人工智能考试复习资料

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1、FOUNDATIONSOFARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCETextbook:S.RussellandP.NorvigArtificialIntelligence:AModernApproachPrenticeHall,2003,SecondEditionLecturer:Grading:Classparticipation(10%),Programmingassignment(20%),Finalexam(70%)1Introduction1.1WhatisAI?Turing(1950)"Computingmachineryandintelligenc

2、e":Operationaltestforintelligentbehavior:theImitationGame.SuggestedmajorcomponentsofAI:knowledge,reasoning,languageunderstanding,learningThinkingrationally:"lawsofthought"Aristotle:whatarecorrectarguments/thoughtprocesses?JohnMcCarthy,whocoinedthetermArtificialIntelligencein1956,defin

3、esitas"thescienceandengineeringofmakingintelligentmachines",especiallyintelligentcomputerprograms.1.2StrongAIandWeakAIStrongAIreferstoamachinethatapproachesorsupersedeshumanIntelligence.StrongAIaimstobuildmachineswhoseoverallintellectualabilityisindistinguishablefromthatofahumanbeing.

4、WeakAIreferstotheuseofsoftwaretostudyoraccomplishspecificproblemsolvingorreasoningtasksthatdonotencompassthefullrangeofhumancognitiveabilities.1.3rationalagentRationalbehavior:doingtherightthingTherightthing:thatwhichisexpectedtomaximizegoalachievement,giventheavailableinformationAnag

5、entisanentitythatperceivesandacts.1.4AIprehistoryAbridgedhistoryofAI1943McCulloch&Pitts:Booleancircuitmodelofbrain1950Turing's"ComputingMachineryandIntelligence"1956Dartmouthmeeting:"ArtificialIntelligence"adopted1950sEarlyAIprograms,includingSamuel'scheckersprogram,Newell&Simon'sLogi

6、cTheorist,Gelernter'sGeometryEngine1965Robinson'scompletealgorithmforlogicalreasoning1966—73AIdiscoverscomputationalcomplexityNeuralnetworkresearchalmostdisappears1969—79Earlydevelopmentofknowledge-basedsystems1980--AIbecomesanindustry1986--Neuralnetworksreturntopopularity1987--AIbeco

7、mesascience1995--Theemergenceofintelligentagents1997--DeepBluedefeatedthereigningworldchesschampionGarryKasparov.1.52IntelligentAgents2.1AgentsAnagentisanythingthatcanbeviewedasperceivingitsenvironmentthroughsensorsandactinguponthatenvironmentthroughactuators.Humanagent:eyes,ears,ando

8、thero