资源描述：
《context effects in the general social survey》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在工程资料-天天文库。
1、CHAPTER4CONTEXTEFFECTSINTHEGENERALSOCIALSURVEYTomW.SmithNORCandUniversityofChicago4.1INTRODUCTIONAfterahalf-centuryofstudy,questionorderremainsoneoftheleastdevelopedandoneofthemostproblematicaspectsofsurveyresearch.AsSchumanandPresserremarkintheirworkons
2、urveymethodology(1981,p.77),"Overall,ordereffects...constituteoneofthemostimportantareasofmethodologicalresearch.Theycanbeverylarge[and]aredifficulttopredict."ThisperplexityissharedbyBradburn(1983,p.302)whoobserves,"Notopicinquestionnaireconstructionismo
3、revexingorresistanttoeasygeneralizationthanthatofquestionorder"andbyGroves(1989,p.479)whonotes,"(T)hereseemstobenogeneraltheorythatpredictswhensucheffectsaretobeexpectedandwhentheyshouldnotbeexpected."Inpartbecauseofourlimitedabilitytopredicttheiroccurre
4、nce,thereissomedisagreementintheliteratureoverhowcommoncontexteffectsare.Tourangeauetal.concludethat"Theliteratureonsurveycontexteffectsmaycreatetheimpressionthatsucheffectsarerelativelyrare,involvingitemsonafewscatteredissues.Theseresultshereindicateoth
5、erwise...(Tourangeauetal.1988,pp.22-23)."ThisimpressionofpervasivenessissupportedbynumerousinstancesinwhichThisresearchwasdonefortheGeneralSocialSurveyprojectdirectedbyJamesA.DavisandTomW.Smith.ItrevisesandexpandsuponGSSMethodologicalReportNo.55.Theproje
6、ctisfundedbytheNationalScienceFoundationGrantSES-8747227.MeasurementErrorsinSurveys.EditedbyBiemer,Grove»,Lyberg,Msthiowetz,andSudman.Copyright61991byJohnWileyItSons,Inc.ISBN:0-471-53405-658CONTEXTEFFECTSINTHEGENERALSOCIALSURVEYchangesinquestionorderhave
7、upsettimeseriesorcausedotherundesiredmeasurementvariations(Smith,1986;Smith,1988d;Astin,etal.,1988;Cowan,etal.1978;Roper,1990;JohnstonandBachman,1980;TurnerandMartin,1984;andGibson,etal.1978).SchumanandPresser,ontheotherhand,reachaconclusionthatatleastdi
8、ffersinemphasis—"Questionorder-effectsareevidentlynotpervasive...butthereareenoughinstancestoshowtheyarenotrareeither(1981,p.74)."Thisnon-pervasiveimpressionissupportedbynumerousfailurestoproducecontexteffectsinexperiments
