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1、-.独立主格篇独立主格,首先它是一个“格〞,而不是一个“句子〞。在英语中任何一个句子都要有主谓构造,而在这个构造中,没有真正的主语和谓语动词,但又在逻辑上构成主谓或主表关系。独立主格构造主要用于描绘性文字中,其作用相当于一个状语从句,常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。除名词/代词+名词、形容词、副词、非谓语动词及介词短语外,另有with或without短语可做独立主格,其中with可省略而without不可以。*注:独立主格构造一般放在句首,表示原因时还可放在句末;表伴随状况或补充说明时,相当于一个并列
2、句,通常放于句末。一、独立主格构造:1.名词/代词+形容词Hesatinthefrontrow,hismouthhalfopen.ClosetothebankIsawdeeppools,thewaterbluelikethesky.靠近岸时,我看见几汪深池塘,池水碧似。2.名词/代词+现在分词Wintering,itgetscolderandcolder.Therainhavingstopped,hewentoutforawalk.-.word.zl.-.Thequestionhavingbeensettled,wew
3、oundupthemeeting.也可以Thequestionsettled,wewoundupthemeeting.但含义稍有差异。前者强调了动作的先后。Weredoubledourefforts,eachmanworkingliketwo.我们加倍努力,一个人干两个人的活。3.名词/代词+过去分词Thejobfinished,wewenthome.Moretimegiven,weshouldhavedonethejobmuchbetter.*当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时,不及物动词用现在分词,及物动词用过去分词。H
4、elaythere,histeethset,hishandsclenched,hiseyeslookingstraightup.他躺在那儿,牙关紧闭,双拳紧握,两眼直视上方。4.名词/代词+不定式Weshallassembleattenforty-five,theprocessiontostartmovingatpreciselyeleven.Wedividedthework,hetocleanthewindowsandItosweepthefloor.-.word.zl.-.Herearethefirsttwovol
5、umes,thethirdonetoeoutnextmonth.5.名词/代词+介词短语Ifollowedhimhere,andclimbedin,swordinhand.Thehuntsmanenteredtheforest,guninhand.Hesatatthetable,coatoff,headdown,andpeninhand.coatoff名词+副词;headdown名词+副词;peninhand名词+介词短语。ThisContractshallbesignedinduplicate,oneforeachP
6、arty.本合同一式两份,双方各执一份。*名词/代词+介词短语中介词为in时,其前后的两个名词一般不加任何成分〔如物主代词或冠词〕。Arobberburstintotheroom,knifeinhand.Agirlcamein,bookinhand.如假设有修饰词,必须对称出现,例句:Agirlcamein,abookinherhand.-.word.zl.-.故以下二句为错误用法:Agirlcamein,bookinherhand.Agirlcamein,abookinhand.而with短语那么可随意加限定词。Ag
7、irlcamein,withsomebooksinbothhands.Agirlcamein,withabookinherhand.6名词/代词+副词Nobodyin,thethieftookalotofthingsaway.Lunchover,heleftthehouse.Buthewasthinking.7名词/代词+名词Hefoughtthewolf,astickhisonlyweapon.他和狼搏斗着,唯一的武器是一根棍棒。8with+名词+分词〔或形容词、副词、不定式等〕Hewasasleepwithhish
8、eadonhisarms.WithJohnaway,wehavegotmoreroom.-.word.zl.-.Hestoodatthedoor,withaputerinhishand.或Hestoodatthedoor,puterinhand.*with或without短语作定语,独立主格构造功能相当于一个定语从句,通常with