选修九 4.4《Unit 4　Reading》

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新课标人教版课件系列《高中英语》选修(模块）9-4.4

1Howmuchdoyouknowaboutplants?Warmingup

2Doyouknowthat?1.someplantsdonothaveflowers?Forexamplepinetrees,cypresstrees,ferns,mushrooms.Withtheseplants,theseedsarenotcontainedinsideafruit.Floweringplantshaveseedsthatarecontainedinsidefruit.

32.someplantshaverootsthatliveintheair?Forexample,mangrovetreesliveinwetconditionsandhaverootsthatgrowupfromthemudintotheairtoabsorboxygen(SeePictureA,themangrovetree).Otherplantsthathaveaerialrootsareplantssuchassomeferns,someorchidsandclimbersinrainforeststhatusetheirrootstoattachthemselvestootherplants.Theirrootsnotonlyattachtheplanttothetreebutalsoabsorbwaterfromtheair(SeePictureD,thebird'snestfern).

43.someplantseatmeat?Theygettheirfoodfromanimalsbytrappinginsectsthatlandonthem,killingthemandthendigestingtheirbodieswithchemicals.PictureBshowsaninsect-eatingplantcalledaVenusflytrap.Whenthehairsontheleavesaretouchedbyaninsect,thetwopartsoftheleafsnaptogetherandtrapthevictim.

54.someplantsneedanimalstopollinatethem?Theyhavedevelopedflowerswithdifferentcharacteristicstoattractparticularanimalpollinatorssuchasbees,flies,butterflies,birds,bats,beetles,andmoths.Plantsthatdonothaveflowersneedotherwaysofmakingsurethattheyarepollinated,forexample,corn,grassesandmanytreesdependonthewindorwatertotransportpollenfromoneplanttoanother.

65.someplantsgrowonotherplants?Theyusetheirrootstoattachthemselvestoanotherplant.Someusetheirrootstoabsorbwaterfromtheair(SeePictureD).Plantslikethisaredifferentfromparasiticplantsthatactuallyliveonanotherplantandgettheirfoodfromthehost.

76.plantsareadaptedtoliveinspecificenvironments?Forexample,plantsthatliveinthetropicsareadaptedtolivinginahotwetclimate.PictureCshowspalmsthatliveintropicalclimates.Plantsthatareusedtocoldconditionscannotnecessarilyliveinhotconditions.

87.peoplebuyplantsthatcomefromothercountriesfortheirgardens?Peopletendnottothinkaboutwheretheplantsintheirpotsorgardenscomefrom.Infact,manycomefromothercountries,forexample,tulipsfromsouthernEuropeandTurkey,carnationsfromsouthernEuropeandGreece,eveningprimrosesfromNorthAmerica,daffodilsfromtheMediterraneanarea,CraneflowerfromSouthAfrica,daisiesandvioletsfromEurope,etc.

98.anewplantdoesnotalwaysgrowfromaseed?Newplantsoftengrowfromundergroundrootsorstems,forexample,thebamboomakesnewplantsbysendingupnewshootsfromundergroundstems.Strawberryplantsandmanygrassesandsomefernssendoutstemsthatrunalongthetopofthegroundandnewplantsgrowalongthesestems.Otherplants,likethedaffodil,makenewplantsfrombulbs.Newplantscanalsogrowfromstemsthathavebeencutfromaplant.

10somespecialplants

11Doyouhaveacourtyardorsomepotplantsonyourbalcony?Doyouknowwheretheseplantscomefrom?AretheyChineseplantsordotheycomefromanothercountry?Pre-reading

12Whenyoulastvisitedapublicgarden,didyoulookattheindividualplantsthere?Werethereanyplantsfromothercountries?

