最新免疫学发展史History教学讲义PPT.ppt

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1、免疫学发展史HistoryStagesofImmunologyDescriptiveearlyperiodEarlyattemptsatvaccination:SmallpoxEarlyexperiments:BacteriacausediseaseHumoralv.cellularimmunitySelectivev.instructivetheoriesofI.R.Themolecularrevolutionpresent2DescriptiveEarlyPeriodPlagues&pandemics,esp.bubonicplague(Pasteurella

2、pestis)&smallpox.Causesofdiseaseunknownuntil19thC.Thoughttobecausedbypoisons=“virus”(latin).Thucydides(5thC.B.C.):peoplewhorecovered-immune3ImmunisationagainstSmallpox(2)VaccinationEndof18thC.:EdwardJennerInoculated7subjectswithcowpox.2challengedwithsmallpox.AllO.K.Cowpox=Vacciniaviru

3、s,hencevaccinationgeneralterm.7EdwardJennerinoculatingJamesPhippswithcowpox89ImmunisationagainstSmallpox(3)WHOProgramme1978:WHOProgrammecompleted.Smallpoxcompletelyeradicatedworldwide.1019thC.:BacteriacausediseaseRobertKoch&LouisPasteurestablishedbacteriaascauseofdiseases.Pasteur:Inje

4、ctedanimalswithliveattenuatedmicoorganismsimmunityv.chickencholera,anthrax,rabies.11WarsofTheCellsandAntibodiesCellularTheory:ElieMetchnikoffPhagocytesinstarfishlarvaesurroundasplinter;phagocytosis&digestionofbacteriabyMs&polymorphsPhagocyticTheory(innateimmunity).G.B.Shaw,“TheDocto

5、r’sDilemma”:“….stimulatethephagocytes”.HumoralTheory:Koch,Ehrlichetal.(Berlin)Showedserumfromimmunisedanimalskillsbacteria.12IlyaMetchnikoff13HumoralImmunityBordetdiscoveredcomplement.Behring&Kitasato–immunitytodiphtheria&tetanusduetoAbs.v.toxins.Passivetf.ofimmuneserumprotection=1sti

6、mmunotherapy.1415WarsofTheCellsandAntibodies:TruceSirAlmothWright&Douglas-OpsonisationofbacteriabyAbs.AttemptedfusionofCellularandHumoralTheories–“SirAlmostRight”.Littleprogressincellularimmunologyfor50years(unfashionable).1620thC:HowareAbs.made?Selectivev.InstructiveTheoriesAreAbspre-

7、made(selective)or“moulded”byag(instructive)?Ehrlich’sSideChainTheory(selective)Pauling-InstructiveTheorySirMacFarlaneBurnet–ClonalSelectionTheory.1718ChemicalapproachtoAbs.&Ags.Landsteiner:Specificity&diversity;bloodgroupags.AbsasproteinsPorter&Edelman:1stDescriptionofstructureofIgG1