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1、1Manipulation-ResistantReputationSystemsEricFriedmanandPaulResnickandRahulSamiAbstractThischapterisanoverviewofthedesignandanalysisofreputationsystemsforstrategicusers.Weconsiderthreespecificstrategicthreatstoreputa-tionsystems:thepossibilityofuserswith
2、poorreputationsstartingafresh(whitewashing);lackofeffortorhonestyinprovidingfeedback;andsybilattacks,inwhichuserscreatephantomfeedbackfromfakeidentitiestoma-nipulatetheirownreputation.Ineachcase,wepresentasimpleanalyticalmodelthatcapturestheessenceofthe
3、strategy,anddescribeapproachestosolvingthestrategicprobleminthecontextofthismodel.Weconcludewithadiscussionofopenquestionsinthisresearcharea.1.1Introduction:Whyarereputationsystemsimportant?OneofthemajorbenefitsoftheInternetisthatitenablespotentiallyben
4、-eficialinteractions,bothcommercialandnon-commercial,betweenpeople,organizations,orcomputersthatdonotshareanyothercommoncontext.Theactualvalueofaninteraction,however,dependsheavilyontheabilityandreliabilityoftheentitiesinvolved.Forexample,anonlineshoppe
5、rmayobtainbetterorlower-costitemsfromremotetraders,butshemayalsobedefraudedbyalowqualityproductforwhichredress(legalorotherwise)isdifficult.Ifeachentity’shistoryofpreviousinteractionsismadevisibletopoten-tialnewinteractionpartners,severalbenefitsensue.Fir
6、st,ahistorymayrevealinformationaboutanentity’sability,allowingotherstomakechoicesaboutwhethertointeractwiththatentity,andonwhatterms.Second,anexpectationthatcurrentperformancewillbevisibleinthefuturemayde-termoralhazardinthepresent,thathazardbeingthete
7、mptationtocheatorexertloweffort.Inotherwords,visiblehistoriescreateanincentiveto4Manipulation-ResistantReputationSystems5AA'sfeedbackobjectiveA−BdataBB'sfeedbackB'sfeedbackobjectiveB−CdataC'sfeedbackCC'sfeedbackReputationsystemReputationsystemobjectiveC
8、−DdataDD'sfeedbackCollectfeedbackUpdatereputationsreputationsCollectfeedbackInteractionsDisseminateInteractionsTimeFig.1.1.Exampleillustratingreputationsystemdynamicsreliablyperformuptotheentity’sability.Finally,becausehistoriesrevealin
