2023年高考英语复习基础知识和基本能力双清专题50 应用文&议论文阅读理解

《2023年高考英语复习基础知识和基本能力双清专题50 应用文&议论文阅读理解》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在教育资源-天天文库。

专题50应用文&议论文阅读理解2023年高考英语一轮复习基础知识+基本能力双清（译林版2020）一、应用文应用文是高考阅读理解命题常见的一种体裁，近几年全国卷和各地高考试题均有涉及，如2017年全国卷和地方卷七套试题中有6套试题都考查了应用文阅读理解。应用文一般分为两类：一类是叙述性应用文，例如书信、日记等（近两年高考试题较少涉及，只有2016年北京卷A篇涉及感谢信）；另一类是说明性应用文，包括各种广告、产品说明、旅游指南、报刊书信、公共通告和备忘录等，而近两年高考试题中的阅读理解均侧重考查后一类，如2017年全国卷3套试题分别是“旅游指南”、“戏剧演出信息”、“旅游路线”；北京卷考查“杂志征订广告”；天津卷是关于“发送电子邮件时的四种错误及应对建议”；江苏卷为“一本历史书的相关信息及推荐”。应用文一般条理清晰，结构紧凑，重点突出，几乎每一篇都有一个大标题，大标题下往往有几个小标题，表明文章主题以及每一部分的内容。如2017年全国I卷A篇，该篇的大标题是“PacificScienceCenterGuide”，下面的小标题分别是“◆VisitPacificScienceCenter’sStore；◆Hungry；◆RentalInformation；◆SupportPacificScienceCenter”。应用文设题多以细节理解为主，兼有推断短文出处、写作意图和主旨大意题。一般按照文章段落的顺序依次设置，题目精炼醒目，难度一般中等偏易。应用文经常出现以粗体、大写、下划线等方式加以提示的文字，这很可能是文章的重点或某一部分内容的概括，考生阅读文章时，一定要重点注意这些信息，它们往往是试题的考查内容所在。经典例题：Campecheisacitywithatumultuoushistory.OriginallythisareawassettledbytheMayans.ThefirstSpanishcolonizersarrivedin1517andestablishedCampecheasthemainportintheregion.Unsurprisingly,thismadeCampecheanattractivetargetforpirateswhofirstarrivedinthelate16century.Forthenext200years,Campechewasfrequentlyattacked.Nevertheless,itisadelightfulcityandfilledwithinterestingthingstodo.ExploretheoldcityofCampecheTherearealotofbeautifulrestoredoldtownsinMexico,butCampecheisoneofthenicest,cleanestand

1mostelegant.TheCampecheneighborhoodislovelyandcolorful,withneatsidewalksandsmoothlylaidoutroads!WanderalongtheCampecheMaleconOneofthenicestthingsaboutCampecheisitswaterfrontsetting.Thebestwaytoenjoythat?Wanderingalongthemalecon,orthewalkwayalongthewaterfront,justbeforesunset.Thisisthetimewhenitcoolsdownandeveryonecomesouttoseethingsandtobeseen.You'llseecouplesposingforphotographers,joggers,cyclists,elderlypeoplehavingconversationsandgroupsofteenagersgiggling.StopforaBiteatCalle59Calle59isapedestrian-onlystreetfilledwithoutdoortablesfromthesurroundingrestaurants.Youcancathereatnight,butalotofpeoplecomefordrinks.ThisistheoneplaceinCampechethatfeelstouristy—itstablesarefilledwithgiantbeersthatgetsharedamongmultiplepeoples.1.WhichofthefollowingsentencecanbestdescribeCampeche?A.Campechehasalargepopulation.B.Campecheisacitywithmixedheritage.C.Campechehasexperiencedyearsofcivilwar.D.Campecheonceappealedtopiratesforitsculture.2.What'sthebestthingforvisitorstodobeforesunset?A.Havinganicewalkalongthemalecon.B.EnjoyingtheatmosphereofCampeche.C.Drinkingbeersintherestaurants.D.Takingsomepicturesofthesunset.3.Ifyouwanttosensethetouristyatmospherethebestchoiceis_____________.A.Mexico.B.Calle59.C.TheCampecheneighborhood.D.TheCampecheMalecon.【答案】1.B2.A3.B【解析】这是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了一个名为Campeche的城市历史，以及游览它的一些建议。1.推理判断题。根据第一段中“Campecheisacitywithatumultuoushistory.OriginallythisareawassettledbytheMayans.ThefirstSpanishcolonizersarrivedin1517andestablishedCampecheasthemainportintheregion.Unsurprisingly,thismadeCampecheanattractivetargetforpirateswhofirstarrivedinthelate16century.Forthenext200years,Campechewasfrequentlyattacked.

