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Subject-VerbAgreement(I)主谓一致1．主谓一致的三条原则:1）语法一致Thestudentsaretakingexams.2）意义一致ThepeoplearefightingagainstSars.3）就近原则NeitherhenorIamwrong.2．集体名词作主语的用法:1）当主语为furniture,equipment,machinery物质名词时（不可数名词）,谓语动词用单数Alotofnewmachineryhasbeeninstalled.2）People,cattle,poultry这些集体名词往往用复数Manycattlehavediedbecauseoftheheavysnow.3）Family,government,class,committee,team,public,audience这些词被视作整体时，动词用单数；被视为整体中的个体时，动词用复数。Myfamilyisabigone.Hisfamilyareallteachers.3．并列主语与动词的一致:1）用and连结的两个名词所表示的是一种事物时，动词用单数。Toastandmarmalade（果酱面包）ismyfavoritebreakfast.2）用and连结的两个名词所表示的不是一种事物时，动词用复数。JackandMaryaremyfriends.3）与Either....or;neither...nor;notonly....butalso...连用时，谓语动词与相近的主语保持一致Neithershenoryouaremistaken.Subject-VerbAgreement(II)主谓一致1．带数量词的名词作主语时的主谓一致1)主语是表示数目、时间、重量、距离等的复数名词时，如该名词所表示的数量看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数。Tenmilesequalstoovertenkilometers.Tenyearsistoolongforhimtowait.TensecondsofwaitingisveryawkwardonTV.2)主语是表示数目、时间、重量、距离等的复数名词时，如该名词所表示的数量看作单个个体，谓语动词用复数?Thepasttenyearswerethehardesttimeinherlife.Hundredsofcarsarecrowdedontheroad.3)当主语为"分数或百分数+of+名词"时，谓语动词根据of后面的名词的单复数形式来定。Three-fourthsofthestudentsarefromthesouth.Two-thirdsofthestudentsinourclassareLeagueMembers.Morethan70%oftheearth'ssurfaceiswater.Fortypercentofthelandisnotfitforfarming.Thirtypercentofthebooksintheshelfareonhistories.4)sheep,deer,fish,aircraft,means,works（著作，工厂）等单数与复数同形的词时，谓语动词的形式以名词单、复数的意义为准。Asheepisinfrontofthehouse.Manysheepareonthegrassland.
1AgreatworksofMarxwaspublishedhundredsofyearsago.Twomedicalworkshavebeenbuiltinthisarea.2．all的主谓一致1）代词all与可数名词连用时，谓语动词用复数形式。与不可数名词连用时，谓语动词用单数Allofthemhaveseenthefilm.他们全都看过这部电影。Allwhohavefinishedtheirhomeworkareallowedtogohome.所有完成作业的可以回家了。Allhasbeengoingonwell.一切进展顺利。Allthatglittersisnotgold.闪光的不一定都是金子。2）形容词all与可数名词连用时，谓语动词用复数形式。与不可数名词连用时，谓语动词用单数AllroadsleadtoRome.条条大路通罗马。Allthepeopletakingpartinthemeetingarethemanagersfromdifferentdepartments.所有参加会议的人都是各部门经理。AllworkandnoplaymakesJackadullboy.只工作不娱乐会使杰克变成呆孩子的。Notallfoodisgoodtoeat.不是所有的食物都好吃的。3．与none连用的词组作主语时，其谓语动词既可用单数也可用复数。Noneofyouhave/hasreadthebookNoneofusis/aresurewhetherhewillcomeornot.Noun-PronounAgreementNoun-PossessiveCaseAgreement名词与代词以及名词所有格的一致1．名词与代词和名词所有格的一致一般来说，代词和名词所有格对名词的指代在数的形式上是一致的。Americansdonotassesstheirvisitorsinsuchrelaxedsurroundingsoverprolongedsmalltalk.美国人不会在这种轻松的环境，通过长时间的闲聊来评价他们的来访者。Thetwosistershavetheirowndifferenttoys.Themenarediscussingtheiropinionsatthemeeting.Mr.AndMrs.Smitharemygoodfriends.Theyarecomingtodinnertonight..Theyweretalkingaboutoneofthegirls,butIdidn't'knowheratthattime.当名词为audience（观众）,class,committee,enemy,family,faculty院、系,gang帮,government,jury陪审团,media媒体,public公众,staff员工,team等既可视为整体名词又可视为个体名词的集体名词时，则要根据它们在句中的意思来确定代词和所有格的形式?Thepublicdemandedthatthegovernmentaccountforitsneweconomicpolicy.公众要求政府解释它的新经济政策。Thegovernmenthaddiscussedthisproblemforalongtimebuttheyhadshownnosignofagreement.政府各部门对这个问题讨论了很长时间，但他们还没有达成一致的迹象。Everyfamilyhasitsownproblems.家家有本难念的经。TheJohnsonfamlilyarealwaysquarrellingamongthemselves.约翰逊一家人之间总是吵架。Everyclassmayorganizeoutingsonitsown.每个班都可以自己组织郊游。Theclassarereadingveryattentively.Theireyesareallfixedontheirbooks.这个班的同学们在认真看书。他们的目光都盯在书上。Nowadaysthepublicgenerallyadmiresthesuccessful.Itssympathyforfailuresisskin-deep.当今公众一般敬仰成功者，而它对失败者的同情却是表面的。Whenthepublicfoundtheyweredeceivedbythemedia,theirangerwasbeyonddescription.当公众们发现他们被媒体欺骗了的时候，他们的愤怒无法形容。2．不定代词的问题one,everyone,everybody,noone,nobody,anyone,anybody,someone,somebody等作主语时，在正式
2的文体中其相应的代词一般用him，所有格用his，也有人用himorher和hisorher。Ifanybodyasksforme,pleasetellhimtocometomyoffice.Everybodymustfinishhishomeworkbytomorrow.Nobodyinthatpositionwillgivehisopinionrightaway.Nobodyinhisrightmindwoulddoanythinglikethat.注意：one作主语时，其相应的代词也可以是one,所有格可以是one's。Onehastobecarefulaboutwhatonesaysbeforechildren.在非正式文体中，也可根据意义，用复数代词。而且，由于him和his有语言性别歧视之嫌，虽然谓语动词仍用单数形式，现在人们普遍用复数代词。Almosteveryoneusesthetelephonetosaytheir"Thankyou's."Someonehasleftanoteonmydesk.Wouldtheypleasecometomyofficeafterclass?Everybodyleftthecinemainthemiddleofthefilm.Wasitbecausetheywerenotinterestedinit?Noonehashandedintheirpaperyet.Everyonehasgiventheiropinionontheissue.但everything,anything,something,nothing作主语时，其相应的代词要用单数形式。Somethinghasgonewrong,hasn'tit？