13Howdoyouthinkplantshavetraveledfromonecountrytoanother?JosephBanks1768---1771

14

15DrNathanielWardhttp://www.plantexplorers.com/explorers/biographies/ward/nathaniel-bagshaw-ward.htm

16Dr.NathanielBagshawWard(1791-1868)Foranindividualwhoinfluencedthemodernworldsogreatly,surprisinglylittleisknowaboutDr.NathanielWard.BorninLondon,Warddevelopedanearlyinterestinthenaturalworld,despitehisurbansurroundings.ItisbelievedhewassenttoJamaicawhenhewasthirteen,wherehemayhavedevelopedhisinterestintropicalfoliage.HepractisedasaphysicianintheEastEndofLondon(somerecordssuggestthathewasasurgeon)andpursuedhisinterestsinbotanyandentomologyinhissparetime,andwhenonvacationinCobham,Kent.

17TheWardiancase

18RobertFortune(1812-1880)representedtheHorticulturalSocietyofLondon(nowtheRoyalHorticulturalSociety)asacollectorinChinashortlyaftertheTreatyofNanjinghadbroughttheOpiumWartoaclose.ThroughhisuseoftheWardiancase,Fortunewasabletointroducemanyofthebest-knownChinesegardenplantsintocultivationinEuropeandNorthAmerica.

19PèrePaulGuillaumeFarges(1844-1912)PèrePaulGuillaumeFarges(1844-1912)Frenchmissionaryandnaturalist.BornatMonclar-de-Quercy,Tarn-et-Garonne.HewassenttoChinain1867andremainedstationedinnorth-eastSichuanuntil1903.Althoughhehadalwaysnurturedaninterestinthelocalfloraandfauna,itwasnotuntil1892thathestartedtocollectherbariumspecimensinearnest.DuringtheelevenyearsbeforehemovedsouthtoChongqing,hecollectedandpreservedover4,000specimens.

20DoveTree

21ErnestHenryWilson(1876-1930)

22Scanthetitleofthereadingpassageandthepictures,thenpredictwhatitisabout?PlantExplorationinthe18thAnd19thcenturiesReading

23MainideaThereadingtextisabouttheexplorationforplantsinthe18thand19thcenturies.Itgivesexamplesofplantcollectorswhowerewellknownduringthattimeandthechallengesthatfacedthem.

24Findtheanswerstoquestionslikethefollowing:Whatisan"exotic"plant?Aplantthatcomesfromanothercountry.WhatwasthenameofLieutenantJamesCook'sship?TheEndeavourWhydidJamesCookcallthebaywherehisshipstopped"BotanyBay"?BecauseitwasthebaythatJosephBankscollectedmanynewbotanicalspecimens.

25Whywerethesealedglasscontainerscalled"Wardian"cases?Becausetheywerenamedafterthepersonwhoinventedthem---NathanielWard.Whatwerethenamesofthepeoplementionedinthetextwhocollectedplantsinthe18thand19thcenturies?Fatherd'Incarville,SirJosephBanks,RobertFortune,FatherFarges,EHWilson

26Detailedreading:Trytogetthemainideaofeachparagraph:Para1:explainswhenplantcollectingbegan.Para2:describeswhenandwhereplantcollectingbeganonalargescalebyEuropeans.Para3:talksaboutFrenchCatholicmissionarieswhocollectedplantsinChinainthe18thcentury.Comprehending

27Para4:isaboutthefamousBritishplantcollector,SirJosephBanks,whocollectedmanynewplantsinAustralia.Para5:explainstheproblemsofkeepingplantsaliveonlongtrips.Para6:describesanexperimentcarriedoutbyDrNathanielWardwhoinventedaglasscaseinwhichtotransportplantsonlongjourneys.

28Para8:isaboutFatherFarges,aFrenchCatholicmissionarywhocollectedplantsinChinainthe19thcentury.Para7:isaboutRobertFortune,aBritishplantcollectorwhomadeseveraltripstoChinainthe19thcentury.

29Para9:DescribeshowmanyEuropeanplantcollectors,suchasEHWilson,wenttoChinasothatnewplantscouldbeintroducedtogardensintheWest.