2(坎佩切是一个有着动荡历史的城市。最初是玛雅人在这一地区定居。第一批西班牙殖民者于1517年抵达这里，并将坎佩切建立为该地区的主要港口。不出所意料，这使得坎佩切成为了16世纪晚期首次来到这里的海盗的一个有吸引力的目标。在接下来的200年里，坎佩切经常遭到袭击)”可推知，坎佩切是一个有着混合遗迹的城市。故选B。2.细节理解题。根据WanderalongtheCampecheMalecon部分中“Thebestwaytoenjoythat?Wanderingalongthemalecon,orthewalkwayalongthewaterfront,justbeforesunset.(最好的享受方式是什么？在日落之前，沿着河边的海滨大道漫步)”可知，日落前游客最好沿着海滨大道好好走一走。故选A。3.细节理解题。根据最后一段“Calle59isapedestrian-onlystreetfilledwithoutdoortablesfromthesurroundingrestaurants.Youcancathereatnight,butalotofpeoplecomefordrinks.ThisistheoneplaceinCampechethatfeelstouristy—itstablesarefilledwithgiantbeersthatgetsharedamongmultiplepeoples.(Calle59是一条步行街，到处都是周边餐厅的户外餐桌。你可以在晚上在这里吃饭，但是很多人来这里喝酒。这是坎佩切唯一一个游客常去的地方——它的桌子上摆满了可供多人分享的巨型啤酒)”可知，如果你想感受旅游的氛围，最好的选择是Calle59。故选B。NeedaJobThisSummer?Theprovincialgovernmentanditspartnersoffermanyprogramstohelpstudentsfindsummerjobs.Thedeadlinesandwhatyouneedtoapplydependontheprogram.Notastudent?Gotothegovernmentwebsitetolearnaboutprogramsandonlinetoolsavailabletohelppeopleunder30buildskills,findajoborstartbusinessesallyearround.JobsforYouthIfyouareateenagerlivingincertainpartsoftheprovince,youcouldbeeligible(符合条件)forthisprogram.Whichprovideseightweeksofpaidemploymentalongwithtraining.Whoiseligible:Youth15-18yearsoldinselectcommunities(社区).SummerCompanySummerCompanyprovidesstudentswithhands-onbusinesstrainingandawardsofupto$3,000tostartandruntheirownsummerbusinesses.Whoiseligible:Studentsaged15-29,returningtoschoolinthefall.StewardshipYouthRangerProgramYoucouldapplytobeaStewardshipYouthRangerandworkonlocalnaturalresourcemanagementprojectsforeightweeksthissummer.Whoiseligible:Studentsaged16or17attimeofhire,butnotturning18beforeDecember31thisyear.SummerEmploymentOpportunities(机会)ThroughtheSummerEmploymentOpportunitiesprogram,studentsarehiredeachyearinavarietyofsummerpositionsacrosstheProvincialPublicService,itsrelatedagenciesandcommunitygroups.Whoiseligible:Studentsaged15orolder.Somepositionsrequirestudentstobe15to24orupto29forpersonswithadisability.21.WhatisspecialaboutSummerCompany?A.Itrequiresnotrainingbeforeemployment.

3B.Itprovidesawardsforrunningnewbusinesses.C.Itallowsonetoworkinthenaturalenvironment.D.Itoffersmoresummerjobopportunities.22.WhatistheagerangerequiredbyStewardshipYouthRangerProgram?A.15-18.B.15-24.C.15-29.D.16-17.23.Whichprogramfavorsthedisabled?A.JobsforYouth.B.SummerCompany.C.StewardshipYouthRangerProgram.D.SummerEmploymentOpportunities.【答案】21.B22.D23.D【解析】本文为应用文。本文叙述了省政府及其合作伙伴提供了许多项目来帮助学生暑期在找到工作。【21题详解】细节理解题。根据SummerCompany部分中的“SummerCompanyprovidesstudentswith...awardsofupto＄3,000tostartandruntheirownsummerbusinesses”可知“SummerCompany为学生提供高达3000美元的奖励，来开始和经营他们自己的暑期业务”。“startandruntheirownsummerbusinesses”即“为开办新的业务”，这对应B项中的“runnnewbusinesses”，二者是词义之间的转述关系。故选B。【22题详解】细节理解题。根据StewardshipYouthRangerProgram部分中的第二段“Whoiseligible:Studentsaged16or17attimeofhire,butnotturning18beforeDecember31thisyear.”可知“符合条件的学生：16岁或17岁的学生，但在今年12月31日之前未满18岁”。由此得出，这个项目要求年龄在16-17岁之间。分析选项可知D项符合题意，故选D。【23题详解】细节理解题。根据SummerEmploymentOpportunities部分中的最后一段最后一句“Whoiseligible:...Somepositionsrequirestudentstobe15to24orupto29forpersonswithadisability”,可知SummerEmploymentOpportunities有些职位是给残疾人的。分析选项可知，D项符合题意，故选D。OPENINGSANDPREVIEWSAnimalsOutofPaperYolo！ProductionsandtheGreatGriffonpresenttheplaybyRajivJoseph，inwhichanorigami(折纸术)artistinvitesateenagetalentandhisteacherintoherstudio.MerriMilwedirects.Inpreviews.OpensFeb.12.(WestParkPresbyterianChurch，165W.86thSt.212-868-4444.)TheAudienceHelenMirrenstarsintheplaybyPeterMorgan，aboutQueenElizabethIIoftheUKandherprivatemeetingswithtwelvePrimeMinistersinthecourseofsixtyyears.StephenDaldrydirects.AlsostarringDylanBakerandJudithIvey.PreviewsbeginFeb.14.(Schoenfeld，236W.45thSt.212-239-6200.)HamiltonLin-ManuelMirandawrotethismusicalaboutAlexanderHamilton，inwhichthebirthofAmericais

4presentedasanimmigrantstory.ThomasKaildirects.Inpreviews.OpensFeb.17.(Public，425LafayetteSt.212-967-7555.)OntheTwentiethCenturyKristinChenowethandPeterGallagherstarinthemusicalcomedybyBettyComdenandAdolphGreen，aboutaBroadwayproducerwhotriestowinamoviestar'sloveduringacross-countrytrainjourney.ScottEllisdirects，forRoundaboutTheatreCompany.PreviewsbeginFeb.12.(AmericanAirlinesTheatre，227W.42ndSt.212-719-1300.)21.WhatistheplaybyRajivJosephprobablyabout?.A.Atypeofart.B.Ateenager'sstudio.C.Agreatteacher.D.Agroupofanimals.22.WhoisthedirectorofTheAudience?A.HelenMirren.B.PeterMorgan.C.DylanBaker.D.StephenDaldry.23.WhichplaywillyougotoifyouareinterestedinAmericanhistory?A.AnimalsOutofPaper.B.TheAudience.C.Hamilton.D.OntheTwentiethCentury.【答案】21.A22.D23.C【解析】这是一篇应用文。这篇文章对一些话剧的开幕和新剧首映进行了介绍。【21题详解】细节理解题。根据话剧AnimalsOutofPaper的ProductionsandtheGreatGriffonpresenttheplaybyRajivJoseph,inwhichanorigamiartistinvitesateenagetalentandhisteacherintoherstudio.可知，RajivJoseph创作的的话剧是关于折纸的一种艺术。故选A。【22题详解】细节理解题。根据话剧TheAudience的StephenDaldrydirects.可知，本剧是StephenDaldry导演的。故选D。【23题详解】细节理解题。根据话剧Hamilton的Li-ManuelMirandawrotethismusicalaboutAlexanderHamiltoninwhichthebirthofAmericaispresentedasanimmigrantstory.可知，话剧Hamilton的主题是美国的诞生，由此可知，如果你对美国历史感兴趣，你可以看这部话剧。故选C。Romecanbepriceyfortravelers,whichiswhymanychoosetostayinahostel(旅社).ThehostelsinRomeofferabedinadormroomforaround$25anight,andforthat,you’lloftengettostayinacentrallocation(位置)withsecurityandcomfort.YellowHostel

