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2023年高考英语知识清单专题01名词（原卷版）Part1：知识点梳理1.可数名词的复数(1)规则变化:一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。规则例词一般在词尾加-smap—maps,sea—seas,girl—girls,day—days以s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词后加-esclass—classes,box—boxes,watch—watches,dish—dishes以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-esleaf—leaves,thief—thieves,knife—knives,half—halves,loaf—loaves,wife—wives,shelf—shelves加-sbelief—beliefs,chief—chiefs,proof—proofs,roof—roofs以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i加-esparty—parties,family—families,story—stories,city—cities以元音字母加y结尾的名词,或专有名词以y结尾的,加-stoy—toys,boy—boys,day—days,ray—rays,Henry—Henrys以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-eshero—heroes,potato—potatoes,tomato—tomatoes不少外来词加-spiano—pianos,photo—photos,kilo—kilos两者皆可zero—zeros/zeroesvolcano—volcanos/volcanoesmosquito—mosquitos/mosquitoes规则例词以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-sradio—radios,bamboo—bamboos,zoo—zoos以-th结尾的名词加-struth—truths,mouth—mouths,month—months,path—paths(2)不规则变化规则例词改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man—men,woman—women,foot—feet,goose—geese,mouse—mice单复数相同species,sheep,deer,series,means,works,fish,li,yuan,jin只有复数形式ashes,trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,glasses,compasses,contents一些集体名词总是用作复数people,police,cattle,staff部分集体名词既可以作单数(整体)也可以作复数(成员)audience,class,family,crowd,couple,group,committee,government,population,crew,team,public,enemy,party复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关),forces(军队),times(时代),spirits(情绪),drinks(饮料),sands(沙滩),papers(文件,报纸),manners(礼貌),looks(外表),brains(头脑智力),greens(青菜),ruins(废墟)表示“某国人”加-sAmericans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swedes,Europeans单复数同形Swiss,Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen,Frenchwomen学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司
1合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,story-tellers,boyfriends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups,housewives,stopwatches将两部分变为复数womensingers,menservants知识点2 不可数名词1.不可数名词量的表达不可数名词一般不能直接用不定冠词或数词修饰，而应与特定的单位名词连用来表示量的概念，如：acupoftea,fourpiecesofbread等。2.抽象名词的具体化这类名词如果仅仅表示某种概念，是不可数名词；如果表示具体的人或事，就成了可数名词，前面常加不定冠词，如：pleasure,help,honor,surprise,success,failure等。有些抽象名词在具体化时，还可以用复数形式出现，如：nopains,nogains；表示特指时，可与定冠词连用。3.学科名词和集体名词的意义(1)有些学科名词以s结尾，但表示单数意义，如：physics,maths,politics等。(2)有些集体名词通常只用于表示复数概念，如：police,people,cattle等。(3)有些集体名词在表示整体时为单数概念，在表示集体中的各个成员时为复数概念，如：class,family,couple,audience,government,public等。知识点3名词所有格1.表示有生命物体的名词所有格(1)一般在词尾加’s，如：theboy’sbag,men’srooms等。(2)以s结尾的词直接加’，如：theworkers’struggle， thestudents’readingroom等。(3)并列名词表示各自所属时，在名词后都加’s，如：John’sandMary’srooms(约翰和玛丽各自的房间)；表示共同所属时，在最后一个名词后加’s，如：JohnandMary’sroom(约翰和玛丽共同的房间)。(4)在表示店铺、餐馆、诊所的名称或某人的家时，其所有格后面的名词可省略，如：atthedoctor’s在诊所，atmysister’s在我姐姐(妹妹)的家。2.of所有格的用法用于无生命的东西thelegsofthechair,thecoverofthebook用于有生命的东西,尤其是有较长定语时theclassroomsofthefirst-yearstudents用于名词化的词thestruggleoftheoppressed知识点4 名词作定语1.名词作定语时一般用单数，表示类别、处所、材料、身份、性别、功能、用途等。例如：stone学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司
