警卫飞机上一装雷达,情况立即发生了变化。雷达能帮助飞机搜索广大的海域,在黑夜和浓雾中找到潜艇并在u艇还来不及潜入水下时就发动攻击。这些袭击使德国人损失了许多U艇。Thatisonlyoneexampleofthemanyusesofradarinwar.Whataboutitsusesinpeace?Radarhasmadeagreatdifferencetothelifeofaship,sofficer.Theradarscreeninthewheelhouseshowshimeveryshipthatisnearhim,everypieceofland,everyrock,everybuoy.Andhecanseethemclearlyatnightorinthickfog.Hecanmeasuretheirdistancefromhisownship,andheknowsthespeedoftheothershipsandthedirectiontheyaretravellingin.上面所提到的只是雷达在战争中的许多用途之一。在和平时期,雷达又有些什么用途呢?雷达给高级船员的生活带来很大变化,驾驶室的雷达屏幕使他们能看到附近的每ー只船、每一片陆地、每ー・块礁石和每一只浮筒。不管是在黑夜里还
27是在浓雾中,他们都可以看得一清二楚。他们可以测出船与这些目标之间的距离,他们还能知道其他船舶的航速和航向。Radarisagreathelptothepilotofanairlinertoo.Recentradarsystemshavemadeitpossibleforthepilottolandcompletelyblindinperfectsafety.Theoriginalradarcombinedthesetwothings,asitsEnglishnameradarshowed:radiodetectionandranging,(detectionisfindingsomethingastheresultofasearch;rangingisfindingtheexactdistance.)雷达对民航班机的飞行员也有很大的帮助。最近研制出来的雷达系统能使飞行员绝对安全地做到完全盲目着陆。最初的雷达正如它的英文名称“雷达”(RADAR)所表示的那样,包括两个方面:无线电测物和测距。(即通过搜索发现目标和测出目标的确切距离。)(A)“Seeing“thingsatagreatdistanceWhenwearetravellingalonginashiporanaeroplaneatnightorinfog,wearemuchhappierifweknowthatthecaptainoftheship,orthepilotoftheplane,knowswhererocksormountaintopsare,sothathecankeepawayfromthem.Untilthesecondworldwar,travellerscouldneverhavethisfeelingofsafety,becausetherewasnowayof"seeing"dangersthroughfogandcloud.Butnowthereis"radar",awonderfulwartimeinvention,whichhassavedthelivesofmanythousands,bothinwarandinpeace.(A)“见”物于千里之外当我们在夜里或雾中乘船或飞机前进时,如果我们知道船长或飞行员熟悉礁石或山顶的位置,因而能及时避开,我们会感到十分欣慰。在第二次世界大战之前,旅客从来不曾有过这种安全感,因为那时无法透过云雾“看见”危险。但现在有“雷达”了,这是ー项出色的战时的发明,它不论在战争时期还是和平时期,都拯救了成千上万人的生命。Radarisnottoodifficultathingforordinarypeopletounderstand.Allofushaveheardechoes:wespeakinalargehallofbeforeawallofrock,andourvoicescomebacktous,echoedbythehardsubstancewhichtheyhit.Scientistsknowthespeedatwhichsoundtravels,soitis
28possibleforthemtomeasurethedistanceofawallofrockbymakingaloudsoundandseeinghowlongittakestoreachthewallandreturntotheplacefromwhichitstarted.雷达并不是普通人难以理解的东西。我们大家都听到过回声:当我们在ー个大厅里或是在ー堵石避前面说话时,我们的声音碰到坚硬的物质便发出回声,重新传到我们耳朵里来。科学家知道声音传播的速度,因此,他们只要发出一个宏亮的声音,然后根据这个声音传到石避再返回原地需要多少时间,就有可能测出石避的距离。Butsoundtravelstooslowlyandcannotgofarenoughtobeusefuloverlongdistances.Nowithasbeenknownformanyyearsthatwirelesswavestravelatverygreatspeed;ittakesthemlessthanfoursecondstogofromtheearthtothemoonandcomeback.Butthedifficultthingistomeasurethetimetheytaketogoashortdistance,forexample,togofromashiptotheshore,orfromanaeroplanetoamountainnearit.但声音传播得太慢,而且又传播得不远,因而距离ー远就没有用了。多年来,大家都知道无线电波传播非常迅速,它从地球传到月球再返回地球所需的时间不到四秒钟。但是要测量它传播・个短距离,比如说,从一艘船到海岸或是从ー架飞机到附近一座山峰所需的时间,可就困难了。Withradar,wecan"see"thingsatagreatdistance,anditshowsushowfarawaytheyare,inwhichdirectiontheylie,andwhatmovementstheyaremaking.Thecaptainofashipcanfindhiswaybetweenrocksandotherships,andthesoldiersguardingatowncanseeenemyaeroplaneshundredsofmilesaway.有了雷达,我们就能够“看到”距离很远的物体,它能告诉我们这些物体有多远、在哪个方向,以及它们在做什么样的运动。船长能够在礁石和其他船只之间找出航道。而守卫着城市的士兵则能看到几百英里以外的敌机。(A)FirstSpotsontheRadarScreenHowdowefindaircraftfarswayinthesky?Soldiersusedtohaveaninstrumentwhichfoundthemfromthesoundoftheirengines.Itdidnotworkverywell,andwehavebetterinstrumentsnow.Aplanecanbefoundwhenitisfaraway,evenwhenitsenginesarenotworking.ThisisoneresultoftheworkofSirRobertWatsonWatt(born1892).(B)雷达屏幕上最早的光点我们怎样才能发现远在空中的匕机呢?过去士兵们