5IfIhadtomakejustonerecommendationforwheretostayinRome,itwouldbeYellowHostel.It’soneofthebest-ratedhostelsinthecity,andforgoodreason.It’saffordable,andit’sgotafunatmospherewithoutbeingtoonoisy.Asanaddedbonus,it’sclosetothemaintrainstation.HostelAlessandroPalaceIfyoulovesocialhostels,thisisthebesthostelforyouinRome.HostelAlessandroPalaceisfun.Staffmembersholdplentyofbareventsforguestslikefreeshots,barcrawlsandkaraoke.There’salsoanareaontherooftopforhangingoutwithothertravelersduringthesummer.YouthStationHostelIfyou’relookingforcleanlinessandamodernhostel,looknofurtherthanYouthStation.Itoffersbeautifulfurnishingsandbeds.Thereareplentyofotherbenefits,too;itdoesn’tchargecitytax;ithasbothairconditioningandaheaterfortherooms;italsohasfreeWi-Fiineveryroom.HotelandHostelDesArtistesHotelandHostelDesArtistesislocatedjusta10-minutewalkfromthecentralcitystationandit’sclosetoallofthecity’smainattractions.Thestaffisfriendlyandhelpful,providingyouwithamapofthecitywhenyouarrive,andofferingadviceifyourequiresome.However,youneedtopay2eurosadayforWi-Fi.21.Whatisprobablythemajorconcernoftravelerswhochoosetostayinahostel?A.Comfort.B.Security.C.Price.D.Location.22.Whichhotelbestsuitspeoplewhoenjoyanactivesociallife?A.YellowHostel.B.HostelAlessandroPalace.C.YouthStationHostel.D.HotelandHostelDesArtistes.23.WhatisthedisadvantageofHotelandHostelDesArtistes?A.Itgetsnoisyatnight.B.Itsstaffistootalkative.C.ItchargesforWi-Fi.D.It’sinconvenientlylocated.【答案】21.C22.B23.C【解析】本文是一篇应用文。文章介绍了罗马的几个价格低廉，安全舒适的旅馆。【21题详解】

6细节理解题。通过文章第一段“Romecanbepriceyfortravelers,whichiswhymanychoosetostayinahostel(旅社).”(对旅行者来说，罗马可能很昂贵，这就是许多人选择住旅社的原因)可知选择住旅社的旅行者可能最关心的是价格。故选C。【22题详解】细节理解题。根据HostelAlessandroPalace部分“Ifyoulovesocialhostels,thisisthebesthostelforyouinRome.”（如果你喜欢社交旅馆，这是罗马最适合你的旅馆）可知如果你喜欢社交旅馆，HostelAlessandroPalace是罗马最适合你的旅馆。故选B。【23题详解】细节理解题。根据HotelandHostelDesArtistes部分“However,youneedtopay2eurosadayforWi-Fi.”（但是，你需要支付每天2欧元的Wi-Fi）可知HotelandHostelDesArtistes的缺点是Wi-Fi收费。故选C。CuyahogaValleyNationalParkVolunteerProgramBuildingaCommunityofParkStewardsPositionTitle:WildlifeVolunteer—ButterflyMonitors(2positions)Dates:MidMaytoSeptember,2018Hours:8~16hours/weekLocation:CuyahogaValleyNationalParkDuties:Parkstaffwilltrainvolunteersinbutterflyidentificationanddatarecordingforoneweekbeforevolunteersworkinteamoftwotohelptrackbutterflymonitoringareas.Butterflymonitoringareasare1~2milesinlengthandareworkedonetimeperweek.Thereareatotalofthreebutterflymonitoringareaswithinthepark.Butterfliesareidentifiedbyusingbinoculars(望远镜)orbynettingandreleasing.Dataisrecordedondatasheets.SkillsRequired:Applicantsmusthaveselfmotivationanddesiretoworkwithothers.Volunteerswillworkduringdayswhentemperatureis70degreesormore,between10:30amand5pm.Abilitytowalkalongdistanceinhotandhumidconditionsisneeded.Skillswithbasicbutterflyidentificationarenotamustbuthelpful.Requirements:ApplicantsmustcompleteaNationalParkServiceAgreementandhavetheirbackgroundslookedinto.U.S.citizenshipisrequired.ApplicantsmustbecurrentKentStateUniversitystudents.HowtoApply:PleaserequestanapplicationfromMikeJohnsonatgkovach@kent.eduandsenditbacktoMikeJohnsonatgkovach@kent.edu,withtheabovepositiontitleasthesubject,byFebruary15,2018.Ifofferedaninterview,pleasecometoCuyahogaValleyNationalParkwithyourpersonalresumeintroducingyoureducation

7andyourpreviousworkexperience.Forfurtherinformation,pleasecallJamieWaltersat(330)657-2142oremailjwalters@forcvnp.org.1.Whatwillavolunteerdointhisprogram?A.Helpmakeadatarecord.B.Walk1~2mileseveryday.C.Workatleast16hoursperweek.D.Identifybutterflymonitoringareas.【答案】A【解析】细节题。根据题目“Whatwillavolunteerdo？”问的是志愿者将要做的事情，根据文章题目要求定位到Duties版块，“Parkstaffwilltrainvolunteersinbutterflyidentificationanddatarecording...”可判断志愿者将会被培训蝴蝶的识别和数据记载。故选A。2.Applicantsforthejobmust.A.havetheskillsofbutterflyidentificationB.havetheirbackgroundscheckedC.beuniversitygraduatesD.designaprogram【答案】B【解析】细节题。根据题目可知此题问的是对申请者的要求，故定位到SkillsRequired和Requirements两个版块。A选项“鉴别蝴蝶的能力，”该选项错误，因为该技能是将要被培训的；C选项“必须为大学毕业生”，根据Requirements中最后一行可知必须为currentKentStateUniversityStudents，即在校大学生，故C错；D选项设计一个项目，文中未提及，故D错；B选项“要进行背景调查”定位到Requirements中的第二行“havetheirbackgroundslookedinto,”check同义改写lookinto。故选B。3.Toapplyfortheposition,oneneedsto.A.call(330)657-2142B.visitJamieWaltersattheofficeC.handinaresumebeforeFebruary15D.sendtheapplicationtogkovach@kent.edu【答案】D