2figures石像，papermoney纸币，bookstores书店，eveningdress晚礼服。2.有些情况下，也可用复数作定语。例如：agoodstrain货运列车，twomendoctors两个男医生，aclothesshop服装店，asalesmanager销售经理。3.“数字＋连字符＋名词”作定语时，名词一般用单数形式。例如：afive-yearplan一个五年计划，aten-milewalk一段十英里的路程。知识点5 名词与固定搭配名词构成的固定搭配主要有两类：“动词＋名词”和“介词＋名词”。常见短语如下：makepreparationsfor,makefriendswith,giveregardsto,makebothendsmeet,fixone’seyesupon/on,ingreatdemand，inhighspirits，inagreementwith，payattentionto，keeppacewith，attachimportanceto，gain/haveanadvantageover，makea/no/somedifferencePart2：高考真题精选1.（2022.6新高考1卷语法填空）TheGPNP’smaingoalistoimproveconnectivitybetweenseparate(population)andhomesofgiantpandas,andeventually(eventual)achieveadesiredlevelofpopulationinthewild.2.（2022全国乙卷）“AsamainpromoteroftheInternationalTeaDay,thebirthplaceofteaandthe__largest_(large)tea-producingcountry,Chinahasa______(responsible)toworkwithothercountriestopromotethehealthydevelopmentoftheteaindustry.3.（2021.6新高考1卷语法填空）Therollingseaofcloudsyouseeonceyouareatthetopwillremindyouhowtinywe (human)are.4.（2021.6全国甲卷语法填空）Supposedlyyoucandoitintwohours,butwestoppedatthedifferentgatesand (watchtower)totakepictures...5.（2021.6全国乙卷语法填空） (activity)thererangefromwhalewatchingtohiking（远足）andaccommodationsaim tohavealowimpactonthenaturalenvironment.6.（2021.6全国甲卷改错）Manystudentssaytheywilltalktotheirfriendorclassmatesbecausethey'reofthesameageandcanunderstandeachother.7.（2021.6浙江卷语法填空）In1844theyboughtit for＄1,200andsomelandfromCharlesDresser,whoperformedtheir (marry)ceremonyin1842.学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司
38.（2021.6全国乙卷改错）Ilovedoinghousework.Ialwaysassistmyparentsindoingthedishaftermeals.9.（2021.6全国乙卷语法填空）Itisdifferentfromtraditionaltourismbecauseitallowsthetravelertobecome educatedabouttheareas—bothintermsofgeographicalconditionsandculturalcharacteristics,andoftenprovidesmoneyforconservationandbenefitsthe 2 (develop)ofthelocalareas.10.（2021.3天津卷单选）Greatimprovementsinpublichealthhavebeenbroughtaboutby inmedicalscience.A.traditionsB.advancesC.pressuresD.examples11.（2020·新课标I卷语法填空）Thefarsideofthemoonisofparticular(interesting)toscientistsbecauseithasalotofdeepcraters(环形山),moresothefamiliarnearside.12.（2020·新课标I卷短文改错）NextIbroketheeggsintoabowlandbeatthemquicklywithchopstick.13.（2020·新课标II卷语法填空）ChineseNewYearisa(celebrate)markingtheendofthewinterseasonandthebeginningofspring.14.（2020·新课标II卷短文改错）Luckily,Iwillgohomeintwoweeksforsummervacations.15.（2020·江苏卷单项填空）Thehealthsecuritysystemsofmanycountriesareundergoingconsiderable______.A.reservationB.transformationC.distinctionD.submission16.【2019·江苏卷·单项填空】Nowadaysthe___________fortravellingisshiftedfromshoppingtofoodandscenery.A.priorityB.potentialC.proportionD.pension17.【2019·天津卷·单项填空】7.Wecanobservethatartificialintelligencehasalreadymadea(n)___________onourlivesinmanyways.A.statementB.impactC.impressionD.judgment18.【2019·新课标I卷·语法填空】Ofnineteenrecognizedpolarbearsubpopulations,threearedeclining,sixare(be)stable,oneisincreasing,andninelackenoughdata.19.【2018·天津】The_______thatthereislifeonotherplanetsintheuniversehasalwaysinspiredscientiststo学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司
4exploretheouterspace.A.adviceB.orderC.possibilityD.invitation20.【2018·新课标卷I·语法填空】Twooftheauthorsofthereviewalsomadeastudypublishedin2014that/whichshowedamerefiveto10minutesadayofrunningreducedtheriskofheartdiseaseandearlydeathsfromall(cause).学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司