Everythingisready,isn'tit?TagQuestions附加/反意疑问句1．附加疑问句的构成由两部分构成：陈述句＋附加成分。附加成分也由两部分构成：助动词或be的一种形式＋人称代词（应与陈述句的主语相应）附加疑问句主要用于口语，表示期望对方的同意或对所陈述之事的首肯。附加疑问句有下列几种形式：1）肯定陈述句＋否定附加成分（附加成分除极为正式场合或老式英语中都要用缩略形式）Maryishere,isn'tshe?Snydersaid,"Takeover,bos'n,"didn'the?Yousuregettoseethingsdifferently,don'tyou?You'veheardthenews,haven'tyou?Hegaveyouthebook,didn't'he?Peterhadfinishedtheletterbeforeyoucame,hadn'the?You'dratherIdidn'tsayanything,wouldn'tyou?Jackusuallyhasteaforbreakfast,doesn'the?2）否定的陈述句＋肯定附加成分Peterdoesn'tsmoke,doeshe?Thepartywon'tstartuntilseven,willit?Davidwouldn'tbeinthispositionifheworkedintheindustry,wouldhe?Peopleshouldn'tlitter,shouldthey?Youhaven'tbeenherebefore,haveyou?Hedidn'tswitchoffthegas,didhe?2．附加疑问句的几点特殊用法1）凡是带有no,none,noone,nobody,nothing,hardly,seldom,rarely,never,barely,few,little,neither等否定词的陈述句,都应看作否定陈述句,后面接肯定附加成分Sheseldomleavestheroominwinter,doesshe?Peoplerarelygothatfartothatsmallvillage,dothey?Therearefewstudentsintheclassroom,arethere?Hecanhardlyread,canhe?2）当陈述句的主语为everybody,everyone,someone,somebody,anyone,nobody,noone,neither,
3none时，附加成分中的代词一般用they。Everyoneatthepartyhadagoodtime,didn'tthey?Neitherofthemsaidaword,didthey?Noneofthebooksarereturned,arethey?3）陈述部分是there引导的存在句时，附加成分由助动词或be的一种形式+there构成。Thereissomethingwrongwiththechild,isn'tthere?Thereisnobodyintheroom,isthere?4）陈述部分是肯定的I'm...结构时，附加成分为aren'tI。I'mthedoctor,aren'tI?I'mlate,aren'tI?（在老式或极为正式的英语中：Iamlate,amInot?)5）陈述部分是一个带有that从句作宾语的主从结构时，附加成分应与主句的主语和谓语动词保持相应关系。Youthink(that)Ididit,don'tyou?Hedidn'tsayMarywouldcome,didhe?注意：当陈述部分的主句是Ithink,IsupposeIbelieve等时，附加成分往往与that从句中的主语和谓语动词保持对应关系，但要注意Idon'tthink等结构对从句的否定用法。Isupposeyouareheretostudy,aren'tyou?Idon'tthinkhecameherejusttosaygoodbye,didhe?Ibelieveyouareinurgentneedofhelp,aren'tyou?如果想核实对方的看法是否与你一致，附加部分则与主句相应。Ithinkhe'sthebestpersonforthejob,don'tyou?6）在祈使句后加上一个附加疑问成分可缓和语气，附加成分一般用willyou和wouldyou,但也可用won'tyou或can'tyou.Sitstill,won'tyou?Openthewindow,wouldyou?Givemeahand,won'tyou?7）Let's型祈使句中附加成分用shallwe。Let'sgoforawalk,shallwe?Let'sgetdowntowork,shallwe?8）陈述部分带有usedto时，附加成分用did形式，偶尔用usedto形式。Heusedtosmokefiftycigarettesaday,didn'the?有的语法书将usednot缩略式定为usedn'tto，这是老式的用法，现在很少人使用。3．附加疑问句的回答要针对所陈述的内容，不受附加疑问成分的制约。--Youdidn'tgotherealone,didyou?你没有独自去那儿，是吗？--No,Ididn't.是的，我没有。--Youdon'tlikethefilm,doyou?你不喜欢这部电影，是吗？--Yes,Ido.不，我喜欢--Youlovecoffee,don'tyou?你喜欢咖啡，不是吗？--Yes,Ido.是的，我喜欢
4TypesofSentence:theImperative句子类型：祈使句1．祈使句的作用1）表示命令和指示Bequiet.Stopshoutingoverthere.Keepoffthegrass!Shakethebottlebeforeyoutakethemedicine.Don'tmakeanynoise.Lettheboysaywhathewants.2）表示建议、劝告或警告Don'tworry!Besensible.Don’bbesilly!Becareful.Don'tbeupset.Writetomeifyouneedfurtherinformation.3）请示和呼吁Comequickly.Help!Dohelpme,please.Please,stopfighting.4）邀请Dropinwheneveryouhavetime.Comeinandhaveacupoftea.Pleasehelpyourself.5）解释TakeClass5forexample.LookatthesituationintheMiddleEastforexample.Considerthefollowingcase.2．祈使句的基本形式祈使句的第二人称主语you通常省略，以动词原形开头，句尾用句号或感叹号。Sitdown.Takeyourshareofthewater!祈使句的否定形式是在动词前加don't，但在正式文体中则用donotDon'tbesilly!Don'tpickyournoseinclass.Donotlitterinthepark!Donotfeedtheanimals!也可在动词前加never。Neverforgetthepast.Neverputoffuntiltomorrowwhatyoucandotoday.
53．祈使句的委婉形式1）在句首或句尾加pleasePleasespeakslowly.Passmethesalt,please.Pleasedon'tforgettocomehereateighttomorrow.Pleasedon'tdothatagain.2）用附加疑问成分willyou?/won'tyou?/wouldyou?等。Comeandhavedinnerwithus,wouldyou?Takemetothetheatre,won'tyou?Don'tcomelateagain,willyou?Listencarefully,willyou?4．祈使句的强调形式1）在动词前可加上助动词do。Docomeinandhaveacupofcoffee.务必来喝杯咖啡。Dotellmewhat'sbotheringyou.一定告诉我有什么麻烦。Dofinishyourhomeworkontime.务必按时完成作业。Dobepolitetoyourcustomers.对顾客一定要有礼貌。2）祈使句表示命令、建议或警告时，动词前加"you"。Youshutup.住口。Yougofirst.你先请。Youbeatthesheriff'sofficeatnoon!中午到郡长办公室来。5．祈使句的第三人称形式祈使句的句首或句尾也可加人名和第三人称代词如everyoneeverybody,nobody,anybody等但它们不是句子的主语，只是称呼，用以引起注意，不影响动词的形式。Tommovethetablethere,andJohntaketherubbishout.汤姆去那儿搬桌子，约翰去把垃圾扔出去。Pleasekeepquiet,everyone.大家请安静。Somebodyopenthedoorforme,please.谁来帮我把门打开。PassengersforFight104pleasewaitatGateFour.乘坐104次航班的乘客请在四号入口等候。6．Let's型祈使句如果祈使的对象包括说话者本人，就用Let's型祈使句：Let'shaveameetingthisevening.Let'sgoinandhavealook.Let'swaitforhimhere.Let'shaveabreak.Let's型祈使句的否定式为Let'snot...和Don'tlet's...Don'tlet'sargueanymore.Let'snotargueanymore.Let'snotstayfortoolong.Let'snotputalltheblameonhim.