8【解析】细节题。根据题目选项可知，题目考查如何申请，故定位到“Howtoapply”版块，第一句“Pleaserequestanapplicationfrom...atgkovach@kent.edu.”。故选D。WhatisPayQwiq?PayQwiqisafastandsecurepaymentservicethathelpsyougoquicklythroughtheTescocheckout.Itletsyouaddyourcreditordebitcarddetailstotheappsoyoucanuseyoursmartphonetopayforyourshoppingwithjustonescan.NotonlythatbutitcollectsyourClubcardpointsautomatically.Thismeansyoucannowgowallet-freeinallUKTescostores.Sowhynotgiveitago?Itonlytakesamomenttodownloadandyouwillreceivethesebenefits：●CollectyourClubcardpointsautomatically●Payforyourweeklyshopupto£250●UsePayQwiqoffline,evenwithnosignal●TrackyourspendinginTescoSignuptoPayQwiqandcollect100extraClubcardpointsforeachweekyoupaywiththeapp,forupto5weeks-that'supto500extrapoints.Availabletonewcustomerswhosignupby3September2018andmakeallpaymentsby31October2018.Oneofferpercustomer.Onlyonequalifyingdealperweekwillcollecttheextrapoints.Additionalpaymentsinthesameweekwillnotreceiveextrapoints.ClubcardpointswillbeaddedtoafutureClubcardstatement.Howdoesitwork?HeadtotheAppStoreorGooglePlaytodownloadthePayQwiqapp.Assoonasyou'veaddedyourcarddetails,you’llbereadytoshopusingjustyourphone.Andthere'snoneedtoworryaboutyourbankdetailsbeingstoredonyourphone—they'reallsecurelyprotectedinourdatacenters.Sonotonlyisitquickerandeasier,it’ssafertoo.1.IfcustomersusePayQwiqinUKTescostores,theycan.A.payfortheirweeklyshopwithoutlimitB.getClubcardpointsautomaticallyC.budgettheireverydayspendingD.win500extrapointsatatime【答案】B【解析】细节题。从文章第一段“CollectyourClubcardpoints

9automatically”可知，用这款软件，顾客可以自动地获得会员积分。故选B。2.Fromthepassagewecanlearnthat.A.usersmustsignupby3September2018B.usersneedn'taddtheirpaymentcardinformationC.PayQwiqcanguaranteebothconvenienceandsafetyD.PayQwiqcanbedownloadedonlyfromtheAppStore【答案】C【解析】细节题。从文章最后一句“Sonotonlyisitquickerandeasier,it’ssafertoo.”可知，这款软件不仅便利还安全。故选C。3.Whatisthepurposeofthispassage?A.TopopularizetheuseofPayQwiq.B.TostresstheimportanceofPayQwiq.C.TodescribethefunctionofPayQwiq.D.TointroducethebenefitsofPayQwiq.【答案】A【解析】篇章主旨题。文章介绍了这款软件的用途以及如何下载使用，说明了它即便利又安全，可知，作者是在推广这款软件。故选A。二）、议论文题目类型一、主题题型1.问mainidea,primarypurpose,title等等。(1)正确选项必须具备三个特征：①有focus；②无细节；③态度与原文一致能找到主题句则直接看同义句，找不到依据这三个特征使用排除法。(2)先看选项的主体动词，迅速排除干扰项：①presentation型的文章：present,describe,explain,illustrate,pointout?②argumentation型的文章：evaluate,criticize,refute,challenge,counter,correct以上动词出现则优先选（只是技巧，并不绝对）

102.问focus应直接定位主题句。后面出现大段无关论述时：主题“从前不从后”；前面主题句已对某事物给了正态度，末尾再作转折，说一些毛病，缺点，这是倒让步，而不是文章的重点，不用考虑！二、作者态度题型1.判断依据：(1)判断句（系动词、情态动词、自由褒贬词）通过找自由褒贬词对判断作者态度很有作用，但前提是要对全文的结构逻辑把握的比较好，单纯通过自由褒贬词的判断还是不很保险，但这是一个思路。(2)某些名人说话引号中的形容词或副词表评价：所谓名人态度题分两种，一是作者的意见和名人的一致，要注意全文的起承转合，比较明显的词forexample,suchas....等等很多。二是作者的意见和名人的不一致，有时名人的话只是给文章好开个头，批的就是他。这就是观点对立式主题文章的类型，在文中的明显的词有：istemptedtosay,itispreviouslybelievedthat...等等。注意观点对立式这里就一定会出现意思的强转折，例如however,but,while,onthecontrary等等。(3)一些实义动词表评价，尤其在讲原理，或研究的文章中：负：failto/overestimate/underestimate/exaggerate/misinterpret/misrepresent/ignore/neglect/overlook正：find/discover/show/demonstrate/prove/confirm/determine(4)从大不从小原则：从全文来讲，看前面、开头或主题讲的是什么评价。经典例题：SharentingIt’stheholidayseason,thetimewhenweconnectwithfamilyandfriends.SocialmediasiteslikeTwitterandFacebookarefulloffestivepictures,featuringparents’catchingandsharingthosespecialfamilymoments,theirchild’swishlist,andmaybeevenacutevideooftheirchilddancingto“JingleBellRock”whilewearingadiaper(尿片)andSantahat.Swellingwithpride,parentscan’twaittogetapprovalwitha“thumbsup”orbetteryetapersonalizedmessageontheirtreasuredpost.Adultsshouldbeabletopostwhattheywantonline.However,whenexposingfamilymomentsonline,aretheysharingtoomuchinformation?Doparentshavetherighttosharethosecutenow,butembarrassinglatermomentsaboutkids?Havechildrenwillinglygiventheiragreementtosharingtheircutebutfunnyvideoonline?Arecentstudyfoundthat75%ofparentsturntosocialmediaforparenting-relatedinformationandsocialsupport.Thereisevenatermusedtodescribetheoveruseofsharingtoomuchinformationaboutkidsonsocialmedia:“sharenting”.Researchalsofindsthat“sharenting”isn’tgoinganywhereanytimesoon.What’stroublesomeisthatatypicalparenthasabout150Facebookfriendsandonlyathirdofthemareactualfriends.So,

