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1、TheWorldsofMedievalEuropeCliffordR.BackmanOXFORDUNIVERSITYPRESSVALEURIEODPEEMFOSDRLOWEHTThispageintentionallyleftblankORLDSWOEFHMTEDIEVALEUROPECliffordR.BackmanBOSTONUNIVERSITYNewYorkOxfordOXFORDUNIVERSITYPRESS2003OxfordUniversityPressOxfordNewYorkAucklandBan
2、gkokBuenosAiresCapeTownChennaiDaresSalaamDelhiHongKongIstanbulKarachiKolkataKualaLumpurMadridMelbourneMexicoCityMumbaiNairobiSãoPauloShanghaiSingaporeTaipeiTokyoTorontoandanassociatedcompanyinBerlinCopyright©2003byOxfordUniversityPress,Inc.PublishedbyOxfordUn
3、iversityPress,Inc.198MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NewYork10016http://www.oup-usa.orgOxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPressAllrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,me
4、chanical,photocopying,recording,orotherwise,withoutthepriorpermissionofOxfordUniversityPress.LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataBackman,CliffordR.TheworldsofmedievalEurope/byCliffordBackman.p.cm.Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.ISBN0-19-51
5、2168-6—ISBN0-19-512169-4(pbk.)1.Civilization,Medieval.2.Feudalism—Europe.3.Kingsandrulers,Medieval.4.Monarchy—Europe.5.MediterraneanRegion—Civilization.6.ByzantineEmpire—Civilization—1081–1453.I.Title.D131.B3320032002066795Printingnumber:987654321Printedinthe
6、UnitedStatesofAmericaonacid-freepaperThisbookisforScottAustinBackman,whoknowsallthethingsthatmattermost.8“Counseilleme,Kynde,”quodI,“Whatcraftbebesttolerne?”“Lernetolove,”quodKynde,“andleefalleothere.”[WilliamLangland,PiersPlowman20.206–207]Thispageintentiona
7、llyleftblankCONTENTS8acknowledgmentsxiiiintroduction:whythemiddleagesmatter1PARTONETHEEARLYMIDDLEAGES:THETHIRDTHROUGHNINTHCENTURIES1THEROMANWORLDATITSHEIGHT7TheGeographyofEmpire7TheRoleoftheMilitary10RomanSociety12RomanGovernment14TheChallengesoftheThirdCentu
8、ry17Reform,Recovery,Persecution,andFavor19SuggestedReading212THERISEOFCHRISTIANITY23BeforeChrist24TheGrowthoftheNewReligion27TheProblemofPersecution32TheProblemofHeresy34ConstantineandThe