6Let'snottalkaboutit.注意：letmedosth.表示“提出做某事”。Letmecarryyoursuitcase.我来帮你拿皮相。在极为正式的文体中，let表示愿望。Letjusticeandpeacelive!让正义与和平永存！Letallgoodpeoplebehappy!愿所有的好人幸福！《圣经》的《创世纪》描写上帝创造世界时说：Lettherebelight!(让世上有光明!)Lettherebeday!(让世上有白天!)7．祈使句的被动结构祈使句扣被动结构多用于否定式。Don'tbefooledbyappearances.不要为外表所蒙骗。Don'tbefrightenedbywhathesays.不要被他说的吓着。Don'tbesurprisedatwhatyouaregoingtosee.不要为你所看到的感到吃惊。RhetoricalQuestions&Ellipsis修辞性疑问句与句子结构的省略1．修辞性疑问句是用疑问句的形式表达说话人态度、感情而无需回答的疑问句。1）形式A.一般疑问句的肯定形式（起否定陈述句的作用）Doyouthinkyouhavetherighttotalktomelikethat?（你觉得你有权利跟我这样说话？意思是你无权这么做。）Isthatthereasonforgoingtherealone?（这就是你单独去那儿的理由吗？意思是这不能成为理由。）B.一般疑问句的否定形式（起肯定陈述句的作用）Don'tyouwanttoknowwhatitis?（难道你就不想知道这是什么东西吗？意思是你肯定想知道。）Haven'tyouhadenoughofhercomplaints?（你还没受够她的抱怨吗？意思是你已经受够了。）C.特殊疑问句的肯定形式（相当于否定的陈述句）Nowthatyou’vegotawell-paidjob,whatelsedoyouwant?（你还要什么？意思是你不应该再要求别的什么了。）Whatdifferencedoesitmake?（那有什么区别？意思是没有区别）What'stheretobeafraidof?（有什么好怕的？意思是完全不必害怕。）D.特殊疑问句的否定形式（相当于肯定的陈述句）Whodoesn'tknow?（谁不知道？意思是谁都知道了。）Whydon'tyouquit?Youcan'tholdout!（你为什么不罢手？你不可能坚持到底）2）用法
7A.表示惊讶、感叹Don'tyouloveyourownparents?（你难道不爱自己的父母吗）Isn'tthatalovelypark?（那公园真美！）Isn'tthatasillythingtodo?（那么做太愚蠢了）B.表示愤怒Howdareyouspeaktomelikethat?（你居然跟我这样说话，太不像话了！）Whydon'tyoushutup?（你给我闭嘴！）C.表示建议或委婉的批评、责备Whydon'twehavelunchinaneatingplacearoundhere?Can'tyoucomeabitearlynexttime?D.表示邀请Won'tyousitdownandhaveacupoftea?Whydon'tyoucomeinandhavealook?Whydon'tyougototheSummerPalacewhitus?2．句子结构的省略英语句子的某些成分在一定的情况下可以省略，如祈使句省略主语，比较从句省略谓语、宾语等。这里着重归纳并列句和复合句中的省略。1）并列句中的省略一般说来，第二个并列从句中与第一个并列从句相同的成分通常都可省略。MysisterlikesmusicandI(like)painting.（省略谓语）Peopletherewillgosailinginsummerand(theywillgo)skiinginwinter.（省略主语、谓语）TheirsuggestionmadeJohnhappy,but(theirsuggestionmade)Marymiserable.（省略主语、谓语）HewonanOscarAward（奥斯卡奖）in1976andhiswife(wonanOscarAward)in1977.（省略谓语、宾语）HetriedtoteachthebirdsomeEnglish,but(hedid)not(teachthecreaturethelanguage)verysuccessfullyatfirst.（省略主语、谓语、宾语）2）复合句中的省略省略如果出现在主句，则多出现在句首。(Itis)NowondershespeakssuchgoodChinese.(Iam)Sorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.(It's)Toobadshedoesn'tknowanythingaboutcomputers.(You’d)Betterstaywhereyouare.(It'sa)PityIgowithyou.复合句中的省略多出现在状语从句中。I’mhappyaslongasyouare(happy).You'llhavetowashthedishestodaybecauseIWon't(washthedishes).Lendmesomemagazinesasyouhaveplenty(ofmagazines).If(itis)necessary,Icanexplainthistohim.3）复合句中若有两个以上的宾语从句，则从第二个宾语从句开始that不能省略。
8Hetoldme(that)heenjoyedtheconcertverymuchandthathewouldliketomeettheconductor.Everybodycansee(that)thisisanimportantissueandthattheycannotaffordtooverlookit.4）缩略状语从句如果主句和从句的主语一致，状语从句可以省略主语以及谓语的一部分。WhenIfinished,hewaitedasif(hewas/were)expectingmore.Anelderlymancollapsedwhile(hewas)crossingthestreet.While(hewas)recoveringfromhisoperation,Davidrenewedanoldinterestinstock-carracing.When(theyare)ripe,thetomatoestastedelicious.ObjectComplement宾语补足语补充说明及物动词宾语，使句子的意思完整的句子成分叫做宾语补足语。宾语补足语一般说明宾语的行为或所处的状况，多放在宾语之后。1．名词、形容词、介词词组作宾语补足语TheynamedtheshipElizabeth.（名词）他们把这艘船命名为伊丽沙白号。Theclasselectedhimmonitor.（代词）全班同学选他当班长。WecallhimLaoLi.（名词）我们称他老李。Wethinkhimagoodcomrade.（代词）我们认为他是一个好同志。Ifoundthefilmveryinteresting.（形容词）我们发现这部电影很有趣。Weconsiderhimcapable.（形容词）我们认为他有能力。Wefoundtheplaceverybeautiful.（形容词）我们发现这地方很美。Thesecretarywasleftinthedarkaboutthisplan.（介词词组）秘书把这份计划放在黑暗处。I'dliketofindeverythinginitsproperplacewhenIcomeback.（介词词组）当我回来时，我希望看到一切井然有序。2．动词不定式、分词作宾语补足语1）tell,ask,order,expect,want,allow,permit,persuade,advice,(sb.todo)接带to的不定式做宾语补足语Whatdidyoutellhertodo?（不定式）HeaskedmetogivehimsomeadviceonhowtolearnEnglish.（不定式）Thechildrenareexpectingtohaveaholiday.（不定式）2）Let,make,have,see,hear,watch,notice(sb.dosth.)接不带to的不定式做宾语补足语Letmehaveatry.(不带to的不定式)Youcanhearherplaythepianoeveryafternoon.(不带to的不定式)