30Structures:PartI:Para1-2thebeginningofplantcollectingPartII:Para3-4theexplorationofplantsinthe18thcenturyPartIII:Para5-7theinventionanduseofWardiancasePartIV:Para8-9theexplorationofplantsinthe19thcentry

31TimePeople/plantsHistoricEventsIn1500B.CFatherd’Incarvillesentshipstogatherplants,animalsandothergoodstheQueenofEgyptinthe1740swassenttoBeijingComprehending

32treeofHeavenseedscollectedplantsinAustraliaIn1784theTreeofHeaventreeIn1751arrivedinEnglandIn1769SirJosephBankswasintroducedintoNorthAmerica

33In1833shippedtwocasesofBritishPlantstoSydneyRobertFortuneDuringthesecondhalfofthe19thcenturyweresenttoChinafromFranceNathanielWard1843-1859madeseveraltripstoChinamanyCatholicmissionaries

34FatherFargescollectedalargequantityoftheseedsoftheDoveTreeinChinaIn1897sentseedsofDoveTreeFromChinatoFranceIn1899EHWilson

35Answerthesequestionsingroups.1Whywastherealotofplantcollectingintheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturies?EuropehadbecomeinterestedinscientificdiscoveryandtheEuropeanmiddleclassestookgreatinterestincollectingnewplantsatthistime.2HowdidFrenchmissionariescometobeplantcollectors?Theyvaluedthestudyofthenaturalsciencesandmanyofthemknewalotaboutplantsandanimals.3

363Whatweresomeofthenegativeaspectsofplantcollectingexpeditions?Negativeaspectsincludeddisease,near-starvation,severeenvironment,conflictswiththelocalpeople,plantsdyingduringlongtripsorseedsfailingtogrowafterlongtrips,pirates,badweather(likethunderstorms),notknowingthelocallanguageandcustoms,etc.4Transportingplantsoverlongdistanceswasabigproblem.Whywasthis?Itwashardtokeepthemaliveduringlongtrips.

375Whydidmanyplantsfailtoreachtheirdestinationsalive?Canyouthinkofanyotherreasons?Itwashardtokeepthemaliveduringlongtrips.Theseedsofmanyplantsfailedtogrowafterlongtrip:plantswerenotlookedafterproperlyduringthetrip.Forexample,oneplantexplorerlosthisplants

38whentheywerewateredwithseawater.Otherreasonsincludelackoffreshwater,wrongenvironmentalconditions,forinstance,incorrecttemperatures,saltyair,andlackofsunlightandrain,etc,iftheplantsweretransportedinsidetheshiportrain.6Whatimprovedthesurvivalratesofplantstransportedlongdistances?ItwastheinventionoftheWardiancase.

39SuggestedanswertoExercise4:4PeachTreeChrysan-themumRedDatesAdvantagesfortrade1verysweetfruit1travelswell1medicinalplant2willsellwell3willgroweasily2manyvarieties3growsanywhere4gardenflower2forpoorappetite3easytoprepare4growsanywhere

40DisadvantagesDis-advantagesforthevoyageTreesneedmuchwater,warmthandprotectiononshipcancarryafewbutcostshighmustnotdryoutmustseparatevarietiesprofitlowforeachbutmanycanbetakenneedspacemustseparatevarietiesmanycanbetakenprofitreasonable

41DiscoveringusefulwordsandexpressionsCompletethesentenceswithsuitablewordsorexpressionsfromthetext.1Ilovegoingonwalksandlookingatplants.Infact,IthinkI'llstudy______atuniversity.2HespeaksSpanishwithgreat_______thoughheisnotgoodatwritingit.Learningaboutlanguage1botanyfluency

423Thepalacewearegoingtovisittomorrow___________the19thcentury.4Inthecentreoftheblockofflatsthereisasmall________whereIcanplantsomeflowers.5Therearetoomanycarsontheroads.Ithinkthereshouldbe____restrictionsoncarnumbers.datesbacktocourtyardtight