29常常利用ー种仪器,这种仪器能根据飞机发动机的声音来发现飞机。这种仪器的工作性能不太理想,现在我们有了更好的仪器了。即使飞机在很远的地方甚至连发动机也不开动的情况下也能被发现。这是罗伯特・沃森•瓦特爵士(生于1892年)的ー项研究成果。Duringthefirstpartofhislife,Wattstudiedweatherandstorms.Heusedradiowavesinhiswork,anddirectedthemupintothesky;theyweresometimesreflectedbacktoearthbypartsoftheairhighabovetheground.Thisgavehimvaluableinformation.瓦特年轻时研究过天气和风暴。他在这项研究工作中利用过无线电波,把它们发射到空中去。这些无线电波有时会被高空大气层的某些部分反射回来。这为他提供了宝贵的资料。Thereweresomestrangeideasaboutradiowavesbeforethelastwar.Onewasthatadeath-raycouldbeproduced,whichwouldkillenemiesfaraway.In1935Watttriedtoproduceadeath-ray.Hesoondiscoveredthathewasunabletodoso.Buthewonderedwhetheranaircraftwouldreflectaradiowave.Ifitdidthat,itwouldbeuseful.在第二次世界大战之前,关于无线电波曾有过一些奇特的设想。有一个设想是要产生一种远处杀伤敌人的死光。1935年,瓦特曾试图生产ー种死光。他不久就发现他无法办到。但他想弄清楚,飞机是否会反射无线电波。如果反射的话,那就很有用了。TherewasabigradiostationatDaventryandhedecidedtomakesomeexperimentswithitswaves.Hemadeaspecialradioreceiverwhichhadaglassscreenlikethescreenofamoderntelevisionset.Whennosignalwasarriving,thescreenshowedawhitespotonly;butifasignalreachedthereceiver,thespotchangedtoaline.达文垂有一个很大的无线电台,瓦特决定利用这个电台的电波做ー些试验。他制作了一台特殊的无线电接收机,上面有一个象现代电视机屏幕ー样的玻璃屏幕。没有信号输入时,屏幕上只是一个白色的光点;假如有一个信号进入接收机,光点就会变成一条线。ApilotthentookanaircraftupandWattwatchedthespot.Suddenlyitchangedtoaline!TheplanewasreflectingthewavesfromDaventryandtheyweresentbackfromtheskytothereceiver然后,一名飞行员驾驶着ー架飞机飞上天空,瓦特观察着光点。突然,光点变成了一条线!飞机在反射达文垂发出的无线电波,把它们从天空送回接
30收机。Wattbuiltaspecialtransmittertosendoutthenecessarywavesandtriedagainwithit.Heandhismensuddenlysawalotofreflections,andWattcried,uTherearethreeaircraftupthere!nHewasright.Bychancethreeaircrafthadcrossedtheskyandhistransmitterhadfoundthem.Thiswasthebeginningofthescienceofradar,whichfindsaircraftbythereflectionofradiowavessentintothesky.UNIT9FloatingContinents?In1910,aGermanmeteorologistnamedWegenernoticedthattheedgesofSouthAmericaandAfricalookedasiftheymightfittogetherlikepiecesofajigsawpuzzle.Atfirsthedidnotwanttowriteaboutthisobservationbecauseitseemedunimportant;butthenhebegantofeelthatitmightmeansomething.Whyshouldsuchapatternexist?Hewasn'tsatisfiedthatthispatternwasanaccident.Ashethoughtaboutitmore,hebegantowonderifthetwocontinentshadoncebeenpartsofasinglemassoflandthathadsomehowdriftedapart.Hewrote,“AtfirstIdidnotpayattentiontotheideabecauseIregardeditasimprobable.”Scientistslaughedattheideaandwouldnottakeitseriously.Intheearly1920'safriendofWegener'sgaveacopyofanarticledescribingWegener'sideatoafamousgeologisttoseewhetherheagreedwithit.Thegeologistmusthavebeenenraged.Thefrienddescribedthegeologist'sreactionasthe"onlyoccasiononwhichIsawamanliterallyfoamingatthemouth”.UNIT9大陆漂移吗?1910年,有个叫魏格纳的徳国气象学家注意到南美洲大陆和非洲大陆的边缘看起来似乎象拼板游戏中可以相互契合的拼板。起初,他不想把这个发现写成文章,因为这似乎是无关紧要的。但是后来,他开始想到,这也许有点道理。为什么竟然会有这样ー•种形状呢?说这是偶然的巧合,并不能使他感到满意。经过进ー步思考,他开始怀疑,这两个大陆会不会原来就是一整块陆地的两个部分,后来由于某种原因漂移开了呢?魏格纳写道:“起先我对此想法未加重视,因为我认为这不可能。”科学家们对这个想法嗤之以鼻,不愿把它当一回事。二十年代初,魏格纳的一位友人把ー・篇阐述魏格纳观点的文章送给一位著名的地质学家,看他是否同意这ー观点。那位地质学家想必是给激怒了。这位朋友在谈到那位地质学家的反应时说:“这是我唯一看到ー个人简直气得暴跳如雷。”
31Generallyacorrectideawilltakemanyyearsbeforeitiswidelyacceptedastrue.Forexample,in1543atatimewhenmostpeoplebelievedthatthesunandtheplanetscircledaroundtheearth,anamedCopernicussuggestedthattheearthandtheotherplanetsrevolvedaroundthesun.Ittook200yearsforthisideatobecomeacceptedbymostscientists.一般说,ー个正确的想法要经过许多年才能为人们普遍接受。比如,在1543年,当时大多数人相信太阳和其他行星是绕地球运转的。有一个叫哥白尼的人却提出,地球和其他行星是绕太阳运转的。过了二百年以后,这个观点オ为大多数科学家所接受。ThesameistrueofWegener'sidea.Hisideabecamethetopicofhundredsofscientificarticlesonlysixtyyearslaterinthe1970's.Infact,pollstakenofgeologistsinthelateI960'sshowedthateightypercentofthemagreedwiththebasicideaofucontinentaldrift”.魏格纳的想法也遇到同样的情况。只是到了六十年后的二十世纪七十年代,这个想法オ成了数以百计的科学论文所讨论的题目。事实上,六十年代后期,在地质学家中间曾进行过一次民意测验,结果表明,有百分之八十的地质学家同意“大陆漂移”这一基本概念。Itmightbeacorrectattitudethatwhenpeoplefinallycomeupwithanunusualidea,theymustbeverypatientintryingtochangethemindsofothers.当人们终于提出某种不同寻常的想法时,他们的正确态度也许应该是非常耐心地去改变别人的思想。(A)aContinentalDrift”OnthecontinentsofAfricaandSouthAmerica,geologistshavefoundfossilsofanimalsthatareverysimilar-sosimilarthattheyarealmostidentical.Someofthemarefoundonlyonthesetwocontinents.Nowhereelseintheworldhavegeologistsfoundfossilsofthesecreatures,orofevencloselyrelatedcreatures.ItwouldseemthatAfricaandSouthAmerica,thoughwidelyseparatedbytheAtlanticOcean,arerelatedinsomeway.(A)“大陆漂移”在非洲大陆和南美洲大陆上,地质学家们发现了极为相似的动物化石一相似得儿乎完全ー样,其中有些动物化石只有在这两个大陆上才能找到。地质