9Isawastrangemanenterthehousethismorning.(不带to的不定式)Thebossmadehisemployeesworkovertenhoursaday.(不带to的不定式)3）注意：接不带to的不定式做宾语补足语的句子在变为被动语态后，宾语补足语则变成主语补足语，不定式的to还要加上Shewasheardtosingasonginthenextroom.Astrangemanwasseentoenterthehouse.Theworkersweremadetoworkovertenhoursaday.4）It'sdifficulttomakeyourselfunderstoodifyoudon’tknowtheirlanguage.（过去分词）Ithinkyoushouldhaveyourteethcheckedregularly.（过去分词）Whenhegothome,hefoundhishousebrokeninto.（过去分词）Isawanoldmanknockeddownbyayoungmanjustnow.（过去分词）5）HughiefoundTrevorputtingthefinishingtouchestoawonderfullife-sizepictureofabeggar-man.（现在分词）Theyfoundhimlyinginthestreet,unconscious.（现在分词）I’msorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.（现在分词）Isawthestudentsplayingbasketballontheplayground.6）注意：现在分词和不定式做宾补的区别：Isawamanwalkingintothehouse.我看见一个人正在进入那个房子。（强调动作正在进行）Isawamanwalkintothehousejustnow.我刚才看到一个人进到了那个房子。（强调整个动作过程）Ihearsomeonesinginginthenextroom.我听到隔壁有人在唱歌。（强调动作正在进行）Ioftenhearsomeonesinginthenextroom.我经常听到隔壁有人唱歌。（强调整个动作过程）3．as+名词/形容词/分词作宾语补足语Heseemedtoregarditashisownachievement.（名词）他似乎认为这是他自己的成绩。Let'stakehimasanexample.（名词）我们以他为榜样吧。Thenewspaperdescribestheperformanceasfirst-class.（形容词）该报纸把这次演出描述成一流水平的。Herteacherspokeofherasgentle,kindandhardworking.（形容词）她的老师认为她温柔、善良、勤奋。Youmustn’tthinkofmeasbeingrudetoyou.（分词词组）你不能认为我对你无礼。Pleasetellthestoryasseenbythemaincharacter.（分词词组）请把看到的情况主要部分讲出来。
10TheSubjectComplement主语补足语1．表语置于系动词后,构成主语+系(动词)+表语结构1）名词词组、形容词词组和介词词组作表语Sheisaveryresponsibleteacher.（名词词组）他是一个有责任心的老师。Thisistherightplaceforthemeeting.（名词词组）这就是见面的地方。HeistherightmantogotoMoscowandnegotiatewiththeRussianleaders.（名词词组）他是赴莫斯科与俄方领导谈判的合适人选。Thedishsmellsgood.（形容词）这菜闻起来很香。Theanswerisabsolutelycorrect.（形容词词组）答案完全正确。Thebookiseasyforadults.（形容词词组）Hewaseagertopleaseeverybody.（形容词词组）Itwasindeedaterriblethingtohappen.（形容词词组）Yourroomisonthethirdfloor,Sir.（介词词组）I’llbeathomealldayFriday.（介词词组）2）不定式结构作表语Shakespearesays,“Todieistosleep.”莎士比亚说：“死亡就是睡眠。”Ournextstepistotryoutthisdrugonanimals.我们下一步就是在动物身上试验这种药。Oursuggestionistodevelophigh-techproducts.我们建议要开发高科技产品。Thequestioniswheretogetthemoneyandhowtoorganizethework.问题是去哪儿筹钱，如何组织工作。Anartist’sbusinessistoshowtheworldasheseesit,nottomakeitbetter.艺术家的任务是反映客观世界，而不是美化世界。Theboy’sambitionistobecomeascientistwhenhegrowsup.这孩子的理想是长大后当一名科学家。WhatIwantistocalloffthemeetingimmediately.注意be+todo不一定都是系表结构，这一结构常常用来表示命令或安排。Youaretowearuniformsatwork.你工作时一定要穿制服。Theplaneistotakeoffat8:30p.m.飞机要在晚8：30起飞。3）动名词和分词词组作表语WhatIlikemostisgoingwindowshoppingwithmymother.（动名词词组）我最喜欢的是和我母亲一起逛商店。
11Hisfavouritesportisplayingfootball.（动名词词组）他最喜欢的运动是踢足球。Thedoorremainedlockedforawholeday.（分词）这门一整天都锁着。Themanlookeddisappointedwhenhewasstoppedattheentrance.（分词）这个人在入口处被截住时显得很失望。注意：过去分词作表语时，起形容词作用，没有被动的意思。Hewastooexcitedtobeabletotakepartinthecontest.他太兴奋了以至于无法参加这项比赛了。4）代词作表语It’sme.Thisroomisyours;thenextoneismine.Don’tworry.It’snothingserious.5）名词从句作表语Theirideaisthatweshouldbuildanotherschoolinthisdistrict.他们的意见是我们应该在这个区再建一所学校。ThefactisthatIcan’tdomuchaboutthis.事实是对此我也无能为力。Thisishowhemanagedtogeteverythingdoneinsuchashorttime.这就是他如何在这么短的时间内设法把一切准备好。That’swhyI’dleftmymumanddadintheNorth,andcametoLondon.这就是我为什么把父母留在北方，只身来到伦敦。2．主语补足语是在句中补充说明主语状况的成分在主语+谓语+主补结构中谓语表示主语的行为，主补表示主语的状况。1）谓语为不及物动词die,return和beborn后面可跟形容词或名词作补语。Hediedyoung.（形容词）他死的时候很年轻。Hediedahero.（名词）他像英雄一样就义。Theywerebornpoor.（形容词）他们天生就穷。Shewasbornaslave.（名词）她天生就是奴隶。Andersenreturnedaworld-famouswriter.（名词）安徒生作为世界著名的作家回到家乡。一般不及物动词后只能跟形容词或过去分词作主语补足语。Thestudentswalkedhomeproudandsatisfied.学生们既自豪又满意地回家了。2）谓语为及物动词时可由形容词或过去分词作主语补足语.
