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1、PPay:MicropaymentsforPeer-to-PeerSystemsBeverlyYangHectorGarcia-Molinafbyang,hectorg@db.stanford.eduStanfordUniversityABSTRACTsystems,webservicecatalogs/servicediscovery,datastor-age/archivalsystems,etc.Thegoalofthesenewapplica-EmergingeconomicP2Papplicationsshare
2、thecommonneedfortionsarefortherightfulownersofgoodsorservicestobeanecient,securepaymentmechanism.Inthispaper,wepresentcompensated;thereforetheyallshareacommonneed:anef-PPay,amicropaymentsystemthatexploitsuniquecharacteristics cientandsecuremicropaymentmechanism,b
3、ywhichpeersofP2Psystemstomaximizeeciencywhilemaintainingsecuritycanpurchaseservicesfromoneanother.properties.WeshowhowthebasicPPayprotocolfaroutperformsTheproblemwithmostexistingmicropaymentschemesisexistingmicropaymentschemes,whileguaranteeingthatallcointheheavy
4、loadonthetrusted,centralizedbroker.Abrokerfraudisdetectable,traceableandunpro table.Wealsopresentisrequiredtohandleaccounts,distributeandcashcoins,andanalyzeseveralextensionstoPPaythatfurtherimprovee-providesecurity(suchasdouble-spendingdetection),etc.ciency.Alth
5、oughpaymentsneednotbeonline,eventuallythebro-kermusttakesomeactionforeverytransaction;asaresult,CategoriesandSubjectDescriptorsbrokerloadisalwaysO(n)inthenumberoftransactions.Brokersthereforepresentascalabilityandperformancebot-C.2.4[Computer-CommunicationNetworks
6、]:Distributedtleneckforanysystemusingthesemicropaymentschemes.Systems
7、DistributedApplicationsHowever,P2Papplicationshavetwomaincharacteristicsthatwecanexploittoaddresstheaboveproblem:KeywordsFirst,peersserveasbothvendors,whosellgoods,andbuyers,whopurchasethem.Asa
8、result,atransferableEconomics,Security,Design,Performancecoincanbeusedinmanytransactionsbeforethebrokermustbeinvolvedincashingit.GeneralTermsSecond,andmoreimportantly,arethemassiveresourcesavailableatthepeersthemselves.LikeotherP2Pappli-peer-to-peer,micropayments
9、cations,ifwecantapintothispoolofresourcesandshedthebroker'sloadontothepeers,wecanbuildamicro-1.INTRODUCTIONpaymentschemewithmuchbetterscalabilityandperf
