资源描述：
《Field_4Ce_IM_Ch10》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在学术论文-天天文库。
1、Field&OlewilerEnvironmentalEconomics4Ce–Instructor’sManualChapter10Chapter10LIABILITYLAWS,PROPERTYRIGHTS,MORALSUASION,GREENGOODSObjectiveTheaimisthreefold.First,toshowhowmanyenvironmentalproblemsmaybehandledthroughdecentralizedtypesofinstitutions.Second,toshowtheadvantagesofsuchproceduresincaseswh
2、eretheywillwork,andthird,topointouttheirdrawbacks,whichareimportantenoughinmostcasestopushpeopletowardspoliciesinvolvingmoredirectcollectiveefforts.MainPointsThechapterbeginswithadiscussionofliabilitylaws,thenmovestoadiscussionofpropertyrights.Somemaythinkthisbackwards,onthegroundsthatonecannotdis
3、cussliabilityuntilpropertyrightsarespecified.Butwefindthenotionofliabilitysointuitiveforstudentsthatweprefertostartwithit,usingiteventuallytoshowthatthereisapriorissue,whichisthedistributionofpropertyrights.Studentsaremuchmoreusedtotheideaofliabilitythantheyaretotheideathatpropertyrightsmightberea
4、rranged,whichmightinturngivedifferentresultsintermsofenvironmentalquality.Thechapterintroducestheconceptoftransactionscosts,thecostsoffinding,concluding,andenforcingexchangesamongindividualsandgroups.Thediscussionemphasizesthelinkageoftransactionscoststothenumberofpeopleinvolved(e.g.,discussionofE
5、xxonValdezoilspill),andtothedifficultiesofovercomingpublicgoodsandfree-riderproblemsinthecaseofenvironmentalbenefitsandcosts.Asimple"CoaseTheorem"ispresented,alongwithabrieflistofrequirementsthathavetobemetfordecentralizedtransactionsamongpropertyownersanduserstoyieldefficientoutcomes.Thetextstres
6、sesthatthelackofacompletesetofmarketsisarealproblemwithpropertyrightsapproachestoenvironmentalqualityissues.Examplesincludeownershipoftheairwebreatheand“attenuated”propertyrightsindevelopingcountries.Propertyrightsissuescanbelinkedbacktothenon-rivalandnon-excludabilitycharacteristicsdiscussedincha
7、pter4.Weshowthatthegainsassociatedwithdifferentpropertyrightsassignmentsarenotnecessarilyidentical(seeFigure10-3andTable10-3),eventhoughefficiencyisreachedregardlessofwhohasthepropertyrights.Thechapterdiscussesmo