12Hegazedatherspeechless.他一句话也不说地盯着她。Shestaredattheboxwide-eyed.她瞪大眼睛盯着这个盒子。Shelookedatherexercise-bookstiredandsleepy.他又困又累地看着她的作业本。Shereadhisletterheart-broken.她看着这封信，心都要碎了。Heturnedtolookatme,obviouslyangry.他转过来看着我，显然生气了。Thewindowwasfoundtightlyshut.这个门被发现紧紧地关闭着。3）带有宾语补足语的句子变成被动语态时，宾语补足语则变成了主语补足语Hewasfoundaveryboringman.（名词）人们发现他是一个很烦人的人。TheshipwascalledElizabeth.（名词）这艘船被叫做伊丽沙白号。Themeatiscookedrare.（形容词）这道肉做得很嫩。Thedoorwaskickedopen.（形容词）门被踢开了。XiaoWangwaselectedPresidentoftheStudents'Association.（名词）小王被选为学生会主席。Thepatientwastoldnottotaketoomuchsalt.（不定式词组）病人被告之不要吃太多的盐。Thetapwasleftrunningallnight.（分词词组）水管一夜都开着。Theresidentswereurgedtoleavethedangeroushouseimmediately.（不定式词组）总统被催促立刻离开这座危险的房子。4）注意：接不带to的不定式做宾语补足语的句子在变为被动语态后，宾语补足语则变成主语补足语，不定式的to还要加上Shewasheardtosingasonginthenextroom.Astrangemanwasseentoenterthehouse.Theworkersweremadetoworkovertenhoursaday.Adjectives(Ⅰ)形容词1．形容词用来说明人、物、事等的性质、特点、类别WehavesurvivedtheNazihorroranditsmindlesssuppressionofthehumanspirit.(性质)Iopenedthetwobagswithmypersonalbelongings.(类别)Agreatarmyitwas,andagreatstoryforme.(特点)Thesherrywasalittletoodry.(性质)Unlessoneiswealthythereisonuseinbeingacharmingfellow.(性质，特点)Butthenhewaswonderfullygood-looking,withhisbrownhair,hisclear-cutface,
13andhisgreyeyes.(特点)Atlasthebecamenothing,adelightfuluselessyoungmanwithaperfectfaceandnoprofession.(性质)2．形容词在句子中作定语、表语以及（主语或宾语的）补足语ThesenseofreliefIfeltwastremendous.(表语)Hughielookedverymiserableinthosedays.(表语)Personallyhewasastrange,roughfellow,withafreckledfaceandred,roughbeard.(定语)Hughiewouldn’tstay,butwalkedhome,feelingvery汇unhappy,andleavingAlanTrevorhelplesswithlaughter.(表语，宾补)Wefindthecitybeautiful.(宾补)Wearemakingourcountrystrongerandstronger.(宾补)Hiseyeskeptwatchingme,narrowanddangerous.（主补）Theoldmanlaythere,dead.（主补）Theywenthomefromwork,tiredandhungry.（主补）3．形容词句型1）形容词+介词词组Laura'sfatherwasveryfondofHughie,butwouldnothearofanengagement.Humansarecapableofgreatmutualcompassion,love,andtenderness.Consequently,bereftofculturalheroes,wehavelatchedontoculturalicons.Unlessacertainamountoftimeisallowedtoelapse,itseemsintheireyesasifthetaskbeingconsideredwerenotworthyofproperrespect.类似的词组还有：afraidof,ashamedof,(un)awareof,fullof,guiltyof,innocentof,sureof,tiredof,trueof等。Theywereveryvaluabletomeinreportingthearmy’svictories.Thelittlegirlfeltclosetothebirdsandplantsandanimals.Childrenmaybecomeinsensitivetotheneedsandfeelingsofothers.Overindulgencecanbeharmfultochildren.Theprocessofdyinginvolvesfewerandfewerchoicesavailabletous.Lifeisdeartoall.类似的词组还有：accustomedto,connectedto,devotedto,familiarto,relatedto,similarto,uniqueto等。常用于形容词之后的介词还有：about,at,for,in,with等。Iamoftenuncertainaboutwhethertogiveintomanyofmychildren'srequests.Don'tgettrappedbythefirstthingyoufindyourselfgoodat.Onehundredyearsago,peoplebecamefamousforwhattheyhadachieved.Whenyou'reboss-manincommandandresponsiblefortherest...Afteryouteachyourselfonesubject,youbecomemuchmoreconfidentaboutyourabilitytoteachyourself.Thosesignsorcuesincludethethousandandonewayswhichwearefamiliarwith.Olderpeoplehavegrownupinaworldverydifferentfromyours.2）形容词+不定式A.名词或代词作主语
14Manyparentsareunabletostanduptotheirchildren'sunreasonabledemands.Youareboundtovacillateattimes.Ourteamissuretowin.They'reunwillingtogowithus.It'slikelytoraintomorrow.Acarelesspersonisnotfittodothework.以上这类形容词几乎总是与不定式连用。还有一些表示人的情绪或愿的形容词既可与不定式连用也可与介词词组或名词从句连用。Theboyisafraidtogooutafterdark.I'mgladgoseeyouinmycountry.He'sashamedtotellyouwhatreallyhappened.I'msorrytobreakthenewstoyou.另有一类形容词与含有被动意思的不定式连用，说明主语的情况。Thematerialiseasytowash.Heisdifficulttogetalongwith.Applegrownherearenicetoeat.AlanTrevorbelievedthattheonlypeopleapaintershouldknowwerepeoplewhowerenicetolookatandrestfultotalkto.形容词可加too,后可加enough。You’retooprettytobesoheavy.Hethinksheisoldenoughtomanagehisownaffairs.B.不定式作主语的两种形式(a)Itis+adj.(+forsb./sth)+todosth.不定式的复合结构作主语“对某人来说是……”）常用于此句型的形容词有common,dangerous,difficult,easy,important,easy,important,(un)necessary,(im)possible等。形容词只是表明不定式的性质、状态。ItwasveryimportantforthewritertogethisdiariesoutofBerlin.对这位作家来说把他的日记弄出柏林是非常重要的。WasitpossibleforthewritertogethisdiariesoutofBerlinsafely?对这位作家来说把他的日记弄出柏林是可能的吗？Itisdifficultformediacelebritiestopassthroughacrowdwithoutbeingrecognized.对于媒体名人来说在人群中穿国而不被认出是很难的。ItisveryusefulforusyoungpeopletolearnEnglishwell.对我们年轻人来说学好英语是非常有用的。(b)Itis+adj.+ofsb.todosth.（某人是……）常用于此句型的形容词有：brave,careless,clever,generous,good,kind,mean,stupid,wise等。形容词不仅表明不定式的性质、状态，也表明人的性质、状态。It’sveryniceofyoutosayso.你这样说真是太好了。（你也好，这样说也好。）It’sverykindofyoutohelpme.
15ItwasstupidoftheGestapotolikeflattery.这个盖斯太保喜欢奉承真是太蠢了。（这个盖斯太保本人蠢，喜欢奉承这件事也蠢。）ItwasverykindofHughietogivehisonlypoundtotheoldmodel.3)形容词+名词从句许多形容词可用于此句型，如afraid,angry,anxious,aware,certain,confident,glad,happy,pleased,proud,sad,sorry,sure,surprised,unawareHughiewassurprisedthattheoldmodelwasamillionaire.Hefeltterriblysorrythathehadgiventhemillionaireapound.Hewasafraidthatthemillionairewouldthinkhimfoolish.名词从句也可作主语。Itistoobadthatyoumissedyourflight.Itseemspossiblethatpeacewillberestoredinthatcountrybytheendoftheyear.Preposition+Which/Who+RelativeClauses定语从句中的介词+关系词代词SplitRelativeandAppositiveClauses分隔型定语从句和分隔型同位语从句1．定语从句中的介词+关系词代词结构英语正式的文体，尤其是法律和科技文献中，定语从句中的关系代词(主要是which)前往往加介词，介词的选择有时取决于从句中的动词结构，有时又取决于主句中关系词前面的名词结构。因此介词的选择既要注意其后的也要注意其前的搭配关系。ButtherewasinheracertainprideandloveoflaborwithwhichmanyGentileshavebeenblessed.(定语从句可以转换成manyGentileshavebeenblessedwithacertainprideandlovelabor。介词with与blessed有关。)Thepictureforwhichhepaid＄1,500hasbeenstolen.(定语从句可以转换成hepaid＄1,500forthepicture,由此可见for与动词paid有关。)他花了1500美元买的那幅画被偷了。Themuseum,inwhichthatfamouspaintingishoused,willbeopentothepublicverysoon.(定语从句可以转换成thatfamouspaintingishousedinthemuseum,介词in与museum有关。)收藏那幅名画的博物馆很快就会对公众开放。Physics,aboutwhichIknownothing,doesn’tseemsodullasubject.(定语从句可以转换成Iknownothingaboutphysics,可以看出about与know有关。)我并不熟知的物理学似乎并不是一门乏味的学科。Thisdependsonthepurposeforwhichtheexaminationisgiven.(定语从句可以转换成theexaminationisgivenfor…purpose,介词for与purpose有关。)这要依赖于进行考试的目的。关系副词where,when,why可分解为in/at/on/fromwhich,on/in/atwhich,forwhich等。Hestillremembersthedayonwhich(when)hejoinedtheParty.
