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1、ThispageintentionallyleftblankCopyright©2007,NewAgeInternational(P)Ltd.,PublishersPublishedbyNewAgeInternational(P)Ltd.,PublishersAllrightsreserved.Nopartofthisebookmaybereproducedinanyform,byphotostat,microfilm,xerography,oranyothermeans,orincorporatedintoanyinformati
2、onretrievalsystem,electronicormechanical,withoutthewrittenpermissionofthepublisher.Allinquiriesshouldbeemailedtorights@newagepublishers.comISBN(13):978-81-224-2511-6PUBLISHINGFORONEWORLDNEWAGEINTERNATIONAL(P)LIMITED,PUBLISHERS4835/24,AnsariRoad,Daryaganj,NewDelhi-11000
3、2Visitusatwww.newagepublishers.com“Educationshouldbelikethekindlingofaflameratherthanlikethefillingofanemptyvessel”—SocratesDedicatedtomyinnerGod.PREFACEIdeaskeepflyingallthetimeallovertheuniverse,andIletmymindwanderaimlesslyintotherealmsofinfinity;sometimesomeideagets
4、trappedinsidemymind.ThatishowIgottheideaofabookdealingwiththeusesofmetalsandminerals,somethirtyyearsago,whenIwasajuniorofficerintheMineralEconomicsDivisionofIndianBureauofMines.Beforethat,foraboutfifteenyears,Ihadbeengropingtoknowaboutwhyaproductshouldrequireonepar-tic
5、ulargradeofaparticularmineral,andnotsomeothergradeorsomeothermineral.Ineverconsiderthatuseofamineralorametalisanindependententity;andtounderstanditfully,itshouldbelinkedbackwardwiththehistoryofevolutionoftheuseandwiththephysicalandchemicalcharacteristicsofthemetalorthe
6、mineral;anditshouldbelinkedforwardwiththeutilizationofthewastesgeneratedduringandduetoitsprocessingoruse,andwiththepros-pectsofitsbeingsubstitutedbysomeothermaterial.ThatiswhatIhadbeengropingabout,andthatishowIdecidedtotreatthesubjectthirtyyearsago.Igotgoinginthatdirec
7、tionmakingfulluseoftheopportunitiesIgotduringmyofficialtenure,forstudyingtheworkingsofdifferentindustriesandinteractingwiththem;forrummagingthroughwhateverrelevantliteratureincludingphysics,chemistryandmetallurgythatIcameacross;andforsurfingthroughinternetandoldUnitedN
8、ationsandotherstudyreports.Forkeepingmyselfuptodatewithnewsofnewdevelopments,thenewsletterspub-lishedbytheFederationo