leadership motivating change within organizations

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1、Leadership:MotivatingChangewithinOrganizationsCHAPTER20CHAPTEROUTLINELeadershipVisionSettingMotivationDecisionMakingwithinFirmsIncentiveProblemsandOrganizationalPoliticsUnderstandingAttitudestowardChangeChangingOrganizationalArchitectureProposalDesignMaintainingFlexibilityCommitmentDistributionalCon

2、sequencesMarketingaProposalCarefulAnalysisandGroundworkRelyingonReputationEmphasizingaCrisisOrganizationalPowerSourcesofPowerTyingtheProposaltoAnotherInitiativeCoalitionsandLogrollingIsOrganizationalPowerBad?TheUseofSymbolsSummaryAppendix:StrategicValueofCommitmentandCrisisn1982,DavidKearnswasappoin

3、tedCEOofXeroxCorporation,theleadingproducerofcopymachinesintheworld.1Atthattime,thecompanyfacedseriousIproblems.Between1976and1982,Xerox’sshareofinstallationsofnewcopiersintheUnitedStatesdroppedfromabout80percentto13percent.Japanesecompanies—Canon,Minolta,Ricoh,andSharp—hadbecomemajorplayersinthis1D

4、etailsofthisexamplearefromD.KearnsandD.Nadler(1992),ProphetsintheDark(HarperBusinessPress:NewYork).20-2Part4ApplicationsofOrganizationalArchitecturemarket.ThesecompaniesweresellingcopiersatpricesthatattimeswerelowerthanXerox’scostsforproducingcompetingmachines.AmajorreasonforXerox’sdeclineinmarketsh

5、arewaspoorproductquality.AsKearnsputit,Ourcustomercancellationswererapidlyontherise,ourresponsetotheproblemwastotrytooutrunthembypushinghardtogetenoughneworderstooffsetthecustomerswehadlost.Customerswerefedupwithourcopiersbreakingdownandourserviceresponse.Kearnsreasonedthatifsomethingwasnotdone,“Xer

6、oxwasdestinedtohaveafiresaleandclosedownby1990.[The]onlyhopeforsurvivalwastourgentlycommitthecom-panytovastlyimprovingthequalityofitsproductsandservices.”AccordingtoKearns,mostXeroxemployeesunderstoodneithertheextraordinarygravityoftheproblemnorthefundamentalimportanceofimprovingproductqual-ity.Herea

7、lizedthatevenasCEO,hecouldnotimplementhisvisionofincreasingproductqualitysimplybyorderingthousandsofemployeestofocusmoreonquality.First,employeesdidnotnecessarilypossessalltheskillsrequiredtoproducequ