43Completetheparagraphwithnewwordsfromthereadingtext.Thethoughtofanothertripofthousandsofmilesonthehighseascertainlydidnot______tome,buttherewasnootherwaytogetthe_____tothe______islandsofthePacific.Wewereunabletodoanytravelingacrosscountriesasthereweretoomany__________bymanyofthegovernmentsandwecouldnotmovefreelyacrossborders.Wehadsomany_________thattheyhadtobe_____packedontheship.Therewasnotmuchroomleftforthecrew.2appealgoodsdistantrestrictionscontainerstightly

44Thesecrowdedconditionsresultedinalotof________andseveralfights.However,theworstpartofthetripwassailingthroughawild____________,inwhichtheraindidnotstopfortwodays.Afterthreemonthsatsea,wefinallyarrivedandloweredthe______intheharborofourdestination.Weweredirtyandhadlongbeards,forwehadnofreshwatertowashinandwedidn't_____atall.Whatasightwewere!conflictsthunderstormanchorshave

45Rewritethesesentencesusingtoorforwiththeindirectobject.1Canyougivemeonekiloofripepeaches?Canyougiveonekiloofripepeachestome?2Sendmeyourreportonirrigationassoonasyou'vefinishedit.________________________________________________________________________.RevisingUsefulstructures1Sendyourreportonirrigationtomeassoonasyouhavefinishedit.

463HeshowedmetheweedssothatIwouldn'tpullouthisnewseedlings.________________________________________________________________.4MycousinbroughtmesomespearsfromPapuaNewGuinea._______________________________________________________._______________________________________________________.HeshowedtheweedstomesothatIwouldn'tpullouthisnewseedlingsMycousinbroughtsomespearsformefromPapuaNewGuineaMycousinbroughtsomespearsfromPapuaNewGuineaforme

475Ibuymyfishfreshseaweedeverymonthasit'sanimportantpartoftheirdiet.____________________________________________________________________.____________________________________________________________________.6Susanhandedhimthestringsohecouldtieupthebox._______________________________________________.Ibuyfreshseaweedformyfisheverymonthasit'sanimportantpartoftheirdietIbuyfreshseaweedeverymonthformyfishasit'sanimportantpartoftheirdietSusanhandedthestringtohimsohecouldtieupthebox

48Completethesentencesusingthe-ingformortheinfinitiveoftheverbastheobject.Usethewordsinbracketstohelpyou.1Barbaralearned____________whenherunclecametovisitherfamilylastsummer.(ride/horses)2Ienjoy______________________________________,thoughIdon'tquiteunderstandwhattheyareabout.(read/cartoons)2torideahorsereadingthesecartoonsfromforeigncountries

493JimandMandybothdenied____________________________.(see/carkey)4Iexpect__________________________thisyear.(spend/holidays/France)5Charlieregretted____________________.(invite/Joseph/party)6Jackfinallyagreed_______________________________.(apologize/brokenspade)havingseen/seeingthecarkey(s)tospendmyholidaysinFrancehavinginvited/invitingtoapologizetousforthebrokenspade

50Eachsentencebelowcontainsonemistake.Findthemistakeandcorrectit.1Couldyoubeginbytellingwhatyouweredoingat9:30ontheeveningofthe13thApril?2Myparentssuggestedtopostponeourvisittothepyramidsbecausewedidn'thaveenoughtimetoseethembeforeweleftEgypt.3PleasestopinterruptingtomewhenI'mexplainingsomething.3∧mepostponingmewhenI’m

514Inthemorningthehuntershowedmethewayhowtogettothetrackdownthemountain.5Headmittedmethathehaddonesomethingwrong.6Iwillreportthemthekindofmonumentweareplanningtobuildforthesoldiers.howtogettheway∧to∧to

52ListeninganddiscussingonP.36UsingLanguageIngroups,lookcarefullyatthephotosoftheplantsandanswerthequestions.1Howwouldyoudescribeeachplant?Whatdoyouthinkisunusualabouteachplant?2Oneofthepicturesshowspitcherplantsandanothershows“livingstones”.Whichpictureshowswhichplant?ThenameoftheplantintheotherpictureisRafflesia.1