11thatbringsupgoodquestions—Whoarewereallysharingourinformationwithandwhy?Whoknowswhenandwherethatphotocouldresurfaceinthefuture?Whilethere’snoreliableinformationonhowyoungchildrenfeelaboutthingsbeingpostedonline,wedohaveinformationabouthowteensfeel.AccordingtoareportbytheFamilyOnlineSafetyInstitute,76%ofteensareconcernedabouttheirprivacy.Manyteensconstantlysearchfornewappsthatallowanonymity.Whennamesarerequired,theyusescreennamesthatdon’trevealrealinformation.Ifourteensaredoingabetterjobofprotectingthemselvesonline,shouldn’tparentstaketheleadanddothesame?Plus,withmoreandmorecollegeadmissionrepresentativesandpotentialemployerssurfingtheinternetforpotentialcandidates,we’dhateforoneofourpoststochangeanimportantdecision.Thinkaboutit…onlinereputationsarenowbecominginseparablewithreallifeones.Ofcourse,wecansecureourprivacysettings,onlyallowingourfriendstoviewpictures,postsandvideos,butthatdoesn’tstopothersfromuploadingourpictures.Adultsneedtobecautiousofsharinginformationonline,especiallyinformationaboutchildren.So,thisholidayseasonenjoyfamilytimeandsharethosespecialmemorieswithfamilyandfriends.Beforeclickingtheapptouploadphotosorvideos,stopandthinktwice.1.Whichofthefollowingbehaviorsis“sharenting”?A.Agirlattendsaliveperformanceonline.B.Afathertellshisson’sstorytohiscolleagues.C.Amotherpostsherbaby’spicturesonFacebook.D.Aboyinviteshisfriendstohisbirthdaypartyathome.【答案】C【解析】细节题。根据文章第三段对sharenting的定义，“Thereisevenatermusedtodescribetheoveruseofsharingtoomuchinformationaboutkidsonsocialmedia:‘sharenting’.”可知过度分享自己孩子的信息才是sharenting。故选C。2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“anonymity”inParagraph4mean?A.One’srealname.B.Usingstrangenames.C.Unchangeablenames.D.Beingunknownbyname.【答案】D

12【解析】猜词题。故选B。根据划线词所在句的后一句，“Whennamesarerequired,theyusescreennamesthatdon’trevealrealinformation.”，与D选项表述相同。故选D。3.What’stheauthor’sattitudetoward“sharenting”?A.Sympathetic.B.Negative.C.Neutral.D.Unconcerned.【答案】B【解析】态度主旨题。文章尾段祈使句，“Beforeclickingtheapptouploadphotosorvideos,stopandthinktwice.”可以看出作者希望家长上传照片前要三思，不支持sharenting的行为。故选B。4.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?A.Tostateanargument.B.Tosupportanopinion.C.Tocomparedifferentideas.D.Toquestionapointofview.【答案】A【解析】篇章主旨题。通过文章尾段祈使句，“Beforeclickingtheapptouploadphotosorvideos,stopandthinktwice.”可知该文章写作目的在于呼吁和号召，为议论文，文章目的应为表达作者观点。故选A。NormanGarmezy,adevelopmentalpsychologistattheUniversityofMinnesota,metthousandsofchildreninhisfourdecadesofresearch.Anine-year-oldboyinparticularstuckwithhim.Hehasanalcoholicmotherandanabsentfather.Buteachdayhewouldwalkintoschoolwithasmileonhisface.Hewantedtomakesurethat“noonewouldfeelpityforhimandnoonewouldknowhismother’sincompetence.”TheboyexhibitedaqualityGarmezyidentifiedas“resilience”.Resiliencepresentsachallengeforpsychologists.Peoplewhoareluckyenoughtoneverexperienceanysortofadversity(逆境)won’tknowhowresilienttheyare.It’sonlywhenthey’refacedwithobstacles,stress,andotherenvironmentalthreatsthatresilience,orthelackofit,comesout.Somegiveinandsomeconquer.Garmezy’sworkopenedthedoortothestudyoftheelementsthatcouldenableanindividual’ssuccessdespitethechallengestheyfaced.Hisresearchindicatedthatsomeelementshadtodowithluck,butquitelarge

13setofelementswaspsychological,andhadtodowithhowthechildrenrespondedtotheenvironment.Theresilientchildrenhadwhatpsychologistscallan“internallocusofcontrol(内控点).”Theybelievedthatthey,andnottheircircumstances,affectedtheirachievements.Theresilientchildrensawthemselvesasthearrangersoftheirownfates.GeorgeBonannohasbeenstudyingresilienceforyearsatColumbiaUniversity’sTeachersCollege.Hefoundthatsomepeoplearefarbetterthanothersatdealingwithadversity.Thisdifferencemightcomefromperception(认知)whethertheythinkofaneventastraumatic(创伤),orasanopportunitytolearnandgrow.“Stressful”or“traumatic”eventsthemselvesdon’thavemuchpredictivepowerwhenitcomestolifeoutcomes.“Exposuretopotentiallytraumaticeventsdoesnotpredictlaterfunctioning,”Bonannosaid.“It’sonlypredictiveifthere’sanegativeresponse.”Inotherwords,livingthroughadversitydoesn’tguaranteethatyou’llsuffergoingforward.Thegoodnewsisthatpositiveperceptioncanbetaught.“Wecanmakeourselvesmoreorlesseasilyhurtbyhowwethinkaboutthings,”Bonannosaid.InresearchatColumbia,theneuroscientistKevinOchsnerhasshownthatteachingpeopletothinkofadversityindifferentways—toreframeitinpositivetermswhentheinitialresponseisnegative,orinalessemotionalwaywhentheinitialresponseisemotionally“hot”—changeshowtheyexperienceandreacttotheadversity.1.Accordingtothepassage,resilienceisanindividual’sability______.A.tothinkcriticallyB.todecideone’sownfateC.toliveabetterlifeD.torecoverfromadversity【答案】D【解析】细节题。通过题干中resilienceisanindividual’sability定位到文章第二段,在人遭遇到不幸时，往往会表现出韧性，D符合。另外通过排除法，A选项“批判性思维”未提及，B选项“决定命运”太夸张，C选项未提及。故选D。2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“they”inParagraph3referto?A.Thepsychologists.B.Theresilientchildren.C.Positiveelements.D.Internallocusofcontrol.【答案】B