16Thisistheplaceinwhich(where)LuXunwasborn.注意：在语义上相当于一个简单动词的短语动词中的介词，即组成固定搭配的动词词组不能前置，只能用在动词后。Lookafter,takecareof,catchupwith,lookfor,Thisisaphaseofhistorywhichitissadtolookbackon.Thebabywhomsheistakingcareofisverylovelyindeed.HeisthekindofpersonIcan'tputupwith.口语中要避免这促结构，关系代词which往往省略。There'salimit(which)nobodyshouldgobeyond.That'ssomething(which)theycanneverputupwith.2．分隔型定语从句一般情况下，定语从句紧跟在它所修饰的名词或代词之后，但有时由于修辞和语法的需要，定证从句与它所修饰的先行词分开，这就是分隔型定语从句。它有以下几种情况。1)先行词+介词短词+定语从句Heistheonlyfriendofminewhoisnotinterestedinmusic.他是我的唯一一个对音乐感兴趣的朋友。ThisisthebestbookonWorldWarⅡthatIhaveread.这是我读过的关于二战的最好的书。ThatwasthemostimportantdayinmylifethatIcanremember.那是我一生中所记住的最重要的日子。2)先行词+主动态动词+定语从句Helaughsbestwholaughslast.（谁笑到最后谁笑得最好。）Thedaywillcomewhenyouwillbeproudofme.你以我为荣的那一天会到来的。3)先行词+分词短语+定语从句Thereissomeonewaitingforyououtsidewhosayshemustseeyoupersonally.有人在外边等你说一定要亲自见你。Therearefewplacesleftonearthwheremanhasn’tputhisfoot.地球上人类没有涉足的地方几乎所剩无几。Hereisthelistoftheissuesdiscussedatthemeetingwhichmightinterestyou.这是所列出的在会议上讨论的可能会使你感兴趣的几个问题。4)先行词+定语从句+定语从句HeisoneofthosepeopleIknowwhodonotcareaboutmoneyatall.他是我认识的对金钱就根本不感兴趣的人之一。
17ThatistheonlyfilmI’veeverseenwhichusesthattechnique.那是我所看过的使用特技的唯一一部电影。3．分隔型同位语从句和定语从句一们，同位语从句一般紧接与之对应的名词，但有时也可分开。Thesuggestionwasmadethattheyshouldbepackedoffatonceinaspecialtrain.建议他们应当立刻下车乘坐一列特别列车。Withinaweekortwohereceivedaletterfromtheuniversitythathehadbeenaccepted.在一两个星期内他收到了那所大学录取他的来信。WordhadcomefromMrs.KanethatshewouldarriveonthefolowingWednesday.从凯恩夫人那儿传来消息说她将在下周三到达。Ihaveafeelingthesedaysthatsomethingdisastrousisgoingtohappen.我这些天有一种要发生不幸事情的感觉。Adjectives(Ⅱ)形容词1．形容词在句中的位置1）前置作为名词修饰语，形容词通常前置，它在名词词组中的位置总是在限定词（如冠词、批示代词或物主代词）之后、名词之前。PersonallyAlanTrevorwasastrange,roughfellow.从我个人来说，阿兰特里沃是一个奇怪的、粗鲁的家伙。HehadbeenverymuchattractedbyHughieentirelyonaccountofhisPersonalcharm.他完全被休吉的个人魅力所吸引。Howcouldthesehard-nosedNazidetectiveshelpbutsmelloutthediariesbeneathmybroadcasts?那些精明的纳粹侦探怎么可能不嗅出广播稿下面的日记呢？Asarule,thereismoregenuinesatisfactionfromlifeinthehumblecottagesofthepoorthaninthepalacesoftherich.一般说来，穷人简陋小屋里的生活比富人豪华宅邸里的生活更温馨。2）后置在下列情况下，形容词应置于所修饰的名词之后。(1)修饰some,any,every,no所构成的复合词：Haveyoureadanythinginterestingrecently?最近读了什么有趣的东西了吗？Thereisnothingwrongwiththecomputer.这台计算机没有什么差错。Ihavesomethingveryimportanttotellyou.我有非常重要事情要告诉你。Iknoweverybodypresenthere.我认识在场的每个人。(2)当形容词与不定式或介词构成词组时：
18Theypointedtothetwosuitcasesfullofmydiaries.他们指着那两个装满日记的箱子。Thatwasadaywarmenoughtoswiminthelake.那一天非常暖和足以去湖里游泳。It'sawordbotheasytospellandtopronouce.这是一个既容易拼写又容易发音的单词。Whenheopenedthedoor,hefoundaroomfullofdust.当他打开门的时候，看见一个满身灰尘的人。Chinaisacountrydifferentfromanyothercountryintheworld.中国是一个与世界上任何其他国家不同的国家。注意：由形容词different,similar,easy,difficult,possible,impossible或形容词的比较级或最高级组成的词组中，形容词与其他成分可以分开而且意思不变。Doyouhaveadifferentbookfromthisone?Doyouhaveabookdifferentfromthisone?你有一本与此不同的书吗？You'vegivenmeadifficultquestiontoanswer.You'vegivenmeaquestiondifficulttoanswer.你给我提了一个难回答的问题。Canyouthinkofbettersolutionthanthisone?Canyouthinkofasolutionbetterthanthisone?你能想出一个比这个更好的解决办法吗？在下列结构中，形容词与其所修饰的名词必须分开，移至不定冠词前：Inthatarea,AIDSissodreadfuladiseasethattheverymentionofitstrikesterrorintothepopulation.在那个地区，爱滋病是如此可怕的疾病以至于人们谈“爱”色变。Johnisasreasonableamanasanyofus.约翰是一个和我们当一样理性的男人。Acomputerisasusefulatoolasaploughoramagnifying-glass.计算机是一种与犁和放大镜一样有用的工具。Heistoooldamantodothatkindofjob.他太老了不能做那样的工作。(3)某些过去分词直形容词作用作定语时，或形容词词组作定语时：Thepeopleinvolvedareallveryyoung。牵扯的人们都是年轻人。Thedepartmentconcernedwillpayforthedamage.有关部门要赔偿损失。