53livingstone

54Rafflesia

55pitcherplants

56NowlistentoMark,GordonandAndreatellingtheirclassabouttheseplants.Whichstudenttalksaboutwhichplant?PlantABCStudent’snameNameoftheplantMarkPitcherplantLivingstonesorLithopsGordonRafflesiaarnoldiiAndrea

57UNUSUALPLANTTH:TodayMark,GordonandAndreaaregoingtotellusaboutsomeunusualplants.Mark,doyouwanttogofirst?M:Sure.Today,Iwanttotalkaboutaninsect-eatingplantcalledapitcherplant.Listeningtext

58Here’saphotoofit.Lookatthisparthere.It’sshapedlikeapitcher.It’sactuallyaleafeventhoughitlookslikeaflower.It’sreallyclever---theinsectsareattractedbythesweetsmellcomingfromwhattheythinkisaflower.Butit’satrap.

59Onceaninsectgoesdownintothepitcher,itcan’tgetoutastherearesmallhardhairspointingdownwardsthatpreventitfromescaping.Intheend,theinsectfallsdownintoapoolofliquidatthebottomofthepitcherandgetsdigestedbytheplant.

60S1:That’samazing!S2:Whatfantasticplants!TH:Gordon.G:ThesearetheplantsI’mgoingtotalkabout.They’reoftencalled“livingstones”,buteventhoughtheydolookabitlikestones,theyareinfactplants.

61S3:Wow!S4:Howinteresting!G:TheirscientificnameisLithopsandtheycomefromSouthAfricaandNambia.Thebodyofalithopsisactuallyapairofleavesthathavebecomeroundedlikeastone.Thisisbecausethisplantlivesinvery

62hotanddryplaces.Whentheleavesareshapedlikethis,notmuchwaterislostfromtheplant.Anotherinterestingthingaboutthesestrangeplantsisthatthey’rethesamecolorandappearanceofthesoilandstonesaroundit.Thismakesthemlessobvioustoanimallookingforfood.

63TH:Thanks,Gordon.Andrea.A:I’mgoingtotellyouaboutRafflesiaarnoldii,aplantthathasafloweraboutonemetrewide.Infact,it’sthelargestflowerintheworld.Rafflesiaarnoldiidoesn’thaveanyleaves,stemsorroots.Itdoesn’tneedthemasit’saparasite.Itgetsthisfoodby

64livingonanotherplant.Youmightthinkthatthisflowershouldsmellwonderfulbutitactuallylooksandsmellslikerottingmeat!S2:Oh,yuck!S1:That’sdisgusting!S3:Ithinkit’sfantastic!

65A:Metoo.Anyway,itattractsinsectsthateatdeadanimalsbutinsteadofgettingafeed,theinsectspickupitspollenandspreadittootherRafflesias,RafflesiaarnoldiigrowsinthejunglesinIndonesiabutastheforestsarebeingcutdown,it’sbecomingveryrare.TH:ThanksAndreaandthankseveryone.Thoseplantsarecertainlyfascinating.

66Listenagainandcompletethetablewiththecorrectinformation.Youmightneedtolistenseveraltimes.3MarkGordonAndreaNameofplantReasonforitsnameItssmellpitcherplantIt’sshapedlikeapitcher(jug)Livingstones(Lithops)TheylooklikestonesRafflesiaarnoldiilikerottingmeat

67ItsshapeItssizeHowitgetsitsfoodlikeapitcherroundedsmall(likestones)frominsectsthatfallintothepitcherfromthesoilroundwithlargethickpetals(thisinformationisfromthephoto)onemeterwide(thelargestflowerintheworld)fromanotherplant(itisaparasite)

68WhereitlivesWhatitsleavesarelikeHowcommonitisHowitispollinatedshapedlikeapitcherHotdryplacesinSouthAfrica,NamibiaroundedlikestonesjunglesinpartsofIndonesiadoesn’thaveleavesitisbecomingrareinsectsthateatdeadanimals