14【解析】猜词题。通过划线词“they”定位到第三段，代词they一般指代上文，上文谈及：有韧性的小孩有心理学家称作的“内控点”，小孩相信是他们自己影响了他们的成功，而不是孩子的周围环境。可知B：“孩子自己”切合题意，D为单数不选。故选B。3.AccordingtoParagraph4,wecanlearnthat______.A.yourpositiveperceptionmayturnadversityaround.B.stressfuleventsaremorepredictivethandelightfulevents.C.experiencingadversitypredictsthatyouwillgoonsuffering.D.anegativeresponsedoesn’tguaranteeyouwillsufferallthetime.【答案】A【解析】细节推断题。本题信息处理量大，每个选项需要一个一个排除，相对耗时。选项A积极感知可以扭转逆境，定位到第二第三句，有些人更擅长处理逆境，不同在于如何看待，积极还是消极。B定位到第四句不正确；C定位到倒数第三句，不正确；D定位倒数第一句，偷换主语。故选A。4.Whatistheauthor’spurposeofwritingthispassage?A.Toteachpeoplehowtoberesilient.B.Toencouragepeopletolivethroughadversity.C.Toindicatepeople’sperceptionvariesfromeachother.D.Tocomparedifferentresearchfindingsaboutresilience.【答案】A【解析】主旨题，考查文章写作目的。文章的首段主要引出resilience，以及最后总结如何积极看待逆境。对应A选项鼓励人积极应对逆境，A切合题意。B选项缺少主题词resilience，CD明显不对，C选项原文未提到，D选项是方式，不是文章目的。故选A。TheLifecycleofaT-shirtWeallprobablyhavealotofT-shirts,butdoyoueverstopandthinkabouttheinfluenceofaT-shirtontheplanet?You’dprobablybesurprisedtolearnwhat’sinvolvedinthelifecycleofjustoneT-shirt.Thereare5majorstages:material,production,shipping,useanddisposal(处理).Thematerialstageinvolvesfarming,irrigating,fertilizing,harvestingandginning.Whilecottonisanaturalfiber(纤维)andnotasharmfultotheenvironmentasmanmadefibers,itstilltakesatollinthematerialandproductionstages.Commercialcotton

15farmingusesalargeamountofwater,andtheuseofpesticides(杀虫剂)iswidespreadacrosstheglobe,especiallyincottonfarming.Studieshaveshownthatfarmersspendaround$4.1billiononpesticidesannually,ofwhich25%wasspentoncottoncropsintheUS.Oncethecottonisgrownandharvested,sobeginstheproductionstage:spinning,knitting,bleaching,dyeing,cutting,sewing,etc.—theseprocessesalsouseagreatdealofwaterandenergy.Commercialdyesandbleachesareharmfulpollutantsandcaneventuallypollutegroundwater.AftertheT-shirtisproduced,itentersthetransportationstage.Thisofteninvolvesoverseasshipping.Takealookinyourcloset.Chancesarethatmostofyourcottongarments(衣服)aremadeinChinaorIndia.Garmentscanbeshippedviaplane,shiportruck…,allofwhichspillCO2intotheatmosphere.CalculationsshowthatCO2emissionsfromlighttrucksaloneamountto1.15poundspermile.OncetheT-shirtreachestheretailmarket,itispurchased.Thisstagemayseemliketheleastenvironmentallydamagingpart.Butconsiderthenumberoftimesyou’vewashedanddriedyourfavoriteT-shirt.Washingmachinesarecertainlybecomingmoreefficient.However,theaverageAmericanhouseholddoes400loadsoflaundryperyear,usingabout40gallonsofwaterperload.Suchexcessivewateruseiscombinedwiththelargeamountofenergyusedbydryers.Thefinalstageoflifeisdisposal.Thisreleasesharmfulemissions,orinvolvesalandfillwherecottontakesyearstobreakdown.CurrentUSrecordsshowthatanestimated15%ofclothesandshoesarerecycled,whichmeansthatconsumerssendashocking85%ofthesematerialstolandfills.Weallneednewclotheseveryonceinawhile,butlet’salltrytokeepinmindwhatgoesintotheproductionofclothing….Ithasarealimpactontheplanet.Therearealotofthingsyoucandotohelpreduceyourimpact.Reuseandrecycleclothes.Ifthey’retoowornouttowear,cutthemupandusethemascleaningrags.Donatethemtocharityoranotherorganizationthatrecyclestextiles.Whenpossible,makeanefforttobuyorganiccotton.Turndownthethermostatonyourwasher,andlinetryyourclotheswhentheweatherwillallowit.1.Theunderlinedphrase“takesatoll”probablymeans“______”.A.wasteswaterB.takesalotoftimeC.usesenergyD.hasabadeffect【答案】D【解析】猜词题。在文中寻找线索，从句开头出现转折连词while，因此主句中所猜测的短语takesatoll和从句中的harmful是同义词，而D选项意思是“有不好的影响”，切合题意。故选D。