19Thepolicehavefoundthedriverresponsiblefortheaccident.警察已经找到了与这个事故有责任的司机。Amancapableofmurderinghisownauntisdefinitelydangeroustosociety.一个有能力杀死自己姑妈的人一定对社会是危险的。有少数形容词作定语置于名词前与名词后进意思不同：Weareallworriedaboutthepresentsituationinthearea.(当前形势)Idon’tknowmanypeoplepresent.(出席的人)Thisisindeedaninvolvedsentence.(复杂的句子)OneofthecompaniesinvolvedisanSOE(state-ownedenterprise).(有牵连的公司)WeallthinkSteveisaresponsiblegarbagecollector.(有责任心的清洁工)Thepartyresponsibleforthedamageistobepunished.(造成破坏的一方)Theconcernedmotherhadnithtmares.(担心的母亲)Themothersconcernedallattendedthemeeting.(有关的母亲)2．形容词作名词的用法good,bad,poor,rich,young,old,sick,healthy,dead,living,inevitable以及其他某些说明品质或情况的形容词前面加the，用来表示同一类人、事或物。这种表达形式具有复数含义，其后的动词要用复数。Thepoorareoftenmoregenerousthantherich.穷人经常要比富人大方。Cankindpriestprovidesshelterforthehomeless.仁慈的牧师能为无家可归者提供住处吗？Thestoryprovesthattheweaksometimescanoverpowerthestrong.这个故事证明了弱者有时能够战胜强者。Itisforthesereasonsthatfromtheranksofthepoorsomanystrong,eminent,self-reliantmenhavealwayssprungandalwaysmustspring.正是由于这些原因，穷人的队伍中已经不断涌现出，而且一定还会不断涌现出众多坚强、出众，依赖自己能力的杰出人才。Theinevitablehappenedwhenhewasleastprepared.在他一点都没有准备的时候，不可避免的事情发生了。the+few/little/many同样也起名词作用：Someyearsago,onlytheprivilegedfewhadmobilephones.几年以前，只有少数特权人拥有手机。Therarebooksinthislibraryareonlyavailabletotheselectfew.这个图书馆里的稀有图书只能供那些有选择的少数人。Wedidthelittlewecouldtohelpthedying.我们只能尽微薄之力来帮助这个快要死的人。Thisdoesn'tsoundlikeanexperienceforthemany.这对许多人听起来不象是一种经验。
20注意：这是表示类指的一种结构，如果所指的是一类中的特定部分，则必须用名词。Theyoungaregenerallymoreopen-mindedthantheold.年轻人一般比老年人思想开放。heoldpeopleunderthetreethereareplayingchessandenjoyingthemselves.那边棵树下的老人们在下棋娱乐。Lesson131．both1）表示一个和另一个两者都…..,用复数动词，可以用于名词连缀，也可以与动词连用。a.Itisnousedoingthis.Itwastesbothtimeandlabour.b.BothofthemhavebeentoTibet.c.Both(of)thecarbrokedownsoonafterthestart.d.WehavebothstudiedFrench.e.I’vegotblistersonbothfeet.Both(带of或不带of)后边可接the+名词，代词，如果前面没有冠词、物主代词或指示代词，both则单独用不加of(见e句)2）both…and连结同类的语法结构（名词、动词、形容词、介词短语），表示强调a.Shebothplaysthepianoandsings.b.IwasbothgladandsurprisedwhenIlearntthatshehadmarriedJack.c.Hedecidedtoacceptthejobbothforhimselfandforhischildren.2．eitherpron.adv.1）表示二者之中的一个（肯定），用单数动词.Either用作代词可以单独用，也可以和of同用，后接复数名词短语。当eitherof后面接名词词组，一定还得再用一个限定词。a.Eitherofthesetwowordsiscorrect.b.Youmaketakeeitheroftheroadstogetthere.2）表示两边a.Therewererosesoneithersideofthedoor.(=onbothsides)b.Thereisawaiterateitherendofthelongtable.3）作副词，表示也，用于否定句(在否定句中不能用too和also,要用eithera.Hedoesn'tlikeopera—Idon'tlikeeither.b.Hedidn'tgotothemeetingandshedidn'tturnup,either.4）either…or…连结相同的语法结构，表示是……或是，不是……就是，既……又，既不……又不，它所带的动词在数上与or后面的名词或代词保持一致。a.Eitherheoryouaretoblame.b.Youcaneithercomewithmenoworwalkhome.c.Ishouldliketoliveineitheranexpensiveflatoranoldcountryhouse.d.EitheryouchangeyourdressorIgotothepartybymyself.3．neitherpron.adv.1）作代词，表示两者都不……,后面的动词多用单数。a.NeitherofthetwocountriessupportedtheU.S.plan.
21b.Hehastriedtwodifferentrestaurantsbutneitherofthemhelikes.c.NeithercareisexactlywhatIwant.Neither(不带of)用于没有冠词、物主代词或指示词的单数名词之前，动词用单数。（见c句）当名词带有冠词、物主词或指示词时，就用neitherof（见a句）2）作副词表示也不。用于句首，句子的主语与谓语必须倒装。a.Ican'tswim,neithercanmybrother.b.Ihavenoideawhohastakenthedictionaryaway.NeitherdoI.3）neither…nor…连结相同的语法结构，表示既不……也不。它她所带的动词在数上与nor后面的名词或代词保持一致。a.Neitherhisfriendsnorheknowsanythingaboutit.b.Itrustneitherthemanagernortheaccountant.Neither有时可以代替nor,但neither"二中择一"的概念很强。Hedidnotmeetthefootballstar,neither(nor)didI.在这句里，neither和nor可通用，但neither较好，因为我们两人之中谁都没见到。有时neither和nor不能通用。Hecan'tunderstandthebook.NorcanI,norcanyou,norcananybody.在这儿，有多于两个的）一连串的人，不应用neitherNegation否定1．否定词英语中的否定结构多以否定词来表示，常用的否定词有：not,no,never,none,nothing,nobody,nowhere,neither,nor,还有表示近似否定的hardly,scarcely,barely,rarelylittle,few等。否定词若放在句首时，句子的主谓要倒装。但否定的名词词组作主语并放在句首时，不能到装。Nooneknewwhathadhappened.谁也不知道发生了什么。LittledoIknowaboutthebook.对这本书我知道的很少。Hardlyhadthebellrungwhenthestudentsranoutoftheclassroom.铃刚响，学生就往教室外跑。Notallofthepassengersescapedunhurt.不是所有的乘客逃走没受伤。2．否定结构（1）一般否定，在这种结构中，not用以否定全句的意义。Ifyouarenotmovingahead,youarefallingbehind.如果你不进步，你就会落后。（2）部分否定，否定词not不否定全句，仅否定句中的某一部分。Notallthestudentslikethefilm.不是所有的学生都喜欢这部电影。（3）转移否定。Believe,suppose,think后面所带的that从句，若是否定从句时，其否定词移到主句动词