32学家们在世界上任何其他地方都没有发现过这些生物的化石,连与它们亲缘相近的也没有发现过。看来,尽管非洲和南美洲远隔着大西洋,它们还是有着某种联系的。AsurprisingrelationshipbetweenAfricaandSouthAmericacanbeseenonthemaponthispage.TheAtlanticcoastsofAfricaandSouthAmericahaveverysimilaroutlines,besides,theseoutlinesaresimilartotheoutlineoftheMid-AtlanticRidge.ItwouldseemthatifyoucouldpushAfricaandSouthAmericatogether,theywouldmeetattheMid-AtlanticRidgeandcloseuptheoceanbetweenthem!Andthefitbetweenthecontinentalshelvesisevenbetterthanthatbetweenthecoastlines.Thusitseemsquitepossiblethatatonetimethetwocontinentswerejoinedtogether.在本页的地图上可以看出,在非洲和南美洲之间有着惊人的联系。非洲和南美洲濒临大西洋的海岸线轮廓极为相似,而且这些轮廓还和中大西洋海岭的轮廓非常相似。如果你能把非洲和南美洲推到ー起,它们似乎就可能在中大西洋海岭处合拢,把原来在它们中间的大西洋封闭起来!大陆架之间的契合程度比海岸线之间的契合程度更甚。因此,这两个大陆极有可能一度曾是连在ー起的。Theideathatcontinentsbrokeanddriftedapartisknownasthehypothesisofcontinentaldrift.TheMid-AtlanticRidgemaybetheplacewhereanoriginalcontinentsplit,resultingintheseparatecontinentsofAfricaandSouthAmerica,whichthendriftedapart.认为大陆曾经分裂并漂离的想法叫做大陆漂移假说。中大西洋海岭可能就是原先那个大陆裂开,并形成非洲大陆和南美洲大陆,然后再漂离的地方。(B)CanWePredictEarthquakes?InNovember1972,abigcarcompanywascelebratingtheopeningofanewlaboratorynearTokyo.Whilethecompanychairmanwasinthemiddleofalongspeechofwelcome,thelittleJapanesetreesonthetablesbegantomovefromsidetoside,slowlybutstrongly.Thespeakerwaitedforawholeminute.Thenhesaid,"It'salwayshappening".Thenextday,thenewspapersexplainedthattheearthquakehadbeen50kilometersoutatsea,andthatithaddamagedasmallisland.(B)地震能预报吗?1972年11月,一家大汽车公司正在庆祝东京附近ー个新实验室的成立。当公司董事长正在致着长长的祝辞时,放在桌上的小小的日本花木盆开始缓慢而剧烈地来回晃动起来。演说者停顿了一会儿,然后他说:“这是常有的事。”第二天报纸报道,在50公里之外的海上发生了地震,ー个小岛受破坏。Ismanreallysohelpless
33beforeanearthquake?Willanearthquakebepredicted?Thankstotheworkofmanyscientists,wearenowclearthatmanyoftheimportantearthquakeregionsareplaceswherethemovementsofplatesarehappeningandtherefore,itbecomesmucheasiertolookforsignsthatanearthquakeiscomingsoon.Inthepastfewyears,therehasbeengreatexcitementaboutthepossibilityoffindingoutwhenearthquakesaregoingtohappenbymeasuringchangesintherocks,butwearestillnotsurewhetherthiscanbethebasisforanefficientmeansofpredictingearthquakes.人在地震面前果真如此束手无策吗?地震能否预报呢?感谢许多科学家的努力,我们现在已经清楚,许多主要的地震区正是发生板块移动的地区,因此要找到快要发生地震的迹象就容易得多了。在过去的几年里,据说有可能通过测量岩层的变化来预测地震发生的时间,这曾轰动ー时。但我们仍然不能肯定这是否能作为预报地震的一种有效手段的根据。Butfurtherresearchonthissubjectmaysuggestwaysinwhichearthquakescanbepredictedandprevented.Oneideaisthatitmightbepossibletorelievethepressuresthathavebuiltupinrocksbypumpinginwaterathighpressure,thusproducingawetsurfaceonwhichthetwooppositesidesofthefaultcanslide.Nowthequestionisthatnobodyisquitesurewhattheresultsmightbe.Notlongago,somescientistsdiscoveredthatburyingradioactivewastematerialsdeepunderthegroundhascausedsmallearthquakes.Alotmorewillhavetobelearnedaboutthenatureoftheearth'scrustbeforetheseorotherwaysofpreventingdangerousearthquakescanbefound.但在这方面作进ー步研究可能提供预报和预防地震的方法。一种设想是,也许可以用高压把水压进岩层,以减轻在岩层之间形成的压カ,造成一层湿的表面,使断层的相对两块能在这个表面上滑动。现在的问题是,其效果如何谁也没有很大把握。不久以前,有些科学家发现,把放射性废渣深埋在地下曾引起过轻微地震。我们还必须对地壳的性质进行大量的研究,才能找到这种或那种预防危险的地震的方法。UNIT10FromPotsandPanstoAirbusesIfayoungwomanoftodaycouldgobackintimeandvisithergreat-grandmother,shewouldprobablybeamazedattheheavyironpotsandpansbeingusedinanold-fashionedkitchen.Shewouldprobablybeverygladtogetbacktoherownpresent-daykitchen,withitslightweightequipment,muchofwhichismadeofaluminum.
