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1、IntroductiontoParallelProcessingAlgorithmsandArchitecturesPLENUMSERIESINCOMPUTERSCIENCESeriesEditor:RamiG.MelhemUniversityofPittsburghPittsburgh,PennsylvaniaFUNDAMENTALSOFXPROGRAMMINGGraphicalUserInterfacesandBeyondTheoPavlidisINTRODUCTIONTOPARALLELPROCESSINGAlgorithmsandArchitecturesBeh
2、roozParhamiIntroductiontoParallelProcessingAlgorithmsandArchitecturesBehroozParhamiUniversityofCaliforniaatSantaBarbaraSantaBarbara,CaliforniaKLUWERACADEMICPUBLISHERSNEWYORK,BOSTON,DORDRECHT,LONDON,MOSCOWeBookISBN0-306-46964-2PrintISBN0-306-45970-1©2002KluwerAcademicPublishersNewYork,Bos
3、ton,Dordrecht,London,MoscowAllrightsreservedNopartofthiseBookmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,recording,orotherwise,withoutwrittenconsentfromthePublisherCreatedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaVisitKluwerOnlineat:http://www.kluweronline.comandKluwer'seBook
4、storeat:http://www.ebooks.kluweronline.comTothefourparalleljoysinmylife,fortheirloveandsupport.Thispageintentionallyleftblank.PrefaceTHECONTEXTOFPARALLELPROCESSINGThefieldofdigitalcomputerarchitecturehasgrownexplosivelyinthepasttwodecades.Throughasteadystreamofexperimentalresearch,tool-b
5、uildingefforts,andtheoreticalstudies,thedesignofaninstruction-setarchitecture,onceconsideredanart,hasbeentransformedintooneofthemostquantitativebranchesofcomputertechnology.Atthesametime,betterunderstandingofvariousformsofconcurrency,fromstandardpipeliningtomassiveparallelism,andinventio
6、nofarchitecturalstructurestosupportareasonablyefficientanduser-friendlyprogrammingmodelforsuchsystems,hasallowedhardwareperformancetocontinueitsexponentialgrowth.Thistrendisexpectedtocontinueinthenearfuture.Thisexplosivegrowth,linkedwiththeexpectationthatperformancewillcontinueitsexponen
7、tialrisewitheachnewgenerationofhardwareandthat(instarkcontrasttosoftware)computerhardwarewillfunctioncorrectlyassoonasitcomesofftheassemblyline,hasitsdownside.Ithasledtounprecedentedhardwarecomplexityandalmostintolerabledevel-opmentcosts.Thechallengefacingcurrentandfuture