22前。Idon'tthinkheknewallthis.我想他不全知道这事。（4）接续否定。这种结构指的是在同一句子中重复使用同一否定词，以加强语气。Nonationcanlaunchthewaragainstanothersovereigncountry,noteventheUnitedStates,theonlysuperpowerintheworld.没有国家可以对一个主权国家发动战争，就是美国，这一世界上唯一的超级大国也不能。（5）转换否定。英语中有不少形式上像肯定而实际上表示否定意义的句子。同样，也有不少形式上像否定而实际表肯定意义的句子。Youcan'tbetoocarefulinexam.考试时越细心越好。Catchmedoingthatagain!我决不再犯了！（6）省略否定。在上下文提供足够语境的情况下，否定结构可用省略形式。Doyouknowwhenthemeetingistobegin?你知道会什么时候开始？Iamafraidnot.我不知道。3．动词的非谓语形式的否定。在这种结构中，否定次要放在动词不定式、分词活动名词短语前。Hetoldmenottotouchtheexhibits.他告诉我别碰展品。Nothavingseenthefilm,Ican'ttellyouwhetherthisisagoodfilmorbadone.没看过这电影，我无法告诉你这电影是好还是不好。Hewarnedmenottouchingtheseexhibits.他警告我不要碰这些展品。OtherWaysofComparingThings比较的其他方法英语中表示比较的方法很多，除以前介绍过的形容词和副词的比较级外，还有许多习惯的比较方法，以下是几种常用的方法。1．such...as（像……那样的）表示比较as后面既可接名词也可接句子。Suchthingsasnationalprideareveryimportanttous.象是民族自豪感这样的东西对我们来说非常重要。MusicalinstrumentsincludesuchthingsasEnglishhorns,pianosandviolins.I’veneverheardsuchstoriesashetells.Heneverrememberedhavingknownsuchhappinessashefeltthen.We’vegotsuchfruitsasyou’veneverheardof.2．用thesameas（和……一样的）表示比较HewasaboutthesameheightasGeorge.他和乔治一样高。Thiscityisnotthesameasitwastenyearsago.这个城市和十年前不一样了。Ifeelexactlythesameasyoudonow.我现在的感觉和你完全一样。Weareinthesamepositionaswewerelastsemester.我们和上学期所处的位置相同。
23Youhaven’tchangedabit.Youlookjustthesameasbefore.你一点也没变，你和以前看上去一样。3．用like（像）或alike（一样）表示比较OurfriendsarelikethepeopleofNoah’stimewhowerewarnedofthecomingflood.Ourhighschoolclassmatesarelikebrothersandsisters.Theytalkedfreely,anditwaslikeoldtimes.Mrs.Jacksonisonadietandsheeatslikeabird.Thelittlegirl,likemanypeople,feelsthatthesewondersofNaturearepreciousandpermanent.Thetwoofficebulidingsarealikeinbothsizeandshape.4．用“a+名词1+ofa+名词2”表示比较（将名词2表示的内容比成名词1表示的内容）That’sahellofathingtodo.（干那种事太糟糕了！直译为：那简直是件地狱般的事！）Whatadevilofanamethatis!（那是个魔鬼般的名字啊！）Agiantofamanrushedintotheroom.（一个巨人般的男人冲进房间。）Weareallafraidofhim.Heisatyrantofafather.（他是个暴君般的父亲。）5．用asif/though引导一个从句表示比较Themilksmellsasifitissour.牛奶闻起来好象酸了。Wefeltasthoughthecatwasamemberofthefamily.我们感觉这只猫就象是这个家的一名成员一样。Heglancedaboutasifhewassearchingforsomething.他瞥了一眼四周就好象在寻找什么。Irememberwhathappenedasvividlyasifitwereonlyyesterday.我清楚地记得所发生的一切就仿佛是在昨天发生的一样。I’vealwayslovedyouasifyouweremyowndaughter.我一直把你当成自己的女儿爱。6．Superiorto;优于；比……优越inferiorto劣于；比……劣Thesocialistsystemisincomparablysuperiortothecapitalistsystem.社会主义制度比资本主义制度具有无比的优越性。HethoughthewasinferiortotheotherstudentsinI.Q.他认为他在智商方面不如其他同学。MoreandMostUsedOtherThaninComparisonMore和Most用在比较级以外的情形1．moremore是much,many的比较级，但它有时却没有比较的意思。下面是more的几种常用的非比较级的用法。1）more...than相当于...ratherthan...,表示“与其说是……，不如说是……”。Heismorequick-wittedthanhardworking.(与其说他肯干，不如说他脑子快。)Afterthreeday'sjourney,Iarrivedhomemoredeadthanalive.(经过3天的旅行，我回到家时已半死不活。)Heismorecunningthanwise.(与其说他聪明，不如说他狡猾。)Shewasmorehurtthanfrightened.(与其说她害怕不如说她受到了伤害。)注意：同样的意思也可以用Less...than来表示，只要把被修饰词语的位置对调一下就行了。Heislesswisethancunning.与其说他聪明，不如说他狡猾。Shewaslessfrightenedthanhurt.与其说她害怕不如说她受到了伤害。2）nomore+名词+than+名词，表示“不是……，也不是……”。Heisnomoreawriterthanapainter.他不是作家也不是画家。I’mafraidyou’vegotthewrongperson.Iamnomoreascientistthananartist.恐怕你找错了人，我既不是科学家也不是艺术家。3）morethan表示“极其”、“不只”。WhenItoldthemIneededtheirhelp,theyweremorethanwillinggogivemeahand.当我告诉他们我需要他们的
24帮助时，他们非常愿意助我一臂之力。Shewasmorethanhappytobeleftalone.她非常愿意独自一个呆着。Fromthewaytheytalk,Icanseethattheyaremuchmorethanjustacquaintances.从他们的谈话方式可以看出，他们不只是一般的朋友。Itismorethanprobablethathewillgiveitanothertry.他极有可能再试一次。2．mostmost是much,many的最高级形式，放在多音节的形容词或副词前面构成该词的最高级形式，一般来说它的结构为“themost...”。ThisisthemostdifficultquestionIhaveeverbeenforcedtoanswer.Amongallmyemployees,Jimworksthemostefficiently.然而，most也可以表示“非常”、“很”的意思，这时most前面不加the，这一用法较正式，口语中用very更好。Iwillbemostgratefulifyoucouldgrantmethescholarship.如果你们能给我奖学金我将不胜感激。Itwasamostbeautifulmorningandthebirdsweresinginginthetrees.这是非常美丽的一个早晨，鸟儿在林中唱着歌。Sheisamostpleasantpersontotalkto.和她交谈是非常愉快的。IshallbemosthappytogodowntownwithyouifIshouldnotbeintheway.(要是不妨碍你们的话，我非常愿意和你们一起去市中心。)Hearguedhiscasemostpersuasively(有说服力地)。Whateverhappens,Ishallmostcertainlyattendthemeeting.不论发生什么，我都肯定会去参加这个会议。