3410从铝锅到“空中公共汽车”如果今天的一位年轻主妇能回到以往的年代去拜望她的曾祖母,她大概会对老式厨房中所使用的笨重铁锅感到惊奇。她大概会非常高兴再回到她自己的现代化厨房,那里有种种轻便炊具,多数由铝制成。大约ー百五十年前,第一次炼出铝来的时候,把铝从含铝的矿石中提炼出来极为困难,所以铝的价格比金子还贵。Whenitwasfirstproduced,aboutahundredandfiftyyearsago,aluminumwassodifficulttoseparatefromtheoresinwhichitwasfoundthatitspricewashigherthanthatofgold.Thepriceremainedhighuntilanewprocesswasdiscoveredforrefiningthemetalwiththeaidofelectricityapproximatelythreequartersofacenturylater.Thenewmethodwassomuchcheaperthataluminumbecamepracticalformanypurposes,oneofthefirstofwhichwasformakingpotsandpans.Aluminumislightweight,rustproofandeasilyshapedintodifferentforms.Bymixingitwithothermetals,scientistshavebeenabletoproduceavarietyofalloys,someofwhichhavethestrengthofsteelbutweighonlyonethirdasmuch.大约七十五年以后,人们发现了一种用电カ炼铝的新方法,铝的价格オ得以降低了。新法炼铝经济得多,以致于铝就有了许多实际用途。制造各种炊具就是铝的最初用途之一。铝重量轻,不生锈,并易于加工成各种形状。科学家把铝和其他金属混合,已能生产出多种铝合金,其中有一些强度和钢ー样,但重量只有钢的三分之ー。Today,theusesofaluminumareinnumerable.Perhapsitsmostimportantuseisintransportation.Aluminumisfoundintheenginesofautomobiles,inthebodiesoftrucks,buses,andrailroadcars,andinthehullsofboats.Itisalsousedinmanypartsofairplanes.Infact,thehuge'airbus“planeswouldprobablyneverhavebeenproducedifaluminumdidnotexist.Bymakingvehicleslighterinweight,aluminumhasgreatlyreducedtheamountoffuelneededtomovethem.Aluminumisalsobeingusedextensivelyinthebuildingindustryinsomecountries.今天,铝的用途多得不可胜数。铝最重要的用途也许是在运输上。汽车发动机中有铝,载重卡车、公共汽车和火车的车身中有铝,船体中也有铝。飞机的许多部件也要用铝。事实上,如果没有铝,号称“空中公共汽车”的大型客机也许永远造不出来。铝使运输工具重量减轻,从而大大降低了驱动这些运输工具所需的燃料消耗。在有些国家里,铝也广泛地用于建筑工业。
35Sincealuminumissuchaversatilemetal,itisfortunatethatbauxite,whichisoneofitschiefsources,isalsooneoftheearth,smostplentifulsubstances.Asthesourceofaluminumisalmostinexhaustible,wecanexpectthatmoreandmoreuseswillbefoundforthisversatilemetal.铝是ー种用途极为广泛的金属,好在铝的主要来源铝土矿是地球上蕴藏量最为丰富的物质之一。既然铝的矿源几乎取之不尽、用之不竭,那么我们可望这种多用途的金属将会越来越广泛地得到应用。(A)GallsGoesModernWhatdoyouthinkofwhenyouseeorheartheword"galls"?Mostofusprobablythinkfirstofasubstancethatiseasilybrokenandisusedforwindowpanes,mirrors,andbottles.Butgreatchangeshavetakenplaceinthemanufactureofglass,anditcannowbemadeashardassteelorassoftassilk,aslightasaluminumorasheavyasiron.(A)玻璃日趋现代化当你看到或是听到“玻璃”这两个字时,你想到什么呢?我们大多数人首先想到的可能是ー种用来做窗子、镜子和瓶子的易碎物质。然而,玻璃制造已经发生了巨大的变化,现在,玻璃可以制成象钢ー样硬,象丝ー样软,象铝ー样轻,象铁一样重。Glassnowexiststhatissosensitivetolightthat,likephotographicfilm,itwillrecordpicturesanddesigns.Thismakesglassveryusefultotheprintingindustry.Anothertypeofglassturnsdarkinthebrightsunlight,thenbecomesclearagainwhenthesunlightdecreases.Whenusedforwindowpanes,ithastheeffectofreducingthestronglightandheatofthesun.现在有一种玻璃,象摄影胶卷ー・样,对光极为敏感,能记录图象和图案,这就使玻璃对印刷业极为有用。另ー种玻璃在明亮阳光下会变暗,而当阳光减弱时又能重新变亮。这种玻璃若用作窗玻璃,有使太阳强烈的光和热减弱的作用。Thereisanoldsaying,“Peoplewholiveinglasshousesshouldn,tthrowstones,"meaning,ofcourse,thatsuchpeoplewouldhavestonesthrownbackatthemandtheirhouseswouldquicklybedestroyed.Butnowitissafetoliveinaglasshousebecauseglasscanbemadethatis