162.WecanlearnfromthepassagethatintheUS,______.A.pesticidesincottonfarmingcostover4billiondollarseveryyearB.CO2emissionsoflandtransportamountto1.15poundspermileC.about15%oftheclothesandshoesaremadeofmaterialsthatarerecycledD.about16,000gallonsofwaterisusedannuallybyanaveragefamilyonlaundry【答案】D【解析】细节推断题。A选项定位于文章第二段“Studieshaveshownthatfarmersspendaround$4.1billiononpesticidesannually,ofwhich25%wasspentoncottoncropsintheUS.”B选项定位于文章第四段，“CalculationsshowthatCO2emissionsfromlighttrucksaloneamountto1.15poundspermile.”C选项定位于文章第六段“CurrentUSrecordsshowthatanestimated15%ofclothesandshoesarerecycled”D选项定位于文章第五段“However,theaverageAmericanhouseholddoes400loadsoflaundryperyear,usingabout40gallonsofwaterperload.”可知平均每个美国家庭每年洗400桶衣服，每桶衣服用约40加仑的水。D选项表达平均每个美国家庭每年洗衣服用1600加仑的水，切合题意。故选D。3.Whatcanbeinferredfromthispassage?A.Theproductionprocessmayaffectwatersafety.B.TheclothingcostisrelativelylowinChinaandIndia.C.Cottonclothesareburiedbecausetheyarehardtobreakdown.D.Theusestageistheleastenvironmentallyharmfulofthefivestages.【答案】A【解析】细节推断题。B选项定位于文章原文第四段“ChancesarethatmostofyourcottongarmentsaremadeinChinaorIndia.Garmentscanbeshippedviaplane,shiportruck…,allofwhichspillCO2intotheatmosphere.”C选项定位于文章倒数第三段“Thisreleasesharmfulemissions,orinvolvesalandfillwherecottontakesyearstobreakdown”D选项定位于文章第五段“Thisstagemayseemliketheleastenvironmentallydamagingpart.Butconsiderthenumberoftimesyou’vewashedanddriedyourfavoriteT-shirt.”A选项定位于文章第三段“theseprocessesalsouseagreatdealofwaterandenergy.Commercialdyesandbleachesareharmfulpollutantsandcaneventuallypollutegroundwater.”可知商业染料和漂白剂是有害的污染物，会污染地下水。A选项表达制作过程会影响水的安全，切合文意，故而正确。故选A。4.Whatisthepurposeofthisarticle?A.Toencouragepeopletodonateclothestocharity.

17B.Topromoteeco-friendlyactionsrelatedtoclothes.C.Topersuadepeopletopurchasemoreorganiccotton.D.Tointroducethefivestagesinthelifecycleofclothing.【答案】B【解析】篇章主旨题。根据文章最后一段首句“Therearealotofthingsyoucandotohelpreduceyourimpact.”以及后文若干个祈使句，可知本文为议论文，表达作者的建议、立场，建议大家采取能减少环境污染的措施。B选项倡导与衣服相关的环保友好行为。故选B。EudaimoniaisanAncientGreekword,particularlystressedbythephilosophersPlatoandAristotle,whichdeservesfarmoreattentionthanithasbecauseitcorrectstheshortfalls(缺失)inoneofthemostcentral,buttroublingwordsinourmodernlanguage:happiness.Whenwenowadaystrytoclearlyexpressthepurposeofourlives,itistheword“happiness”thatwecommonlyturnto.Wetellourselvesandothersthatthemostimportantprincipleforourjobs,ourrelationshipsandtheconductofourday-to-daylivesisthepursuitofhappiness.Itsoundslikeaninnocentenoughidea,buttoomuchrelianceonthetermmeansthatwefrequentlyunfairlytendtoquitor,atleast,heavilyquestionagreatmanychallengingbutworthwhilesituations.TheAncientGreeksdidnotbelievethatthepurposeoflifewastobehappy;theyproposedthatitwastoachieveEudaimonia,awordwhichhasbeenbesttranslatedas“fulfillment”.Whatdistinguisheshappinessfromfulfillmentispain.Itisverypossibletobefulfilledand—atthesametime—underpressure,sufferingphysicallyormentally,overburdenedand,quitefrequently,inanirritable(易怒的)mood.Thisisaslightpsychologicaldifferencethatishardfortheword“happiness”tocapture,forit’strickytospeakofbeinghappyyetunhappy,orhappyyetsuffering.However,suchacombinationisreadilyaccommodatedwithintherespectedandnoble-soundingideaofEudaimonia.Thewordencouragesustotrustthatmanyoflife’smostworthwhileprojectswillsometimesbeinconflictwithcontentment,andyetwillbeworthpursuing.Properlyexploringourprofessionaltalents,managingahousehold,keepingarelationshipgoing,creatinganewbusinessventureorengaginginpolitics…noneofthesegoalsarelikelytoleaveuscheerfulandgrinningonadailybasis.Theywill,infact,involveusinallmannerofchallengesthatwilldeeplyexhaustandweakenus,provoke(激怒)andwoundus.Andyetwewillperhaps,attheendofourlives,stillfeelthatthetaskswereworthundertaking.Throughthem,we’llhaveachievedsomethingdeeperandmoreinterestingthanhappiness.WiththewordEudaimoniainmind,wecanstopimaginingthatweareaimingforapain-freeexistence—andthenblamingourselvesunfairlyforbeinginabadmood.We’llknowthatwearetryingtodosomethingfarmoreimportantthansmileallthetime:we’restrivingtodojusticetoourfullhumanpotential.1.Whatdoweknowabout“Eudaimonia”fromthepassage?

