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1、DEBTDEBTTHEFIRST5,000YEARSDAVIDGRAEBER'*MELVILLEHOUSEBROOKLYN,NEWYORK©2011DavidGraeberFirstMelvilleHousePrinting:May2011MelvilleHousePublishing145PlymouthStreetBrooklyn,NewYork11201mhpbooks.comISBN:978-1-933633-86-2PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica1234567891
2、0LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataGraeber,David.Debt:thefirst5,000yearsIDavidGraeber.p.em.Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.ISBN978-1-933633-86-2(alk.paper)1.Debt-History.2.Money-History.3.Financialcrises-History.I.Title.HG370l.G73201033
3、2-dc222010044508CONTENTS1OnTheExperienceofMoralConfusion2TheMythofBarter213PrimordialDebts434CrueltyandRedemption73sABriefTreatiseontheMoralGroundsofEconomicRelations896GameswithSexandDeath1271HonorandDegradation,or,OntheFoundationsofContemporaryCivilization
4、165sCreditVersusBullion,AndtheCyclesofHistory2119TheAxialAge(800BC-600AD)22310TheMiddleAges(600AD-1450AD)25111AgeoftheGreatCapitalistEmpires(1450-1971)30712(1971-TheBeginningofSomethingYettoBeDetermined)361Notes393Bibliography455Index493ChapterOneONTHEEXPERI
5、ENCEOFMORALCONFUSIONdebt•noun1asumofmoneyowed.2thestateofowingmoney.3afeelingofgratitudeforafavourorservice.-OxfordEnglishDictionaryIfyouowethebankahundredthousanddollars,thebankownsyou.Ifyouowethebankahundredmilliondollars,youownthebank.-AmericanProverbTWOY
6、EARSAGO,byaseriesofstrangecoincidences,IfoundmyselfattendingagardenpartyatWestminsterAbbey.Iwasabituncomfortable.It'snotthatotherguestsweren'tpleasantandamicable,andFatherGraeme,whohadorganizedtheparty,wasnothingifnotagraciousandcharminghost.ButIfeltmorethan
7、alittleoutofplace.Atonepoint,FatherGraemeintervened,sayingthattherewassomeonebyanearbyfountainwhomIwouldcertainlywanttomeet.Sheturnedouttobeatrim,well-appointedyoungwomanwho,heexplained,wasanattorney-"butmoreoftheactivistkind.Sheworksforafoundationthatprovid
8、eslegalsupportforanti-povertygroupsinLondon.You'llprobablyhavealottotalkabout."Wechatted.Shetoldmeaboutherjob.ItoldherIhadbeeninvolvedformanyyearswiththeglobaljusticemovement-"antiglobalizationm