36practicallyunbreakable.Itissostrongthatitisbeingusedforthewallsoflargebuildings,aswellasforhouses.有一句谚语说:“自己住在玻璃房子里,就不该向别人扔石头。”意思当然是说,向人家扔石头的人,人家也会向他们扔石头,他们的房子很快就会被砸坏。但是,现在住在玻璃房子里很安全了,因为玻璃可以做成几乎是不碎的。这种玻璃的强度很高,不仅可以用来造房子,而且可以用来做大楼的墙壁。Anothertypeofglassbecomesstrongerasthepressureonitincreases,makingitpossibleforexplorerstogodowntotheflooroftheoceaninglassvesselsandseemorethantheyhaveeverseenbefore.Soglassisprovingtobeaveryvaluablesubstanceinthemodernworld.另ー种玻璃的强度会随着它上面压力的增加而增加。这就使探险人员有可能乘玻璃潜水器潜入海底,从而看见他们以前从来没有见到过的东西。因此,玻璃正目益成为现代世界的一种极为宝贵的材料。(A)PlasticsforEveryoneItisprobablyforapersontoliveinthemodernworldwithoutsyntheticsubstances,butanyonewhotriedtodoitwouldsoonmissmanycommonthings.Besidesplasticpens,chairs,andbottles,hewouldbewithoutmanykindsofclothaswellassomenecessarypartsforradiosandtelevisionsets.Thingslikesuitcasesaremoreexpensiveiftheyaremadefromleatherinsteadofplastic.(B)日用塑料在当今世界上,ー个人不用合成材料也许还可以生活,但是,要有人真正这么ー试的话,那他马上就会缺少许多日常用品。除了塑料的钢笔、椅子、瓶子之外,他还会缺少许多布料以及收音机和电视机上用的ー些必要零件。象手提箱这样的物品,如果用皮革代替塑料来制造的话,价钱要高得多1869年,In1869,theAmericangovernmentgaveitsfirstpatentforaplastic.Thiswasforcelluloid.Becauseitwasverystrongbutlightinweight,celluloidsoonbegantobeusedasasubstituteforglass,wood,leatherandevenmetal.Later,itsuseinphotographicfilmmadethemovieindustrypossibleandalsoenabledmillionsofpeopletoenjoyphotography.1870年,美国政府给ー种塑料颁发了第一个专利权证。这是发给赛璐珞的。因为赛璐珞强度高、重量轻,它很快就开始被用作玻璃、木头、皮革、甚
37至金属的代用品。后来,赛璐珞用于制造摄影胶卷,为电影业开辟了道路,并使千百万人得以享受拍照的乐趣。Todaytherearemanydifferenttypesofplastics,andthemanufactureofthemisaveryimportantindustry.Thefinishedproductsmaybealmostanycolor,shape,ortexture.Theymaybehardorsoft,andtheycanbemaderesistanttofire,water,andelectricity.现在有许多不同的塑料,塑料制造已成为ー个极为重要的工业部门。塑料制成品几乎可以做成任何颜色、形状或纹理。这些塑料制品可软可硬,可以做成防火、防水或绝缘。Peoplewhovisittheworld'smarketplaceswillfindthatplasticsarebeingmadeandusedalmosteverywhere.Plasticarticlescanbeproducedataratherlowcost.Themachinesformoldingthemarenotlargeorheavy.Mostoftheplasticproductsarealsolightweightandcanbestoredandtransportedeasily.Thus,plasticsarebothpopularandpractical,andfactoriesformakingthemcanbefoundinmanycountries参观世界各地市场的人会发现,几乎到处都在生产塑料,使用塑料。塑料制品的成本可以相当低。塑料压模机体积小、重量轻。大多数塑料制品重量也很轻,并且容易贮藏和运输。因此,塑料既普及又实用。许多国家都有塑料厂。Thewholefieldofsyntheticmaterialsdependsonanunderstandingofchemistry.Forthisreason,chemicalresearchlaboratoriesallovertheworldarealwaystryingtofindbetterandcheaperwaystoproducesuchmaterialsforouruse.UNIT整个合成材料领域都依赖于对化学的了解。由于这ー原因,全世界的化学研究实验室总是竭力寻求更好更省的方法来生产这类材料供我们使用。UNIT11OilTomorrowAlookaheadgivespetroleumanexcitingroleintheworldoftomorrow.rFwogenerationsagopetroleumbecamearevolutionaryenergysourceusedtotransportmanfromplacetoplace.Next,itwasusedtoheathomes.Morerecently,peoplehavebegunusingittomakeclothing,washdishesandsoon.Tomorrowthisversatilesubstancemaybecalledintohelpfeedman.UNIT11明天的石油展望未来可以看到,石油将在明天的世界上起到令人鼓舞的作用。五、六十年之前,石油在交通运输方面成了一种引起根本变革的能源。以后,人们把它用于家庭取暖。近年来,人们开始用它来制作服装,洗涤餐具等等。明天,这种用途广泛的物质可能会被用来为人们提供食物。
38Thecenturysincethefirstoilwellwassuccessfullydrilledhasbeenalivelyone.Butoilssecondcenturypromisestobeevenmoreexciting.Recently,oilindustrychemists,physicistsandengineersarecarryingoutlarge-scalescientificresearches.Thefruitsoftheirstudycanprovetobeveryastonishing.自从成功地打出第一口油井以来的这一世纪一直是生气勃勃的。而石油的第二个世纪看来将会更加令人鼓舞。近来,石油化工专家、物理学家和工程师们正在进行大规模的科学研究,他们的研究成果可以说是非常惊人的。Thecreationofsyntheticproteinfrompetroleumtohelpfeedmenandcattleishighonthelistofcurrentoilcompanyresearchprojectsinsomecountries.Manufacturingfoodfromoilwillsomedaybecomeareality.从石油中制造合成蛋白来为人类和牲畜提供食物,在某些国家已成为石油公司当前研究计划中的重要项目。用石油制造食物总有一天会成为现实。Alreadyresponsibleformanyplastics,fibers,andsyntheticrubber,petrochemicalswillplayanimportantroleintomorrow,sdemandfornewthings.Asthenameimplies,petrochemicalsarechemicalsmadefrompetroleum,fromthehydrocarbonsfoundinthelatter.Bycrackingandseparatingparts,scientistschangethesehydrocarbonsintodrip-dryshirtsandplasticdishes.