18A.ItwasfirstcreatedbytwoGreekphilosophers.B.Ithasreceivedalotofattentionfromthepublic.C.Itstillhassomeshortfallsthatneedtobecorrected.D.ItwasregardedasthepurposeoflifeinancientGreece.【答案】D【解析】细节推断题。D选项，根据第二段最后一句“TheAncientGreeksdidnotbelievethatthepurposeoflifewastobehappy;theyproposedthatitwastoachieveEudaimonia,awordwhichhasbeenbesttranslatedas‘fulfilment’”,说明古希腊人认为Eudaimonia才是人生的目的。故选D。2.AccordingtoParagraph3,happiness______.A.istheoppositeoffulfillmentB.isfreefromphysicalormentalpainC.stressesthepsychologicaldifferenceD.servesasarespectedandnoblelifegoal【答案】B【解析】细节题。定位在文中第三段。第三段第一句话根据第三段第一句，“Whatdistinguisheshappinessfromfulfilmentispain.Itisverypossibletobefulfilledand-atthesametime-underpressure,sufferingphysicallyormentally,overburdenedand,quitefrequently,inanirritablemood.”由此可知，“happiness”与“fulfilment”不同，“fulfilment”有痛苦，“happiness”没有痛苦。故选B。3.Wecanlearnfromthepassagethat______.A.aimingforhappinessmayleadtowrongself-blamingB.goalsthatwoundandweakenusresultinhappinessC.challengesleadingtocontentmentareworthundertakingD.feelingfulfilledmeansweshouldavoidtoughsituations【答案】A【解析】细节推断题。根据最后一段第一句“WiththewordEudaimoniainmind,wecanstopimaginingthatweareaimingforapain-freeexistence—andthenblamingourselvesunfairlyforbeinginabadmood.”可知，假定人生会有无痛苦式的存在，会让人在处于不良情绪状态时进行错误的自我责备即“wrongself-blaming”。故选A。

194.Thepassageencouragesthereadersto______.A.findfulfillmentwithalleffortsB.seekforapain-freeexistenceC.keepoptimisticwhateverhappensD.balancehappinessandsuffering【答案】A【解析】篇章主旨题。根据文章第二段最后一句“TheAncientGreeksdidnotbelievethatthepurposeoflifewastobehappy;theyproposedthatitwastoachieveEudaimonia,awordwhichhasbeenbesttranslatedas‘fulfilment’”可知，“fulfilment”即为全篇主旨词“Eudaimonia”的诠释。并且根据文章最后一段最后一句“We’llknowthatwearetryingtodosomethingfarmoreimportantthansmileallthetime:we’restrivingtodojusticetoourfullhumanpotential.”可知，作者认为我们有比一直快乐更重要的事，并且要竭尽所能去努力追求。故选A。IsItWorthBuyingOrganicFood?Organicfood,grownwithoutartificialchemicals,isincreasinglypopularnowadays.Consumershavebeenwillingtopayuptotwiceasmuchforgoodswithorganiclabels(商标).However,ifyouthinkpayingalittlemorefororganicfoodgetsyouamorenutritiousandsaferproduct,youmightwanttosaveyourmoney.AstudyledbyresearchersatStanfordUniversitysaysthatorganicproductsaren’tnecessarilymorenutritious,andthey’renolesslikelytosufferfromdisease-causingbacteria,either.Thelatestresults,publishedintheAnnualsofInternalMedicine,suggestthatbuyersmaybewastingtheirmoney.“Wedidnotfindstrongevidencethatorganicfoodismorenutritiousorhealthier,”saysDr.CrystalSmith-SpanglerfromStanford“Soconsumersshouldn’tassumethatonetypeoffoodhasalowerriskorissafer.”Fortheirnewstudy,Smith-Spanglerandhercolleaguesconductedareviewoftwocategoriesofresearch,including17studiesthatcomparedhealthoutcomesbetweenconsumersoforganicagainsttraditionalfoodproducts,and223studiesthatanalyzedthenutritionalcontentofthefoods,includingkeyvitamins,mineralsandfats.Whiletheresearchersfoundlittledifferenceinnutritionalcontent,theydidfindthatorganicfruitandvegetableswere20%lesslikelytohavechemicalsremainingonthesurfaces.Neitherorganicnortraditionalfoodsshowedlevelsofchemicalshighenoughtogobeyondfoodsafetystandards.Andbothorganicandtraditionalmeats,suchachickenandpork,wereequallylikelytobeharmedbybacteriaatverylowrates.Theresearchersdidfindthatorganicmilkandchickencontainedhigherlevelsofomega-3fattyacids,ahealthyfatalsofoundinfishthatcanreducetheriskofheartdisease.However,thesenutritionaldifferencesweretoosmall,andtheresearcherswereunwillingtomakemuchofthemuntilfurtherstudiesconfirmthetrends.

20Organicfoodisproducedwithfewerchemicalsandmorenatural-growingpractices,butthatdoesn’talwaystranslateintoamorenutritiousorhealthierproduct.TheU.S.DepartmentofAgriculture(USDA)statesthat“whetheryoubuyorganicornot,findingthefreshestfoodsavailablemayhavethebiggesteffectontaste.”Freshfoodisatleastasgoodasanythingmarketedasorganic.1.Thenewresearchquestionswhetherorganicfood_______.A.shouldreplacetraditionalfoodB.hasbeenoverpricedbyfarmersC.isgrownwithlessharmfulchemicalsD.isreallymorenutritiousandhealthier【答案】D【解析】细节题。根据关键词“newresearch”定位到文章第二段前两句。可知，研究质疑了有机食物更营养或更健康的特点。故选D。2.Smith-Spanglerandhercolleaguesfoundthat______.A.organicfoodcouldreducetheriskofheartdiseaseB.traditionalfoodwasgrownwithmorenaturalmethodsC.bothorganicandtraditionalfoodtheyexaminedweresafeD.therewasnotapresenceofanyformsofbacteriainorganicfood【答案】C【解析】细节题。根据关键词Smith-Spangler定位到第三段，可知此人和他的同事共同做研究。在第四段找到研究结果，与选项进行比对。两者残留的农药含量均未超过国家食物安全标准。故选C。3.Whichofthefollowingisrelativelyhealthieraccordingtothepassage？A.Organicchickenandpork.B.Organicmilkandchicken.C.Traditionalchickenandpork.D.Traditionalfruitandvegetables.【答案】B【解析】细节题。从上段继续往下读，由“Theresearchersdidfindthatorganicmilkandchickencontained

21higherlevelsofomega-3fattyacids,ahealthyfatalsofoundinfishthatcanreducetheriskofheartdisease.”可知，有机奶和鸡肉相对更健康。故选B。4.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardorganicfoods?A.Skeptical.B.Neutral.C.Unconcerned.D.Approving.【答案】A【解析】态度主旨题。根据结尾句“Freshfoodisatleastasgoodasanythingmarketedasorganic.”可知作者认为有机食物并未有特别明显的优越性，和新鲜食物处于同等位置。因此对有机食物的效果持怀疑态度。故选A。