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1、Unit10WhatIsChemicalEngineering?什么是化学工程学Inawidersense,engineeringmaybedefinedasascientificpresentationofthetechniquesandfacilitiesusedinaparticularindustry.Forexample,mechanicalengineeringreferstothetechniquesandfacilitiesemployedtomakemachines.Itispredominantlybasedonmechanical
2、forceswhichareusedtochangetheappearanceand/orphysicalpropertiesofthematerialsbeingworked,whiletheirchemicalpropertiesareleftunchanged.Chemicalengineeringencompassesthechemicalprocessingofrawmaterials,basedonchemicalandphysico-chemicalphenomenaofhighcomplexity.广义来讲,工程学可以定义为对某种工业所
3、用技术和设备的科学表达。例如,机械工程学涉及的是制造机器的工业所用技术和设备。它优先讨论的是机械力,这种作用力可以改变所加工对象的外表或物理性质而不改变其化学性质。化学工程学包括原材料的化学过程,以更为复杂的化学和物理化学现象为基础。Thus,chemicalengineeringisthatbranchofengineeringwhichisconcernedwiththestudyofthedesign,manufacture,andoperationofplantandmachineryinindustrialchemicalprocesses.
4、因此,化学工程学是工程学的一个分支,它涉及工业化化学过程中工厂和机器的设计、制造、和操作的研究。Chemicalengineeringisaboveallbasedonthechemicalsciences,suchasphysicalchemistry,chemicalthermodynamics,andchemicalkinetics.Indoingso,however,itdoesnotsimplycopytheirfindings,butadaptsthemtobulkchemicalprocessing.Theprincipalobjecti
5、vesthatsetchemicalengineeringapartfromchemistryasapurescience,is“tofindthemosteconomicalrouteofoperationandtodesigncommercialequipmentandaccessoriesthatsuititbestofall”.Therefore,chemicalengineeringisinconceivablewithoutclosetieswitheconomics,physics,mathematics,cybernetics,appl
6、iedmechanics,andothertechnicalsciences.前述化学工程学都是以化学科学为基础的,如物理化学,化学热力学和化学动力学。然而这样做的时候,它并不是仅仅简单地照搬结论,而是要把这些知识运用于大批量生产的化学加工过程。把化学工程学与纯化学区分开来的首要目的是“找到最经济的生产路线并设计商业化的设备和辅助设备尽可能地适应它。”因此如果没有与经济学,物理学,数学,控制论,应用机械以及其它技术的联系就不能想象化学工程会是什么样的。Initsearlydays,chemicalengineeringwaslargelyadescri
7、ptivescience.Manyoftheearlytextbooksandmanualsonchemicalengineeringwereencyclopediasofthecommercialproductionprocessesknownatthetime.Progressinscienceandindustryhasboughtwithitanimpressiveincreaseinthenumberofchemicalmanufactures.Today,petroleumforexampleservesasthesourcemateria
8、lfortheproductionofabout80thousandchemicals.The