今天石油化工产品已经用来制造多种塑料、人造纤维和合成橡胶,而将来在对新的产品的需求中,仍将起重要的作用。顾名思义,石油化工产品是从石油中,从石油的碳氢化合物中提炼出来的化学制品。科学家通过裂解和分储,把这些碳氢化合物制成快干衬衣和塑料杯盘。Petroleumiswonderfullycompliantaboutbeingbrokendownandallowingitsatomstobearrangedinnewways.Petrochemicalstodayaccountforone-fourthofallthechemicalsmade;intenyearsthisamountisexpectedtodouble.Thereindeedseemstobenoendtothetasksthatpetroleumwillbeaskedtodo.Peoplewillnotstopfindingnewusesforit.石油极易分解,其原子可重新排列。当前的石油化工产品占全部已生产的化学产品的四分之一,再过十年这个比例可望增加一倍。看来,需要石油承担的任务是无穷无尽的,人们将不断探索它的新用途。(A)OilPollution
39Unlessmeasuresaretakenatonce,thereisagoodchancethatalltheoceansoftheworldwouldbeheavilypollutedbytheyear2,000.Howcouldthispossiblyhappen?Wehavealreadyseenthatpeopleallowallkindsofwasteproductstoflowintothesea.Itisalmostimpossibletomeasurehowmuchsewageandindustrialwasteendupinouroceans.Andhowaboutoilpollutionintheoceans?Itisillegaltodischargeoilintotheseaclosetothecoast,butwhenashipismanymilesouttoseatherearenosuchrestrictions.Somethingsthereisashipcollision,andourbeachesarecoveredwithoil.Butcollisionsarenottheonlycauseofowlpollution,noteventhemaincause.Muchmoreoilisdischargedatsea—whentheoiltanksarecleanedout—thaniteverleaksoutaftercollisions.(A)石油污染除非立即采取措施,否则到2000年全世界所有的海洋很可能会受到严重污染。怎么可能发生这样的事情呢?我们已经知道,人们让各式各样的废物流入海洋。几乎无法测出,有多少污水和工业废料排入我们的海洋。那么海洋里的石油污染情况又怎样呢?在靠近海岸的地方把石油排入海中是不合法的,但当一艘船只出海许多英里远以后,这些限制就不存在了。有时船舶会发生碰撞,于是我们的海滩就布满了石油。但船舶碰撞并不是石油污染的唯一原因,甚至不是主要原因。在清洗油罐时排放到海里去的石油比因船舶碰撞而漏入海中的石油要多得多。Estimatesoftheamountofoildischargedintotheseavaryquitealot,butthelowestfigureforoildischargedinEuropeanwatersaloneisabout200,000tonseveryyear.Somepeoplesaythefigurecouldbetentimesashigh.Itisnotonlyourbeachesthatarepollutedbyoil.Amongotherthings,somefishintheseanowcontaingreatamountsofpoisonoussubstances.Nexttimeyoueatseafish,howcanyoubesurethattheyarefreefromoilpollution?Itisreallyquiteaproblem.排入海中的石油的估计数字出入很大。但单就排入欧洲水域的石油而言,最低估计数字达每年二十万吨左右。有人认为这个数字可能要高达十倍。受到石油污染的不仅是我们的海滩。现在有些海鱼体内除了其它东西以外,还含有大量的有毒物质。以后当你吃海鱼的时候,你怎么能肯定这些鱼没有受到过石油污染呢?这真是大成问题了。
40(A)NaturalGasNaturalgasisformed,andobtained,inmuchthesamewayasoil.Depositsofgasareoftenfoundtogetherwithoildomes,butalsoexistseparately.Formerly,whennaturalgaswasdiscoveredwithoil,thegaswasoftenburnedoffandwasted.Nowadays,though,ithasbecomeanimportantenergysource.Manyofthecountrieswhichleadinoilproductionalsoleadinnaturalgasproduction.Today,naturalgasisusedinorneartothecountriesinwhichitisproduced.Pipelinescarryitfromgasfieldstoplantswhereitispurified.Itisthenpipedtotheconsumers.(B)天然气天然气的形成和开采方法大致与石油ー样。天然气矿床往往与油层一起发现,但也有单独存在的。以前,当天然气和石油ー起发现时,往往被烧掉,白白地浪费了。可是现在,天然气已经成为ー种重要的能源了。许多生产石油的主要国家同时也是生产天然气的主要国家。现在,天然气主要在生产天然气的国家里或在这些国家的附近使用。人们由管道把天然气从油气田运到天然气净化工厂,然后再通过管道供给用户。Inafewplacesnaturalgasistradedbetweencountriesbypipelines.Forexample,CanadaexportsittoAmericainthisway.Butpipelinesareexpensiveanditisnoteasytotransportgasesoverlongdistancesinotherways.Ontheotherhand,liquefiednaturalgas(LNG)contractstoonesix-hundredthofitsoriginalvolume.Thiscanbeeasilytransportedbyseainships.Inthiswayitistransportedfromcountrytocountry.在少数地方,国与国之间的天然气贸易也是通过管道进行的。例如加拿大就是这样向美国出口天然气的。但管道太贵,而用其它方式远距离运输天然气也并非易事。另ー方面液化天然气可缩小到它原有体积的六百分之ー。这样液化的天然气就可以很容易地用海船来运输。通过海路从ー个国家运支另ー个国家。Naturalgascanbeuseddirectlytopowercarsandothersimilarvehiclesbyconvertingtheengine.Atpresent,thecostofdoingthismakesitcheapertousepetrol.Butasoilgetsscarcerandmoreexpensive,naturalgaswillbecomemoreandmoreimportant.天然气可直接用来开动汽车和其他类似的车辆,但要把发动机改装一下。现要,这样做还不如用汽油便宜。但随着石油的匮乏和价格上涨,天然气就会变得越来越重要。Becausenaturalgasdepositsarecloselyconnectedwithoildeposits,therearesimilarexpectationsoffuturegasproduction.Allowingfordiscoveriesoflimitednewdeposits,itseemsprobablethattheworld'snaturalgasdepositswillrunoutearlyinthenextcentury
