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1、SCIENCEAMany-SplendoredThing7732tp.indd19/30/101:50PMThispageintentionallyleftblankSCIENCEAMany-SplendoredThingIgorNovakCharlesSturtUniversity,OrangeNSW2800,AustraliaWorldScientificNEWJERSEY•LONDON•SINGAPORE•BEIJING•SHANGHAI•HONGKONG•TAIPEI•CHENNAI7732
2、tp.indd29/30/101:50PMPublishedbyWorldScientificPublishingCo.Pte.Ltd.5TohTuckLink,Singapore596224USAoffice:27WarrenStreet,Suite401-402,Hackensack,NJ07601UKoffice:57SheltonStreet,CoventGarden,LondonWC2H9HEBritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationDataAcata
3、loguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.SCIENCEAMany-SplendoredThingCopyright©2011byWorldScientificPublishingCo.Pte.Ltd.Allrightsreserved.Thisbook,orpartsthereof,maynotbereproducedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical,includingpho
4、tocopying,recordingoranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystemnowknownortobeinvented,withoutwrittenpermissionfromthePublisher.Forphotocopyingofmaterialinthisvolume,pleasepayacopyingfeethroughtheCopyrightClearanceCenter,Inc.,222RosewoodDrive,Danvers,MA019
5、23,USA.Inthiscasepermissiontophotocopyisnotrequiredfromthepublisher.ISBN-13978-981-4304-74-0(pbk)ISBN-10981-4304-74-3(pbk)PrintedinSingapore.Benjamin-Science-AMany-Splendored.pmd110/6/2010,1:59PMDedicationTomyformerstudentsattheNationalUniversityofSing
6、apore(NUS)andtomywifeTessa.Ithankmystudentsfortheirenthusiasticparticipationinthemodule“ScientificMethodology”whichItaughtatNUSforseveralyears.TheyconvincedmethatteachingofthesubjectonthenatureofSciencewasworthwhilepursuinganddeveloping.Mywife’scontinu
7、ousemotionalsupportwhileIwaswritingthisbookwas(asusual)veryvaluableandgenerous.vThispageintentionallyleftblankPreface“Theeternalsilenceoftheseinfinitespacesterrifiesme.”B.PascalScienceisessentiallyMan’sattemptatunderstandingNatureandtheWorldaroundhimdr
8、iven(atleastinpart)bynecessity.Natureisavastsystem;itisvastintermsofthenumberofitsconstituentparts,oftheinteractionstakingplacebetweenthepartsandofpossiblesubsystemsintowhichnaturalworldcanbeorganized.Thisvastnessandcomplexitycanengende