69Listentotheotherstudents'reactionstoMark,GordonandAndrea'sdescriptionsoftheplants.Writedowntheexpressionstheyuse.Expressionsofwonder:That'samazing!Whatfantasticplants!Wow!Howinteresting!Ithinkit'sfantastic!Expressionsofdisgust:Oh,yuck!That'sdisgusting!4

70Nowlookatthesephotosofunusualthingsinpairs.Doyoureactwithdisgustorwonder?UsetheexpressionsyouwrotedowninExercise4oranyotherexpressionsyouknowtoexpressyourreaction.5

71WritingHerearesomenotesaboutRafflesiaarnoldiiintheformofadiagram.UsethisdiagramtowriteaparagraphaboutRafflesiaarnoldii

72SamplewritingRAFFLESIAARNOLDIIRafflesiaarnoldiigrowsintherainforestsofSoutheastAsia,butduetothedestructionoftheforests,itisbecomingveryrare.Ataboutonemetrewide,theflowerofRafflesiaarnoldiiisthelargestflowerintheworld.TheRafflesiaarnoldiiflowerlooksandsmellslikerottingmeat.Thismeansitattractspollinators,suchasfliesandotherinsectsthateatdeadanimals.

73However,insteadofgettingafeed,theinsectspickupitspollenandspreadittootherRafflesiaplants.Rafflesiaarnoldiidoesnothaveanyleaves,stemsorroots.Itdoesnotneedthemasitisaparasiteandsogetsitsfoodfromanotherplant.

74ReadinganddiscussingBeforeyoureadthetextonpage38,haveaquickglanceatit.Whatisthetextabout?Thetextisaboutflowersandtheiranimalpollinators.Whatdothepicturesshowyou?Thepicturesshowdifferentkindsofanimalpollinatorsandtheirflowers.Whatisthechartabout?Thechartlistsanimalpollinatorsandthecharacteristicsoftheflowerstheypollinate.1

75Flowersandtheiranimalpollinators

76Bee

77

78Humming-birds

79Butterflies

80moth

81Difficultwordsandexpressionsevolveevolutionattachtobattubeodourgiveout发展；进展；进化发出；分发气味管子演变；进化附上；贴上蝙蝠

82Answerthequestions1.Whatistheadvantageforanimalsofvisitingflowers?Animalsgetfoodcallednectarfromtheflowers.2.Whydosomeplantsneedanimals?Someplantsneedanimalstopollinatethem.

833.Howdoesananimalpollinateaflower?Ananimalpollinatesaflowerbycollectingpollenfromaflowerandpassingitontoanotherflower.4.Whatfeaturesofaflowerareimportantinattractinganimalpollinators?Thefeaturesofaflowerthatareimportantinattractinganimalpollinatorsareitscolour,shape,sizeandsmell.

845.Whatisnectar?Nectarisasweetliquidproducedbyflowersandcollectedbybees.6.Whatkindsofanimalsaremostflowerspollinatedby?Mostflowersarepollinatedbybees,mothsandbutterflies.

85Trueorfalse1.Beesfollowcoloredlinestothenectarinsidetheflower.2.Flowersthatarewhiteorpalecanbeseenbynightpollinators.3.Butterfliesareattractedtosweet-smellingflowers.TTF

864.Batspollinateflowersatnight.5.Flowercolorisnotimportanttohummingbirds.6.Allpollinatorsneedtolandonthefloweriftheyaretofindthenectar.TFF

87Findothernounsinthechartthatmeanthesameas"smell".Listadjectivesfromthechartthatareusedtodescribedifferentkindsofsmells.Nounsthatmean“smell”:______________.Adjectivesthatdescribesmells:_______________________________________________.4odour,perfumedelicate,fragrant,odourless,strong,sweet,musty,fruity

88ABCDcactusflowersfuchsiasPeruvianliliesUniden-tifiedprupleflowers

89EFGHChrysan-themumshibiscuswildgingerflowerJohnnyjumpups