41由于天然气矿和油矿密切相关,因此天然气产量的前景也和石油差不多。连同新发现的有限矿藏估计在内,看来全世界的天然气储藏量很可能在下世纪初枯竭。Atpresent,naturalgasisstillcheaperthanmostotherenergysources.Butassuppliesbegintorunout,ittoowillbecomeexpensive.目前,天然气仍然比大多数其他能源便宜,但随着资源开始枯竭,天然气也将变得昂贵起来。UNIT12TheWayOnwardsTheyoungscientistoftodayhasawidechoiceofsubjectsinwhichtospecialize.Specializehemust,foreachfieldofstudyhasbecomesocomplicatedthatitrequiresthecompleteattentionofthetrainedminds.Eachisrapidlyadvancing,buteveryadvancebringsnewproblemsthatawaitsolution.UNIT12前进的道路今天的青年科学家作专题研究的科目的选择是广泛的。他必须进行专门研究,因为每个研究领域都已变得非常复杂,需要受过专门训练的人专心致志地去进行研究。各门学科都在迅速发展,然而每个进展又带来了一些有待解决的新问题。Mostscientificprogressistheresultofcarefulconsiderationofworkthathasalreadybeendone.Thewonderfulworldwhichliesbeforeustodayhasbeenbuiltupbyhardworkingmenwithclearheadsandinventivegenius,andthosewhofollowthemalonglitesroadwillimproveontheirefforts.Itissometimesnecessarytoquestion,andeventodisbelieve,someofthestatementsmadebyexperts.Actionorexperimentcanoftenendanargumentorachieveabreakthrough.科学上的进步多半是对已做的工作加以深思熟虑的结果。如今呈现在我们面前的这个美好的世界是由那些具有清晰头脑和创造才智的、勤奋不息的人们所创造的,而后起之秀将创造出比他们更好的东西。有时必须对专家们的某些论点提出疑问,甚至表示异议。行动或实验往往能结束ー场争论或取得某种突破。WhenmenwerewonderingwhetheritwaspossibletoreachIndiabysailingwestwardsfromEurope,andwhethertherewasanylandontheothersideoftheAtlanticOcean,ChristopherColumbusdecidedtoact.Hegatheredsomementogether,invitedthemtogoonboardhisthreeships,andsetoutacrossthedangerouswatersoftheAtlanticOcean.Hewasdeterminedtofindoutthetruthbyanactualvisit.Hewassuccessfulinfinding
42land,butitwasnotIndia.Theresultofhisactionwasthattheargumentscametoanend.当人们对于从欧洲出发向西航行能否到达印度以及大西洋的另一边有没有陆地的问题正在议论纷纷的时候,克里斯托弗・哥伦布决心采取行动。他邀集了一些人,把他们请到他的三艘船上,扬帆穿越大西洋的惊涛骇浪。他决心实地航行一次弄清实际情况。他成功地发现了陆地,但那不是印度。他的行动的结果结束了这场争论。Untilthepresentcenturynoonequestionedthestatementthattheintervaloftimebetweentwoeventswasthesameforeveryobserver.Einsteindisposedofthisbelief.Heshowedquiteclearlythatthelengthoftimebetweentwoeventsdependsonthevelocityoftheobserver.在本世纪以前,从未有人怀疑过两个事件之间的时间间隔对每个观察者来说都是相同的。而爱因斯坦却推倒了这ー信念,他清楚地证明,两个事件之间的时间间隔取决于观察者本身的速度。Anyyoungmenwhowishtodoresearchmustbecourageousenoughtoquestionoldbeliefsanddosomeoriginalthinkingaboutthem.Althoughweseemtoknowsomuch,ourignoranceremainsprofound.Evenwhenwepullanatomtopiecesandstudyitsparticles,wedonotreallyknowwhattheparticlesare.Weoftendonotreachtherealitybehindwhatwediscover,andthemorewelearn,thebetterwerealizeourignorance.有志于研究工作的年轻人,要有足够的勇气大胆怀疑旧的信念,并对这些信念进行独创的思考。尽管我们似乎所知很多,然而我们实在还是非常无知。即使我们能把原子分割成微粒,并加以研究,可是我们并不真正了解这些粒子是什么。我们并没有揭示出我们所发现的事物的实质;而我们学得越多,就越感到自己的无知。(A)QuestioningOldBeliefsTherearemanythingsintheworldwhichareacceptedascertainwhentheyarenotcertain,andwhatanexpertsaysorthinksmustnotbeacceptedorrejectedhastily,thefollowingexamplesmayhelptomakeuslessrigidinourbeliefs.(A)向旧的信念挑战世界上有许多东西被认为是理所当然的,而事实上却并非如此。因此,对一位专家所说的或是所认为的东西都不应该轻率地接受或拒绝。下面的ー些例子可能会帮助我们不至于十分固执已见。Whenheliumiscooledtoverylowtemperatures,itformsanastonishingliquidwhichdoesnotappeartoagreewiththelawsofgravity,itcan
