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《NCEPOWER新洁能一级代理分销KOYUELEC光与电子BMS应用笔记》由会员上传分享,免费在线阅读,更多相关内容在行业资料-天天文库。
BMS应用笔记-功率MOS管ByLizhou由于锂电池的特性,在应用过程中需要对其充放电过程进行保护,避免因过充过放或过热造成电池的损坏,保证电池安全的工作。本文将介绍功率MOS管在BMS系统中的常见失效类型,以及如何预防改善。一、电路结构及应用特点上图为锂电池保护板的常见电路。Q1为放电管,Q2为充电管,使用N沟道增强型WWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMMOS管,实际的工作中,根据不同的应用,会使用多个功率MOS管并联工作,以减小导通电阻,增强散热性能。正常工作时,控制信号控制MOS管打开,电池组的端子BAT+(P+)和BAT-(P-)输出电压,供负载使用。此时,功率MOS管一直处于导通状态,功率损耗只有导通损WWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COM耗,没有开关损耗,功率MOS管的总的功率损耗并不高,温升小,因此功率MOS管可以安全工作。但是,当负载发生短路时,由于回路电阻很小,电池的放电能力很强,所以短路电流从正常工作的几十安培突然增加到几百安培甚至几千安培,在这种情况下,功率MOS管容易损坏。WWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COM1WWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COM
1二、锂电池短路保护的难点(1)短路电流大锂电池的电压一般为12V至96V,短路电流随电池的容量、内阻、线路的寄生电感、短路时的接触电阻变化而变化,通常为几百甚至上千安培。(2)短路保护时间不能太短在应用过程中,为了防止瞬态的过载使短路保护电路误动作,因此,短路保护电路具有一定的延时。而且,由于电流检测电阻的误差、电流检测信号和系统响应的延时,通常,根据不同的应用,将短路保护时间设置在200μS至1000μS,这要求功率MOS管在高的短路电流下,能够在此时间内安全的工作,这也提高了系统的设计难度。三、短路保护过程分析当短路保护工作时,功率MOS管一般经过三个工作阶段:完全导通、关断、雪崩(由于回路存在寄生电感,关断的di/dt会造成较高的尖峰电压,大部分短路过程可能会出现超出BV的情况),如图1所示,其中VGS为MOS管驱动电压,VDS为MOS管漏极电压,ISC为短路电流,图1(b)为图1(a)中关断期间的放大图。WWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COM(a)完全导通阶段WWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COM2WWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COM
2(b)关断和雪崩阶段图1:短路过程(1)完全导通阶段如图1(a)所示,短路刚发生时,MOS管处于完全导通状态,电流迅速上升至最大电流,2在这个过程,功率MOS管承受的功耗为PON=ISC*RDS(on),所以具有较小RDS(on)的MOS管功耗较低。功率MOS管的跨导Gfs也会影响功率MOS管的导通损耗。当MOS管的Gfs较小且短路电流很大时,MOS管将工作在饱和区,其饱和导通压降很大,如图2所示,MOS管的VDS(ON)在短路时达到14.8V,MOS管功耗会很大,从而导致MOS管因过功耗而失效。如果MOS管没有工作在饱和区,则其导通压降应该WWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COM只有几伏,如图1(a)中的VDS所示。WWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COM图2:低跨导MOS管的导通阶段WWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COM3WWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COM
3(2)关断阶段如图1(b)所示,保护电路工作后,开始将MOS管关断,在关断过程中MOS管消耗的功率为POFF=V*I,由于关断时电压和电流都很高,所以功率很大,通常会达到几千瓦甚至几万瓦以上,因此MOS管很容易因瞬间过功率而损坏。同时,MOS管在关断期间处于饱和区,容易发生各单元间的热不平衡从而导致MOSFET提前失效。提高关断的速度,可以减小关断损耗,但这会产生另外的问题。MOS管的等效电路如图3所示,其包含了一个寄生的三极管。在MOS管短路期间,电流全部通过MOS管沟道流过,当MOS管快速关断时,其部分电流会经过Rb流过,从而增加三极管的基极电压,使寄生三极管导通,MOS管提前失效。因此,要选取合适的关断速度。由于不同MOS管承受的关断速率不同,需要通过实际的测试来设置合适的关断速度。WWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COM图3:MOS管等效电路图4(a)为快速关断电路,关断时通过三极管快速将栅极电荷放掉从而快速关断MOS管,WWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COM图4(b)为慢速关断电路,在回路中串一只电阻来控制放电速度,增加电阻可以减缓关断速度。WWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COM4WWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COM
4(a)快速关断电路(b)慢速关断电路图4:功率MOS管关断电路图5(a)为在不正确的设计时快速关断的波形,器件在快关断过程中失效,失效时其电压尖峰为68V,失效后电流不能回零,其失效根本原因是关断太快。图6(b)为使用正确的设计、放电电阻为1K时的慢速关断波形,MOSFET的关断时间达到13.5us,电压尖峰为80.8V,但MOSFET没有失效,因此慢速关断在这种应用中可以提高短路能力。WWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COM(a)快速关断波形WWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COM5WWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COM
5(b)慢速关断波形图5:器件关断波形(3)雪崩阶段在MOSFET关断过程的后期,MOSFET通常会进入雪崩状态,如图1(b)中的雪崩阶段。关断后期MOSFET漏极电压尖峰为VSPIKE=VB+LP*di/dt,回路的引线电感LP和di/dt过大均会导致MOSFET过压,从而导致MOSFET提前失效。四、常见异常案例分析案例1:(1)项目背景:电池规格60V24AH,5并,短路电流1800A,泄放电路电阻100R+51RWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COM(独立控制)。(2)失效机理:关断期间,处于饱和区时间过长,各单元间的热不平衡从而导致MOSFET提前失效。部分原理图:WWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COM6WWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COM
6失效波形:WWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COM(3)解决措施:调整泄放回路:将R60的1K改为10R,每个mos单独串联的100R改为10R;(4)整改结果:WWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COM整改后:关断米勒平台后的持续时间基本为0,避免器件处于高压大电流状态,栅极电压接近0V。整改后波形:WWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COM7WWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COM
7案例2:(1)项目背景:电池规格48V12AH,2并,短路电流500A,泄放电路电阻1k+0R(并联MOSFET未独立控制)。(2)失效机理:并联功率MOSFET时未插入栅极电阻而直接连接时发生的栅极寄生振荡,从而导致误动作引起器件损坏。部分原理图:WWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COM失效波形:WWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COM8WWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COM
8(3)解决措施:调整栅极电路:每个mos单独串联的22R电阻进行单独控制,调整为1k+22R;(5)调整结果:整改后:关断米勒平台未出现栅极谐振现象,短路时正常关断。整改后波形:WWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COM五、功率MOSFET的选取原则(1)通过热设计来确定所需并联的MOSFET数量和合适的RDS(ON);WWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COM(2)尽量选择较小RDS(ON)的MOSFET,从而能够使用较少的MOSFET并联。多个MOSFET并联易发生电流不平衡,对于并联的MOSFET应该有独立的并且相等的驱动电阻,以防止MOSFET间形成震荡;WWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COM9WWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COM
9(3)基于最大短路电流、并联的MOSFET数量、驱动电压等选择合适Gfs的MOSFET;(4)考虑在关断后期的电压尖峰,MOSFET的雪崩能量不能太小。WWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COM10WWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COMWWW.NCEPOWER.COM
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