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1、CHAPTER1MEASUREMENTERRORACROSSTHEDISCIPLINESRobertM.GrovesU.S.BureauoftheCensusandUniversityofMichigan1.1MEASUREMENTERRORINTHECONTEXTOFOTHERSURVEYERRORSAmongallthediverseoutlooksonthesurveymethodthereisacommonconcernabouterrorsinherentinthemethodology.Inthiscontexterrorreferstodeviationsofobtained
2、surveyresultsfromthosethataretruereflectionsofthepopulation.Somechooseoneerrortostudy;otherschooseanother.Somestudywaystoeliminatetheerror;othersconcentrateonmeasuringitsimpactontheirwork.Butallofthemsharethepreoccupationwithweaknessesinthesurveymethod.Thereappeartobeatleasttwomajorlanguagesoferro
3、rthatareappliedtosurveydata.Theyareassociatedwithtwodifferentacademicdisciplinesandexemplifytheconsequencesofgroupsaddressingsimilarproblemsinisolationfromoneanother.Thetwodisciplinesarestatistics(especiallystatisticalsamplingtheory)andpsychology(especiallypsychometrictestandmeasurementtheory).Alt
4、houghotherdisciplinesusesurveydata(e.g.,sociologyandpoliticalscience),theyappeartoemploysimilarlanguagestooneofthosetwo.Someattentiontoterminologicaldifferencesisnecessarytodefinemeasurementerrorunambiguously(seeDeming,1944;Kish,1965;Groves,1989;Chapter24,thisvolume).Acommonconceptualstructurelabe
5、lsthetotalerrorofasurveystatisticthemeansquarederror;itisthesumofViewsexpressedarethoseoftheauthoranddonotnecessarilyreflectthoseoftheU.S.CensusBureau.MeasurementErrorsinSurveys.EditedbyBiemer,Groves,Lyberg,Mathiowetz,andSudman.Copyright«1991byJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.ISBN:0-471-53405-62MEASUREMENTERROR
6、ACROSSTHEDISCIPLINESallvariableerrorsandallbiases(moreprecisely,thesumofvarianceandsquaredbias).Biasisthetypeoferrorthataffectsthestatisticinallimplementationsofasurveydesign;inthatsenseitisaconstanterror(e.g.,allpossiblesurveysusingthesamedesignmightoverestimatethemeanyearsofeducationperpersonint
7、hepopulation).Avariableerror,measuredbythevarianceofastatistic,arisesbecauseachievedvaluesdifferovertheunits(e.g.,sampledpersons,interviewersused,questionsasked)thatarethesourcesoftheerrors.Theconceptofvariableer