43goupwards,ifitisputintoabottlewhichisopenatthetop,itemptiesitselfoutofthebottle,andifanopenbottleisstoodinthisliquid,theliquidwillmoveuptheoutersideofthebottleandrundowninsideituntilthelevelsoutsideandinsidearethesame.当気冷却到很低温度时,它会形成一种似乎与引力定律不一致的奇妙的液体。这种液体会向高处流动。如果把这种液体放在ー个上面开口的瓶子里,它就会自动从瓶子里全部流出来;而如果把ー个开口瓶竖放在这种液体里,这种液体会沿着瓶子外壁往上移动,流进瓶里,直到瓶子内外的液面等高为止。Anothereffectofcoldnessappearsinmetal,in1991aDutchmanfoundthatwhenmercuryiscooledtobelowminus265degreesCentigrade,itconductsanelectriccurrentperfectly,ithasnoresistance,thismayseemincredible,becauseinnormalconditionseveryconductorhassomeresistance,evenifsmall,yetifacurrentisstartedinthecoldmercury,itjustgoesonalone,thesameeffecthasbeendiscoveredinothermetals,inMassachusettsintheU.S.A.aheavycurrenthasbeengoingroundaringofcoldleadforyearssinceMarch1954.(Thislackofresistanceinverycoldmetalsmaybecomeusefulinelectroniccomputers,buttokeepeverythingcold,theymayhavetobeplacedinliquidhelium!)低温的另ー个效应表现在金属中。1911年有一个荷兰人发现,当水银冷却到摄氏零下265度以下时,它的导电性能达百分之百,一点电阻也没有。这看来真是不可思议,因为在正常情况下每种导体都有一些电阻(即使很小)。但是如果在低温水银中通入电流,它就会一直独立流动下去。在其他金属里也发现有同样的效应。在美国的马萨诸塞州,有一股强电流从1954年3月起就一直绕着低温铅环流动不息,至今已有许多年了。(这种在温度极低的金属里没有电阻的现象可能对电子计算机会有很大用途。但若要使每样东西都保持低温,电子计算机可能不得不放要液态氮中)Atthepresenttimenearlyeverydiscussionisbasedonactionandexperiment,soanyonewhoisdeterminedtoadvancesciencemusthaveacapacityfororiginalthoughtandforactionbasedonthatthought.目前儿乎每ー项讨论都是以行动和实验为根据的。因此,凡是决心推动科学前进的人都必须具备进行创造性思考的能力和根据这种思考采取行动的能カ。(A)SuperconductivityIn1908,Onnes,aDutchexpertonrefrigeration,producedafewdropsofliquidheliumwithoutcolourwhichboiledat-269℃centigrade,only
444.2degreesaboveabsolutezero.(B)超导性1908年,荷兰的一位冷冻专家奥涅斯制成了几滴无色的液体氨,这种液体気的沸点为摄氏ー269℃,仅比绝对零度高4.2度。NowOnnesstartedastudyoftheelectricalpropertiesofmetalsatverylowtemperatures,threeyearslater,in1911,theshockcame.Onneswasmeasuringtheelectricalresistanceoffrozenmercury,whenthetemperaturewasreducedtoalittlebelowtheboilingpointofhelium-onlyfourdegreesaboveabsolutezero—theresistancesuddenlydisappeared,theresultdidnotmakesense.Onnestriedagainandagain,theresistancehaddisappearedcompletely,ifthereisnoresistance,thereisnolossofelectricalenergy,justasaspacesatellite,onceithasgotawayfromthepulloftheearth'satmosphere,continuestocircleroundandroundtheearthforever,soanelectriccurrentcirclingafrozenringofmercuryshouldcontinuetoflowforever,ifthetemperatureiskeptbelowthefourdegreesaboveabsolutezero.于是,奥涅斯就开始研究在极低温度下金属的导电性能。在三年以后的1911年,惊人的事出现了。当时奥涅斯正在测量凝固水银的电阻。当温度降低到比気的沸点略低(仅为绝对零度以上4度)时,电阻突然消失。这种效应无法解释。奥涅斯试了一次又一次,电阻完全消失了。而如果没有电阻,也就没有电能的损耗。正象宇宙卫星一旦脱离地球大气层的引力之后就会永远围绕地球运转ー样,如果使冻成固体的水银环的温度保持在低于绝对零度以上4度的话,沿水银环流动的电流就会不停地永远流动下去。Onnestrieditwithhisassistants,theystartedacurrentflowingthroughthering,andthencutitofffromanypossibleelectricalsupply,aweek,amonth,ayearlateritwasstillflowingjustasstrongly.Onneslecturedonthenewdiscovery,whichhecalled“superconductivity”.in1913,OnneswontheNobelPrize.奥涅斯是和他的助手一起进行这项试验的。他们使电流开始绕环流动,然后切断一切有可能与这股电流相通的电源。ー个星期,ー个月,•年以后,电流还在继续流动,强度丝毫未减。奥涅斯就这一新发现发表了演讲,他把这个新发现称为“超导现象”。1913年,奥涅斯荣获诺贝尔奖金。Onnesrealizedhowimportanthisdiscoverycouldbe.forexample,muchoftheelectricityusedinmotors,orpowerproducedbygenerators,waswastedinkeepingthecurrentflowingthroughthecoilsoftheelectromagnets,buthisperpetual,current,flowingthroughthem,wouldkeepthem
45magnetizedforeverwithoutusinganyelectricalenergy.奥涅斯完全清楚这ー发现的重要意义。例如,电动机所使用的电或发动机的发出的电过去有不少是白白浪费在维持电流在电磁铁线圈内的流动上的,而奥涅斯的“永恒”电流在线圈内流动时,就能使线圈保持永久磁化,而不需要消耗任何电能。Wearesurethatsuperconductivitywillworkwondersinthefuture.我们确信,“超导现象”在将来会创造出许多奇迹。
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